86:
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1326:
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1354:
25:
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at their head, marched in command of a large force, and destroyed the demons. Sengunthar claim to be the descendants of these warriors. After killing the demon, the warriors were told by Siva that they adopt a profession, which would not involve the destruction or injury of any living creature and
837:
Among
Sengunthars, Both alcoholic and sexual abstinence are valued, as is control of the passions. But when they are concerned with the sacred locus of the interior, meat eating, blood sacrifice, spirit possession, and the worship of small gods are all prominent. Senaithalaivar thus follow both a
322:
and started doing weaving and textile businesses as their full time profession as they sworn to be soldiers only for Chola emperors. At present, most of the textile businesses in Tamil Nadu are owned by
Senguntha Mudaliars. Majority of Sengunthars are sub-divided into numerous clans based on a
753:
After the 13th century, Sengunthars became associated with weaving completely. According to Deepak Kumar, the
Sengunthar weavers very often figure in the capacity of kudi, i.e. tenant-cultivators and also holders of kaniyachi, that is hereditary possession over the land. During the period of
921:
which was called as
Mahanadu by the Sengunthars. The head officer of Mahanadu were called as Aandavar and Aandavar is highest authority leader for Sengunthars. The head officer of the each nadu council were called as Naattaanmaikarar or Periyadhanakarar or Pattakarar.
491:
during the Chola period and there are also references in the 12th century that suggest they had armies and that some specific people were assigned to act as bodyguards for the Chola emperors. Such historical records emphasise their military function, with the poet
454:
weaving being such a profession, they were trained in it. Chithira valli, daughter of
Virabahu, one of the above commanders was married to King Musukuntha Chola . The descendants of Navaveerargal and Musukunthan were claimed as first generation of Sengunthars.
466:, a Tamil lexicon written by Sendan Diwakarar. This dictionary, probably from the 8th century CE, is thought to refer to them as weavers and army commanders, which may be indicative of their dual role in society at that time.
445:, was frightened, and retired to her chamber and in so doing, dropped nine beads from her anklets. Siva converted the beads into as many females, to each of whom was born a hero. These nine heroes (Navaveerargal), namely
1247:
is a collection of various literary works written about
Kaikkolars. It was originally published by Vannakkalanjiyam Kanji Shri Naagalinga Munivar in 1926 and republished in 1993 by Sabapathi Mudaliar. The collection
1092:
Perun thaali
Kaikolar (பெருதாலிகட்டி கைகோளர் முதலியார்கள்), also known as Kongu Kaikolar and 'Vellai seelai kaikkolar'. Women of this section wore big size of the Thali. Widows belonging this section wore white or
1014:
Gnana
Prasunambika Devi was born in Vellathurar Gotra of Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar caste. It is customary for the bride to bring home the dowry and submit it by Sengunthars at the Shiva-Parvati wedding held here.
1289:
to express joy when the 1008 heads were reattached. These stanzas include the songs who witnessed it in the court of Raja Raja II including himself which was later compiled by his successor
Kulothunga Chozha
1254:
by
Gnanaprakasa Swamigal, Tirisirapuram Kovintha Pillai and Lakkumanaswami. A collection of songs about the Sungunthars, taken from palm-leaf manuscripts, that was first published in the 18th century in
810:, Sengunthars were given the right to blow the conch, ride palanquins and elephants and wave the temple fly whisk. In 16th century some of the Kaikolars were migrated to Kerala region from Tamil region.
803:
In the book The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India, 1500–1650, author Sanjay Subrahmanyam states that many Sengunthar families were rich enough to contribute both land and gold to temples.
487:, the Sengunthar had already developed its involvement in weaving and trading, together with a role in military matters that was probably necessary to protect those interests. They were a part of the
983:
as their hero who is said to have conquered the Andhra region around 3rd century CE and converted forest lands there into agricultural lands. They built a bronze statue of Karikala Chola and a
480:
region, and the settling of the colonies with various occupational castes like Sengunthars. During this period, Sengunthars got the title called Samaya Senapati (meaning commander or head).
1235:. Kerala government refused to add Sengunthars in Backward classes list as according to them Sengunthars are not either socially or economically backward and they belonged to upper status.
