407:, asserted that "at the peak of the anti-semitic campaign, not Ryumin but Mesetsov, Konyatkin and Ignatiev were in charge of the criminal investigation and the beating of the doctors" He described Mesetsov and Konyatkin, who was Ryumin's deputy, as "incompetent". Ryumin was sacked in November 1952, while Ignatiev remained in office, though he collapsed on 14 November 1952 after transmitting a direct order from Stalin that the prisoners would be tortured. He may have been reluctant to have the instruction carried out, but the historians Jonathan Brent and Vladimir Naumov have noted that "Ignatiev's malaise and exhaustion did not prevent him from slavish obedience."
1163:
1412:
1418:
1501:
1496:
1521:
1516:
398:
I knew
Ignatiev well, and I knew he was a very sick man. He had had a near fatal heart attack. He was mild, considerate and well-liked. We all knew what sort of physical condition he was in. Stalin was crazy with rage, yelling at Ignatiev and threatening him, demanding that he throw the doctors in
393:
that he delivered in 1956 to the 20th
Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, in which he exposed Stain's crimes for the first time, Khrushchev remarked: "Present at this Congress as a delegate is the former Minister of State Security Comrade Ignatiev. Stalin told him curtly, 'If you do not obtain
1506:
1511:
373:, was charged with being the main instigator of the Doctors' Plot, for which he was shot. At the same time, it was Ignatiev's good fortune to be the first former head of the security services in almost 30 years to escape being arrested and executed - the fate suffered by
385:, Beria and Abakumov. In later life, Ignatiev would claim that he was never really involved in the Doctors' Plot, except to pass messages between Stalin and Ryumin, and that Stalin had repeatedly threatened to have him killed if he did not obey orders.
830:
327:
Ignatiev's first task was to purge the security apparatus. In just over a year, he had 42,000 MGB officers sacked. His tenure as its head coincided with the anti-semitic campaign that began with the arrests of every known Jew employed by the MGB -
315:
When
Abakumov was dismissed and arrested, in July 1951, Ignatiev was originally appointed representative of the Central Committee in the MGB. On 9 August 1951, he was appointed USSR Minister of State. He was a member of the
823:
414:
and a
Ukrainian nationalist who "was in this seventies, no longer active, but Ignatiev's group was eager to report his liquidation to impress the government." Other planned targets for assassination allegedly included
816:
1103:
431:
In
February 1954, Ignatiev was reappointed to the post of First secretary in the Bashkir republic, which he had held ten years earlier. In June 1957-October 1960, he was head of the communist party in
1541:
1531:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1556:
317:
292:
113:
439:
and culture as fundamentally and effectively as
Ignatiev did in 1957-1960" - partly because no other party official in Tatarstan had Ignatiev's experience of high level politics in Moscow.
839:
91:
116:
1096:
361:
and other newspapers that the
Doctors' Plot had been a miscarriage of justice and that Ignatiev had been guilty of "political blindness and ignorance" in allowing it to happen.
