Senghenydd colliery disaster

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and considered it had breached the mining regulations in respect of measuring and maintaining the air quality in the workings, and in the removal of coal dust from the tracks and walkways. The report pointed out that because the management had not implemented the changes needed to the ventilation fans as demanded by the Coal Mines Act 1911, the fans were unable to reverse the direction of the airflow, which would have blown the smoke out through the Lancaster shaft; Redmayne and his colleagues held differing opinions on the advisability of reversing or stopping the airflow. The historian John H Brown, in his examination of the disaster, states that had the airflow been reversed, firedamp or afterdamp could have been extracted from some sectors into the blaze, causing another explosion.

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well as his delay in sending for assistance from rescue teams until he exited the mine an hour and a half after the explosion. The official report considered there had been a "disquieting laxity in the management of the mine", although Shaw was described by the Duckhams as "undoubtedly a highly capable manager". The report led to Shaw being charged with 17 breaches of the Mines Act 1911, and four charges were made against the company. Shaw was found guilty of failing to keep adequate environmental records and failing to replace a broken lamp locker; he was fined £24. The company was convicted of failing to provide a ventilation system that could reverse the airflow and was fined £10 with £5 5 shillings costs. One newspaper, the

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temperatures dropped and the volume of smoke was reduced. The fire was contained, but miners still faced several obstacles, including roof collapses and large pockets of trapped firedamp. The first collapse consisted of more than 100 tons of debris; another fall was more than 300 feet (91.5 metres) long and 30 to 40 feet (10–12 metres) high. Clearing the falls and finding bodies was slow, and it took until 8 November for the first of the 4 working districts to be explored and cleared of bodies. The explosion, fire and subsequent decomposition made it difficult to identify many victims; some had to be identified by their personal effects, and some bodies remained unidentified.

412: 33: 306: 741: 445: 167: 483: 547: 191:; between 1851 and 1911 the population increased by 320,000. By 1913 the Welsh collieries were extracting 56.8 million long tons (57.7 million tonnes; 63.6 million short tons) of coal a year, up from 8.5 million long tons (8.6 million tonnes; 9.5 million short tons) in 1854; collieries in the region mined a fifth of all coal produced in the UK, and employed a fifth of its miners in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1913 Britain was responsible for 25 per cent of world coal production and 55 per cent of all world coal exports. 603: 347: 615: 579: 246:. If survivors from an explosion are not rescued quickly, they face the possibility of being killed by the gas. The presence of firedamp in South Wales's collieries contributed to a higher-than-average proportion of accidents: between 1880 and 1900 South Wales accounted for 18 per cent of Britain's miners, but 48 per cent of all UK mining deaths occurred in the region. As coal output from British collieries reached its peak in 1913 there was a correspondingly large number of accidents around this time. 591: 539:, announced on 16 October that the priority would be given to putting out the fire and that no more search parties would be looking for survivors. Brace observed that the fire was blocking the western workings and consuming the oxygen in the air, making it unlikely that anyone was left alive. Progress in tackling the fire over the previous days had been slow, and it had only been extinguished in the first 30 yards of the roadway—still two miles (3.2 km) from the coal face. Two 392: 479:. As the water pipe in the shaft was out of operation, fire-fighting continued with hand extinguishers and work was only possible in 20-minute shifts. Despite wearing respirators, several rescuers were overcome by the effects of firedamp. During the course of the day, 56 bodies were raised to the surface and, that evening, a new water supply, connected by three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) of pipes to a nearby reservoir, was installed in the Lancaster shaft. 665:. The inquiry ran for three days before being adjourned to allow for the coroner's inquest to run at Senghenydd. It reopened on 27 January and ran until 21 February. Over the 13 days it heard evidence, 21,837 questions were put to 50 witnesses. The coroner's inquest, chaired by David Rees, lasted for 5 days from 5 January 1914. A total of 9,000 questions were put to 50 witnesses, and the jury returned verdicts of accidental death. 114:, which would have exacerbated the explosion and carried it further into the mine workings. The cause of the 1913 explosion is unknown, but the subsequent inquiry thought the most likely cause was a spark from underground signalling equipment that could have ignited any firedamp present. The miners in the east side of the workings were evacuated, but the men in the western section bore the brunt of the explosion, fire and 420:

before they reached the bottom. They found that the men from the east side of the workings (approximately 450 workers) were unharmed, and their evacuation was ordered. Shaw and Thomas moved to the western side, where they found other men, alive but injured, and arranged for them to travel to the surface. Thomas later reported that the view into the western workings "was exactly like looking into a furnace".

