801:, primarily, but not exclusively, because only adherents of the Protestant or Roman Catholic faith have these constitutional rights and only in some provinces and territories. In addition, where separate school systems exist, employees or prospective employees who are of the minority faith have more employment opportunities. (All other things being equal, a member of the minority faith can be employed by either the public board or by the separate board, while anyone else can be excluded from employment by the separate system.) On November 5, 1999, the
739:, and an integrated stream which oversaw the schooling for children of many members of so-called "mainstream" Protestant denominations. All of these schools received grants from the provincial government for their operation. Ownership of the schools ranged from parochial (owned and operated directly by a church) to ownership and operation by a separate not-for-profit society. The constitutional obligation on the province to maintain this system of confessional schools was eliminated by the
836:
635:
must be conducted to confirm that they are, in fact, the minority faith locally. When the census confirms minority status, a meeting must be widely advertised. The purpose of meeting is to provide a venue at which all of the local members of the minority faith can debate the pros and cons of leaving the public school jurisdiction and creating a separate school district. At the end of the meeting, a vote may be held on the question of establishment.
2670:
2122:
506:
850:
2699:
2132:
2111:
275:
were almost entirely parochial schools controlled by the various churches. Only when government mandated standardization and public funding for education were introduced did this then become a political issue. By the time of
Confederation in 1867, the majority of Catholics in Upper Canada were of Irish extraction as well as English speaking.
274:
in Upper Canada (now
Ontario) while Lower Canada remained legally secular but dominated by the Catholic church. Inevitably, some people ended up on the "wrong" side of this division, with a French Catholic minority in Upper Canada and an Anglo-Protestant minority in Lower Canada. Schools of the era
290:
championed "common schools" that would educate the children of all faiths under one system. He became Chief
Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada in 1844. However, Ryerson was not able to convince the Catholic minority and grudgingly agreed to clauses in his education reforms that allowed for
237:
His
Britannick Majesty, on his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will, in consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to the rites of
634:
In
Alberta, for example, the geographic basis for separate school establishment is the underlying public school district. At any time, three or more residents, either Protestant or Roman Catholic, who believe that they are members of the minority faith locally, can initiate the process. A census
213:
of 1755 saw some 12,000 Acadians killed and/or forcibly resettled to the
Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, France, England, etc. Some later returned, but their land and villages had been given away to Anglo-Protestant settlers. However, the trigger for expulsion was about the fear that Acadians would
315:
of 1858, there was only loose supervision from the central board of education, and in practice each school was run independently by its board of trustees, and most schools boards were dominated by partisans from one religion or another. Textbooks were not standardized; Protestant-majority regions
602:
In
Alberta and Saskatchewan, the extent of separate school education is more limited, and Protestant separate schools are slightly more present. For example, in Alberta, about 40% of the land area of the province is included in separate school jurisdictions and there are two Protestant Separate
144:
available to all. Only
Protestants or Roman Catholics, whichever is the minority faith population compared to the other in a community, can consider the establishment of separate school education. The separate school establishment right is not available to citizens of any other faith (such as
638:
If the majority of the minority vote in favour of establishment, the establishment becomes a fact. If the majority of the minority vote against establishment, it does not proceed. The process is civil, democratic, and binding on the minority of the minority. A decision at the meeting against
337:
argued for separate
Catholic and Protestant school systems across the entire federation, administered by the central government. This was forcefully rejected by French Canadian delegates from Canada East, who demanded provincial control over education. The compromise was section 93 of the
181:
were conquered by
Britain during the 18th century, British authorities were faced with the dilemma of ruling over a large Roman Catholic community. This was significant, as Catholic-Protestant violence in England and Ireland had been nearly constant since the beginning of the
238:
the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper...
647:). There is no way by which they could opt to be supporters of the public school system except by leaving the minority faith. In Saskatchewan and Ontario, members of the minority faith may choose to be supporters of the public school system, notwithstanding their faith.
630:
In Alberta and Saskatchewan, there continues to be large areas of the province where separate school education has never been established. In these two provinces, there is a clear and well-known process for determining the wishes of the members of the minority faith.
