345:, convinced the members of the Faichuk State Commission to suspend the implementation of the independence project until a new draft law could be presented. In the course of 2001, the Faichuk State Commission sent Alan Short, chief American negotiator, a social and economic program based on the claims of the Declaration, with an infrastructure budget. Valued at US$ 288 million, it included a power plant, a coastal road on each island, water and wastewater treatment facilities, an administrative complex, educational facilities, health services, an airport, a port, telecommunications networks, housing construction and the establishment of a revolving fund to finance economic activities. On October 1, 2001, an interim government was formed.
366:, although not a Micronesian citizen, appeared before Zhang Weidung, China's ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia, as ambassador for the Faichuk Islands. She was denied this title by the very angry ambassador, causing confusion among the federal representatives of the Federated States of Micronesia, including President Emanuel Mori, who were in denial about the situation. In August, the head of the Faichuk State Commission, Kachutosy Paulus, who lived in Guam, claimed to be "Acting President of the Republic of Faichuk" in an e-mail to the press. At the same time,
244:
vagaries of the climate, the country also depended on costly energy expenditure and expensive infrastructure construction. The result of all this was massive trade deficits. Finally, the
American colonial system resulted in a value orientation towards the bulky, unproductive and inefficient urban bureaucratic system, rather than towards the private sector. For all these reasons, and others linked to a social and political environment that placed a high priority on individual freedom, the phenomenon of migration to the United States, enabled by the
20:
338:
managed by the new government. The situation would also be favorable for
Chuukois, as Faichuk islanders who had left to work in the Chuuk lagoon would return home, providing opportunities for unemployed Chuukois. If autonomy were not voted through Congress, independence would be sought. After a first failure during the year, when the presentation of the law on the status of these islands was not accepted by Congress, a second attempt was made in October.
375:
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329:. The demands were rooted in the almost total absence of local infrastructure due to a lack of funding, resulting in a feeling of marginalization. The Faichuk State Commission claimed that independence would bring an influx of foreign aid, for example from Japan and Australia. Coconuts and other plants would be replanted on the islands, and their inhabitants would produce
91:, President of the Federated States of Micronesia. The leaders of the Faichuk Islands attempted to establish lasting contacts with the United States, with the aim of seeking independence. This goal was soon suspended, however, and several bills for autonomous statehood were unsuccessfully presented to Congress throughout the 2000s.
197:
309:
For many years, the
Faichuk district's demands were not supported by any major political movement, although the issue was regularly raised. But on November 28, 2000, a Faichuk constitution explicitly declaring independence was voted on by plebiscite, and approved by 91.1% of the 6,167 eligible voters
94:
In 2011 two political attempts were made to force their way in. A self-proclaimed
Faichuk ambassador appeared before the Chinese ambassador to the Federated States of Micronesia, and an influential separatist leader claimed to be acting president of the Republic of Faichuk. From 2012 onwards, demands
410:
state independence, a view shared by Vid
Raatior, one of the opponents of Chuuk independence. According to Emanuel Mori, these Chuuk leaders were using the idea of secession to further their own interests. The members of the commission told him that he was misleading his people and suggested that he
270:
was ambiguous as to the procedure to be followed in creating a state. No serious effort was made by the
Congress to challenge the veto, although it had the right to do so. In November 1981, the President announced that Faichuk would become "a showcase and model of economic development". Despite this
265:
finally refused to promulgate the law, arguing that it was absolutely necessary to create the unity of the nation as a prerequisite for the establishment and maintenance of a genuine domestic regime. He added that the district lacked the economic and political infrastructure to support a state, that
385:
In an article published in 2011 Pohnpei journalist Bill Jaynes questioned the motivations of the separatists and wondered whether they were the work of a few determined men who acted according to their desires rather than those of the locals. The situation prompted caution on the part of
