730:
339:
86:
636:
297:
44:
63:
658:
Sensitive ferns propagate by both spore dispersion and rhizome growth. Its growth clusters attract local fauna where small wildlife find habitat, deer bed upon its dense mat and in winter wild turkeys use the fertile spore stalks as a secondary food source. They can become aggressive and a nuisance
710:
Opinion is mixed regarding the species' tolerance to disturbance of its growing environment. In one forest setting, a decade long decline was noticed following even single-cut tree felling operations. In other settings sensitive ferns appear opportunistic, disturbance not being a problem. They
373:
are surrounded by two different walls at specific development stages, as opposed to a single wall reported in other species. Other differences include a delayed formation of the osmiophilic crest and during sperm release the cap cell removes intact, as opposed to forming a pore or collapsing
998:
as an early springtime vegetable, prepared like spinach, the fiddleheads cooked and "seasoned with salt, pepper or butter" (Waugh, 1916). After removing the "brown scales" (sori), leaves were processed likewise. Its young shoots have been sold as delicacies in Asian markets.
1450:"Close observation of a common fern challenges long-held notions of how plants move. A commentary on 'Fern fronds that move like pine cones: humidity-driven motion of fertile leaflets governs the timing of spore dispersal in a widespread fern species' (Suissa JS, 2021)"
655:, sexual and asexual reproduction; its sporophyte generation matures in autumn, casts its spores in the spring and the gametophyte generation follows. Sporophytes require 5–10 years of growth before reaching their mature fern height.
624:, thickets and bogs, as well as stream and riverbanks and roadside ditches. It tolerates extremely wet soils, appearing in soggy ground or at the very edge of water in shade or sun. The plant can tolerate dryer conditions in shade.
385:
The mechanics of spore release and its timing are controlled by springtime humidity. The small fertile margins, that in live-form held spore in tightly rolled structures, maintain their dry, leathery shape over winter. These
390:
respond to spring's higher humidity by opening, releasing their spore into the air. Subsequent gametophytes are unisexual in early development, favoring cross-fertilization, later becoming bisexual to ensure species survival.
1031:. Gardeners employ rhizome division and are aided by spore harvesting guides. Its decomposing fronds make an effective mulch, suppressing undergrowth. Plantings can become aggressive, weedy if not sited properly.
895:
at rice paddy fields and a means to convey the bacterium (rainfall runoff) implicated it as the source of bacterial blight outbreaks when paired with enabling environmental conditions.
308:(fertile fronds) are smaller, 20–45 cm (8–18 in) in length, non-green at maturity and have very narrow pinnae. They are persistent, standing 2–3 years. The
2892:
2980:
639:
Gametophyte (the flat thallus at the bottom of the picture) with a descendant sporophyte beginning to grow from it (the small frond at the top of the picture)
2192:(Agricultural Handbook No. 165 ed.). Washington, DC: United States Agricultural Research Service- Crops Research Division. August 1960. p. 363
382:, or sporangium, containing either 32 or 64 sperm spores, usually being 64. Regardless of the number, the capsule's volume remains nearly the same.
2840:
3218:
2905:
2853:
707:
indicator, listed as a
Facultative Wetland Hydrophyte in the 2013 (US) National Wetland Plant List due to its observed affinity for wetter soils.
3198:
3068:
3003:
277:(sterile fronds) are deeply pinnatifid and are typically borne at intervals along the creeping rhizome. The sterile fronds are deciduous with
2580:
1940:
2697:
1689:. Ottawa, Canada: Canada Department of Mines ... Anthropological series / Geological Survey of Canada; number 12. p. 118. Archived from
963:
3228:
3208:
3168:
935:
3203:
2814:
1048:
593:. It ranges from Newfoundland south to Florida and west to Texas, the Rocky Mountains, North and South Dakota, Quebec, and Manitoba.
1684:
3223:
2647:
2622:
2187:
319:
Sori are typically bilaterally symmetrical, though leaf forms have been observed with pinnae fertile only on a single side of the
2879:
70:
1802:
729:
3193:
3183:
2946:
2590:
454:
is native to North
America; Canada's central and eastern regions and the United States' north, central and eastern regions.