321:
94:
467:""Выходец из КГБ был настоящим заступником национального образования и татарского народа" ("An ex-KGB officer was a real defender of national education and the Tatar people""
435:. Tatar historian credit him with having lobbied Moscow in 1958 to revive the Tatar language. According to one historian, Rimzil Valeyev "no other party leader cared for the
1089:
628:"Khrushchev's Secret Speech, 'On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences,' Delivered at the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"
390:
1457:
466:
272:
259:
in the border republics of the USSR. In 1934-38, he worked in the central party apparatus in Moscow, but received sudden promotion in 1938, as a result of the
268:
1491:
1116:
410:
Sudoplatov also alleged that
Ignatiev planned to carry out assassinations in Germany and Paris of elderly opponents of the Soviet regime, including exiled
264:
1551:
1243:
50:
1561:
1486:
552:"Семен Игнатьев: самый "бескровный" министр госбезопасности Сталина (Semyon Ignatiev: the most "bloodless" Minister of State Security of Stalin)"
352:
275:, and Uzbekistan. In May or June 1946, he was summoned to Moscow to act as an inspector of party organisations, on the recommendation of
252:
196:
804:
1450:
1175:
776:
757:
734:
680:
610:
585:
527:
1566:
627:
924:
798:
1443:
964:
894:
854:
351:
On 5 March 1953, after Stalin's death, Ignatiev was removed from his post in the MGB, as Beria absorbed the MGB into his
808:
792:
219:; 14 September 1904 – 27 November 1983) was a Soviet politician, and the last head of the security forces appointed by
1293:
1171:
1112:
279:, who had taken over as a party secretary. In March 1947, he was appointed a secretary of the communist party of
442:
Ignatiev retired "for health reasons" at the age of 55. He died of natural causes in 1983 and was buried in the
1502:
Members of the
Central Auditing Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1060:
939:
1192:
1481:
1476:
1331:
443:
909:
899:
394:
confessions from the doctors we will shorten you by a head'." In his memoirs, Khrushchev claimed:
152:
148:
1363:
1323:
1050:
1025:
929:
889:
874:
420:
276:
240:
1522:
Members of the
Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1517:
Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
299:
and trade union personnel, and given the task of investigating the Minister of State Security (
1371:
1252:
1184:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1070:
1035:
979:
974:
959:
934:
772:
753:
730:
676:
606:
581:
523:
386:
382:
291:
In December 1950, Ignatiev was recalled to Moscow and appointed head of the department of the
1427:
1497:
Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, 1955–1959
1355:
1347:
1065:
1000:
969:
884:
869:
404:
345:
212:
1507:
Members of the Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1411:
1285:
1268:
1260:
1230:
1081:
1055:
1010:
995:
919:
914:
904:
879:
864:
416:
337:
333:
308:
73:
1512:
Members of the Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
355:, and was appointed a Secretary of the Central Committee. In April, it was announced in
283:, responsible for agriculture, but was removed early in 1950, and posted to Uzbekistan.
1222:
1214:
1020:
954:
944:
859:
436:
378:
374:
370:
341:
329:
156:
1470:
1380:
1339:
1040:
1030:
1005:
949:
220:
186:
1015:
176:
1045:
551:
260:
256:
1417:
493:
17:
1315:
746:
411:
312:
300:
236:
232:
432:
324:(previously named Politburo) in the final months before Stalin's demise.
296:
244:
280:
248:
673:
Special Tasks, the Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness - a Soviet Spymaster
263:, when he was appointed First Secretary of the communist party in the
357:
172:
1124:
1205:
320:
from 1952 until 1961. He also briefly served as a member of the
1085:
812:
1306:
304:
318:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
293:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
255:
in 1926. For most of his career, he was a discreet regional
727:
Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953
840:
19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
494:"Семен Денисович Игнатьев, Официальная справка члена ЦК"
446:
in Moscow, along with many members of the Soviet elite.
1431:
399:
chains, beat them to pulp, and grind them into powder.
271:, in 1944-46, and served in senior party posts in the
1542:
Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
1532:
Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
1547:
Fifth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
1537:
Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
1527:
First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
1557:
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
1305:
1242:
1204:
1170:
1123:
988:
847:
192:
182:
162:
142:
137:
111:
89:
79:
67:
49:
29:
745:
311:, who had been accused of corruption by a rival,
235:ethnicity. When he was ten, his parents moved to
344:, and many more- and culminated in the infamous
576:Jonathan Brent, and Vladimir P. Naumov (2004).
396:
1451:
1097:
824:
267:. He was subsequently First Secretary in the
8:
1426:This article about a Soviet politician is a
1458:
1444:
1104:
1090:
1082:
831:
817:
809:
725:Gorlitzki, Yoram; Khlevniuk, Oleg (2004).
605:. London: Fourth Estate. pp. 189–90.