639:
establishment precludes a number of the minority faith who may have favoured establishment from continuing for themselves. (At the same time, any decision against establishment has no term: proponents can begin almost immediately to organize a subsequent effort.)
344:
which allows the federal government to intervene only to protect minority schools which are established after Confederation. Apart from that caveat, section 93 provides that education is a matter of exclusive provincial jurisdiction.
458:
The public school system in the province was historically Protestant but was gradually transformed into a secular public system. Prayer in public schools was banned in the late 1980s by a decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal.
816:
regarding Canada's fifth periodic report under the Covenant. The Committee observed that Canada had failed to "adopt steps in order to eliminate discrimination on the basis of religion in the funding of schools in Ontario."
474:)) years of Roman Catholic secondary schools after having rejected that proposal fifteen years earlier. The first funded academic year occurred in 1985–86, as grade 11, and one grade was added in each of the next two years.
642:
In Alberta, wherever a separate school system exists, individuals who are of the minority faith that established the separate school system must be residents, electors, and ratepayers of the separate school system (the
426:
all provide that the territorial legislatures can legislate with respect to education, provided they respect the right of religious minorities (whether Protestant or Roman Catholic) to establish separate schools.
332:
These pre-existing rights for tax-funded minority faith schools were then part of the constitutional negotiations surrounding Canadian Confederation in the 1860s. At the Confederation conferences, Roman Catholic
96:
according to the province's or territory's local authorities election legislation. These trustees are legally accountable to their electorate and to the provincial or territorial government. No church has a
307:
In 1864, the government of Nova Scotia reformed its system of education, withdrawing support from all schools which were religious or which used any language other than English as a medium of instruction.
413:
only applies to provinces, not territories. Instead, the right to separate schools is protected in the three territories by the federal Acts of Parliament which establish those three territories. The
291:
minority-faith schools within the publicly funded system. The Catholic case was strengthened by the fact that the Protestant minority in Lower Canada had already won the right to a separate system.
1063:
154:
824:) and long-standing, organized opposition groups (OneSchoolSystem.org and Civil Rights in Public Education) continue to actively seek to end or limit public funding for Catholic schools.
209:
on the Atlantic coast in 1713 (invaded in 1710). Here the problem of dealing with a French Catholic community was solved through the simple but brutal method of expulsion. The
1274:
809:
137:
as compared to Alberta and Saskatchewan is principally the result of the same constitutional provisions having effect on settlement at different stages in Canadian history.
2274:
452:
202:. In the case of the New World French there was also the fear that the new population was potentially more loyal to a foreign king, that of France, than to Britain.
2730:
2284:
2211:
2168:
1124:
1087:
709:
was also separated, with Protestant and Catholic school boards. The system was replaced by a linguistically based secular school system, after the passage of a
624:
2513:
2388:
1051:
683:, 1867 was to the effect that the condition of education in each colony (or territory) at the time it entered Confederation would be continued thereafter.
1073:
1037:
1167:
2279:
2029:
820:
Opposition to publicly funded separate schools continues in all three provinces where it remains, but most notably in Ontario, where court cases (see
485:
2349:
1669:
1581:
710:
233:
in 1760), deportation was seen as less practical. Instead British officials promised to allow French Canadians to keep their religion and customs:
477:
The right to have a publicly funded separate denominational school system continues to be guaranteed to Roman Catholics in Ontario by s. 93 of the
2369:
2354:
126:
1157:
2299:
195:
723:
joined Canada on March 31, 1949, the Newfoundland schools were all organized on a confessional basis with separate denominational schools for
1617:
398:
and forms a comprehensive code with respect to denominational school rights which cannot be enlarged through the operation of s. 2(a) of the
2770:
2206:
1980:
821:
448:
1173:
169:). In addition, the minority faith must establish that they wish to leave the public school system and create a separate school system.