316:(spore cases) 2–4 mm (1/10–1/6 in) in diameter, like beads, on upright fertile fronds, hence the common name Bead fern.
2386:
2910:
2413:
2967:
954:
have been found. Its summaries, however, frequently include precautionary statements that ferns, in general, may contain
2001:
1715:
335:(not curled or bead shaped), were deemed to be variations not meriting taxonomic recognition (J. M. Beitel et al. 1981).
2582:
CRC World
Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology
2520:
3094:
1625:
1024:
671:
1092:
3081:
994:
by some and reserved for times of scarcity. Cooking heat eliminates its thiaminase content. The
Iroquois treated
660:
652:
1497:
3213:
2985:
2941:
2098:
807:
590:
85:
3008:
2493:
911:
has two internally-synthesized chemical defenses against insects. Ingesting any part of the plant introduces
769:
3086:
3188:
663:
Cooperative
Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries classifies the sensitive fern as a herbaceous broadleaf weed.
2832:
2746:
1288:
3178:
2827:
2708:
1020:
879:
812:
647:
plant has remained essentially unchanged over millions of years. A fifty-seven million year old fossil of
606:
can be found at elevations from sea level up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in fresh water habitats, not
1772:
1159:
3173:
2858:
1124:
1028:
620:
grows best in moist shaded or partially shaded areas, dwelling in a variety of swamp and wood habitats:
586:
426:
193:
338:
1913:
462:) is native to Southeast Siberia, Japan and China. The varietal difference is their ultimate height,
2995:
2788:
1888:
1056:
849:
837:
787:
781:
555:, meaning to close, describing the closely rolled sori on its fertile fronds. Its species, from the
3042:
2671:
2136:
2072:
1716:"Pärljalg sobib algajale sõnajalakasvatajale (The pearl leg is suitable for a novice fern breeder)"
1192:
1016:
939:
757:
687:
52:
2959:
1137:
3140:
2467:
2361:
2312:
1975:
1859:
1536:
1423:
1336:
274:
80:
3132:
3073:
3047:
2044:
670:
4–8, or minimum temperatures of −20 °C to −15 °C (−4 °F to 5 °F) having the
361:
The spermatogenesis process spans formation of spermatogenous cells to the release of spore. In
2897:
2265:
3029:
2923:
2775:
2643:
2618:
2586:
2554:
2247:
2155:
2147:
1479:
1070:
858:
507:
435:
1939:
Lloyd, Robert M.; Buckley, Donald P. (1986). Crabbe, J. A.; Gibby, M.; Parris, B. S. (eds.).
1586:
285:
have a length of 1–1.3 m (3–4 ft) with 5–11 pinnae, leaf pairs, evenly spaced along the
2544:
2459:
2353:
2304:
2237:
2227:
2110:
1851:
1469:
1461:
1415:
1328:
1008:
916:
775:
723:
693:
578:
521:
514:
387:
332:
3034:
2292:
635:
562:, means sensitive, describing its high sensitivity to autumn's first frost and to drought.
3016:
2687:
L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the
British Isles.
1690:
674:
H6 rating. Winter survival is enhanced if the dried frond petiole bases are left intact.
528:
493:
293:
fronds are shorter, 20–50 cm (8–20 in) long, with fewer pinnae, only 5–8 pairs.
250:
235:
3060:
1827:. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA).
2757:
666:
Its deciduous fronds do not tolerate freezing temperatures, however, the plant survives
3055:
2242:
2215:
2114:
1474:
1449:
801:
763:
667:
607:
486:
286:
245:
dying quickly when first touched by it. It is sometimes treated as the only species in
110:
651:
shows specimens virtually identical to modern samples. It has a life cycle featuring
296:
3162:
2918:
2412:
Hottes, Frederick C.; Frison, Theodore H. (September 1931). Oesterling, H. C. (ed.).
1941:"Effects of Salinity on Gametophyte Growth of Acrostichum aureum and A. danaeifolium"
1561:
820:
500:
416:
278:
209:
2316:
43:
3145:
2780:
1824:
1012:
751:
611:
574:
281:, swollen bases, that serve as over winter storage organs. The sterile fronds of
150:
140:
2680:
1565:
1257:
3099:
1741:
1651:
3122:
2972:
2954:
2933:
2866:
2740:
991:
597:
421:
379:
160:
2666:
2549:
938:
and death, especially if eaten in quantity. The exact cause is unproven, but
2767:
959:
955:
912:
678:
621:
556:
350:
313:
305:
17:
2819:
2731:
2558:
2159:
2151:
1703:
711:
spread to form colonies, often the first species to inhabit disturbed areas.
