25:
70:
385:
collect income tax, as warlords controlling the ports and major cities pocketed the tax take themselves. Many criticized
Gemayel for not moving decisively enough to assert the authority of the government, but others have pointed out that with most of the country under foreign occupation, there was little that he could do. He managed to keep a semblance of constitutional order.
241:
Israel invaded and the PLO were expelled from
Lebanon in August 1982. During the invasion, the Israelis wanted the Lebanese Forces to assist the Israeli Army militarily by fighting the PLO and allied groups in West Beirut; however, Gemayel refused, stating that his forces would not assist an invading
375:
Gemayel never promised the
Israelis anything in order to be elected president, but he promised that he would follow the path of his brother Bashir whatever that path was. He left his post in the Kataeb Party after being elected president. Once elected, he refused to meet any Israeli official. With
384:
in the south), and private armies independent of government control occupying most of the rest, Gemayel's government lacked any real power. His efforts to reach a peace settlement with Israel were stymied by Syria and by Muslim politicians at home. His government found itself largely unable to
270:
brother, was elected to presidency, but was assassinated prior taking office. Endorsed by the United States and Israel, he was elected on 23 September as the eighth president. At the age of 34 years, he was the youngest president to take office.
254:
intelligence agency also contributed to his presidency. On 23 August 1982, being the only one to declare candidacy, Gemayel was elected president, as he prevailed over the
National Movement.
250:
to oversee the withdrawal of the PLO from
Lebanon. Gemayel had requested that they stay longer to keep Lebanon stable until he could reunite it, but his request was denied. Israel's
588:
933:
662:
928:
49:
954:
948:
986:
918:
39:
411:
400:
Rabbath, Edmond. "La
Constitution libanaise. Origines, textes et commentaires". Beyrouth: Publications de l'Université Libanaise, 1982, p. 301.
943:
938:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
655:
513:
421:
991:
438:
648:
247:
676:
224:
is required to elect the president in the first round. After the second round of election, the president is elected by an
873:
868:
996:
717:
701:
213:
221:
182:
671:
205:
194:
707:
518:
217:
209:
790:
764:
754:
417:
283:
was elected during the first round of voting. 77 votes for Amine
Gemayel and 3 blank ballots.
494:
759:
712:
847:
775:
723:
686:
842:
795:
826:
801:
696:
535:
263:
242:
army. By then, Gemayel had announced his candidacy for president. He was backed by the
145:
980:
807:
785:
370:
302:
280:
267:
243:
201:
190:
160:
83:
485:
Hudson, Michael C. (1997). "Trying Again: Power-Sharing in Post-Civil War
Lebanon".
615:
186:
164:
149:
98:
564:
852:
837:
813:
780:
769:
728:
69:
640:
831:
820:
734:
498:
410:
Avon, Dominique; Khatchadourian, AnaĂŻs-Trissa; Todd, Jane Marie (2012-09-10).
225:
744:
381:
251:
533:
Zeev Schiff; Ehud Ya'ari (3 June 1985). Simon and
Schuster (ed.).
377:
644:
279:
The parliament had 80 of the 99 MPs present for the elections.
514:"U.S. Links Men in Bomb Case To Lebanon Terrorist Group"
565:"Election of the Presidents of the Lebanese Republic"
616:"Dossier: Amine Gemayel Former President of Lebanon"
376:
foreign armies occupying two-thirds of the country (
861:
743:
685:
534:
439:"Israeli Domestic Politics and the War in Lebanon"
220:of two-thirds of the members of the then 99-seat
136:
656:
17:September 1982 Lebanese presidential election
8:
16:
551:From Beirut to Jerusalem by Thomas Friedman
228:of the total number of deputies in office.
663:
649:
641:
413:Hezbollah: A History of the "Party of God"
285:
15:
589:"Anti-Gemayel 'front' formed in Lebanon"
393:
350:
339:
328:
324:
313:
614:Maroun, Pierre (February–March 2003).
351:
340:
329:
7:
559:
557:
185:on September 21, 1982, resulting in
195:President of the Lebanese Republic
14:
987:Presidential elections in Lebanon
620:Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
472:Bachir Gemayel – History in a Man
68:
23:
371:Amine Gemayel § Presidency
474:. self-published. p. 278.
212:. Under the article 49 of the
1:
512:Neil A. Lewis (18 May 1988).
416:. Harvard University Press.
1013:
368:
208:is always attributed to a
964:
499:10.1163/15718069720847889
487:International Negotiation
446:Lights: The MESSA Journal
352:Registered voters/turnout
325:
314:
296:
293:
290:
141:President before election
134:
60:
33:
21:
718:Pierre-Georges Arlabosse
702:Privat-Antoine Aubouard
470:Hayek, Georges (2010).
380:in the north and east,
258:Bashir Gemayel election
992:1982 elections in Asia
672:Presidents of Lebanon
593:The Milwaukee Journal
214:Lebanese Constitution
183:Parliament of Lebanon
179:presidential election
537:Israel's Lebanon War
107:Electoral vote
708:Habib Pacha Es-Saad
569:monthlymagazine.com
287:
248:peacekeeping troops
222:Lebanese Parliament
18:
519:The New York Times
437:Bsisu, N. (2012).