2498:
1699:சூலமும் மழுவும் கொண்ட சிவபெருமானவர். அதனால் அவருடைய பெயர் முதலியார் என்பது. அவர் வழியில் தோன்றினமையால் செங்குந்தர்களுக்கு முதலியார் என்ற பெயரைக் கொடுத்து அப்பெயராலேயே வழங்கப்படுகின்றது
1064:
Siru thaali Kaikolar, also known as Saami katti Kaikolars, are characterized by a lingam tied to their arm, a custom now defunct. Women of this section worn small size of the Thali or
1141:
They are called Thalaikooda Mudaliyar( meaning "head refusers"), because it is said that in 12th century they refused to sacrifice the heads of their first sons to the caste poet,
1265:. It describes the mythical origin of Sengunthar, expeditions of Sengunthar chieftains and also praises the 1008 Kaikolar who were beheaded trying to enable it to be written.
792:
According to India Before Europe by Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, Cynthia Talbot, Sengunthars attained positions of responsibility at the two major Vaishnavite temples of
1038:
battle. During the flag ceremony day, the houses of Sengunthars are beautifully decorated with curtains with the picture of rooster, the legendary vehicle of Lord Muruga.
829:
and Sengunthars on which style the worship will take place in the temple, the King of Palakkad ordered that the worship will take place according to Sengunthars' culture.
1979:
654:. Following is the list of Sengunthar chieftains under Imperial Cholas which is taken from the poem Eetiezhubathu written by Chola emperor's court poet and minister
1483:
1661:
1533:
2688:
511:, which was usually reserved for high-ranking Brahmin officials in the Chola government. They had also used the title 'Chola Gangan' from the evidence "
635:, meaning the “recipient of the pearl ornamented sword” in Tamil seems to indicate some special honour or rank conferred on the regiment by the king.
2693:
1427:
1275:
written by Ottakkoothar. In this work, he prays the goddess Saraswathi to reattach the heads of the 1008 Sengunthars to their respective bodies.
1688:
2658:
2163:
1857:
1803:
1749:
1722:
1644:
1590:
1467:
2683:
914:
were Sivapuram (Walajabad) to the east, Thonthipuram to the south, Virinjipuram to the west, Chozhasingapuram (Sholinghur) to the north.
2301:
1261:, the major literary work about the Sengunthars. It comprises poetry by Ottakkoothar written in the 12th century CE during the reign of
2564:
2698:
2639:
2602:
2107:
2054:
2024:
1948:
1830:
1776:
1617:
1437:
762:, the sthanathar of the Brahmapuriswara temple made an agreement that they would cultivate certain lands of the Kaikkolar regiment.
631:(regiment or group). The early writing of the record and the surname Danatunga of Parantaka I suggests its assignment to his reign.
61:
449:, Virakesari, Viramahendrar, Viramaheshwar, Virapurandharar, Viraraakkathar, Viramaarthandar, Viraraanthakar and Veerathirar with
1609:
Religion and Society in South India: a volume in honour of Prof. N. Subba Reddy, V. Sudarsen, G. Prakash Reddy, M. Suryanarayana
933:, the third of the six abodes of Lord Murugan. Because these people are descendamts of Navaveerargal who helped lord Murugan in
942:
818:
441:
was enraged against the giants who harassed the people of the earth and sent forth six sparks of fire from his eyes. His wife,
1671:
1543:
488:
35:
1199:
kulagurus in common with other Kongu castes while the last three sub castes have the Irayamangalam Math, the descendant of
1768:
Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth Century
1302:
was written by Kanchi Virabadhra Desigar. It describes the legends and eminent personalities of the Sengunthar community.
1121:
Rattukaarar, also known as Rendukaarar because they weave with warps composed of double threads and they are traditional
399:
Sengunthars were given the title Mudaliar for their bravery. The twelfth century Chola emperor's court poet and minister
926:
43:
1296:, which describes the good deeds of Sengunthars and their Saivite religious principles. It was written by Puhalendi.
306:
reign belong to this community. In the olden days in India, the Sengunthars were warriors and were given the title
1125:
makers. Other reason is said to be their sacrifice of first born's heads for weaving a skirt for their caste poet
1174:
1007:
515:", which was only used by the royal families of the chola dynasty. Some of the well known Kaikola Battalions in
1027:
646:
Some were chieftains and commanders-in-chief of the later Cholas. Kaikkolar commanders-in-chief were known as
403:’s Itti Elupatu, a panegyric on the bravery and prowess of arms of Kaikkola warriors, says they were known as
1145:
to compose poem so they were outcast in that time. Talaikooda Mudaliar are originally from Koorainaadu, in
2678:
2306:
1457:
807:
620:
2500:
Inclusion of Sengunthar community in the list of Other Backward Classes for reservation in public service
1997:
1187:
who wear the thali (marriage badge) of Meenakshi Sundareshwarar like other Pandya country native castes.