2433:
1622:
659:, chiefly as a result of ethnic and religious tension between the (largely French-speaking) Roman Catholic population in Canada and the
2745:
2161:
1200:
608:
589:
440:
616:
2044:
523:
283:
31:
779:. The ending of public support for separate schools in the latter province in the 1890s prompted a national crisis known as the
2765:
2423:
2196:
570:
2725:
2413:
2259:
1627:
1052:
Bruce Pardy, "Does Constitutional Protection Prevent Education Reform in Ontario?", Fraser Institute Research Bulletin, 2016.
527:
334:
542:
112:
and of a separate school is to provide education in a school setting that the separate school board considers reflective of
2146:
2755:
2735:
2039:
489:
300:
of 1863, but with the caveat that rural Catholic schools could only serve an area with a radius of 3 miles (4.8 km).
2740:
2428:
2408:
2154:
1386:
728:
655:
Retention of separate school boards with public funding was a major issue of contention in the negotiations that led to
549:
2775:
2690:
2558:
2375:
1121:
462:
Since the 19th century, funding for the Roman Catholic separate school system was provided up to Grade 10 under the
2269:
2216:
2135:
1920:
1315:
267:
252:
1091:
81:(for the three provinces) or in federal statutes (for the three territories). In these six jurisdictions a civil
1325:
1228:
780:
716:
680:
668:
556:
463:
210:
2760:
2685:
1647:
1563:
1335:
720:
321:
124:, exercises and practices, and staffing. The limits of this mandate are determined by the application of the
892:
141:
2553:
2418:
2095:
1715:
1682:
1461:
934:
813:
706:
664:
538:
516:
471:
373:
357:
as originally enacted. For Alberta and Saskatchewan, the relevant provision is s. 93(1), as amended by the
146:
2703:
2644:
2563:
1925:
1503:
1456:
805:
656:
340:
317:
294:
The institutionalization of separate schools in Canada West (Upper Canada before 1840) was secured by the
243:
191:
120:) theology, doctrine, and practices. This mandate can manifest itself in the Program of Studies and the
2750:
2613:
2546:
2314:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2183:
2125:
1762:
1599:
1508:
1496:
1193:
455:. In Ontario, this determination was largely made throughout the province by the time of Confederation.
312:
215:
190:
of 1688, however, Protestantism had been the official religion of the British state as evidenced by the
78:
62:
1041:, 1988 CanLII 189, 65 OR (2d) 641; 52 DLR (4th) 577; 29 OAC 23; 34 CRR 1; OJ No 1488 (QL). (ON CA)
73:). In these Canadian jurisdictions, a separate school is one operated by a civil authority—a separate
296:
30:
This article is about religion-based separate schools in Canada. For race-based separate schools, see
2674:
2623:
2618:
2309:
1935:
1930:
1789:
1774:
1742:
1727:
1710:
1589:
1576:
1471:
1330:
1320:
873:
699:
403:
271:
199:
251:
This guarantee was later threatened on several occasions by assimilationist legislation such as the
2593:
2518:
2496:
2491:
2438:
2304:
2007:
1950:
1481:
1476:
1413:
1297:
1020:
868:
863:
604:
263:
222:
187:
183:
2381:
2364:
2359:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2294:
2264:
2251:
2231:
2221:
2191:
2020:
1990:
1955:
1889:
1705:
1637:
1528:
1401:
1376:
1345:
1068:
970:
952:
158:
82:
42:
984:
492:; however they lost the election and the issue was not raised again in the subsequent election.
2588:
2469:
1960:
1940:
1794:
1784:
1747:
1642:
1451:
1423:
1305:
1256:
1219:
612:
166:
1002:
808:
condemned Canada and Ontario for having violated the equality provisions (Article 26) of the
563:
266:, the new colony was flooded with Anglo-Protestant refugees. The colony was then divided by
2639:
2523:
2464:
2454:
2070:
2002:
1985:
1945:
1899:
1845:
1830:
1808:
1779:
1654:
1433:
1418:
1370:
1241:
1186:
855:
798:
788:
764:
687:
644:
378:
365:
2400:
2289:
1997:
1879:
1835:
1825:
1538:
1128:
747:
in 1997. The province then established a single non-denominational public school system.