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by an electric spark from equipment such as electric bell signalling gear. The initial explosion ignited airborne coal dust, and a shock wave ahead of the explosion raised yet more coal dust, which also combusted. Many victims who were not killed immediately by the explosion and fire died from the effects of afterdamp. The explosive wave travelled up the Lancaster shaft to the surface, destroying the

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which to make a thorough check of the workings—which involved placing a naked flame into cavities to see if the flame lengthened—the historian Michael Lieven states that "the company considered any other form of inspection to be too time-consuming". Between 5:10 and 6:00 am 950 men descended the shaft for a shift that was due to last until 2:00 pm.

543:'s inquests were opened: one in Senghenydd for the men who died in the colliery, and one in Cardiff for those who had died in hospital; both were adjourned the same day. The first funerals took place the following day, Friday 17 October. An estimated 150,000 mourners gathered for the 11 men buried on the Saturday and 8 on the Sunday. 158:, followed by a second in 2006, to honour the dead of both the 1901 and 1913 explosions. In October 2013, on the centenary of the tragedy, a Welsh national memorial to those killed in all Wales's mining disasters was unveiled at the former pithead, depicting a rescue worker coming to the aid of one of the survivors of the explosion. 338:. The report was published on 15 July. It stated that the mine was hot with high levels of coal dust present. The method used to load coal onto underground trucks created quantities of dust, which had aggravated a small explosion and created a chain reaction of related explosions throughout the workings. An 561:

By 17 November the Mafeking and Pretoria districts had been fully explored, with more than 200 bodies raised to the surface in the preceding two days. On 20 November an official announcement reported that 439 miners had died, of whom 33 were still unaccounted for. Toward the end of the month, the men

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Work continued throughout the night of 15 October and into the following day. It focused on finding survivors and fighting the fire that blocked the entry into some workings of the western returns. The fire caused the roof supports to become unstable, and falls triggered outbursts of methane. Several

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Lieven recounts how the rescue parties "in their desperation, ... were reckless with their lives" in their attempts to find survivors; many were injured in small roof collapses, or suffered the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning. Their endeavours saved lives throughout the remainder of the day

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Just after 8:00 am an explosion occurred in the west side of the underground workings. It is possible there were two explosions as survivors stated a smaller explosion preceded the main one; the official report referred only to one. The cause was probably a build-up of firedamp that was ignited

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Further criticism was directed toward the emergency procedures. The lack of respirators at the mine was deemed to have cost lives. The lack of an adequate water supply for fire fighting was criticised, and Redmayne wrote: "I should have thought, in view of the fact that the colliery was such a gassy

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The industrial historians Helen and Baron Duckham consider Universal Colliery to have been "an unlucky mine". At approximately 5:00 am on 24 May 1901 three underground explosions occurred as the night shift was exiting the pit. Because the explosion damaged the pit winding gear, it took time to

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At 3:00 am on 14 October 1913, the day firemen descended the pit to conduct the daily checks for gas; they had three hours to complete their investigations. The firemen for the Mafeking return had to travel more than two miles from the shaft bottom to the workface. It left insufficient time in

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held in October concluded that various safety precautions had not been followed, and had the mine been sufficiently watered it would have reduced the coal dust held in the air. The colliery had further problems in October 1910 when a heavy roof fall in the Mafeking return released trapped firedamp,

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Fires in the workings hampered rescue efforts, and it took several days before they were under control. It took several weeks for most of the bodies to be recovered. The subsequent enquiry pointed to errors made by the company and its management leading to charges of negligence against Edward Shaw,

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The inquiry report failed to identify a definite cause, but it was considered that the most likely cause was a spark from the signalling gear. It would have ignited the firedamp, exacerbated and fuelled by coal dust in the air. The report was critical of many aspects of the management's practices,

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wrote: "The numbers are truly awful. We talk in awed terms of the decimation of a regiment in a bloody battle, but here a great community engaged in the pursuit of a peaceful vocation is threatened with the loss of at least a quarter of its able bodied manhood". On the surface the townsfolk waited

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Shaw's actions were described by Lieven as those that "gained him a degree of respect from the local mining community which remained over the years; they probably also cost the lives of scores of miners." The Duckhams describe Shaw's inaction in fixing the ventilation fan before the explosion, as