239:, and he learnt to speak Uzbek. After the
26:
461:
459:
231:Ignatiev, the son of a peasant family of
545:
543:
541:
539:
799:Official FSB profile of Semyon Ignatiev
455:
107:16 October 1952 – 5 March 1953
603:The Doctors' Plot, Stalin's Last Crime
578:Stalin's Last Crime: the Doctors' Plot
389:evidently believed him. In the famous
247:and became a trade union organiser in
729:. New York: Oxford University Press.
675:. London: Warner Books. p. 306.
522:. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 285–86.
403:By contrast, the former MGB officer,
63:9 August 1951 – 5 March 1953
7:
1407:
1405:
580:. London: John Murray. p. 153.
129:5 March 1953 – 5 April 1953
520:Measures of Maturity, My Early Life
197:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1492:People from Yelisavetgradsky Uyezd
1430:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
660:. London: Sphere. pp. 253–54.
322:Presidium of the Central Committee
25:
769:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar
1552:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
1416:
1410:
1161:
767:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2004).
1562:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
1487:People from Kherson Governorate
793:A biography of Semyon Ignatiev
365:Role in the Anti-Semitic Purge
1:
1117:Soviet secret police agencies
635:Wilson Center Digital Archive
744:Marie, Jean-Jacques (2001).
251:and an engineer, joined the
656:Khrushchev, Nikita (1971).
1583:
1404:
671:Sudoplativ, Pavel (1995).
471:ТАТАРЫ: СТРАТЕГИЯ ДЕЙСТВИЙ
340:, Andrei Sverdlov, son of
209:Semyon Denisovich Ignatiev
51:Minister of State Security
1392:
1159:
518:Patolichev, N.S. (1983).
216:
202:
133:
122:
100:
56:
45:
36:
601:Rapoport, Yakov (1991).
369:Ignatiev's subordinate,
217:Семён Денисович Игнатьев
37:
1567:Soviet politician stubs
1061:Panteleimon Ponomarenko
940:Panteleimon Ponomarenko
295:that supervised party,
401:
1193:Vyacheslav Menzhinsky
1332:Vladimir Semichastny
658:Khrushchev Remembers
626:Khrushchev, Nikita.
444:Novodevichy Cemetery
303:- forerunner of the
241:Bolshevik Revolution
910:Vyacheslav Malyshev
771:. London: Phoenix.
698:Stalin's Last Crime
696:Brent, and Naumov.
153:Kherson Governorate
90:Full member of the
1364:Vladimir Kryuchkov
1324:Alexander Shelepin
1051:Mir Jafar Baghirov
1026:Nikolai Patolichev
930:Vyacheslav Molotov
890:Demyan Korotchenko
875:Kliment Voroshilov
421:Alexander Kerensky
277:Nikolai Patolichev
1439:
1438:
1399:
1398:
1372:Leonid Shebarshin
1253:Vsevolod Merkulov
1185:Felix Dzerzhinsky
1150:Felix Dzerzhinsky
1134:Felix Dzerzhinsky
1079:
1078:
1071:Alexei Kirichenko
1036:Alexander Puzanov
989:Candidate members
980:Alexei Kirichenko
975:Matvei Shkiryatov
960:Nikita Khrushchev
935:Mikhail Pervukhin
925:Nikolai Mikhailov
752:. Paris: Fayard.
387:Nikita Khrushchev
383:Vsevolod Merkulov
206:
205:
146:14 September 1904
16:(Redirected from
1574:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1385:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1356:Viktor Chebrikov
1352:
1348:Vitaly Fedorchuk
1344:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1197:
1189:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1083:
1066:Nikolai Shvernik
1001:Andrey Vyshinsky
970:Nikolai Shvernik
965:Dmitry Chesnokov
895:Vasili Kuznetsov
885:Lazar Kaganovich
870:Nikolai Bulganin
855:Vasily Andrianov
833:
826:
819:
810:
782:
763:
751:
740:
717:
716:
708:
702:
701:
693:
687:
686:
668:
662:
661:
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
632:
623:
617:
616:
598:
592:
591:
573:
567:
566:
564:
562:
550:Birin, Mikhail.