724:
324:. The few Acadian schools used French-language textbooks from Canada East (Lower Canada).
287:
162:
920:
906:
797:
Separate school rights have often been criticized as contrary to the spirit of official
2680:
2598:
2573:
2568:
2481:
2115:
2034:
1904:
1720:
1612:
1594:
1571:
1466:
1365:
1340:
1286:
802:
736:
732:
436:
394:
attack. As Iacobucci J. noted, it is the product of a historical compromise crucial to
194:
which forbade Catholics to become monarch. This was the beginning of a long period of
150:
113:
98:
93:
86:
2719:
2663:
2583:
2459:
2344:
2201:
2065:
1894:
1820:
1732:
1533:
1381:
1310:
1281:
1269:
841:
784:
691:
444:
395:
387:
58:
2060:
1752:
1737:
1677:
1543:
1391:
1360:
1264:
1246:
768:
484:
The issue of extending public funding to other religious schools was raised by the
109:
74:
54:
1142:'Let them educate themselves': The reform of separate schools in Ottawa, 1882-1912
812:. The Committee restated its concerns on November 2, 2005, when it published its
102:
2339:
1664:
1350:
1064:"In an Alberta town, parents fight for a secular education - The Globe and Mail"
695:
505:
359:
226:
17:
2649:
2506:
2501:
2486:
1884:
1491:
831:
772:
744:
660:
620:
467:
256:
178:
121:
117:
140:
The Constitution of Canada does not establish separate school education as a
2541:
2474:
2329:
1607:
1236:
279:
2090:
763:. In the former, the issue of separate schools aggravated tensions between
849:
2634:
1840:
1486:
776:
760:
230:
89:
2177:
Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
2608:
2578:
1855:
1850:
1446:
1441:
756:
676:
530: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
134:
70:
50:
46:
2603:
1355:
1209:
702:
have never had an education system that included "separate schools".
672:
206:
1162:
66:
1141:
755:
The question of separate schools has been most controversial in
320:
while the English-speaking Catholic areas used the books of the
2150:
1182:
1178:
719:
had a separate school system until 1997. At the time that the
470:
extended full funding to include the last three (Grades 11–13 (
439:
and 8 French Catholic boards, as well as 35 non-denominational
499:
671:
with a proposal to preserve the separate school systems in
443:
boards (31 English public, 4 French public). There is one
435:
School boards funded by the province consist of 29 English
108:
The constitutionally provided mandate of a separate school
627:), and no secular or Protestant high schools of any kind.
382:, the provincial education power under section 93 of the
679:. The way in which this agreement was written into the
303:
In the Maritime provinces, similar issues were at play.
1168:
Significant Events in the History of Catholic Education
921:"Peter M. Toner, "The New Brunswick Schools Question""
907:"Peter M. Toner, "The New Brunswick Schools Question""
353:
The relevant provision for Ontario is s. 93(1) of the
196:
anti-Catholic laws and policies in the British Empire
1158:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
810:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
623:
has only a public Catholic high school (part of the
2532:
2447:
2399:
2250:
2182:
2083:
2053:
2016:
1969:
1913:
1872:
1807:
1761:
1694:
1556:
1521:
1432:
1400:
1296:
1255:
1227:
1217:
663:majority. The issue was a subject of debate at the
349:
Continuing application of Constitutional settlement
205:The first French colony to fall to the British was
619:). One anomaly of the system is that the Town of
453:Penetanguishene Protestant Separate School Board
741:Constitution Amendment, 1998 (Newfoundland Act)
305:
235:
893:"Catholic Schools: Separate but Equal Funding"
609:St. Albert Protestant Separate School District
2162:
1194:
625:Greater St. Albert Catholic Regional Division
617:Glen Avon Protestant Separate School District
447:separate school jurisdiction in Ontario, the
8:
2514:Residential segregation in the United States
2169:
2155:
2147:
1973:
1813:
1767:
1698:
1406:
1224:
1201:
1187:
1179:
590:Learn how and when to remove this message
486:Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario
27:Type of school in some Canadian provinces
1145:(M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University
270:, with the Anglican Church becoming the
1039:Zylberberg v Sudbury Board of Education
884:
402:. It does not represent a guarantee of
255:, but this was largely reversed by the
127:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2731:Education in Newfoundland and Labrador
198:, most famously expressed through the
466:. In 1984, the government of Premier
7:
2698:
2131:
1981:Ancient higher-learning institutions
528:adding citations to reliable sources
449:Burkevale Protestant Separate School
2519:Segregation academy (United States)
2434:Sex segregation in public restrooms
179:France's colonies in North America
25:
1139:Postrozny, Peter Anthony (1990).