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The firefighters built bashings, walls of sandbags, turf and sand, approximately 18 feet (5.5 metres) deep and 17 feet (5.2 metres) up to the tunnel's roof to prevent smoke filling the rest of the workings and allow men to explore areas previously cut off. Within two days the

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Edward Shaw, the colliery manager, was on the surface and the remaining shift foremen were still underground and unable to give assistance. He took charge and descended the York shaft, accompanied by overman D R Thomas. The descent was slow, and they had to clear several girders and obstructions

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In 1913 the colliery was producing 1,800 long tons (1,800 tonnes; 2,000 short tons) of coal a day, and Senghenydd's population had grown to just under 6,000. No work was undertaken at Senghenydd to implement the requirement, and the Mines Inspectorate gave the management an extended deadline of

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Shaw explored what he could of the western workings, before he and some of the survivors began tackling the fire. The water pipes from the surface in the Lancaster shaft were all fractured, and hand-extinguishers were used. Shaw returned to the surface at 9:30 am to arrange for rescue and

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The Senghenydd explosion remains the worst mining disaster in Britain. The deaths of 440 men from a small community had a devastating effect; 60 victims were younger than 20, of whom 8 were 14 years old; 542 children had lost their fathers and 205 women were widowed. The impact on individual

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were pegged to the output of coal and its selling price. The rate was determined by the Sliding Scale Committee, chaired by Lewis. The base line wage was taken from selling price of coal in 1875, and fluctuations in the price of coal on the open market determined subsequent

782:. Based outside Nant-y-parc Primary School, which is built on the site of the former colliery, the monument is a 20 feet (6 m) high replica of the colliery's winding gear. A second monument was unveiled in 2006 to the dead from both the 1901 and 1913 explosions. 379:, which came into force in December that year. Among other changes to the health and safety culture, the act required that ventilation fans in all collieries be capable of reversing the air current underground; this measure was to be implemented by 1 January 1913. 453:

and into the night, including a group of 18 men found at around 1:00 am. They were the last survivors found. A total of 432 miners had died that day—some bodies were not found until later—and 7 others died later in hospital or at home. A journalist from

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South Wales miners, including those at Universal, were paid on a rate determined by the Sliding Scale Committee, which fixed wages on the price coal fetched at market. When the price of coal slumped in the late 1890s, low wages led to industrial unrest and,

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households was great: 12 homes lost both a father and son, 10 homes lost 2 sons each, while the death of one father and son left an 18-year-old daughter to raise her 6 siblings alone; another woman lost her husband, 2 sons, a brother and her lodger.

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There are several grounds upon which an inquest can be adjourned, including the possibility of a public enquiry or if criminal proceedings are pending. An adjourned inquest does not have to be resumed, and the decision is at the discretion of the

801:. Jones said: "Mining is central to the story of Wales. It has shaped our history and communities and its social and physical legacy is still with us to this day. ... It is only right that we have a permanent memorial." In March 2024 the 371:, northern France, caused the deaths of more than 1,000 miners. The subsequent report blamed the accidental ignition of firedamp, exacerbated by coal dust in the air. Concerned that a similar disaster might happen in British collieries, the 322:

refused to replace the scale, and the strike ended on 1 September with some small concessions granted by the owners. The colliery resumed production and in 1899 was producing 3,000 long tons (3,000 tonnes; 3,400 short tons) of coal a week.

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workers and local ambulance services; a police detachment was sent from Cardiff in a special train. Members of the Inspectorate of Mines were quickly on the scene, and an inspector descended to view the mine the same morning.

218:—and were therefore prone to explosions; firedamp rises into the higher points of workings, including cavities or, as at Senghenydd, when the seams were being mined in an upward gradient. An additional danger of firedamp is 331:, found alongside the corpse of the horse he was tending. There were no other survivors and 81 men died. The funerals for the victims started four days later, and the rescue and recovery operations lasted for six weeks. 2318: 714:

After it reopened the colliery never reached the same levels of employment as before the explosion. William Lewis died in August 1914; Shaw continued as manager of the mine until November 1928, when it closed.

282:—began in 1891; the first coal was extracted in 1896. The colliery's two shafts were both 1,950 feet (590 m) deep, the downcast Lancaster and the upcast York. Development of the pit coincided with the 828: 802: 785:

On 14 October 2013, the centenary of the disaster, a Welsh national memorial to all mining disasters was unveiled at the former pithead. Funded by the Aber Valley Heritage Group and their patron

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one, and it had already been devastated by an explosion, that the management would have made arrangements for a supply of water adequate to meet an emergency of the kind that actually occurred."

