347:, which regulate lateral septum (LS) activity, have been found to be increased during social play in juvenile rats. No sex differences were found in extracellular GABA concentrations during social playing, however, glutamate plays a major role in female social playing. When glutamate receptors are blocked in the LS pharmacologically, there is a significant decrease in female social playing, while males had no decrease in playing. This suggests that in the lateral septum, GABA neurotransmission is involved in social play behavior regulation in both sexes, while glutamate neurotransmission is sex-specific, involved in regulation of social play only in female juvenile rats.
426:
septum and hippocampal inputs on fear memory formation and retrieval respectively. In both cases, fear memory formation/retrieval was impaired, supporting the hypothesis that hippocampal projections to the lateral septum are at least in part responsible for these mechanisms. The lateral septum could also prove essential in fear memory consolidation. Post-shock adminitration of CRF into the lateral septum enhanced fear memory in the relelvant context; however, this finding still needs to be supported by further studies.
228:
40:
330:
The lateral septum is involved in a variety of functions, including emotional, motivational, and spatial behavior. It has been suggested that the LS may regulate interactions between the hippocampus and other regions that mediate goal directed behavior, such as the ventral tegmental area. Firing of
425:
Pieces of evidence suggesting the role the lateral septum could be playing in fear memory formation and consolidation have started emerging at the end of the XX. century. Inhibitory avoidance tasks using footshock chambers on mice were deployed to study the effects of the disruption of the lateral
301:
Cells located in the intermediolateral septum also project through the lateral part of the fimbria to all CA fields of the ventral hippocampus and adjacent subicular and entorhinal cortices. These cells also send fibers through the stria medullaris to the lateral habenular nucleus and mediodorsal
400:
Despite the diverse direct projection system between the hippocampus and the lateral septum, the first pieces of evidence regarding the role of latter brain area in memory formation and retention have only started to emerge as of 2022. However, recent research has started to shed light on the
331:
LS neurons is modulated by both speed and acceleration and spatial location, and that firing is also related to reward and context. It has thus been suggested that the lateral septum may incorporate movement into the evaluation of environmental context with respect to motivation and reward.
417:, when administered into the lateral septum after social training were able to enhance memory formation, while their respective receptor blockers had the opposite effect. However, data on effects of pre-training administration of these compounds is mixed, hence the lack of consensus.
219:. In the 1950s, Olds & Milner showed that rats with electrodes implanted in this area will self-stimulate repeatedly (e.g., press a bar to receive electric current that stimulate the neurons). Experiments on the septal area of humans have taken place since the 1960s.
367:
levels, while not significantly increasing serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels respectively. This indicates that the effect is occurring through testosterone receptors and independently of conversion to estrogen via
376:
production were unaffected by the surgery. Electrical stimulation of the septum induced the elevation of serum LH and FSH levels. These data suggest that the lateral and/or the medial septum may play a role in the control of
316:
to the ventral subiculum. In addition, cells located in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band project massively to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus, the ventral tegmental area, and amygdala.
277:
Fibers from the ventral half of the septum project topographically to the hippocampal formation, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain. Specifically, neurons located along the midline in the vertical limb of the
1727:
Besnard, Antoine; Gao, Yuan; TaeWoo Kim, Michael; Twarkowski, Hannah; Reed, Alexander Keith; Langberg, Tomer; Feng, Wendy; Xu, Xiangmin; Saur, Dieter; Zweifel, Larry S.; Davison, Ian; Sahay, Amar (2019).
215:
The septal area (medial olfactory area) has no relation to the sense of smell, but it is considered a pleasure zone in animals. The septal nuclei play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the
1211:"Dynamic changes in extracellular release of GABA and glutamate in the lateral septum during social play behavior in juvenile rats: Implications for sex-specific regulation of social play behavior"
1578:"Oxytocin mediates rodent social memory within the lateral septum and the medial amygdala depending on the relevance of the social stimulus: Male juvenile versus female adult conspecifics"
1858:
372:. As of now, it is unclear, what exact pathway is mediating this phenomenon. Septal lesions significantly decreased serum LH and testosterone levels in male rats, while FSH and
2900:
2895:
2824:
2679:
2659:
1074:"The role of CA3-LS-VTA loop in the formation of conditioned place preference induced by context-associated reward memory for morphine: Role of LSc in morphine reward"
302:
thalamic nucleus. Other axons arising from these cells descend through the medial forebrain bundle to terminate in a region dorsal to the interpeduncular nucleus.