627:
It prefers acidic (pH <6.8), loose, sandy to loam, limestone-based soils.
2801:
648:
370:
232:
3112:
2251:
2214:
Yang, Jie; Wang, Xuexiong; Duffy, Kevin Jan; Dai, Xiaohua (25 March 2021).
1483:
1465:
1403:
482:
bead fern, an alternate name based on its fertile beaded pinnae (leaflets)
3107:
2725:
2617:(2010 ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 118.
2232:
1570:. Vol. II (1st ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 1062.
831:
825:
3021:
1540:
1524:
962:, the latter being dangerous in high concentration. Historically, some
2845:
2471:
2447:
2365:
2341:
1863:
1839:
1427:
1340:
1316:
920:
704:
411:
266:
170:
1290:
Onoclea sensibilis
Linnaeus var. interrupta Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur
2871:
2677:
Web of
Species: Biodiversity at Wellesley College and in New England.
2073:"Award of Garden Merit (AGM) Plants – Ornamental (Hardiness ratings)"
1317:"A List of Varieties and Forms of the Ferns of Eastern North America"
888:
791:(Sensitive Fern Borer) are known to feed on both stems and rhizomes.
320:
2884:
2702:
2463:
2357:
1855:
1419:
1332:
1223:
2308:
2806:
2686:
1626:"Ferns of the Adirondacks: Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis L.)"
728:
634:
582:
375:
362:
337:
309:
295:
242:
97:
2099:"A Field Survey of Mycorrhizal Associations in Ferns of Pakistan"
950:
Its human toxicity is not well defined; no specific warnings for
610:, as its spore germination ceases at salt (NaCl) levels ≥ 0.6%,
270:
238:
130:
120:
2793:
2706:
2427:(3). Springfield, Illinois: Schnepp & Barnes, Printers: 373
1372:
419:
in 1751, separating from the fern's prior association with the
845:
can infect leaves, causing blisters or white powdery mildew.
2303:(1). Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press: 6.
1404:"Spermatogenesis in a Homosporous Fern, Onoclea sensibilis"
823:
species unique to the
Sensitive Fern. Invasive fungi like
722:
hosts insects, fungi, bacteria and even a parasitic vine,
942:, causing an extreme Vitamin B1 deficiency is suspected.
2135:
Lichvar, Robert W. (17 July 2013). Nesom, Guy L. (ed.).
1778:. U.S. National Plant Germplasm System. 20 November 2021
1525:"A Review of the Genera of Ferns proposed prior to 1832"
866:, where their sooty mold buildup impairs leaf function.
2137:"The National Wetland Plant List: 2013 wetland ratings"
1535:(4). Chicago, Illinois: Torrey Botanical Society: 253.
852:
accumulate; these strictly epiphyllous honeydew fungi,
2216:"A preliminary world checklist of fern-mining insects"
1448:
Watkins, James E; Testo, Weston L (25 February 2022).
1039:
Its cut fronds are used in dried flower arrangements.
891:
in rice. In a multi-year study the weedy presence of
2097:
Iqbal, S. H.; Yousaf, M.; Younus, M. (January 1981).
2266:"Stromboceros delicatulus (Fallén, 1808) (a sawfly)"
2078:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2021. p. 75
1293:(FOC Vol. 2–3 ed.). Flora of China. p. 408
478:, the sensitive fern, focus on its characteristics.
241:. The name comes from its sensitivity to frost, the
2715:
2696:rhizome growth, branching and fern reproduction in
2533:
as the source of bacterial seedling blight of rice"
848:Fungi can develop beneath beech trees, where aphid
2387:"Grylloprociphilus imbricator (Associated fungus)"
265:have independent stalks originating from the same
2500:. University of Wisconsin-Madison Herbarium (WIS)
1951:(Part 2). The British Pteridological Society: 101
1125:"Onoclea in Flora of North America @ efloras.org"
2585:. Boco Ratan, Florida: CRC Press. p. 2688.