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thought: "the scene at Senghenydd last night was depressing in the extreme. The streets were full of silent throngs of people who moved aimlessly about or stood stolidly at the street corners."

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employed 1,500 workers in 1800; as the industry expanded, the workforce rose to 30,000 by 1864, and to 250,000 by 1913. As employment became available, many people moved to the area of the

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There had been major accidents across the Welsh coalfield for more than half a century, including the following incidents, each of which resulted in the loss of more than 100 lives:

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rescuers were injured by the falls, one fatally. Before descending the mine many of the firefighters wrote what they thought might be their last letters home, and some made their

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A photographer, W. Benton, took a series of photographs as the disaster unfolded, and later published them as a set of postcards. Their publication is described by the

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the colliery manager, and the owners. Shaw was fined £24 while the company was fined £10; newspapers calculated the cost of each miner lost was just 1

3225: 2720: 274:. When geological surveys for coal began in 1890 it was a farming hamlet of around 100 people. Coal was found, and sinking of the first mineshaft for 206:—the latter a grade between the two comprising a hard coal without the coking elements. Some of the region's coal seams contained high quantities of 633: 3284: 1031:£1,200 in 1913 equates to approximately £105,500 in 2016 and £3,000 in 1913 equates to approximately £264,000, according to calculations based on 506: 728: 662: 3135: 3113: 3055: 3036: 3017: 2996: 2958: 2939: 2900: 2881: 2862: 2843: 1074: 1055: 1032: 1019: 3123: 818: 2322: 793:, a bronze statue by Les Johnson depicting a rescue worker coming to the aid of one of the survivors of the explosion, was unveiled by 3086: 2690: 335: 2628: 536: 3153: 980: 279: 1940: 1349: 3279: 3069: 654: 2586: 327:

clear the debris from the pithead to allow rescuers to begin work. They descended at 11:00 am and rescued one man, an

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Causes of and Circumstance Attending the Explosion Which Occurred at the Senghenydd Colliery on Tuesday 14th October, 1913

2802:"Site dedicated to thousands of lives lost officially recognised as the National Mining Disaster Memorial Garden of Wales" 2787: 339: 107: 2761: 3294: 351: 3264: 763: 517:

for entrance, raising £1,200 for the fund. The fund was started by the Lord Mayor of Cardiff; another collection, the

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voted to return to work, even though the western workings were still out of action and 11 bodies were still missing.

364: 356: 242:, which prevents the blood cells carrying oxygen, and can therefore result in suffocation by lack of oxygen known as 757:, Cardiff in 1991. The disaster at Senghenydd has provided the backdrop to two printed works of historical fiction: 3177: 890: 502: 2590: 2289: 869: 753:

A stage play based on the disaster, by the journalist and broadcaster Margaret Coles, was first performed at the

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was the underground foreman responsible for the infrastructure in the workings: pit props, tramways, roads, etc.

509:. The king sent a £500 donation to a disaster relief fund; the royal couple displayed their wedding presents at 2665: 939:

The ownership, along with that of other collieries, was through the Lewis Merthyr Consolidated Collieries Ltd.

2927: 798: 514: 135: 2724: 3274: 823: 184: 166: 984: 518: 188: 84: 3211: 1340:"Senghenydd centenary: Dan O'Neill on the nation's worst mining disaster and the terrible cost of coal" 1081:, who visited the colliery after the explosion, and had gone down the pit with one of the rescue crews. 569:

as "an excellent example of early photo-journalism". The photographs came with a caption, shown below:

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In an earlier disaster in May 1901, three underground explosions at the colliery killed 81 miners. The

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Environmental Impact of Mining and Mineral Processing: Management, Monitoring, and Auditing Strategies

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The Valley of the Shadow: An account of Britain's worst mining disaster, the Senghennydd explosion

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The layout of the Senghenydd mines, showing the location of the victims, and how they had died