547:
534:
533:
515:
509:
508:
506:
504:
489:
483:
482:
480:
478:
473:. 24 August 2020
463:
405:Pavel Sudoplatov
287:Head of Security
218:
169:
166:27 November 1983
138:Personal details
127:
105:
85:Office abolished
82:
70:
61:
40:
27:
21:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1415:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1301:
1296:
1288:
1286:Lavrentiy Beria
1280:
1278:Semyon Ignatiev
1271:
1269:Sergei Ogoltsov
1263:
1261:Viktor Abakumov
1255:
1238:
1233:
1231:Lavrentiy Beria
1225:
1217:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1119:
1110:
1080:
1075:
1056:Leonid Melnikov
1011:Nikolai Ignatov
996:Leonid Brezhnev
984:
920:Anastas Mikoyan
915:Leonid Melnikov
905:Georgy Malenkov
880:Semyon Ignatyev
865:Lavrentiy Beria
843:
837:
789:
779:
766:
760:
743:
737:
724:
721:
720:
710:
709:
705:
695:
694:
690:
683:
670:
669:
665:
655:
654:
650:
640:
638:
637:. Wilson Center
630:
625:
624:
620:
613:
600:
599:
595:
588:
575:
574:
570:
560:
558:
549:
548:
537:
530:
517:
516:
512:
502:
500:
492:Zalessky, K.A.
491:
490:
486:
476:
474:
465:
464:
457:
452:
429:
417:Josip Broz Tito
367:
338:Leonid Raikhman
334:Leonid Eitingon
309:Viktor Abakumov
289:
253:Communist Party
229:
193:Political party
171:
167:
147:
128:
123:
106:
101:
80:
74:Sergei Ogoltsov
68:
62:
57:
41:
38:
32:
31:Semyon Ignatiev
23:
22:
18:Semyon Ignatyev
15:
12:
11:
5:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1423:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:Sergei Kruglov
1291:
1283:
1275:
1266:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1223:Nikolai Yezhov
1220:
1215:Genrikh Yagoda
1211:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:Alexei Kosygin
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
990:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
955:Mikhail Suslov
952:
947:
945:Maksim Saburov
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
860:Averky Aristov
857:
851:
849:
845:
844:
838:
836:
835:
828:
821:
813:
807:
806:
802:
796:
788:
787:External links
785:
784:
783:
777:
764:
758:
741:
735:
719:
718:
715:. p. 330.
703:
700:. p. 221.
688:
681:
663:
648:
618:
611:
593:
586:
568:
535:
528:
510:
484:
454:
453:
451:
448:
437:Tatar language
428:
425:
379:Nikolai Yezhov
375:Genrikh Yagoda
371:Mikhail Ryumin
366:
363:
342:Yakov Sverdlov
330:Lev Shvartzman
288:
285:
228:
225:
204:
203:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
170:(aged 79)
164:
160:
159:
157:Russian Empire
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
120:
119:
112:Member of the
109:
108:
98:
97:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
54:
53:
47:
46:
43:
42:
39:Семён Игнатьев
34:
33:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1579:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1391:
1382:
1381:Vadim Bakatin
1379:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1340:Yuri Andropov
1338:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Ivan Tevosian
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Nikolai Pegov
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:Arseny Zverev
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
950:Joseph Stalin
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
900:Otto Kuusinen
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
850:
846:
841:
834:
829:
827:
822:
820:
815:
814:
811:
805:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
790:
786:
780:
778:0-7538-1766-7
774:
770:
765:
761:
759:2-213-60897-0
755:
750:
749:
742:
738:
736:0-19-534735-8
732:
728:
723:
722:
714:
713:Special Tasks
707:
704:
699:
692:
689:
684:
682:0-7515-1240-0
678:
674:
667:
664:
659:
652:
649:
636:
629:
622:
619:
614:
612:1-872180-13-2
608:
604:
597:
594:
589:
587:0-7195-6508 1
583:
579:
572:
569:
557:
556:БИЗНЕС Online
553:
546:
544:
542:
540:
536:
531:
529:0-08-024545-5
525:
521:
514:
511:
499:
495:
488:
485:
472:
468:
462:
460:
456:
449:
447:
445:
440:
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
413:
408:
406:
400:
395:
392:
391:Secret Speech
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
364:
362:
360:
359:
354:
349:
347:
346:Doctors' plot
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
286:
284:
282:
278:
274:
273:Dagestan ASSR
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
226:
224:
222:
221:Joseph Stalin
214:
210:
201:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
165:
161:
158:
154:
150:
145:
141:
136:
132:
126:
121:
118:
115:
110:
104:
99:
96:
93:
88:
84:
78:
75:
72:
66:
60:
55:
52:
48:
44:
35:
28:
19:
1432:expanding it
1425:
1401:
1277:
1142:Yakov Peters
1016:Ivan Kabanov
848:Full members
801:(in Russian)
795:(in Russian)
768:
747:
726:
712:
711:Sudoplatov.
