40:
479:, p. 6: "To a large extent, or rather, to a quite complete extent, Semites were, like their ever so distant relatives â the Aryans â a concrete figment of the Western imagination, the peculiar imagination that concerns me in the chapters that follow. And just as the witches (the simultaneous efficacy and deep unreliability of "spectral evidence"), Semites were â I write in the past tense because Semites are a thing of the past, ephemeral beings long vanished as such â Semites were, then, something of a hypothesis (Chapter 1), contemporary with, and constitutive of, that other powerfully incarnate fiction named "secularism" (Chapter 2). Again, and as underscored by Edward Said, who raised anew the "Semitic question", the role of the imagination can hardly be downplayed."
393:, p. 392: "A more critical look at this complex of problems should advise employing today the term and the concept "Semites" exclusively in its linguistic sense, and, on the other hand, tracing back every cultural fact to its concrete historical environment. The use of the term "Semitic" in culture, subject as it is to arbitrary simplifications, shows methodological risks which exceed by far the possibility of positive historical analysis. In any case the Semitic character of every cultural fact is a problem which in each situation must be ascenained in its limits and in its historical setting (both in time and in the social environment), and may not be assumed as obvious or traced back to a presumed "Proto-Semitic" culture, statically conceived."
516:
denoting certain languages and in some contexts the literatures and civilizations expressed in those languages. As a kind of shorthand, it was sometimes retained to designate the speakers of those languages. At one time it might thus have had a connotation of race, when that word itself was used to designate national and cultural entities. It has nothing whatever to do with race in the anthropological sense that is now common usage. A glance at the presentâday speakers of Arabic, from
Khartoum to Aleppo and from Mauritania to Mosul, or even of Hebrew speakers in the modern state of Israel, will suffice to show the enormous diversity of racial types.
676:
ancient world) in which the word was placed between quotation marks and a preference was expressed for the term hatred of the Jews⊠Nowadays the term anti-Judaism is often preferred. It certainly expresses better than anti-Semitism the fact that it concerns the attitude to the Jews and avoids any suggestion of racial distinction, which was not or hardly, a factor of any significance in ancient times. For this reason
Leipoldt preferred to speak of anti-Judaism when writing his Antisemitsmus in der alten Welt (1933). Bonsirven also preferred this word to Anti-Semitism, "mot moderne qui implique une théorie des races".
707:
context (the Anti-Semitic League) would have appeared at all if the 'Anti-Chancellor League,' which fought
Bismarck's policy, had not been in existence since 1875. The founders of the new Organization adopted the elements of 'anti' and 'league,' and searched for the proper term: Marr exchanged the term 'Jew' for 'Semite' which he already favored. It is possible that the shortened form 'Sem' is used with such frequency and ease by Marr (and in his writings) due to its literary advantage and because it reminded Marr of Sem Biedermann, his Jewish employer from the Vienna period.
425:: "The term "Semitic," coined by Schlozer in 1781, should be strictly limited to linguistic matters since this is the only area in which a degree of objectivity is attainable. The Semitic languages comprise a fairly distinct linguistic family, a fact appreciated long before the relationship of the Indo-European languages was recognized. The ethnography and ethnology of the various peoples who spoke or still speak Semitic languages or dialects is a much more mixed and confused matter and one over which we have little scientific control."
184:
272:
467:, p. (Foreword): "This collection of essays explores the now mostly extinct notion of Semites. Invented in the nineteenth century and essential to the making of modern conceptions of religion and race, the strange unity of Jew and Arab under one term, Semite (the opposing term was Aryan), and the circumstances that brought about its disappearance constitute the subject of this volume."
409:: "In linguistics context, the term "Semitic" is generally speaking non-controversial... As an ethnic term, "Semitic" should best be avoided these days, in spite of ongoing genetic research (which also is supported by the Israeli scholarly community itself) that tries to scientifically underpin such a concept."
706:
The term 'anti-Semitism' was unsuitable from the beginning for the real essence of Jew-hatred, which remained anchored, more or less, in the
Christian tradition even when it moved via the natural sciences, into racism. It is doubtful whether the term which was first publicized in an institutional
675:
It has long been realised that there are objections to the term anti-Semitism and therefore an endeavour has been made to find a word which better interprets the meaning intended. Already in 1936 Bolkestein, for example, wrote an article on Het "antisemietisme" in de oudheid (Anti-Semitism in the
515:
The confusion between race and language goes back a long way, and was compounded by the rapidly changing content of the word "race" in
European and later in American usage. Serious scholars have pointed outârepeatedly and ineffectually-âthat "Semitic" is a linguistic and cultural classification,
556:
The Races of Europe by
Carleton Stevens Coon. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World â Introduction: "This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the
325:("The Way to Victory of Germanism over Judaism"). He accused the Jews of being liberals, a people without roots who had Judaized Germans beyond salvation. In 1879, Marr's adherents founded the "League for Anti-Semitism", which concerned itself entirely with anti-Jewish political action.