President
361:
In
February 2005 a draft law was submitted to the Federal Congress. Attempts were made in September 2007 and again in 2009. In 2011, Senator Tiwiter Aritos' objective was still to promote autonomy as a state, not independence. However, many Faichuk leaders were actively implementing the demands of
70:
Although the
Faichuk Islands' separatism emerged in 1959, it did not take on political importance until 1979, and played a major role in national politics until 1983. In 1979, in a referendum, the inhabitants expressed their desire for autonomy through the creation of a state separate from that of
337:
Erhart Aten invited the US armed forces to settle in the region. According to this body, the creation of a new state within the
Federated States of Micronesia would create more opportunities in the Faichuk district, from industry, agriculture and fishing to private sector development and services
243:
island states, acute development challenges. Their densely-populated, widely-dispersed islands, with access to extremely limited resources, struggled with the high costs of imports and exports. In addition, the small population limited industrial opportunities and market volume. Vulnerable to the
234:
The aim of the leaders of the Faichuk Islands, which represented a quarter of the population of the state of Chuuk, was to gain access to a significant share of the national budget, essentially divided into four equal shares allocated to each of the four states, which would guarantee funding for
278:
with the United States was replaced by others, such as the prerogatives of traditional chiefs and magistrates, local favoritism in jobs and public improvements, the ambitions of local legislators for higher office, and the resentment of Faichuk Islanders at being governed by decisions made in
251:
The law passed by Congress did not determine whether funding for the new state would be half of that currently received by the State of Chuuk, or one-fifth of the total budget of the Federated States of Micronesia, which would considerably reduce the level of funding for the other states. The
219:, originally elected Senator from Chuuk, was faced with the dilemma between alienating a large part of his own constituency by vetoing the bill and initiating the first step in a process of fragmentation of the Federation into a multitude of tiny island entities, with regions such as the
348:
In December the Chuuk State Legislative Assembly passed a resolution supporting the granting of autonomous status to the islanders, so that they could enjoy the same rights as all other citizens. It encouraged Leo Falcam, President of the Federated States of Micronesia, and
184:
in a referendum on July 12, 1978, reinforced the idea of autonomy. The vote was widely boycotted in the Faichuk Islands, with some polling stations not even opening. In 1979, a referendum showed that over 80% of the inhabitants wanted a separate state to be formed.
283:. Three days before the referendum, the separatists chose to boycott rather than participate and vote against the pact. The decision was well taken, with only 18.5% of the 6,218 voters casting ballots, demonstrating the influence of traditional Faichuk leaders.
86:
From then until 2001 the political current calling for autonomy remained barely audible. On that date, a Faichuk constitution explicitly declaring independence was passed by plebiscite, and a unilateral declaration of independence was transmitted to
260:
joined the Pohnpeians at a later stage. The majority of the Micronesian population was highly critical of the choice of Congress, which was seen as offloading responsibility onto the President. On October 23, 1981, after extensive consultations,
211:, in July 1981, a delegation from the Faichuk Islands asked the senators to create a new state within the Federated States of Micronesia. A draft law with this objective was passed unanimously. The result was a surprise, according to
192:
to pass legislation granting statehood to the Faichuk Islands. A bill to this effect was introduced at the first ordinary session of Congress, but was not debated. A second attempt a few months later also failed.
159:
and not enough to the problems of the outlying islands, the Faichuk Islands in particular. An autonomous district would benefit from more goods, services, medical treatment and facility improvement projects.
271:
disavowal of his electoral base, which could have cost him his political future, Tosiwo Nakayama was re-elected Senator by the people of Faichuk, then President by his peers in May 1983 for a second term.
370:
Senator Dohsis Halbert, Chairman of the Congressional Ways and Means Committee, expressed surprise at the disappearance of millions of dollars earmarked by the federal government for the Faichuk Islands.