2664:
2265:
125:
2842:
2669:
2616:
2611:
1851:
2674:
2484:
2275:
2890:
2203:
2041:
409:
The roles of the lateral septum in formation of social memories remain unclear and controversial. It is clear, that some role is being played, as
2474:
1844:
594:
2996:
2469:
101:
1314:
2489:
2212:
2198:
1934:
2847:
2479:
2457:
470:
286:
of the dorsal hippocampus and adjacent subicular cortex. Other fibers from this region project through the stria medullaris to the
2964:
2795:
2790:
2746:
2741:
2452:
1072:
Jiang, Jin-Xiang; Liu, Huan; Huang, Zhen-Zhen; Cui, Yue; Zhang, Xue-Qin; Zhang, Xiao-Long; Cui, Yu; Xin, Wen-Jun (January 2018).
132:
2772:
2767:
691:"Comparison of human septal nuclei MRI measurements using automated segmentation and a new manual protocol based on histology"
2969:
2880:
1633:"Vasopressin in the lateral septum promotes elemental conditioning to the detriment of contextual fear conditioning in mice"
157:), consisting of the lateral septum and medial septum, is an area in the lower, posterior part of the medial surface of the
312:
Fibers from the most lateral part of the ventral septum (i.e., bed nucleus of the anterior commissure) project through the
172:
are located in this area. The septal nuclei are composed of medium-size neurons which are classified into dorsal, ventral,
2921:
2885:
120:
2188:
2034:
364:
2700:
1887:
1730:"Dorsolateral septum somatostatin interneurons gate mobility to calibrate context-specific behavioral fear responses"
2144:
2105:
1902:
1897:
2819:
2517:
2442:
2270:
1992:
558:
Moan CE, Heath RG (1972). "Septal stimulation for the initiation of heterosexual behavior in a homosexual male".
309:
to the ventral tegmental area. These connections help link reward signals with the context in which they occur.
2957:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2397:
2280:
72:
1315:"Crystalline Dihydrotestosterone Implants in the Lateral Septum of Male Rats. A Positive Effect on Lh and FSH"
2531:
2027:
295:
227:
3024:
2589:
2419:
2404:
2392:
279:
108:
96:
471:"Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain"
2860:
2647:
1980:
1957:
1949:
283:
173:
1632:
1260:"Testosterone implants into the lateral septum of male rats, a positive effect on LH and FSH secretion"
1672:"Hippocampal efferents to retrosplenial cortex and lateral septum are required for memory acquisition"
1577:
2855:
2577:
2507:
2432:
2008:
919:
89:
2988:
2372:
2290:
1939:
360:
359:, when implanted directly into the lateral septum of male rats, caused a significant rise in serum
356:
256:
1787:"Corticotropin-releasing factor injected into the lateral septum improves memory function in rats"
1539:"Neurohypophyseal hormone receptors in the septum are implicated in social recognition in the rat"
908:"Linking Context with Reward: A Functional Circuit from Hippocampal CA3 to Ventral Tegmental Area"
2447:
2367:
2183:
1613:
1519:
1404:
1342:
1295:
1101:
992:
888:
839:
291:
1424:"Putting Together Pieces of the Lateral Septum: Multifaceted Functions and Its Neural Pathways"
3019:
2979:
2565:
2560:
2543:
2233:
1985:
1967:
1926:
1867:
1806:
1798:
1767:
1749:
1709:
1691:
1652:
1605:
1597:
1558:
1550:
1511:
1503:
1461:
1443:
1396:
1388:
1334:
1287:
1279:
1240:
1191:
1183:
1142:
1093:
1054:
1036:
984:
945:
880:
831:
823:
779:
761:
720:
638:
602:
575:
540:
532:
490:
248:
240:
216:
162:
2952:
2926:
2916:
2705:
2695:
2572:
2512:
2331:
2310:
2300:
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2207:
2171:
1914:
1757:
1741:
1699:
1683:
1644:
1589:
1495:
1451:
1435:
1380:
1326:
1271:
1230:
1222:
1173:
1132:
1085:
1044:
1026:
1015:"Differences in reward biased spatial representations in the lateral septum and hippocampus"
976:
935:
927:
870:
813:
769:
751:
740:"Differences in reward biased spatial representations in the lateral septum and hippocampus"
710:
702:
567:
524:
482:
313:
2940:
2642:
2548:
2305:
2224:
2120:
2093:
1879:
244:
201:
1423:
444:
1836:
1073:
923:
2637:
2555:
2464:
2409:
2322:
2115:
2059:
2051:
1762:
1729:
1704:
1456:
1235:
1226:
1210:
1049:
1014:
940:
907:
774:
739:
715:
690:
664:
177:
1483:
1368:
1367:
Carreras, A.; Robles, R.; Ruiz, E.; Ortega, E.; Mendoza, C.; Osorio, C. (1984-08-01).