305:
criticising Renan's article "New
Considerations on the General Character of the Semitic Peoples, In Particular Their Tendency to Monotheism". Renan had acknowledged the importance of the ancient civilisations of Mesopotamia, Israel etc. but called the Semitic races inferior to the
378:
314:, which he held to arise from their supposed lustful, violent, unscrupulous and selfish racial instincts. Steinthal summed up these predispositions as "Semitism", and so Steinschneider characterised Renan's ideas as "anti-Semitic prejudice".
1876:
418:
1828:
217:
The term
Semitic in a racial sense was coined by members of the Göttingen school of history in the early 1770s. Other members of the Göttingen school of history coined the separate term
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1844:
39:
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The terms "anti-Semite" or "antisemitism" came by a circuitous route to refer more narrowly to anyone who was hostile or discriminatory towards Jews in particular.
30:
This article is about the racial and ethnic term popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries. For the history of ancient groups who spoke
Semitic languages, see
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Objections to the usage of the term, such as the obsolete nature of the term "Semitic" as a racial term, have been raised since at least the 1930s.
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On the use of the terms â(anti-)Semiticâ and â(anti-) Zionistâ in modern Middle
Eastern discourse, Orientalia Suecana LXI Suppl. (2012)
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in the 1780s. These terms were used and developed by numerous other scholars over the next century. In the early 20th century, the
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Hamlet on a Hill: Semitic and Greek Studies Presented to Professor T. Muraoka on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday
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67:(1771) explains his view that modern history has shown the truth of the biblical prediction of Japhetite supremacy (
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began the politicisation of the term by speaking of a struggle between Jews and Germans in a pamphlet called
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and culture, appealing to anecdote, science and folklore in their efforts to define racial character.
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1879 statute of the Antisemitic League, the organization which first popularized the term
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included the Semitic peoples in the Caucasian race, as similar in appearance to the
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201:, identifies the three known continents as populated by descendants of Sem (
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373:, Gatterer, 1771. Described first ethnic use of the term Semitic by: (1)
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of various cultures associated by geographic and linguistic distribution.
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566:"Semite". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition.
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241:-speaking peoples. Due to the interweaving of language studies and
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An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
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Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice
202:
119:
95:
992:
816:
106:. The terminology is now largely unused outside the grouping "
579:. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition.
110:" in linguistics. First used in the 1770s by members of the
1764:
An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People
453:...there is no Semitic ethnicity, only Semitic languages
1846:
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy
622:, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990, p. 594,
557:
Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India."
323:
Der Weg zum Siege des Germanenthums ĂŒber das Judenthum
660:
The Roots of Pagan Anti-Semitism in the Ancient World
245:, the term also came to be applied to the religions (
84:
obsolete term for an ethnic, cultural or racial group
435:
Glöckner, Olaf; Fireberg, Haim (25 September 2015).
371:
Einleitung in die synchronistische universalhistorie
65:
Einleitung in die Synchronistische Universalhistorie
27:
Obsolete term for an ethnic group in the Middle East
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1035:
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634:, (edited Jehuda Eisenstadt, London 1924, 2: 130ff)
71:). Click the image for a transcription of the text.
496:
620:The Jewish Question: Biography of a World Problem
379:Taal-, land- en volkenkunde in de achttiende eeuw
754:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 387â392.
301:(3 (Berlin 1860), 16), discusses an article by
1790:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
1004:
828:
752:The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
694:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 112.
8:
691:Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism
645:Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism
589:Reprinted G. Karpeles (ed.), Steinthal H.,
149:In archaeology, the term is sometimes used
1782:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
1011:
997:
989:
835:
821:
813:
289:readily aligned linguistic groupings with
191:, 1472, from the first printed version of
1806:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
786:The south Arabian origin of ancient Arabs
630: â quoting the Hebrew Encyclopaedia
47:of the world separated into the biblical
390:
270:
778:included under "Afro-Asiatic" in SIL's
487:
485:
476:
464:
363:
1397:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
536:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 57â73.
297:, in his periodical of Jewish letters
171:Proto-Semitic language § Urheimat
7:
647:, Oxford University Press, USA, 1987
530:"A Note on the History of 'Semitic'"
438:Being Jewish in 21st-Century Germany
381:, 1994, by Han Vermeulen (in Dutch).