1910:
774:
123:
1129:. They are mainly found in West region of Tamil Nadu also from Koorai Nadu in Tanjore district of the
800:. In Tirupati, they were in charge of distributing the consecrated food offerings to the worshippers.
733:
According to Vijaya Ramaswamy, in early thirteenth century large number of Kaikolars were migrated to
1282:
421:, suggesting that the title bearer is of the first-ranked among people. They had also used the title
1966:Śāṅkaram: recent researches on Indian culture : Professor Srinivasa Sankaranarayanan festchrift
1964:
S. Sankaranarayanan, S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, B. Rajendra Prasad, D. Kiran Kranth Choudary (2000).
953:
festival, according to traditional ritual Senguntha Kaikolars dress as Navaveerargal lieutenants of
85:
1312:
1041:
938:
814:
759:
722:
698:
190:
1894:
1820:
1634:
2425:
2243:
2196:
2044:
1973:
1867:
1097:
like other Kongu castes hence the name 'Vellai seelai Kaikolar'. They are mainly found vastly in
98:
2537:
1895:"Weaver Folk Traditions as a Source of History. The Indian Economic & Social History Review"
2654:
2635:
2598:
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2554:
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2020:
1944:
1938:
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1433:
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1204:
770:
640:
2329:
2151:
2014:
1847:
2417:
2408:
Mines, Mattison (August 1982). "Models of Caste and the Left-Hand Division in South India".
2235:
2188:
2179:
Mines, Mattison (August 1982). "Models of Caste and the Left-Hand Division in South India".
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245:
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213:
161:
147:
2444:
1940:
The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India, c.1350–1650
773:
and surrounding regions fought against Muslim invaders when they invaded south India.
2672:
2247:
1331:
1216:
1065:
786:
755:
484:
299:
295:
850:. Sengunthar community practices both the vegetarian and non-vegetarian traditions.
1345:
1011:
918:
872:
festival is a traditional ritual where the Sengunthars dress as the lieutenants of
742:
616:
496:
glorifying them and suggesting that their origins lay with the armies of the gods.
311:
229:
2483:
1325:
960:
861:
as a common deity and additionally have any one of several other deities, such as
373:, who is known as a red god. Legend has it that there were nine commanders called
2629:
2592:
2421:
2192:
2097:
1607:
1056:
There are some divisions among a section of the caste based on their traditions.
1184:
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450:
408:
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324:
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165:
127:
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1520:
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have rights to bring out the temple flag and carry the flag at the ceremony of
1372:
1321:
1224:
1200:
1158:
1150:
1130:
1110:
1098:
873:
782:
734:
516:
477:
446:
315:
233:
157:
1068:, due to which they are called so. This section allow widows to wear colored
1695:
Critical interpretation of the poems of Otṭạkkūttar, 12th century Tamil poet
1392:
1196:
1113:
region unlike later immigrants, they are properly called 'Kongu Kaikkolvar'
1024:
988:
862:
826:
793:
241:
169:
111:
94:
2226:
Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1982). "Weaver Folk Traditions as a Source of History".
2469:
2445:"கொங்க குலகுருக்கள்: கொங்கு குலகுருக்கள் - 48. இறையமங்கலம் கைக்கோலர் மடம்"
2099:
The Everyday Politics of Labour: Working Lives in India's Informal Economy
1666:. De Gruyter Mouton; Reprint 2011 edition (1 December 1977). p. 188.
1538:. De Gruyter Mouton; Reprint 2011 edition (1 December 1977). p. 188.
2334:
1387:
1382:
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797:
596:
404:
307:
268:
253:
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224:
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137:
118:
106:
90:
2539:
The Indian Economic and Social History Review-Delhi School of Economics
2125:
Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700–1947 By Deepak Kumar
1429:
Public Faces, Private Lives: Community and Individuality in South India
1207:. His seat is at Irayamangalam by the Kaveri in the Namakkal District.