1259:
980:
3013:
2759:
2730:
2652:
2629:
2600:
2414:
2071:
1975:
1648:
1499:
1482:
Dantzer, Robert; Koob, George F.; Bluthe´, Rose-Marie; Le Moal, Michel (1988-08-02).
1384:
1275:
892:
843:
706:
571:
369:
271:
252:
1617:
1523:
1346:
1299:
1258:
Carreras, Alfonso; Mendoza, Carmen; Ortega, Esperanza; Ruiz, Estrella (1987-07-01).
996:
875:
858:
818:
801:
629:
2384:
2351:
2154:
1593:
1408:
1105:
378:
260:
236:
209:
189:
158:
39:
77:
2719:
2159:
2132:
1909:
1871:
1439:
414:
306:
264:
181:
1576:
Lukas, Michael; Toth, Iulia; Veenema, Alexa H.; Neumann, Inga D. (2013-06-01).
176:, and caudal groups. The septal nuclei receive reciprocal connections from the
1745:
1178:
1161:
1137:
1120:
84:
1802:
1753:
1695:
1671:
1656:
1601:
1554:
1507:
1447:
1392:
1283:
1187:
1040:
906:
Luo AH, Tahsili-Fahadan P, Wise RA, Lupica CR, Aston-Jones G (14 July 2011).
827:
765:
642:
606:
579:
536:
113:
17:
1831:
1538:
931:
373:
344:
1786:
1771:
1713:
1609:
1562:
1465:
1338:
1244:
1195:
1146:
1097:
1058:
949:
884:
835:
783:
724:
544:
494:
274:, lateral hypothalamus, periventricular hypothalamus and midline thalamus.
27:
Area in the lower, posterior part of the medial surface of the frontal lobe
1827:
1810:
1687:
1515:
1400:
1330:
1291:
988:
964:
528:
231:
Detail of drawing showing components of septal area below corpus callosum.
1892:
410:
305:
The lateral septum is a relay center for connections from the CA3 of the
287:
205:
197:
193:
185:
1031:
756:
595:"Controversial Surgery for Addiction Burns Away Brain's Pleasure Center"
138:
2872:
1209:
Bredewold R, Schiavo JK, van der Hart M, Verreij M, Veenema AH (2015).
259:. The septal nuclei in the septal area are essential in generating the
1089:
44:
Lateral and medial septal nuclei in the septal area of the mouse brain
2834:
2019:
1162:"Locomotor and Hippocampal Processing Converge in the Lateral Septum"
1121:"Locomotor and Hippocampal Processing Converge in the Lateral Septum"
486:
1369:"Role of the septum on LH, FSH and prolactin secretion in male rats"
515:
Heath RG (1963). "Electrical self-stimulation of the brain in man".
251:. The lamina terminalis is a layer of gray matter that connects the
1828:
nuclei
Stained brain slice images which include the "septal nuclei"
226:
60:
2782:
340:
2023:
1840:
1631:
Desmedt, Aline; Garcia, René; Jaffard, Robert (November 1999).
445:"Septal nuclei | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
859:"Lateral Septum as a Nexus for Mood, Motivation, and Movement"
802:"Lateral septum as a nexus for mood, motivation, and movement"
235:
The septal area is located on the lower posterior part of the
665:"Septal area | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
1119:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (October 2019).
294:
and anteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, and through the
1484:"Septal vasopressin modulates social memory in male rats"
1160:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (2019-10-07).
1013:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (2020-05-26).
738:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (2020-05-26).
800:
Wirtshafter, Hannah S.; Wilson, Matthew A. (July 2021).
298:
to the pars posterior of the medial mammillary nucleus.
560:
Journal of
Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
1537:
Popik, P.; Vos, P. E.; Van Ree, J. M. (August 1992).
1422:
Rizzi-Wise, Candace A.; Wang, Dong V. (2021-11-01).