1949:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
725:Semites: Race, Religion, Literature
377:, 2003, by Martin Baasten; and (2)
138:, together with the parallel terms
127:
688:Zimmermann, Moshe (5 March 1987).
375:A note on the history of 'Semitic'
43:The first depiction of historical
25:
1854:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
1774:The Outline of History of Mankind
750:. In Geoffrey W. Bromiley (ed.).
419:Review of "The Canaanites" (1964)
1822:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
657:Sevenster, Jan Nicolaas (1975).
338:Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
155:ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
32:ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
663:. Brill Archive. pp. 1â2.
317:In 1879, the German journalist
1975:Historical definitions of race
1814:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
1020:Historical definitions of race
86:associated with people of the
1:
1838:The Passing of the Great Race
791:The Edomite Hyksos connection
728:. Stanford University Press.
153:as "a kind of shorthand" for
116:biblical terminology for race
1737:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
776:Semitic language family tree
285:of the 19th century such as
1452:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
1417:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
1367:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
808:The Midianites of the north
503:. W W Norton & Co Inc.
441:. De Gruyter. p. 200.
112:Göttingen school of history
2001:
264:
164:
29:
1547:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
1026:
593:, Berlin 1918, pp. 91 ff.
1970:Semitic-speaking peoples
1919:History of anthropometry
1687:Charles Gabriel Seligman
1512:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
1200:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
591:Ueber Juden und Judentum
528:Baasten, Martin (2003).
1377:Daniel Garrison Brinton
1722:Thomas Griffith Taylor
1477:Reginald Ruggles Gates
796:6 October 2012 at the
276:
214:
72:
1862:Annihilation of Caste
1766:in Different Climates
1717:William Graham Sumner
1697:Samuel Stanhope Smith
1642:James Cowles Prichard
1274:Racial discrimination
722:Anidjar, Gil (2008).
295:Moritz Steinschneider
274:
186:
165:Further information:
42:
1914:Great chain of being
1632:Ludwig Hermann Plate
1597:Samuel George Morton
1412:Samuel A. Cartwright
1262:in the United States
407:Lutz Eberhard Edzard
167:Afroasiatic Urheimat
130:), one of the three
1870:The Races of Europe
1798:The Races of Europe
1577:Dominick McCausland
1527:Thomas Henry Huxley
1472:Stanley Marion Garn
1352:Robert Bennett Bean
1080:Historical concepts
844:Descendants of Noah
343:Generations of Noah
235:Northwest Caucasian
225:classifications of
1742:Alexander Winchell
1672:Henric Sanielevici
1532:Calvin Ira Kephart
1502:Hans F. K. GĂŒnther
1487:Arthur de Gobineau
1387:Alice Mossie Brues
1284:Racial stereotypes
803:The perished Arabs
643:Moshe Zimmermann,
277:
215:
193:Isidore of Seville
161:Ethnicity and race
73:
1980:Islam and Judaism
1957:
1956:
1886:The Race Question
1732:John H. Van Evrie
1657:William Z. Ripley
1627:Charles Pickering
1572:Felix von Luschan
1542:Robert E. Kuttner
1442:Charles Davenport
1311:Whiteness studies
1037:Color terminology
1029:Scientific racism
986:
985:
761:978-0-8028-3784-4
735:978-0-8047-5694-5
701:978-0-19-536495-8
670:978-90-04-04193-6
604:Journal Asiatique
602:Published in the
448:978-3-11-035015-9
303:Heymann Steinthal
223:pseudo-scientific
179:Scientific racism
118:was derived from
108:Semitic languages
16:(Redirected from
1992:
1765:
1712:Lothrop Stoddard
1707:Morris Steggerda
1682:Ilse Schwidetzky
1677:Heinrich Schmidt
1662:Alfred Rosenberg
1622:Isaac La PeyrĂšre
1427:Carleton S. Coon
1402:Charles Caldwell
1357:François Bernier
1240:in Latin America
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746:(January 1995).