706:
697:
691:
672:
666:
657:
651:
639:. Retrieved
634:
621:
602:
596:
577:
571:
559:. Retrieved
555:
519:
513:
501:. Retrieved
497:
487:
475:. Retrieved
470:
441:
430:
427:Later career
409:
402:
397:
368:
356:
350:
326:
290:
269:Bashkir ASSR
243:, he joined
230:
227:Early career
208:
207:
177:Soviet Union
168:(1983-11-27)
124:
102:
81:Succeeded by
58:
1482:1983 deaths
1477:1904 births
1309:(1954–1991)
1246:(1946–1954)
1208:(1934–1946)
1178:(1922–1934)
1127:(1917–1922)
1046:Pavel Yudin
842:(1952–1956)
641:13 February
561:13 February
503:13 February
477:13 February
265:Buryat ASSR
261:Great Purge
257:apparatchik
183:Nationality
117:Secretariat
69:Preceded by
1471:Categories
1316:Ivan Serov
450:References
412:Mensheviks
313:Ivan Serov
281:Belorussia
237:Uzbekistan
1367:(1988–91)
1359:(1982–88)
1343:(1967–82)
1335:(1961–67)
1327:(1958–61)
1319:(1954–58)
1297:(1953–54)
1281:(1951–53)
1264:(1946–51)
1234:(1938–46)
1226:(1936–38)
1218:(1934–36)
1196:(1926–34)
1188:(1922–26)
1153:(1918–22)
1137:(1917–18)
433:Tatarstan
233:Ukrainian
125:In office
103:In office
95:Presidium
59:In office
297:Komsomol
245:Komsomol
149:Karlivka
1394:*Acting
748:Staline
498:Khronos
249:Bukhara
213:Russian
1384:(1991)
1375:(1991)
1351:(1982)
1289:(1953)
1272:(1951)
1256:(1946)
1145:(1918)
1113:Chiefs
775:
756:
733:
679:
609:
584:
526:
358:Pravda
187:Soviet
173:Moscow
1125:Cheka
631:(PDF)
1428:stub
1206:NKVD
1176:OGPU
773:ISBN
754:ISBN
731:ISBN
677:ISBN
643:2021
607:ISBN
582:ISBN
563:2021
524:ISBN
505:2021
479:2021
419:and
163:Died
143:Born
114:19th
92:19th
1307:KGB
1244:MGB
1172:GPU
1115:of
353:MVD
348:.
307:),
305:KGB
301:MGB
1473::
1174:/
633:.
554:.
538:^
496:.
469:.
458:^
423:.
381:,
377:,
336:,
332:,
223:.
215::
175:,
155:,
151:,
1459:e
1452:t
1445:v
1434:.
1377:*
1274:*
1105:e
1098:t
1091:v
832:e
825:t
818:v
781:.
762:.
739:.
685:.
645:.
615:.
590:.
565:.
532:.
507:.
481:.
211:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.