2537:Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan
1068:Also see the Polish Knowledge (XXG) article for
596:It has become naturalized in western Europe and
2421:Division of the Natural History Survey Bulletin
1805:. St Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden
659:if established near preferable vegetation. The
1887:Burkhart, Beth; Crook, Reed (4 October 2002).
577:to Northern Hemisphere temperate regions; the
450:has two geographically disjunctive varieties.
231:, is a coarse-textured, medium to large-sized
2006:Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries
1844:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
990:has limited value for food use, considered a
466:only reaching half the height of its sister.
456:Onoclea sensibilis var. interrupta Maximowicz
249:, but some authors do not consider the genus
8:
2340:Stevenson, John A. (October–December 1945).
2335:
2333:
2209:
2207:
2189:Index of Plant Diseases in the United States
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2067:
2065:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1523:Underwood, Lucien Marcus (1 December 1899).
1460:(Editorial. Online, ahead of print): i–iii.
1397:
1395:
1393:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
773:feed on its leaves. Larvae of moth species
1882:
1880:
1683:Waugh, F. W. (Frederick Wilkerson) (1916).
1581:
1579:
1577:
1310:
1308:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
749:target both its leaves and rhizome roots.
2703:
2698:A Phylogenetic Study of the Ferns of Burma
2414:"The Plant Lice, or Aphiidae, of Illinois"
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
327:(Kiss & Kümmerle, 1926) and a second,
61:
42:
31:
2615:Gardening with Native Plants of the South
2548:
2519:Tanaka, T.; Katoh, T.; Satoh, T. (2002).
2448:"Notes on Wisconsin Parasitic Fungi. XVI"
2241:
2231:
1850:(1). Kansas Academy of Science: 109–136.
1473:
2613:Wasowski, Sally; Wasowski, Andy (1994).
2494:"Taxon: Scorias spongiosa (Schwein.) Fr"
2458:(3). The University of Notre Dame: 748.
1914:"Onoclea sensibilis L. distribution map"
1889:"R2 Individual Species Recommendations"
1373:"Sensitive Fern- Onoclea sensibilis L."
1315:Weatherby, C. A. (January–March 1936).
1230:. Botanical Research Institute of Texas
1084:
761:fern miners and the larvae of sawflies
736:- Olive angle shades, aka olive sausage
862:(Schwein.) Fr., have been recorded on
726:, that can overgrow and constrict it.
1748:. Mustila Arboretum- Elimäki, Finland
1742:"Onoclea sensibilis – helmisaniainen"
1593:. LADY BIRD JOHNSON WILDFLOWER CENTER
1191:Brownsey, P.J.; Perrie, L.R. (2020).
1160:"Sensitive Fern (Onoclea sensibilis)"
1138:Christenhusz, M. J. M., et al. (2011)
1119:
1117:
7:
2996:f22b0d95-be99-4c69-8a27-ecf380347308
1529:Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club
1264:. Flora of North America Association
1256:David M. Johnson (5 November 2020).
1224:"Ferns of Texas- Onoclea sensibilis"
697:located in oak and hickory forests.
589:, and a wide native distribution in
2352:(4). American Fern Society: 100–1.
2002:"Herbaceous Broadleaf Weeds: Ferns"
1686:Iroquois Foods and Food Preparation
1158:Dr. John Hilty (20 November 2019).
923:, preventing its full development.
805:, causing frond and stem necrosis;
2146:. Fort Worth, Texas: Phytoneuron.
2115:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1981.tb01691.x
1498:"Plant Reproductive System- Ferns"
503:, meaning "deer, what they lie on"
452:Onoclea sensibilis var. sensibilis
261:The sterile and fertile fronds of
25:
2521:"Role of the rice seedlings [
1838:Brooks, Ralph E. (11 June 1969).
1652:"Druebregne (Onoclea sensibilis)"
325:O. sensibilis L. F. hemiphyllodes
3087:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:281589-2
2498:Mycology Collections data Portal
1327:(1). American Fern Society: 16.