295: 243: 239: 3158: 3103: 3065: 3007: 2661: 2556: 1488: 790: 650: 546: 490: 444: 372: 17: 2698: 2319:"'Miners lives at 5½p each': The Government Enquiry into the 1913 Senghenydd mine disaster" 482: 3077: 1069: 1018:£500 in 1913 equates to approximately £44,000 in 2016, according to calculations based on 917: 679: 346: 286:, and sectors of the underground workings were named after key places in the war, such as 283: 227: 199: 123: 80: 2780:"Carwyn Jones launches appeal for Welsh national mining memorial during Senghenydd visit" 91:, which was much in demand. Some of the region's coal seams contained high quantities of 2969: 2632: 3073: 2107: 658: 653:, the Chief Inspector of Mines, as the commissioner; he was assisted by two assessors, 494: 429: 255: 223: 119: 56: 3258: 2893:

Mining and Social Change (Routledge Revivals): Durham County in the Twentieth Century

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fire-fighting teams from neighbouring collieries. From 11:00 am the specialist

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BBC Radio 4, Making History, 7 October 2003: The Senghenydd Colliery Disaster, 1913

3206: 794: 425: 3191: 305: 2594: 2102: 657:, the chairman of the South Wales and Monmouthshire Coal Owners Association, and 222:, a poisonous mixture of gases left after an explosion, primarily constituted of 1935: 1344: 1078: 263: 235: 76: 3162: 2912:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 2765: 2103:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 807:

Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales

3147: 2286:"Postcards recording the terrible explosion at the Universal pit, Senghennydd" 1309:

Benson, John (1 November 1993). "Charity's Pitfall: the Senghenydd Disaster".

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In 1875 miners' wages for those that worked at collieries controlled by the

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In 1981 a memorial to the men who died in the disaster was unveiled by the

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was formed, reporting back in 1907, 1909 and 1911. The reports led to the

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Economics of the International Coal Trade: The Renaissance of Steam Coal

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The funeral of one of the miners, E. Gilbert, a colour sergeant in

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The Mines Inspectorate began an enquiry, chaired by the mining engineer

328: 75:, Glamorgan, Wales, on 14 October 1913. The explosion, which killed 439 1412: 1410: 638: 540: 433: 408:; it killed the winder—the man in charge—and badly injured his deputy. 271: 211: 96: 3218:

1962 interview with William Vizard, ex-miner who survived the disaster

2548: 1100:"The Burning Pit Disaster: Rescue Scenes at the Universal Colliery". 778:

In 1981 a memorial to those lost in the disaster was unveiled by the

876: 632: 545: 481: 443: 410: 390: 345: 304: 165: 31: 3108:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media. 620:"The Salvation Army pit man's funeral passing through Senghenydd" 2805: 2415:"Senghenydd pit explosion 1913: Britain's worst mining disaster" 1914:

Morgan, Henry (9 January 1914). "Story of Senghenydd Rescuers".

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September 1913 to complete the work, but this, too, was missed.

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was a socialist newspaper whose Welsh editor was the radical

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The Welsh National Coal Mining Memorial, 2013, by Les Johnson

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Rescue, fire-fighting and recovery: 15 October to 30 November

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List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland by death toll

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The inquiry into the disaster opened on 2 January 1914 with

2384: 2382: 2380: 608:"The scene at the pithead hour by hour all through the day" 584:"The canary that was carried down the mine to test the air" 2951:

Great Pit Disasters: Great Britain 1700 to the present day

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A thirteen-year-old girl awaits news with her baby sister.

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that the men at Universal joined at the end of April. The

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established that the colliery had high levels of airborne

2762:"Senghenydd: Centenary of UK's Worst Pit Disaster Marked" 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 3148:"Lewis, William Thomas, first Baron Merthyr (1837–1914)" 1798: 1796: 2523: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2451: 2400: 2359: 2256: 2254: 1850: 1748: 1652: 1636: 1634: 1613: 1416: 1197: 596:"Salvation Army workers amongst the poor waiting women" 266:, approximately four miles (6.4 km) north-west of 2169: 2167: 2062: 2060: 1861: 1859: 1115: 1113: 1111: 967:

Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners' Association

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Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners' Association

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Monmouth Guardian and Bargoed and Caerphilly Observer

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The South Wales Coalfield produced the sought-after

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Remember Senghenydd – The Colliery Disaster of 1913