208:. The septal nuclei are essential in generating the
2978:
2939:
2909:
2871:
2833:
2781:
2757:
2728:
2718:
2688:
2627:
2598:
2588:
2530:
2500:
2430:
2381:
2360:
2350:
2321:
2252:
2223:
2170:
2131:
2092:
2058:
2001:
1966:
1948:
1925:
1878:
475:
355:Experiments have shown that both testosterone and
119:
107:
95:
83:
71:
59:
54:
49:
32:
628:
401:potentially diverse roles of the lateral septum.
795:
793:
1670:Opalka, Ashley N.; Wang, Dong V. (2020-08-01).
965:"Connections of the rat lateral septal complex"
2035:
1852:
1008:
1006:
8:
963:Risold, P. Y.; Swanson, L. W. (1997-09-19).
381:secretion, and thus, the reproductive axis.
2725:
2595:
2357:
2042:
2028:
2020:
1859:
1845:
1837:
326:The lateral septum and movement and reward
270:The dorsal septum projects to the lateral
38:
1761:
1703:
1455:
1234:
1177:
1136:
1048:
1030:
939:
874:
817:
773:
755:
714:
630:"China Bans Irreversible Brain Procedure"
282:project through the dorsal fornix to all
863:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
857:Wirtshafter HS, Wilson MA (July 2021).
435:
239:. The septal area refers to the nearby
969:Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews
806:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
136:
29:
1477:
1475:
7:
1935:Vascular organ of lamina terminalis
627:Zamiska, Nicholas (28 April 2008).
288:medial and lateral habenular nuclei
1227:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.052
517:The American Journal of Psychiatry
335:Lateral septum and social behavior
25:
1791:The Chinese Journal of Physiology
1649:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00815.x
1637:European Journal of Neuroscience
707:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.026
133:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
876:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.029
819:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.03.029
351:Lateral septum and reproduction
321:Functions of the lateral septum
243:. It is located underneath the
1594:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.09.018
1:
2922:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
981:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00009-x
1500:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90066-2
1385:10.1016/0361-9230(84)90136-9
1276:10.1016/0361-9230(87)90179-1
689:Butler, T (15 August 2014).
572:10.1016/0005-7916(72)90029-8
2701:Inferior salivatory nucleus
1440:10.1523/ENEURO.0315-21.2021
161:, and refers to the nearby
3041:
2145:lateral geniculate nucleus
2106:anterior olfactory nucleus
2825:Superior cervical cardiac
2518:Superior salivary nucleus
2271:spinal trigeminal nucleus
1993:Cave of septum pellucidum
1746:10.1038/s41593-018-0330-y
1313:Roca, G. (July 7, 2009).
1179:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.089
1138:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.089
469:Olds J, Milner P (1954).
385:Lateral septum and memory
131:
37:
2958:spinal accessory nucleus
2398:pterygopalatine ganglion
2189:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
1582:Psychoneuroendocrinology
1543:Behavioural Pharmacology
2340:no significant branches
2242:no significant branches
2082:no significant branches
1373:Brain Research Bulletin
1264:Brain Research Bulletin
932:10.1126/science.1204622
296:medial forebrain bundle
2660:Stylopharyngeal branch
2420:submandibular ganglion
2405:Nerve to the stapedius
280:diagonal band of Broca
232:
1981:Medial septal nucleus
1688:10.1101/lm.051797.120
1676:Learning & Memory
1331:10.1081/ERC-100107167
529:10.1176/ajp.120.6.571
230:
155:medial olfactory area
2508:Facial motor nucleus
2204:parasympathetic root
2009:Posterior commissure
1172:(19): 3177–3192.e3.
1131:(19): 3177–3192.e3.
247:and in front of the
212:of the hippocampus.
2820:Recurrent laryngeal
2665:Pharyngeal branches
2443:Posterior auricular
2291:trigeminal ganglion
1940:Anterior commissure
1785:Lee, E. H. (1995).
1734:Nature Neuroscience
1032:10.7554/eLife.55252
924:2011Sci...333..353L
757:10.7554/eLife.55252
635:Wall Street Journal
357:dihydrotestosterone
257:anterior commissure
2803:Superior laryngeal
2670:Tonsillar branches
2368:Intermediate nerve
2184:oculomotor nucleus
1868:Commissural fibers
1319:Endocrine Research
443:St-Amant, Maxime.
233:
3007:
3006:
2935:
2934:
2901:Posterior gastric
2796:pharyngeal plexus
2791:Pharyngeal branch
2714:
2713:
2578:Scarpa's ganglion
2566:lateral lemniscus
2561:striae medullares
2544:vestibular nuclei
2532:Vestibulocochlear
2526:
2525:
2017:
2016:
1986:Subfornical organ
1968:Septum pellucidum
1927:Lamina terminalis
1832:BrainMaps project
1643:(11): 3913–3921.