1146:
954:
858:
847:
442:
370:
275:
265:
257:
200:
2429:
2200:
1822:
The Tyāgarāja Cult in Tamilnāḍu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation
1519:
Martial races of undivided India by Vidya Prakash Tyagi 2009 Page 278
1177:
1122:
984:
930:
778:
291:
1663:
The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia (World Anthropology)
1535:
The New Wind: Changing Identities in South Asia (World Anthropology)
2594:
The Warrior Merchants: Textiles, Trade and Territory in South India
2310:. Nallur, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Hindu Religious Affairs, Sri Lanka
1157:
region. Also called 'Thattaya Nattar' from their sub-region of the
925:
Sengunthar Kaikola Mudaliyar have rights to give festival flag for
483:
Inscriptions from the 11th century suggest that by the time of the
1377:
1106:
1040:
438:
310:
for their bravery. In early thirteenth century, after the fall of
261:
1094:
1069:
272:
2470:"List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu"
2152:"Far-flung fabrics - Indian textiles in ancient maritime trade"
627:, a regiment named after Singalantaka i.e. Parantaka Chola I.
18:
965:
Shri Arulmigu Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple, Palani, Dindugul
1072:
as other women. They are mainly found in the Eeruurunaadu(
957:
and re-enact the killing of the demon Suran in the temple.
1030:, the Sengunthar families who were military heroes in old
462:
The earliest literary evidence about Sengunthar occurs in
2631:
Dialogue and History: Constructing South India, 1795–1895
1606:
V, Sudarsen; Reddy, G. Prakash; M, Suryanarayana (1987).
286:, holding commander and minister positions in the court.
282:
as Kaikola regiment and were dominant during the rule of
615:
must have been the name of a regiment called after king
2302:"Water cutting ceremony of the Nallur Kandasamy temple"
377:
in Murugan's army and Sengunthars descended from them.
2651:
Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience
513:
Kaikolaril Kali Avinasi Yaana Ellam Valla Chola Gangan
16:
Hindu caste of Kaikolar warriors and textile merchants
853:
Each family (kulam) of the Sengunthar had their own
1714:
The Politics of Cultural Nationalism in South India
1451:
1449:
1203:Nayanar as their guru, army general of the Pallava
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
785:(Erode region) who fought many battles against the
685:Chieftain of Thiruvaiyaru and chief minister under
369:, which has the community's connection to the Lord
196:
186:
175:
153:
143:
133:
117:
105:
78:
995:. The Kaikalas form a very important part of the
975:In Andhra pradesh, Sengunthars are also known as
2228:The Indian Economic & Social History Review
2046:Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India
2038:
2036:
1697:] (in Tamil). Mullai Nilaiyam. p. 51.
1432:. University of California Press. p. 113.
38:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1109:district. Being the aboriginal weavers of the
721:Chieftain of Thiruchendur and commander under
876:and re-enact the killing of the demon Suran.
806:According to Himanshu Prabha Ray, in 1418 in
705:son of Ponvilaintha kalathur king Madhimaan.
8:
2137:Textiles and weavers in medieval South India
2072:Textiles and weavers in medieval South India
1978:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1849:Textiles and Weavers in Medieval South India
1636:Textiles and weavers in medieval South India
1521:https://www.google.com/books?id=vRwS6FmS2g0C
1459:Textiles and weavers in medieval South India
607:derived their names from possible titles of
2271:
2269:
1991:
1989:
1943:. Cambridge University Press. p. 188.
1717:. Princeton University Press. p. 236.
1612:. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 97.
472:, a copper plate inception, says about the
2367:
2365:
2121:
2119:
1484:"National Commission for Backward Classes"
1409:
1407:
1281:, a collection of ten stanzas compiled by
1215:Sengunthars were originally classified as
838:priestly model and a Tamil tradition. The
380:In ancient times they were also called as
290:, 12th century court poet and minister of
2330:"Nallur Kandasamy Temple festival begins"
1798:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 231.
1744:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 229.
1180:like other Pandya country native castes.
503:period, when some of them held the title
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
1559:
1557:
1555:
979:. They consider the early Chola emperor
959:
347:(a shuttle used in looms). The appended
1852:. Oxford University Press. p. 15.
1825:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 78–82.
1582:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
1462:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
1403:
1088:Perun Thaali Kaikolar or Kongu Kaikolar
846:were non-Brahmin priests at temples of
671:Pazhuvur Veeran and Pazhuvur Narayanan:
252:, who consider the early Chola emperor
1971:
1919:
1908:
1875:
1865:
1585:. New Age International. p. 491.
314:large number of Kaikolars migrated to
75:
2649:Lucassen, Jan; Lucassen, Leo (2014).
2395:
2383:
2371:
2356:
2287:
2275:
2260:
2213:
2084:
1999:Kongu Nadu, a history up to A.D. 1400
1563:
1507:
1413:
808:Tiruvannamalai Arunachalesvara temple
278:by occupation They were part of the
212:
93:and 8 other Navaveerargal under Lord
7:
1574:
1572:
890:, which in turn was divided into 17
717:son of Thiru kandiyur king Vibulan.