3006:Jain, Ravi K; Cui, Zengdi; Domen, Jeremy K (2015). 2723:. Caerphilly County Borough Council. Archived from 343:which caused the mine to be temporarily evacuated. 3146: 3128:The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750–1950 2746:Parry, Jean (13 October 2006). "Dead Remembered". 1931:"Dan O'Neill: Eternal darkness of buried sunlight" 497:, visited the colliery on 15 October representing 83:in the United Kingdom. Universal Colliery, on the 996:The 1911 census recorded the population as 5,895. 952:shaft provided fresh air in the workings and the 2091: 2089: 2087: 855:, put the rise over the same period as 133,000. 2511: 2439: 2051: 1973: 1901: 1877: 1838: 1775: 1700: 1601: 1517: 1431: 1173: 1134: 428:teams began arriving at the colliery from the 1304: 1302: 8: 3157:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2953:. Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles. 2855:British Coalminers in the Nineteenth Century 1233: 853:British Coalminers in the Nineteenth Century 734:The 2006 Senghenydd mining disaster memorial 525:, raised more than £3,000 on its first day. 270:and eleven miles (18 km) north-west of 2876:. Port Talbot, West Glamorgan: Alun Books. 2313: 2311: 1185: 3130:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2099:inflation figures are based on data from 262:) is situated at the northern end of the 3050:. Llanrwst, Wales: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 2388: 1664: 1640: 1589: 1565: 1553: 1529: 1473: 1389: 1257: 956:shaft carried stale air out of the mine. 151:d (about equivalent to £7 in 2023). 3154:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3031:. Llandysul, Dyfed: Gwasg Gomer Press. 2971:A Glossary of Terms Used in Coal Mining 2949:Duckham, Helen; Duckham, Baron (1973). 1787: 1492:. Cardiff. 1 September 1898. p. 3. 1443: 1209: 1092: 844: 574: 507:Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife 95:, a highly explosive gas consisting of 3182:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 3175: 3029:Senghennydd, The Universal Pit Village 2764:. BBC. 14 October 2013. Archived from 2463: 2272: 2245: 2221: 2197: 2185: 2039: 1985: 1961: 1889: 1826: 1802: 1760: 1724: 1688: 1676: 1577: 1541: 1502: 1458: 1370: 1293: 1281: 1269: 1245: 1221: 1158: 1146: 1119: 983:; the following year he was created a 3290:Deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning 2573: 2535: 2524:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 2500:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 2488:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 2476:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 2452:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 2401:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 2371: 2360:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 2347: 2260: 2233: 2209: 2173: 2128: 2078: 2066: 1997: 1865: 1851:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 1814: 1749:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 1736: 1712: 1653:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 1625: 1614:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 1417:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 1401: 1198:Redmayne, Williams & Smillie 1914 250:Senghenydd and the Universal Colliery 7: 3270:1913 disasters in the United Kingdom 2615: 501:, who was attending the marriage of 234:. The carbon monoxide combines with 2991:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 819:Glossary of coal mining terminology 663:Miners' Federation of Great Britain 2968:Gresley, William Stukeley (1883). 290:, or the lifting of the sieges at 278:—which was owned and developed by 25: 851:John Benson, in his 1989 history 683:, calculated "Miners' Lives at 1/ 2631:. Hayhouse. 2013. Archived from 1929:O'Neill, Dan (15 October 2013). 1338:O'Neill, Dan (14 October 2013). 979:The same year Lewis was created 789:, with matched funding from the 739: 727: 613: 601: 589: 577: 3087:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2413:Amor, Leigh (14 October 2013). 981:1st Baron Merthyr of Senghenydd 3285:Coal mining disasters in Wales 3097:– via Wikimedia Commons. 2974:. London: E. & F.N. Spon. 2786:. 28 June 2012. Archived from 2323:Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales 537:South Wales Miners' Federation 1: 2325:. 6 July 2012. Archived from 2160:. 18 October 1913. p. 5. 2145:. 16 October 1913. p. 9. 2029:. 15 October 1913. p. 5. 2014:. 17 October 1913. p. 9. 1104:. 18 October 1913. p. 4. 