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1422:Sonia Mary Cole
1362:Renato Biasutti
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76:Semitic people
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1967:
1965:
1950:
1947:
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1942:
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1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Miscegenation
1922:
1920:
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1912:
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1727:Paul Topinard
1725:
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1667:Benjamin Rush
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1637:Alfred Ploetz
1635:
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1623:
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1618:
1617:Oscar Peschel
1615:
1613:
1612:Roger Pearson
1610:
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1598:
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1582:John Mitchell
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1557:Carl Linnaeus
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1525:
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1522:Julian Huxley
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1507:Ernst Haeckel
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1492:Madison Grant
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1462:Eugen Fischer
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1407:Petrus Camper
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1332:Louis Agassiz
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1163:Mediterranean
1161:
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731:
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684:
681:
677:
672:
666:
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653:
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637:
633:
629:
628:0-8386-3252-1
625:
621:
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612:
609:
605:
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586:
583:
578:
572:
569:
563:
560:
553:
550:
545:
543:9789042912151
539:
535:
531:
524:
521:
517:
512:
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500:
494:
488:
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331:
329:
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296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
273:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Indo-European
228:
224:
220:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
185:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
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137:
133:
125:
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117:
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109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1904:Ethnogenesis
1885:
1877:
1872:(Coon, 1939)
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1763:
1756:Publications
1607:Karl Pearson
1497:John Grattan
1392:Halfdan Bryn
1257:in Singapore
1224:Sociological
751:
724:
716:Bibliography
705:
690:
683:
674:
659:
652:
644:
639:
631:
619:
611:
603:
598:
590:
585:
571:
562:
552:
533:
523:
514:
498:
477:Anidjar 2008
472:
465:Anidjar 2008
460:
452:
437:
430:
414:
398:
391:Liverani1995
386:
366:
327:
322:
319:Wilhelm Marr
316:
298:
287:Ernest Renan
281:
278:
267:Antisemitism
261:Antisemitism
216:
209:) and Cham (
196:
148:
132:sons of Noah
90:, including
79:
75:
74:
64:
49:sons of Noah
36:
1944:Pre-Adamite
1934:Multiracial
1537:Robert Knox
1347:John Beddoe
1294:Master race
1250:in Colombia
1138:East Baltic
632:Ozar Ysrael
423:Marvin Pope
255:ethnicities
205:), Iafeth (
198:Etymologiae
189:T and O map
104:Phoenicians
88:Middle East
51:: Semites,
1964:Categories
1939:Polygenism
1929:Monogenism
1647:Otto Reche
1552:Fritz Lenz
1382:Paul Broca
1372:Franz Boas
1342:Erwin Baur
1337:John Baker
1231:By region
1088:Australoid
879:Arpachshad
780:Ethnologue
359:References
353:Japhetites
312:monotheism
310:for their
239:Kartvelian
151:informally
144:Japhetites
57:Japhetites
1316:NĂ©gritude
1245:in Brazil
1190:Mongoloid
1098:Caucasoid
748:"Semites"
616:Alex Bein
291:ethnicity
251:Abrahamic
219:Caucasian
100:Akkadians
45:ethnology
1909:Eugenics
1289:Colorism
1235:in India
1143:Ethiopid
1123:Atlantid
1113:Armenoid
940:Japhetic
794:Archived
495:(1987).
332:See also
299:Hamaskir
61:Gatterer
1897:Related
1325:Writers
1269:Passing
1212:Negrito
1207:Negroid
1178:Turanid
1173:Semites
1148:Hamites
1133:Dinaric
1128:Caspian
973:Meshech
936:Japheth
916:Mizraim
903:Hamitic
861:Semitic
848:Genesis
348:Hamites
207:Japheth
175:Hamites
140:Hamites
134:in the
114:, this
80:Semites
53:Hamites
1888:(1950)
1880:(1943)
1864:(1936)
1856:(1930)
1848:(1920)
1840:(1916)
1832:(1916)
1824:(1911)
1816:(1907)
1808:(1899)
1792:(1855)
1784:(1849)
1776:(1785)
1768:(1744)
1279:Racism
1168:Nordic
1158:Iranid
1108:Arabid
1103:Alpine
1093:Capoid
1050:Bronze
926:Canaan
758:
732:
698:
667:
626:
606:, 1859
540:
507:
445:
253:) and
237:, and
177:, and
124:Hebrew
102:, and
82:is an
1185:Malay
1153:Indid
1118:Aryan
1070:White
1060:Olive
1055:Brown
1045:Black
978:Tiras
968:Tubal
963:Javan
958:Madai
953:Magog
948:Gomer
874:Ashur
308:Aryan
187:This
92:Arabs
1985:Shem
938:and
921:Phut
911:Cush
901:and
889:Aram
869:Elam
859:and
857:Shem
756:ISBN
730:ISBN
696:ISBN
665:ISBN
624:ISBN
538:ISBN
505:ISBN
443:ISBN
249:and
203:Shem
142:and
128:Ś©Ö”ŚŚ
120:Shem
96:Jews
55:and
1065:Red
899:Ham
884:Lud
846:in
421:by
405:by
211:Ham
195:'s
78:or
63:'s
1966::
850:10
704:.
673:.
618:,
532:.
513:.
484:^
451:.
233:,
213:).
173:,
169:,
157:.
146:.
126::
98:,
94:,
59:.
1012:e
1005:t
998:v
836:e
829:t
822:v
782:.
764:.
738:.
546:.
122:(
34:.
20:)
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