1795:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
1741:Historical Dictionary of the Tamils
1285:. These stanzas were written after
1046:Kandaswamy Kovil, Nallur, Sri Lanka
999:, the annual folk festival held at
636:
632:
628:
624:
612:
604:
600:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
359:also means men with stronger arms.
327:lineage known as Koottam or Gotra.
2634:. University of California Press.
2484:"Central list of backward classes"
2156:Textiles in Indian Ocean Societies
709:son of Chidambaram king Vidangan.
599:who had another name Kodandarama.
14:
2689:Weaving communities of South Asia
2556:Tamil literature – Kamil Zvelebil
1968:. Harman Pub. House. p. 114.
1711:Barnett, Marguerite Ross (2015).
1690:Oṭṭakkūttar pāṭalkaḷum viḷakkamum
1023:In the flag hoisting ceremony at
729:Chieftain of Thiruvidai maruthur.
578:Parttivasekarat-terinja-Kaikkolar
568:Karikala-chozha-terinja-Kaikkolar
499:They were militarized during the
384:(weaver), Thanthuvayar (weaver),
335:The ancient occupational name of
228:is a caste commonly found in the
1352:
1338:
1324:
1233:Erode Meenakshi Sundara Mudaliar
713:son of Kadambur king Kadhamban.
84:
23:
2694:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh
2542:. Vikas Publishing House. 1982.
2049:. Routledge. pp. 172–174.
943:Kodumbu Subramanya Swamy Temple
819:Kodumbu Subramanya Swamy Temple
637:Arulmozhideva-terinja-Kaikkolar
605:Vikramasingat-terinja-Kaikkolar
573:Arulmozhideva-terinja-Kaikkolar
558:Vikramasingat-terinja-Kaikkolar
553:Samarakesarit-terinja-Kaikkolar
2597:. Cambridge University Press.
2443:Sustainer (4 September 2009).
2019:. Cambridge University Press.
908:in the Sengunthar. The thisai
625:Singalantaka-terinda-Kaikkolar
613:Gandaraditta-terinja-Kaikkolar
601:Smarakesarit-terinja-Kaikkolar
583:Gandaraditta-terinja-Kaikkolar
523:Singalantaka-terinda-Kaikkolar
1:
2621:Tamil revivalism in the 1930s
2150:Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2004).
1687:Kan̲n̲iyappan̲, Civa (1996).
997:Thathayagunta Gangamma Jatara
977:Kaikala or Karikala Bhakthulu
884:Historically there were four
825:. When issue aroused between
781:chieftain and ruler of south
769:, a chieftain who was ruling
681:Chieftain of Thiruvottriyur.
593:Kodandarama-terinja-Kaikkolar
588:Madurantaka-terinja-Kaikkolar
563:Adityapanma-terinda-Kaikkolar
533:Kodandarama-terinja-Kaikkolar
2628:Irschick, Eugene F. (1994).
2619:Irschick, Eugene F. (1986).
2422:10.1525/ae.1982.9.3.02a00020
2193:10.1525/ae.1982.9.3.02a00020
1579:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
1300:Sengunthar Silaakkiyar Malai
927:Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple
669:: Chieftain of Chidambaram.
528:Virachozha-terinja-Kaikkolar
250:Kaikala or Karikala Bhaktulu
240:and the neighboring country
2684:Social groups of Tamil Nadu
2516:Senguntha Prabandha Thiratu
2472:. Government of Tamil Nadu.
1937:Sinopoli, Carla M. (2003).
1639:. Oxford University Press.
1183:Kaikolar originally of the
1006:The presiding deity of the
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
857:(deity). Sengunthars share
629:Danatunga-terinja-Kaikkolar
543:Parantaka-terinia-Kaikkolar
538:Danatonga-terinja-Kaikkolar
182:, Cholagangan, Brahmmarayan
2715:
2240:10.1177/001946468201900103
2139:. Oxford University Press.
2135:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1985).
2074:. Oxford University Press.
2070:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1985).
2043:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017).
1903:10.1177/001946468201900103
1846:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1985).
1819:Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996).
1792:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017).
1738:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017).
1633:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1985).
1456:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1985).
1310:
1245:Senguntha Prabanda Thiratu
1231:because of the efforts of
941:period, Sengunthars built
817:period, Sengunthars built
703:Kalanthaiyarasan Mudaliar:
489:Ayyavole 500 trading group
2158:. Routledge. p. 27.