415:A rescue team leaving the pit 3192:UK public library membership 3012:. Oxford: Elsevier Science. 2655:"Who was Alexander Cordell?" 79:and a rescuer, is the worst 49:Senghenydd colliery disaster 18:Senghenydd Colliery Disaster 2555:. 25 July 1914. p. 3. 1200:, pp. 14–16 and map 7. 1102:The Illustrated London News 1077:. The paper was founded by 764:This Sweet and Bitter Earth 238:in the bloodstream to form 3311: 3207:Aber Valley Heritage Group 2512:Duckham & Duckham 1973 2440:Duckham & Duckham 1973 2052:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1974:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1902:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1878:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1839:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1776:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1701:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1602:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1518:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1432:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1234:Jain, Cui & Domen 2015 1174:Duckham & Duckham 1973 1135:Duckham & Duckham 1973 535:speaking on behalf of the 503:Prince Arthur of Connaught 3102:Schernikau, Lars (2010). 2989:The English Legal Process 2934:. London: Penguin Books. 2591:National Library of Wales 2549:"Senghenydd Prosecutions" 2290:National Library of Wales 567:National Library of Wales 460:for news; a reporter for 309:Sir William Lewis in 1891 170:Senghenydd, shown within 130:left after an explosion. 36:Crowds await news at the 2987:Ingman, Terence (2011). 1790:, pp. 180, 294–295. 906:1890 Llannerch, 176 dead 357:Courrières mine disaster 118:—a poisonous mixture of 27:Mining explosion in 1913 3145:Williams, John (2004). 3027:Lieven, Michal (1994). 2910:Clark, Gregory (2018). 2891:Bulmer, Martin (2015). 2101:Clark, Gregory (2017). 799:First Minister of Wales 661:, the president of the 486:Bringing the bodies out 3163:10.1093/ref:odnb/34523 3046:Llywelyn, Jen (2013). 2872:Brown, John H (2009). 2750:. Cardiff. p. 29. 2691:"Gwybodaeth Lyfryddol" 824:History of coal mining 642: 554: 487: 449: 416: 396: 360: 310: 259: 175: 60: 44: 3280:1913 mining disasters 2895:. London: Routledge. 2853:Benson, John (1989). 2417:. BBC. Archived from 1058:measure of inflation. 1035:measure of inflation. 1022:measure of inflation. 920:, Cilfynydd, 290 dead 636: 549: 485: 447: 414: 394: 349: 308: 189:South Wales Coalfield 169: 85:South Wales Coalfield 35: 2156:"The Pit Disaster". 2025:"A Town of Sorrow". 2010:"The Pit Disaster". 1075:Thomas Evan Nicholas 1056:Consumer Price Index 1033:Consumer Price Index 1020:Consumer Price Index 896:1880 Risca, 120 dead 835:Notes and references 641:on their return home 523:Lord Mayor of London 355:illustration of the 53:Senghenydd explosion 51:, also known as the 3295:October 1913 events 3237: / 2857:. London: Longman. 2838:. London: Longman. 2538:, pp. 134–141. 2514:, pp. 162–163. 2350:, pp. 102–103. 2000:, pp. 156–157. 1841:, pp. 163–164. 1829:, pp. 220–221. 1763:, pp. 218–222. 1703:, pp. 161–162. 1679:, pp. 215–216. 1604:, pp. 160–161. 1486:"Settled at Last". 1476:, pp. 323–324. 1446:, pp. 84, 268. 1352:on 21 February 2017 1248:, pp. 458–459. 780:National Coal Board 711:d or £16 in 2024). 521:Fund set up by the 513:and charged a 377:Coal Mines Act 1911 185:Welsh coal industry 179:Welsh coal industry 156:National Coal Board 63:), occurred at the 61:Tanchwa Senghennydd 3265:1910s in Glamorgan 3241:51.6114°N 3.2813°W 2932:A History of Wales 2421:on 17 October 2013 2097:Retail Price Index 2027:The Dundee Courier 773:Gareth F. Williams 697:each" (1 shilling 643: 555: 552:The Salvation Army 488: 463:The Dundee Courier 450: 417: 397: 361: 311: 276:Universal Colliery 176: 65:Universal Colliery 45: 38:Universal Colliery 3190:(Subscription or 3178:cite encyclopedia 3137:978-0-521-43816-2 3115:978-90-481-9240-3 3057:978-1-84524-208-4 3038:978-1-85902-043-2 3019:978-0-12-804092-8 2998:978-0-19-958194-8 2960:978-0-7153-5717-0 2941:978-0-14-028475-1 2902:978-1-317-44848-8 2883:978-0-907117-06-3 2864:978-0-582-08340-0 2845:978-0-09-175343-6 2790:on 13 March 2016. 2478:, pp. 40–41. 2454:, pp. 34–35. 2403:, pp. 27–31. 2212:, pp. 96–99. 2141:"Royal Wedding". 2081:, pp. 92–95. 1853:, pp. 20–21. 1628:, pp. 66–70. 1592:, pp. 19–20. 1580:, pp. 73–74. 1556:, pp. 17–18. 1544:, pp. 61–63. 1461:, pp. 36–37. 1373:, pp. xi, 8. 1260:, pp. 13–14. 