785:(silver-spotted fern moth) and
779:(olive angle shades, pictured),
329:O. sensibilis L. F. obtusilobata
84:
2452:The American Midland Naturalist
2446:Greene, H. C. (November 1952).
970:without apparent distress; see
3219:Garden plants of North America
2492:Davis, J. J. (4 August 1920).
1918:www.plantsoftheworldonline.org
1840:"The Ferns of the Black Hills"
1773:"Taxon: Onoclea sensibilis L."
1402:Kotenko, Jane L. (June 1990).
919:which can disrupt an insect's
474:Regional colloquial names for
1:
3199:Flora of the Russian Far East
2579:Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999).
1258:"Onoclea sensibilis Linnaeus"
1023:projects. It has gained the
672:Royal Horticultural Society's
269:, quite different from other
1164:www.illinoiswildflowers.info
1093:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0 –
724:Cuscuta gronovii (scaldweed)
510:, meaning "common pearl leg"
433:, was published in his 1753
345:fiddleheads and first fronds
3229:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2640:Native American Ethnobotany
2050:. Plants For A Future. 2010
1195:Flora of New Zealand Online
1025:Royal Horticultural Society
883:which causes stem lesions.
517:, meaning "mother of pearl"
499:dwa’hũdes gananitsga’kwaʼ;
353:have a pale reddish color.
273:. The bright, yellow-green
3245:
3209:Ferns of the United States
3169:NatureServe secure species
2550:10.3186/jjphytopath.68.283
2291:Bell, H. P. (March 1924).
2000:D’Appollonio, Jennifer L.
1408:American Journal of Botany
681:associations may occur in
653:alternation of generations
3204:Flora of Northern America
2220:Biodiversity Data Journal
2045:"Onoclea sensibilis – L."
1920:. Royal Botanical Gardens
971:
917:phytoecdysteroid hormones
889:bacterial seedling blight
808:Ceratobasidium cornigerum
745:Insects feeding upon the
464:O. var. interrupta Maxim.
291:O. var. interrupta Maxim.
199:
192:
81:Scientific classification
79:
59:
50:
41:
34:
3224:Plants described in 1753
2642:. Oregon: Timber Press.
1101:explorer.natureserve.org
854:Sclerotiomyces colchicus
799:Parasitic fungi include
770:Stromboceros delicatulus
566:Distribution and habitat
551:, meaning a vessel, and
524:, meaning "pearl bracts"
2525:] and Kouyawarabi (
1632:. Adirondack Park. 2021
1193:"Onoclea sensibilis L."
1049:Native American peoples
1007:It is cultivated as an
934:has been implicated in
679:ectotrophic mycorrhizal
2531:Burkholderia plantarii
1976:"RHS Plant Selector –
1825:"USDA Plants Database"
1378:. Encyclopedia of Life
966:peoples have consumed
880:Burkholderia plantarii
811:, covering stems with
752:Amphorophora ampullata
737:
640:
543:name was descriptive.
496:, meaning "grape fern"
378:are monolete with the
346:
301:
3194:Flora of Eastern Asia
3184:Ferns of the Americas
2527:Onoclea sensibilis L.
2391:InfluentialPoints.com
2346:American Fern Journal
2297:The Botanical Gazette
2008:. University of Maine
1894:. USDA Forest Service
1321:American Fern Journal
1262:floranorthamerica.org
1057:indigenous treatments
1055:for oral and topical
1029:Award of Garden Merit
817:Uredinopsis mirabilis
802:Ceratobasidium anceps
764:Hemitaxonus dubitatus
732:
661:University of Maine's
649:Paleocene epoch flora
638:
547:comes from the Greek
489:, meaning "ball fern"
341:
312:comprise clusters of
299:
2638:Moerman, D. (1998).
2233:10.3897/BDJ.9.e62839
2222:. eCollection 2021.