1285:
318:. Some voters complained that they had not been given enough information about the content of the Constitution. Numerous leaders, mayors, speakers and traditional chiefs signed the
235:
major projects such as hospitals, airports, power stations, water supply systems, port facilities and roads. In the state of Chuuk, most of the funds were directed to its capital,
71:
Chuuk. In 1980, the Chuuk Legislative Assembly endorsed this move. The following year, after several unsuccessful attempts, a bill to create a Faichuk state was passed by the
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the 2000 declaration, as requests for talks had never received a response from the federal government. In July, the president of the Red Dragon construction company in
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In 1986 the Federated States of Micronesia became independent. That same year, Senator Leo Falcam predicted that Chuukois blood would run in the streets of
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79:, vetoed it in the name of national unity. In 1983, the separatists successfully called on the islanders of the Faichuk Islands to boycott the vote on the
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creation of a new Chuukese state would, through the voting rights of senators, definitively ensure Chuukese dominance according to the
239:. In the 1980s, according to sociologist John Connel, the Federated States of Micronesia faced, to an even greater degree than other
111:
under a UN mandate received in 1947. A desire for sovereignty and autonomy had been claimed with varying intensity since 1959 by the
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333:, a product in great demand, as well as other cash-generating agricultural products. In August, the commission chaired by former
172:, with strong territorial antagonisms that conditioned and still condition its survival. As part of the gradual formation of the
1148:
966:
937:
Hanlon, David (2008). "'You Did What, Mr President!?!?' Trying to Write a Biography of Tosiwo Nakayama". In ANU Press (ed.).
429:
173:
48:
452:
Ballendorf, Dirk Anthony; Griffiths, Anne (2005). "États Fédérés de Micronésie". In McGill-Queen's University Press (ed.).
256:, resulting in an imbalance threatening the very nature of funding allocations, local autonomy and cultural identity. The
406:(CPSC), created in 2012, was made up of former leaders of separatism in the Faichuk Islands who were now campaigning for
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736:"The Federated States of Micronesia's Presidential Election System and Proposed Constitutional Analysis: An Analysis"
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and the Truk Islands, having indicated that they would claim the same status if the Faichuk became a state.
151:. The reasons were also economic. The islanders criticized the leaders of the district of Chuuk, the future
147:(an area covering 73 km²). Its origins lie in traditional rivalries between clans and chiefs in the
938:
390:, who doubted the legality of the commission and questioned Kachutosy Paulus's choice of where to live.
128:
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In 1944 the Carolines Islands came under the control of the United States, which administered them as a
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to support the will of the people of the Faichuk Islands by submitting bills and voting for statehood.
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1238:"An abandoned dream? Chuuk independence vote stalled again; political status commission abolished"
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656:. Suva: Institute of Pacific studies of the University of the South Pacific. pp. 97–98.
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Defining Status : A Comprehensive Analysis of United States Territorial Relations
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594:. Washington: Americann Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. p. 9.
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On June 6, 1980 the Chuuk Legislative Assembly passed a resolution urging the
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the cost of bringing it up to speed quickly would be too great, and that the
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881:"The new Micronesia : Pitfalls and problems of dependent development"
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806:"The control of fishing resources in the Federated states of Micronesia"
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Political development in Micronesia: a view from the island of Pohnpei
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In early 2001 Tiwiter Aritos, Senator for the Faichuk District in the
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appeared to shift from independence for the Faichuk Islands region to
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was postponed several times between 2015 and 2020, then abandoned.
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513:"Faichuk renews its intent to stand alone as a sovereign country"
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in 1977, for no other reason than to ensure ratification of the
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Political movement calling for autonomy for the Faichuk Islands.
774:"Opinion: The time to establish the state of Faichuk has come"
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64:
588:
Democracy in the islands: the micronesian plebiscites of 1983
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At a special session of the Congress in Weno, capital of the
1186:
Pacific Ways: Government and Politics in the Pacific Islands
1149:"Micronesia in Review : Federated states of Micronesia"
997:"Micronesia in Review : Federated states of Micronesia"
967:"Micronesia in Review : Federated states of Micronesia"
322:, unilateral declaration of independence transmitted to the
75:, but the President of the Federated States of Micronesia,
650:
Crocombe, Ron; Eperiam, William; Giese, Christian (1988).