988:, R.S.C. 1985, c. N-27, s. 16(n)(
85:, composed of the members of the
77:—with a mandate enshrined in the
2697:
2669:
2668:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2109:
1024:, S.C. 1993, c. 28, s. 23(1)(m)(
848:
834:
667:and was finally resolved at the
504:
32:Racial separate schools (Canada)
1006:, S.C. 2002, c. 7, s. 18(1)(o)(
686:Consequently, the provinces of
515:needs additional citations for
464:British North America (BNA) Act
221:When the much larger colony of
105:interest in a separate school.
968:, s. 93(1), as amended by the
950:, s. 93(1), as enacted by the
335:Archbishop Connolly of Halifax
142:natural or unconditional right
1:
1174:Canada's Human Rights History
1088:"Parents want secular school"
974:, S.C. 1905, c. 42, s. 17(1).
490:2007 Ontario general election
214:side with France during the "
41:is a type of school that has
1387:University technical college
956:, S.C. 1905, c. 3, s. 17(1).
133:The different experience in
2771:Christian schools in Canada
2376:Brown v. Board of Education
311:In New Brunswick under the
2792:
2285:Czechoslovakia and Hungary
1316:College-preparatory school
743:, following a provincial
316:used the textbooks of the
268:Constitutional Act of 1791
253:Royal Proclamation of 1763
130:, and judicial decisions.
61:in the three territories (
29:
2746:Education in Saskatchewan
2658:
2330:Apartheid in South Africa
2104:
1976:
1816:
1770:
1701:
1409:
1326:Comprehensive high school
985:Northwest Territories Act
781:Manitoba Schools Question
717:Newfoundland and Labrador
681:British North America Act
669:London Conference of 1866
603:School Districts, in the
416:Northwest Territories Act
211:Expulsion of the Acadians
1683:State-integrated school
1557:By funding / eligibility
1336:Continuation high school
721:Dominion of Newfoundland
711:constitutional amendment
496:Alberta and Saskatchewan
390:, and is not subject to
322:Irish Christian Brothers
2554:Anti-miscegenation laws
2389:Anti-miscegenation laws
2096:Educational institution
1716:Anarchistic free school
1462:Institute of technology
814:Concluding Observations
707:Quebec education system
374:Supreme Court of Canada
2766:Constitution of Canada
2645:White Australia policy
2564:Corporative federalism
1926:Compensatory education
1678:State or public school
1504:Upper division college
966:Constitution Act, 1867
948:Constitution Act, 1867
935:Constitution Act, 1867
806:Human Rights Committee
729:Seventh-day Adventists
665:1864 Quebec Conference
657:Canadian confederation
479:Constitution Act, 1867
411:Constitution Act, 1867
384:Constitution Act, 1867
355:Constitution Act, 1867
341:Constitution Act, 1867
318:Irish National Schools
309:
249:
192:Act of Settlement 1701
2726:Education in Manitoba
2614:Religious intolerance
1582:Comprehensive school
1509:Vocational university
895:. September 16, 2011.