1090:10.1111/adb.12468
1078:Addiction Biology
918:(6040): 353–357.
663:Gaillard, Frank.
593:Szalavitz, Maia.
343:, and excitatory
249:lamina terminalis
241:septum pellucidum
217:nucleus accumbens
163:septum pellucidum
147:
146:
142:
16:(Redirected from
3032:
2953:nucleus ambiguus
2927:Solitary nucleus
2917:Nucleus ambiguus
2896:Anterior gastric
2843:Inferior cardiac
2773:Auricular branch
2768:Meningeal branch
2726:
2706:Solitary nucleus
2696:Nucleus ambiguus
2675:Lingual branches
2596:
2590:Glossopharyngeal
2513:Solitary nucleus
2393:Greater petrosal
2358:
2208:ciliary ganglion
2044:
2037:
2030:
2021:
1915:Indusium griseum
1861:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1815:
1814:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1573:
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1534:
1528:
1527:
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1419:
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1412:
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1304:
1303:
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1206:
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1181:
1157:
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1150:
1140:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1034:
1010:
1001:
1000:
975:(2–3): 115–195.
960:
954:
953:
943:
903:
897:
896:
878:
854:
848:
847:
821:
797:
788:
787:
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686:
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632:
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613:
590:
584:
583:
555:
549:
548:
512:
506:
505:
503:
501:
487:10.1037/h0058775
466:
460:
459:
457:
455:
440:
397:
396:
392:
314:stria terminalis
139:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2974:
2931:
2905:
2867:
2829:
2777:
2753:
2710:
2684:
2648:lesser petrosal
2643:tympanic plexus
2623:
2584:
2549:cochlear nuclei
2522:
2496:
2434:
2426:
2383:
2377:
2346:
2317:
2248:
2219:
2166:
2127:
2121:olfactory tract
2088:
2054:
2048:
2018:
2013:
1997:
1962:
1944:
1921:
1880:Corpus callosum
1874:
1865:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1166:Current Biology
1159:
1158:
1154:
1125:Current Biology
1118:
1117:
1113:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1012:
1011:
1004:
962:
961:
957:
905:
904:
900:
856:
855:
851:
799:
798:
791:
737:
736:
732:
688:
687:
683:
673:
671:
662:
661:
657:
647:
645:
626:
625:
621:
611:
609:
592:
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587:
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468:
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394:
390:
388:
387:
353:
337:
328:
323:
245:corpus callosum
225:
202:cingulate gyrus
143:
66:nuclei septales
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2723:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2634:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2593:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2556:Cochlear nerve
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2465:Parotid plexus
2462:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2410:Chorda tympani
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2116:olfactory bulb
2110:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2055:
2052:cranial nerves
2049:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1822:External links
1820:
1817:
1816:
1797:(2): 125–129.
1777:
1740:(3): 436–446.
1719:
1682:(8): 310–318.
1662:
1623:
1588:(6): 916–926.
1568:
1549:(4): 351–358.
1529:
1494:(1): 143–147.
1488:Brain Research
1471:
1414:
1379:(2): 339–342.
1359:
1325:(1–2): 35–40.
1305:
1270:(1): 149–151.
1250:
1201:
1152:
1111:
1064:
1002:
955:
898:
849:
789:
730:
681:
655:
619:
585:
550:
523:(6): 571–577.
507:
461:
434:
433:
431:
428:
422:
419:
406:
403:
386:
383:
352:
349:
336:
333:
327:
324:
322:
319:
224:
221:
178:olfactory bulb
145:
144:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3037:
3026:
3025:Limbic system
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
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2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:Vagal trunks
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2760:jugular fossa
2756:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2731:jugular fossa
2727:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2680:Carotid sinus
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:otic ganglion
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2630:jugular fossa
2626:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2601:jugular fossa
2597:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:lingual nerve
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:septal nuclei
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:Septal nuclei
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
956:
951:
947:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
853:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
794:
790:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
731:
726:
722:
717:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
685:
682:
670:
666:
659:
656:
644:
640:
636:
631:
623:
620:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
586:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
554:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
511:
508:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:(6): 419–27.