805:was added to the 759:Alexander Cordell 511:St James's Palace 367:at a colliery in 365:a major explosion 316:in 1898, a strike 240:carboxyhemoglobin 16:(Redirected from 3302: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3247: 3246:51.6114; -3.2813 3242: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3150: 3141: 3119: 3098: 3084: 3061: 3042: 3023: 3002: 2983: 2964: 2945: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2914:. 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850: 846: 842: 837: 815: 803:memorial garden 751: 750: 749: 748: 747: 744: 736: 735: 732: 723: 722: 721:Local memorials 707: 703: 700: 698: 693: 689: 686: 684: 680:Merthyr Pioneer 631: 626: 625: 624: 621: 618: 609: 606: 597: 594: 585: 582: 472: 389: 387:14 October 1913 252: 228:carbon monoxide 181: 164: 147: 143: 140: 138: 124:carbon monoxide 81:mining accident 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3257: 3256: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3201:External links 3199: 3197: 3196: 3142: 3136: 3120: 3114: 3099: 3070:Williams, Evan 3062: 3056: 3043: 3037: 3024: 3018: 3003: 2997: 2984: 2965: 2959: 2946: 2940: 2924: 2907: 2901: 2888: 2882: 2869: 2863: 2850: 2844: 2832:Benn, Caroline 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2819: 2793: 2771: 2753: 2738: 2721:"Amber Valley" 2712: 2682: 2646: 2620: 2618:, p. 320. 2608: 2578: 2566: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2468: 2466:, p. 222. 2456: 2444: 2442:, p. 175. 2432: 2405: 2393: 2391:, p. 148. 2376: 2374:, p. 107. 2364: 2352: 2340: 2307: 2277: 2275:, p. 255. 2265: 2263:, p. 102. 2250: 2248:, p. 242. 2238: 2236:, p. 100. 2226: 2224:, p. 237. 2214: 2202: 2200:, p. 108. 2190: 2188:, p. 227. 2178: 2163: 2148: 2133: 2121: 2108:MeasuringWorth 2083: 2071: 2056: 2054:, p. 171. 2044: 2042:, p. 226. 2032: 2017: 2002: 1990: 1988:, p. 225. 1978: 1976:, p. 167. 1966: 1964:, p. 224. 1954: 1921: 1906: 1904:, p. 165. 1894: 1892:, p. 221. 1882: 1880:, p. 164. 1870: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1819: 1807: 1805:, p. 220. 1792: 1780: 1778:, p. 162. 1765: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1727:, p. 218. 1717: 1705: 1693: 1691:, p. 216. 1681: 1669: 1657: 1645: 1630: 1618: 1606: 1594: 1582: 1570: 1558: 1546: 1534: 1522: 1520:, p. 160. 1507: 1495: 1478: 1463: 1448: 1436: 1434:, p. 161. 1421: 1406: 1394: 1375: 1363: 1330: 1298: 1286: 1274: 1262: 1250: 1238: 1226: 1214: 1202: 1190: 1178: 1176:, p. 159. 1163: 1161:, p. 150. 1151: 1149:, p. 389. 1139: 1137:, p. 158. 1124: 1107: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1060: 1047: 1037: 1024: 1011: 998: 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2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2179: 2176:, p. 96. 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2131:, p. 92. 2130: 2125: 2122: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2069:, p. 95. 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2018: 2013: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1868:, p. 79. 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1817:, p. 76. 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1739:, p. 80. 1738: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1715:, p. 75. 1714: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1667:, p. 20. 1666: 1665:Llywelyn 2013 1661: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1641:Williams 2004 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1616:, p. 31. 1615: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1590:Llywelyn 2013 1586: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1568:, p. 19. 1567: 1566:Llywelyn 2013 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554:Llywelyn 2013 1550: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1532:, p. 17. 1531: 1530:Llywelyn 2013 1526: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1505:, p. 57. 1504: 1499: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1474:Thompson 1993 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1404:, p. 15. 1403: 1398: 1395: 1392:, p. 10. 1391: 1390:Llywelyn 2013 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1334: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1312:History Today 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1275: 1272:, p. 42. 1271: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258:Llywelyn 2013 1254: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1236:, p. 60. 1235: 1230: 1227: 1224:, p. 61. 1223: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1188:, p. 23. 1187: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1148: 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