611:) and in the Town of
328:The 1867 Constitution
216:French and Indian War
173:Historical background
79:Canadian Constitution
63:Northwest Territories
43:constitutional status
2756:Education in Alberta
2736:Education in Ontario
2624:Second-class citizen
2619:Reservation in India
2345:United Arab Emirates
2275:Bulgaria and Romania
2045:in the United States
1936:Continuing education
1931:Compulsory education
1775:Free school movement
1743:Single-sex education
1728:International school
1711:Democratic education
1590:For-profit education
1577:Community day school
1472:Liberal arts college
1331:Comprehensive school
1321:Collegiate institute
874:Education in Ontario
700:Prince Edward Island
524:improve this article
404:fundamental freedoms
272:established religion
218:" (1754–1760/1763).
45:in three provinces (
2741:Education in Quebec
2492:Exclusionary zoning
2439:Separatist feminism
2217:Partition of Bengal
2054:Informal or illegal
2008:Medieval university
1951:Inclusive education
1921:College preparatory
1482:Residential college
1477:Research university
1414:Professional school
1289:/ Elementary school
1163:OneSchoolSystem.org
869:Education in Quebec
864:Education in Canada
264:American Revolution
246:, Article IV (part)
188:Glorious Revolution
184:English Reformation
147:Orthodox Christians
2776:Segregated schools
2382:Massive resistance
2370:School segregation
2365:Separate but equal
2290:Dominican Republic
2192:Partition of India
2116:Schools portal
2021:indigenous peoples
2018:Schools imposed on
1956:Remedial education
1890:Distance education
1706:Alternative school
1695:By style / purpose
1670:Specialist school
1529:All-through school
1377:Sixth form college
1127:2012-12-08 at the
1069:The Globe and Mail
705:Up until 1997 the
605:City of St. Albert
451:, operated by the
409:Section 93 of the
313:Parish Schools Act
200:Irish "Penal" Laws
92:, elects separate
2713:
2712:
2589:Majority minority
2470:Ethnic federalism
2252:Ethnic and racial
2212:Greece and Turkey
2144:
2143:
2079:
2078:
1961:Special education
1941:Further education
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1803:
1802:
1790:Montessori school
1785:Laboratory school
1748:Specialist school
1686:
1673:
1618:UK private school
1603:
1585:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1517:
1516:
1452:Community college
1424:Vocational school
1306:Adult high school
1220:educational stage
1094:on March 17, 2011
1076:on March 9, 2011.
600:
599:
592:
574:
539:"Separate school"
229:invaded in 1759,
16:(Redirected from
2783:
2701:
2700:
2672:
2671:
2640:Social apartheid
2524:Social exclusion
2497:Forced migration
2465:Ethnic cleansing
2455:Auto-segregation
2197:Northern Ireland
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2003:Cathedral school
1986:Platonic Academy
1974:
1946:Gifted education
1900:Prison education
1846:Parochial school
1831:Christian school
1814:
1780:Folk high school
1768:
1699:
1684:
1672:(United Kingdom)
1671:
1655:Selective school
1601:
1583:
1565:
1419:Technical school
1407:
1371:Secondary school
1275:Global influence
1242:Pre-kindergarten
1225:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1146:
1137:
1131:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1090:. Archived from
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:. Archived from
1060:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1029:
1017:
1011:
999:
993:
981:
975:
971:Saskatchewan Act
963:
957:
945:
939:
931:
925:
924:
917:
911:
910:
903:
897:
896:
889:
858:
856:Education portal
853:
852:
844:
839:
838:
837:
799:multiculturalism
789:papal encyclical
715:The province of
688:British Columbia
645:Schmidt decision
595:
588:
584:
581:
575:
573:
532:
508:
500:
379:Adler v. Ontario
369:, respectively.