480:
476:
472:
465:
462:
450:
446:
439:
436:
429:
427:
420:
418:
416:
412:
405:Social memory
404:
402:
393:
384:
382:
380:
375:
371:
370:aromatization
366:
362:
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
334:
332:
325:
320:
318:
315:
310:
308:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
275:
273:
272:preoptic area
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:optic chiasma
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
222:
220:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:septal nuclei
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
140:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Septal nuclei
2433:stylomastoid
2385:facial canal
2339:
2241:
2155:optic chiasm
2081:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1737:
1733:
1722:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1491:
1487:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1352:December 11,
1350:. Retrieved
1322:
1318:
1308:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1218:
1215:Neuroscience
1214:
1204:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1084:(1): 41–54.
1081:
1077:
1067:
1022:
1018:
972:
968:
958:
915:
911:
901:
866:
862:
852:
809:
805:
747:
743:
733:
698:
694:
684:
672:. Retrieved
668:
658:
646:. Retrieved
634:
622:
610:. Retrieved
598:
588:
566:(1): 23–30.
563:
559:
553:
520:
516:
510:
498:. Retrieved
478:
474:
464:
452:. Retrieved
448:
438:
424:
408:
399:
379:gonadotropin
354:
338:
329:
311:
304:
300:
276:
269:
261:theta rhythm
237:frontal lobe
234:
214:
210:theta rhythm
190:hypothalamus
169:
167:
159:frontal lobe
154:
150:
148:
102:A14.1.09.266
65:
2980:Hypoglossal
2361:Near origin
2160:optic tract
1910:Archicortex
1872:human brain
869:: 544–559.
812:: 544–559.
669:Radiopaedia
449:Radiopaedia
421:Fear memory
415:vasopressin
339:Inhibitory
307:hippocampus
265:hippocampus
223:Connections
182:hippocampus
151:septal area
55:Identifiers
33:Septal area
3014:Categories
2573:Vestibular
2485:mandibular
2458:stylohyoid
2448:Suprahyoid
2373:Geniculate
2311:mandibular
2301:ophthalmic
2254:Trigeminal
2172:Oculomotor
1221:: 117–27.
750:: e55252.
701:: 245–51.
695:NeuroImage
674:21 October
454:23 October
430:References
292:paratenial
85:NeuroNames
2993:Branches
2941:Accessory
2861:posterior
2848:Pulmonary
2534:(CN VIII)
2475:zygomatic
2453:digastric
2336:Branches
2306:maxillary
2297:Branches
2238:Branches
2225:Trochlear
2195:Branches
2094:Olfactory
1803:0304-4920
1754:1097-6256
1696:1072-0502
1657:0953-816X
1602:0306-4530
1555:1473-5849
1508:0006-8993
1448:2373-2822
1393:0361-9230
1284:0361-9230
1188:1879-0445
1041:2050-084X
893:233202402
844:233202402
828:1873-7528
766:2050-084X
643:0099-9660
607:0040-781X
580:0005-7916
537:0002-953X
374:prolactin
345:glutamate
284:CA fields
3020:Cerebrum
2982:(CN XII)
2856:anterior
2813:internal
2808:external
2747:inferior
2742:superior
2738:Ganglia
2638:Tympanic
2617:inferior
2612:superior
2608:Ganglia
2490:cervical
2470:temporal
2354:(CN VII)
2323:Abducens
2213:inferior
2199:superior
2174:(CN III)
2060:Terminal
1893:Splenium
1772:30718902
1714:32669386
1618:43827714
1610:23102690
1563:11224137
1524:32037924
1466:34764187
1347:38059247
1339:11428719
1300:13489400
1245:26318330
1196:31543450
1147:31543450
1098:27862708
1059:32452763
997:30199261
950:21764750
885:33848512
836:33848512
784:32452763
725:24736183
545:14086435
500:17 March
495:13233369
411:oxytocin
255:and the
206:thalamus
198:habenula
194:midbrain
186:amygdala
2997:lingual
2989:Nucleus
2965:Cranial
2949:Nuclei
2943:(CN XI)
2891:Hepatic
2873:Abdomen
2729:Before
2599:Before
2592:(CN IX)
2540:Nuclei
2435:foramen
2332:Nucleus
2325:(CN VI)
2287:Course
2262:Nuclei
2234:Nucleus
2227:(CN IV)
2180:Nuclei
2151:Course
2141:Nuclei
2135:(CN II)
2112:Course
2102:Nuclei
2078:Course
2068:Nuclei
1903:Rostrum
1898:Tapetum
1870:in the
1830:at the
1811:8697897
1763:6387640
1705:7365017
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