310:– residents of the district and expatriates from Hawaii,
704:
Evans, Robert Awana (2014). Page Publishing Inc. (ed.).
1236:
Alex Rhowuniong, Mar-Vic Cagurangan (8 February 2022).
634:. Gainesville: University of Florida. pp. 199–201.
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Island if the Faichuk Islands became a separate state.
1180:
Petersen, Glenn; Puas, Zag; Levine, Stephen (2016).
1101:. Pacific Islands Development Program. 8 August 2002
176:towards independence, the granting of statehood to
854:"Ponape's body politic : island and nation"
215:Austin Ranney and Howard R. Penniman. President
324:President of the Federated States of Micronesia
155:, for paying too much attention to the capital
1286:Politics of the Federated States of Micronesia
1184:. In Victoria University of Wellington (ed.).
547:"Aritos Introduces Bill for Faichuk Statehood"
343:Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia
190:Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia
73:Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia
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585:Ranney, Austin; Penniman, Howard R. (1985).
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398:In 2014, according to Micronesian President
357:2011: a political attempt to force the issue
23:Location of the Faichuk Islands district in
1211:"Chuuk's Independence…From What, For What?"
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1173:
1122:"Faichuuk denied statehood by FSM congress"
425:2021 New Caledonian independence referendum
1095:"Faichuk forges forward for FSM statehood"
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97:independence for the entire state of Chuuk
33:separatist movement in the Faichuk Islands
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413:proposed referendum on Chuuk independence
411:should not interfere in Chuuk affairs. A
320:Faichuk Declaration of Self-Determination
274:In 1983 the issue of the adoption of the
168:The years 1979–1981 were critical in the
940:Telling Pacific Lives: Prisms of Process
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458:(in French). Metz: . pp. 315–318.
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404:Chuuk state political status commission
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109:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
1128:. Pacific Islands Development Program
1066:. Pacific Islands Development Program
1022:Limriaco, Steve (November 30, 2000).
7:
1060:"Faichuk statehood movement to meet"
1024:"Fauchukese voters choose statehood"
995:Peter, Joakim; Samo, Marcus (1999).
394:A possible transformation of demands
35:is a political movement calling for
916:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. p. 617.
14:
707:Truk lagoon, a cultural geography
115:, i.e. the islands and atolls of
1262:
1188:. Wellington: . pp. 59–71.
1182:"Federated states of Micronesia"
943:. Canberra: . pp. 165–176.
772:Jon M. Van Dyke (13 July 2008).
43:Islands located in the state of
1209:Vid Raatior (29 October 2014).
1058:George Hauk (31 October 2002).
545:Hauk, George (18 March 2005).
511:Jaynes, Bill (8 August 2011).
430:Secession in the United States
174:Federated States of Micronesia
55:also made up of the states of
49:Federated States of Micronesia
1:
910:Leibowitz, Arnold H. (1989).
455:Guide des pays fédéraux, 2005
182:future country's constitution
1120:Bill Jaynes (6 April 2009).
810:Journal of South Pacific Law
740:Journal of South Pacific Law
683:. Chico: Moon. p. 462.
1147:Haglelgam, John R. (2012).
734:Johnson, L. Sohnel (2006).
276:Compact of Free Association
246:Compact of Free Association
1312:
1242:www.pacificislandtimes.com
553:. The Micronesian Alliance
294:2001: a renewal of demands
81:Treaty of Free Association
1215:chuukreform.wordpress.com
628:Michael J. Evans (1988).
39:and independence for the
1156:The Contemporary Pacific
1001:The Contemporary Pacific
974:The Contemporary Pacific
852:Petersen, Glenn (1984).
804:Jack, Marstella (1998).
316:Northern Mariana Islands
83:with the United States.
1217:. Chuuk reform movement
677:Stanley, David (1982).
680:South Pacific Handbook
519:. The Kaselehlie Press
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965:King, Joan (1990).
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780:. Marianas Variety
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