1803:"Onoclea sensibilis"
1776:npgsweb.ars-grin.gov
1587:"Onoclea sensibilis"
940:thiaminase poisoning
843:Phyllactinia guttata
838:Phyllactinia corylea
788:Papaipema inquaesita
782:Callopistria cordata
677:Nutrient beneficial
668:USDA hardiness zones
227:, also known as the
2393:. InfluentialPoints
2103:The New Phytologist
1630:wildadirondacks.org
1466:10.1093/aob/mcac017
1017:natural landscaping
1011:in traditional and
956:natural carcinogens
850:honeydew secretions
832:Taphrina hiratsukae
758:Chirosia gleniensis
688:Pteridium aquilinum
541:Onoclea sensibilis'
343:Onoclea sensibilis'
323:. This form, named
53:Conservation status
3048:Onoclea sensibilis
2747:Onoclea sensibilis
2717:Onoclea sensibilis
2682:Onoclea sensibilis
2673:Onoclea sensibilis
2293:"Fern Rusts Abies"
2270:www.bioinfo.org.uk
1978:Onoclea sensibilis
1591:www.wildflower.org
1502:www.britannica.com
1095:Onoclea sensibilis
1071:Onoclea sensibilis
1053:Onoclea sensibilis
996:Onoclea sensibilis
988:Onoclea sensibilis
968:Onoclea sensibilis
952:Onoclea sensibilis
932:Onoclea sensibilis
913:thiaminase enzymes
909:Onoclea sensibilis
875:Onoclea sensibilis
864:Onoclea sensibilis
813:saprophyte growths
747:Onoclea sensibilis
738:
720:Onoclea sensibilis
715:Pests and diseases
701:Onoclea sensibilis
683:Onoclea sensibilis
645:Onoclea sensibilis
641:
618:Onoclea sensibilis
614:water and higher.
604:Onoclea sensibilis
571:Onoclea sensibilis
506:harilik pärljalg;
476:Onoclea sensibilis
448:Onoclea sensibilis
431:Onoclea sensibilis
347:
302:
300:Sporophyte "Beads"
283:O. var. sensibilis
263:Onoclea sensibilis
220:Onoclea sensibilis
203:Onoclea sensibilis
185:O. sensibilis
36:Onoclea sensibilis
3156:
3155:
3030:Open Tree of Life
2709:Taxon identifiers
2667:Boreal-forest.org
2342:"Ferns and Fungi"
1656:www.naturbasen.dk
1567:Species Plantarum
974:in this article.
960:enzyme thiaminase
887:is a pathogen of
859:Scorias spongiosa
826:Taphrina filicina
612:moderately saline
436:Species Plantarum
400:Taxonomic history
363:homosporous ferns
216:
215:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3236:
3214:Flora of Ontario
3149:
3148:
3136:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3103:
3102:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3076:
3064:
3063:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2975:
2973:NBNSYS0000002035
2963:
2962:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2901:
2900:
2888:
2887:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2861:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2704:
2689:delta-intkey.com
2654:
2653:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2552:
2529:) infested with
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2235:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2041:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1945:The Fern Gazette
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1799:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1769:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1720:maakodu.delfi.ee
1712:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1680:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1648:
1642:
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1639:
1637:
1622:
1603:
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1600:
1598:
1583:
1572:
1571:
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1551:
1549:
1547:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1454:Annals of Botany
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1369:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1155:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1089:
1015:gardens, and in
1009:ornamental plant
936:equine poisoning
776:Phlogophora iris
734:Phlogophora iris
694:Adiantum pedatum
591:Northern America
579:Russian Far East
531:, meaning "bait"
513:helmisaniainen;
485:bolletjesvaren;
367:O. sensibilis L.
205:
89:
88:
68:
65:
64:
46:
32:
21:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3098:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3017:Observation.org
3015:
3007:
3002:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2931:MichiganFlora:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2711:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2539:(in Japanese).
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2464:10.2307/2422208
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2358:10.2307/1545645
2339:
2338:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2042:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1856:10.2307/3627056
1837:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1722:. 17 March 2010
1714:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1694:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1420:10.2307/2444372
1401:
1400:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1333:10.2307/1544182
1314:
1313:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1157:
1156:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1097:Sensitive Fern"
1091:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1065:
1045:
1037:
1005:
985:
980:
964:Native American
948:
929:
906:
901:
872:
797:
743:
717:
633:
568:
538:
472:
470:Alternate names
445:
407:
402:
397:
359:
259:
212:
207:
201:
188:
83:
75:
66:
62:
55:
28:
27:Species of fern
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3189:Flora of China
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3146:wfo-0001109206
3137:
3127:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3026:
3013:
3000:
2990:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2928:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2837:
2824:
2811:
2798:
2785:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2737:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2694:O. sensibilis'
2692:Discussion of
2690:
2678:
2669:
2662:
2661:External links
2659:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2630:
2623:
2605:
2591:
2571:
2543:(3): 283–290.