2154:. In Barnes, Ruth (ed.).
2013:Asher, Catherine (2006).
1893:Vijaya Ramaswamy (1982).
1008:Srikalahasteeswara temple
256:as their hero. They were
83:
2699:South Indian communities
2591:Mines, Mattison (1984).
2553:Spuler, Bertold (1975).
1426:Mines, Mattison (1994).
1252:Senkunthar Pillai Tamizh
1153:. Now they are found in
1028:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
917:The head of 72 nadu was
833:Traditions and festivals
673:Chieftains of Pazhuvur.
2503:. Government of Kerala.
2096:de Neve, Geert (2005).
1660:David, Kenneth (1977).
1532:David, Kenneth (1977).
1175:Meenakshi Sundareswarar
548:Muthuvalpetra-Kaikkolar
2486:. Government of India.
2307:The Island (Sri Lanka)
1918:Cite journal requires
1771:. Brill. p. 218.
1219:but later listed as a
1195:The Kongu section has
1048:
967:
707:Puliyur Palli Kondaan:
476:, the conquest of the
470:Cholan Poorva Pattayam
128:Angalamman Parameswari
2497:M.S., Joseph (1996).
1996:Manickam, V. (2001).
1765:Vink, Markus (2005).
1311:Further information:
1173:country who wear the
1137:Thalaikooda Mudaliyar
1044:
963:
775:Chandramathi Mudaliar
767:Kottaiyannan Mudaliar
677:Chieftain of Kanchi.
392:(army commander) and
339:comes from the words
217:), also known as the
2410:American Ethnologist
2181:American Ethnologist
1283:Kulothunga Chola III
1060:Siru Thaali Kaikolar
902:, totally making 72
648:Samanta Senapathigal
248:, they are known as
2338:. Nallur, Sri Lanka
2300:Dr. Kumar Vadivel.
2016:India Before Europe
2002:. Makkal Veliyeedu.
1313:List of Sengunthars
1294:Thirukkai Vazhakkam
1239:Literary references
1117:Rattukaara Kaikolar
777:was a 17th-century
760:Vijayanagara empire
749:Vijayanagara period
723:Rajadhiraja Chola I
699:Kulothunga Chola II
687:Parantaka Chola I's
425:after their names.
300:Kulothunga Chola II
191:List of Sengunthars
2449:கொங்க குலகுருக்கள்
2102:. Berghahn Books.
1103:Bhavani River Belt
1049:
968:
741:after the fall of
665:King of Kalattur.
617:Gandaraditya Chola
386:Senguntha padaiyar
304:Raja Raja Chola II
264:and Traditionally
214:[sɛŋkʊnʈɻ]
201:Kaikalas of Andhra
99:Chidambaram temple
42:You can assist by
2660:978-9-00427-136-4
2165:978-1-13443-040-6
1859:978-0-19-561705-4
1805:978-1-53810-686-0
1751:978-1-53810-686-0
1724:978-1-40086-718-9
1646:978-0-19-561705-4
1592:978-8-12241-198-0
1469:978-0-19-561705-4
1263:Rajaraja Chola II
1205:Narasimhavarman I
1169:Kaikolars of the
1101:District and the
919:Kancheepuram nadu
765:In 14th century,
711:Pinavan Mudaliar:
641:Raja Raja Chola I
609:Parantaka Chola I
206:
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119:Kuladevi (female)
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683:Thanjai Vemban:
639:is named after
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1271:, a sequel to
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343:(hand) and
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863:Angalamman
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517:Chola army
396:(Weaver).
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316:Kongu Nadu
280:Chola army
234:Tamil Nadu
223:Senguntha
209:Sengunthar
158:Tamil Nadu
79:Sengunthar
44:editing it
2653:. BRILL.
2559:. BRILL.
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1393:Pattusali
1248:contains:
1197:Adi Saiva
1191:Kulagurus
1052:Subgroups
1025:Sri Lanka
1019:Sri Lanka
989:Srisailam
949:. During
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691:Kangeyan:
675:Thaniyan:
405:Mudaliars
357:Kaikkolar
337:Kaikkolar
331:Etymology
269:Merchants
242:Sri Lanka
170:Sri Lanka
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134:Religions
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947:Palakkad
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262:Cholas
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1693:[
1399:Notes
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1178:thali
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419:first
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244:. In
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2655:ISBN
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