366:Saskatchewan Act
247:
59:statutory status
21:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2761:Minority rights
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2654:
2629:Separate school
2534:
2528:
2443:
2395:
2246:
2178:
2175:
2145:
2140:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2075:
2049:
2040:in South Africa
2023:
2019:
2012:
1998:Monastic school
1965:
1909:
1880:Boarding school
1860:
1836:Female seminary
1826:Catholic school
1799:
1757:
1690:
1660:Separate school
1548:
1539:One-room school
1513:
1457:Graduate school
1428:
1396:
1292:
1251:
1229:Early childhood
1213:
1207:
1154:
1149:
1138:
1134:
1129:Wayback Machine
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1032:
1018:
1014:
1000:
996:
982:
978:
964:
960:
946:
942:
932:
928:
919:
918:
914:
905:
904:
900:
891:
890:
886:
882:
854:
847:
840:
835:
833:
830:
753:
725:Roman Catholics
653:
651:Other provinces
596:
585:
579:
576:
533:
531:
521:
509:
498:
433:
372:As held by the
351:
330:
288:Egerton Ryerson
248:
244:Treaty of Paris
242:
175:
94:school trustees
39:separate school
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Separate School
15:
12:
11:
5:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2666:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Nuremberg Laws
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2574:Ghetto benches
2571:
2569:Discrimination
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Ethnopluralism
2479:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2350:United Kingdom
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2118:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2084:Related topics
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2071:in South Tyrol
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:in New Zealand
2032:
2026:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1905:Virtual school
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1795:Waldorf school
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1721:Sudbury school
1718:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1615:
1613:Private school
1610:
1605:
1597:
1595:Free education
1592:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1572:Charter school
1569:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Junior college
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:Minor seminary
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1341:Grammar school
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1287:Primary school
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1152:External links
1150:
1148:
1147:
1132:
1114:
1105:
1079:
1055:
1044:
1030:
1012:
994:
976:
958:
940:
926:
912:
898:
883:
881:
878:
877:
876:
871:
866:
860:
859:
845:
829:
826:
803:United Nations
752:
749:
652:
649:
598:
597:
512:
510:
503:
497:
494:
432:
429:
350:
347:
329:
326:
240:
225:fell in 1763 (
174:
171:
114:Roman Catholic
99:constitutional
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2788:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2664:Pillarisation
2661:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Jim Crow laws
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2460:Balkanization
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:United States
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2137:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2117:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Homeschooling
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Bible college
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Magnet school
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1685:(New Zealand)
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:international
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Middle school
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:Studio school
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:/ High school
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Cadet college
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1282:Junior school
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:Infant school
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
998:
995:
991:
987:
986:
980:
977:
973:
972:
967:
962:
959:
955:
954:
949:
944:
941:
937:
936:
930:
927:
922:
916:
913:
908:
902:
899:
894:
888:
885:
879:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
851:
846:
843:
842:Canada portal
832:
827:
825:
823:
818:
815:
811:
807:
804:
800:
795:
793:
790:
786:
785:Pope Leo XIII
783:, and led to
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:Salvationists
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
692:New Brunswick
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
650:
648:
646:
640:
636:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
594:
591:
583:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
551:
548:
544:
541: –
540:
536:
535:Find sources:
529:
525:
519:
518:
513:This section
511:
507:
502:
501:
495:
493:
491:
487:
482:
480:
475:
473:
469:
468:William Davis
465:
460:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:public school
438:
430:
428:
425:
421:
417:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
396:Confederation
393:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
370:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
348:
346:
343:
342:
336:
327:
325:
323:
319:
314:
308:
304:
301:
299:
298:
292:
289:
285:
282:minister and
281:
278:In the 1840s
276:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
245:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:. Since the
185:
180:
172:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
138:
136:
131:
129:
128:
123:
119:
116:(or, rarely,
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:In Canada, a
33:
19:
2751:School types
2702:
2673:
2628:
2424:Saudi Arabia
2374:
2340:Saudi Arabia
2227:Saudi Arabia
1753:Vocal school
1738:Music school
1659:
1600:Free school
1544:Ranch school
1392:Upper school
1361:Maths school
1265:First school
1247:Kindergarten
1170:(in Ontario)
1140:
1135:
1117:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1092:the original
1082:
1074:the original
1067:
1058:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1001:
997:
989:
983:
979:
969:
965:
961:
951:
947:
943:
933:
929:
915:
901:
887:
819:
796:
791:
769:francophones
754:
740:
737:Pentecostals
714:
704:
685:
654:
641:
637:
633:
629:
601:
586:
580:October 2023
577:
567:
560:
553:
546:
534:
522:Please help
517:verification
514:
483:
478:
476:
461:
457:
434:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
399:
391:
383:
377:
371:
364:
358:
354:
352:
339:
331:
310:
306:
302:
295:
293:
277:
261:
250:
236:
220:
204:
176:
139:
132:
125:
110:jurisdiction
107:
101:, legal, or
75:school board
55:Saskatchewan
38:
36:
2559:Black Codes
2507:labor camps
2414:Afghanistan
1873:By location
1763:Progressive
1665:Sink school
1634:University
1623:preparatory
1351:Hauptschule
1021:Nunavut Act
953:Alberta Act
938:, s. 93(1).