2511:
2484:
2438:
2404:
2378:
2329:
2309:10.1086/333278
2283:
2272:. BioInfo (UK)
2257:
2203:
2172:
2127:
2089:
2061:
2019:
1992:
1962:
1931:
1905:
1876:
1830:
1816:
1789:
1759:
1746:www.mustila.fi
1733:
1707:
1668:
1643:
1604:
1573:
1553:
1515:
1489:
1440:
1389:
1353:
1304:
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1241:
1206:
1176:
1141:
1130:
1113:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1064:
1061:
1047:Historically,
1044:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1004:
1001:
984:
981:
979:
976:
947:
944:
928:
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905:
902:
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871:
868:
796:
793:
742:
739:
716:
713:
632:
629:
567:
564:
537:
534:
533:
532:
527:unì·suwεkwaʼ;
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
471:
468:
444:
441:
427:binominal name
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
358:
355:
258:
255:
225:sensitive fern
214:
213:
208:
197:
196:
190:
189:
182:
180:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
131:Polypodiopsida
128:
124:
123:
121:Polypodiophyta
118:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
60:
57:
56:
51:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
18:Sensitive fern
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3241:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Ferns of Asia
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
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3018:
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3001:
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2868:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2649:0-88192-453-9
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2624:9781589794245
2620:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2572:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2499:
2495:
2488:
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2473:
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2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
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2318:
2314:
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2298:
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2287:
2284:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1693:on 2023-02-16
1692:
1688:
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1679:
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1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
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1621:
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1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1592:
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1582:
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1542:
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1534:
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1526:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:(6): 809–25.
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
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1342:
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1284:
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1280:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:Folk medicine
1042:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:Horticultural
1002:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
982:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
926:
924:
922:
921:molting cycle
918:
914:
910:
903:
898:
896:
894:
893:O. sensibilis
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
869:
867:
865:
861:
860:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
839:
834:
833:
828:
827:
822:
819:, a distinct
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
803:
794:
792:
790:
789:
784:
783:
778:
777:
772:
771:
766:
765:
760:
759:
755:fern aphids,
754:
753:
748:
740:
735:
731:
727:
725:
721:
714:
712:
708:
706:
702:
698:
696:
695:
690:
689:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
664:
662:
656:
654:
650:
646:
637:
630:
628:
625:
623:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
563:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
530:
526:
523:
519:
516:
512:
509:
505:
502:
498:
495:
491:
488:
484:
481:
480:
479:
477:
469:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
442:
440:
438:
437:
432:
428:
424:
423:
418:
417:Carl Linnaeus
414:
413:
404:
399:
394:
392:
389:
383:
381:
377:
374:altogether.
372:
369:, developing
368:
364:
356:
354:
352:
344:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
298:
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292:
288:
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280:
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268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
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244:
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237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
211:
206:
204:
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1199:17 November
1169:19 November
1021:restoration
992:famine food
958:and/or the
622:wet meadows
598:New Zealand
425:genus. The
422:Angiopteris
409:The genus
380:antheridium
351:fiddleheads
306:sporophylls
257:Description
161:Onocleaceae
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3163:Categories
3130:WisFlora:
3056:Plant List
2885:17166830-1
2592:1482250640
2477:9 December
2371:9 December
2226:: Table1.
2196:1 December
1985:16 January
1079:References
1035:Decorative
841:, synonym
560:sensibilis
557:Late Latin
371:spermatids
357:Morphology
279:trophopods
147:Suborder:
117:Division:
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972:Food uses
877:can host
536:Etymology
443:Varieties
314:sporangia
251:monotypic
236:perennial
233:deciduous
229:bead fern
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3120:VASCAN:
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3108:Tropicos
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1063:See also
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508:Estonian
395:Taxonomy
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1337:JSTOR
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946:Human
795:Fungi
703:is a
583:China
553:kleio
487:Dutch
458:(aka
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