822:Reva Landau
765:anglophones
751:Controversy
696:Nova Scotia
424:Nunavut Act
360:Alberta Act
286:politician
227:Quebec City
103:proprietary
2720:Categories
2662:See also:
2650:Xenophobia
2502:Internment
2487:Ethnocracy
2061:in Ireland
1970:Historical
1885:Day school
1497:Collegiate
1492:University
880:References
792:Affari Vos
773:Protestant
745:referendum
661:Protestant
621:Morinville
550:newspapers
445:Protestant
262:After the
257:Quebec Act
122:curriculum
118:Protestant
83:electorate
2542:Apartheid
2475:Bantustan
2360:Civil War
2184:Religious
2066:in Greece
2030:in Canada
1809:Religious
1608:Institute
1602:(England)
1584:(British)
1566:(England)
1346:Gymnasium
1298:Secondary
1237:Preschool
1112:SI/97-141
1098:March 22,
1003:Yukon Act
420:Yukon Act
297:Scott Act
284:Reformist
280:Methodist
259:of 1774.
2675:Category
2635:Shunning
2631:(Canada)
2594:Nativism
2448:Dynamics
2325:Rhodesia
2320:Portugal
2315:Malaysia
2280:Bulgaria
2222:Portugal
2126:Category
1914:By scope
1841:Gurukula
1564:Academy
1522:Combined
1487:Seminary
1402:Tertiary
1125:Archived
1122:SI/98-25
828:See also
777:Catholic
761:Manitoba
613:St. Paul
437:Catholic
422:and the
363:and the
241:—
231:Montreal
87:minority
2704:Commons
2609:Rankism
2579:Hafrada
2533:Related
2429:Judaism
2305:Germany
2265:Bahrain
2242:Myanmar
2237:Bahrain
2136:Commons
1856:Yeshiva
1851:Madrasa
1638:private
1447:College
1442:Academy
1257:Primary
771:, both
757:Ontario
677:Ontario
564:scholar
488:in the
431:Ontario
400:Charter
392:Charter
388:plenary
163:Muslims
155:Mormons
135:Ontario
71:Nunavut
51:Alberta
47:Ontario
2691:racial
2686:gender
2604:Racism
2535:topics
2401:Gender
2310:Israel
2300:France
2270:Brazil
2260:Canada
2207:Serbia
2202:Israel
1991:Lyceum
1643:public
1628:public
1434:Higher
1356:Lyceum
1210:School
698:, and
673:Quebec
566:
559:
552:
545:
537:
418:, the
223:Canada
207:Acadia
159:Hindus
57:) and
2681:caste
2409:Islam
2335:Spain
2232:Spain
1212:types
571:JSTOR
557:books
177:When
167:Sikhs
165:, or
90:faith
67:Yukon
2547:laws
2419:Iran
2295:Fiji
2091:K–12
1100:2011
775:and
767:and
759:and
675:and
543:news
151:Jews
69:and
53:and
1218:By
787:'s
526:by
472:OAC
386:is
376:in
2722::
1066:.
1028:).
1026:ii
1010:).
1008:ii
992:).
990:ii
794:.
735:,
731:,
727:,
694:,
690:,
481:.
406:.
161:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
65:,
49:,
2170:e
2163:t
2156:v
1202:e
1195:t
1188:v
1102:.
923:.
909:.
615:(
607:(
593:)
587:(
582:)
578:(
568:·
561:·
554:·
547:·
520:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.