286:
237:Lebanese Civil War
218:qualified majority
210:Maronite Christian
45:September 21, 1982
974:
973:
969:
791:Suleiman Frangieh
765:Bechara El Khoury
755:Bechara El Khoury
745:Lebanese Republic
362:
361:
226:absolute majority
175:
174:
171:
170:
156:Elected President
130:
129:
56:
55:
1004:
967:
680:
665:
658:
651:
642:
636:
635:
633:
631:
611:
605:
604:
602:
600:
585:
579:
578:
576:
575:
561:
552:
549:
543:
542:
540:
530:
524:
523:
509:
503:
502:
482:
476:
475:
467:
461:
460:
458:
456:
443:
434:
428:
427:
407:
401:
398:
288:
181:was held in the
137:
72:
62:
61:
35:
34:
28:
27:
26:
19:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
997:1982 in Lebanon
977:
976:
975:
970:
960:
857:
848:Michel Suleiman
776:Camille Chamoun
747:
739:
724:Alfred Naqqache
689:
681:
674:
669:
639:
629:
627:
613:
612:
608:
598:
596:
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586:
582:
573:
571:
563:
562:
555:
550:
546:
532:
531:
527:
511:
510:
506:
484:
483:
479:
469:
468:
464:
454:
452:
441:
436:
435:
431:
424:
409:
408:
404:
399:
395:
391:
373:
367:
277:
268:Amine Gemayel's
260:
239:
234:
163:
158:
148:
143:
135:
29:
24:
22:
12:
11:
5:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
979:
978:
972:
971:
965:
962:
961:
959:
958:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
865:
863:
859:
858:
856:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
824:
818:
810:
805:
802:Bachir Gemayel
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
767:
762:
757:
751:
749:
741:
740:
738:
737:
732:
726:
721:
715:
710:
705:
699:
697:Charles Debbas
693:
691:
687:French Mandate
683:
682:
670:
668:
667:
660:
653:
645:
638:
637:
606:
595:. 23 July 1983
580:
553:
544:
525:
504:
477:
462:
429:
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402:
392:
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387:
366:
363:
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359:
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349:
348:
345:
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323:
322:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
305:
299:
298:
295:
292:
276:
273:
264:Bachir Gemayel
259:
256:
238:
235:
233:
230:
193:being elected
173:
172:
169:
168:
153:
146:Bachir Gemayel
132:
131:
128:
127:
125:
120:
116:
115:
113:
108:
104:
103:
101:
96:
92:
91:
89:
87:
80:
76:
75:
73:
66:
58:
57:
54:
53:
47:
42:
31:
30:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1009:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
963:
957:
956:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
934:1989 (24 Nov)
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
864:
860:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
833:
830:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
815:
811:
809:
808:Amine Gemayel
806:
804:
803:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:Charles Helou
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
746:
742:
736:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
692:
688:
684:
678:
673:
666:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
646:
643:
625:
621:
617:
610:
607:
594:
590:
584:
581:
570:
566:
560:
558:
554:
548:
545:
539:
538:
529:
526:
521:
520:
515:
508:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
478:
473:
466:
463:
451:
447:
440:
433:
430:
425:
423:9780674067523
419:
415:
414:
406:
403:
397:
394:
388:
386:
383:
379:
372:
364:
357:
354:
346:
343:
335:
332:
320:
317:
309:
306:
304:
303:Amine Gemayel
301:
300:
289:
284:
282:
281:Amine Gemayel
274:
272:
269:
265:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
244:United States
236:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
191:Amine Gemayel
188:
184:
180:
167:
166:
162:
161:Amine Gemayel
157:
154:
152:
151:
147:
142:
139:
138:
133:
126:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
88:
86:
85:
84:Amine Gemayel
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
52: →
51:
48:
46:
43:
41:
38:←
37:
36:
32:
20:
953:
929:1989 (5 Nov)
923:
843:Émile Lahoud
812:
800:
796:Élias Sarkis
748:(since 1943)
628:. Retrieved
623:
619:
609:
597:. Retrieved
592:
583:
572:. Retrieved
568:
547:
536:
528:
517:
507:
490:
486:
480:
471:
465:
453:. Retrieved
449:
445:
432:
412:
405:
396:
374:
278:
261:
240:
199:
178:
177:An indirect
176:
165:Kataeb Party
159:
155:
150:Kataeb Party
144:
140:
122:
110:
99:Kataeb Party
82:
44:
853:Michel Aoun
838:Elias Hrawi
827:René Moawad
814:Michel Aoun
781:Fuad Chehab
770:Fuad Chehab
729:Ayoub Tabet
690:(1918–1943)
493:: 103–122.
341:Total votes
330:Blank votes
246:, who sent
189:politician
119:Percentage
40:August 1982
981:Categories
924:1982 (Sep)
919:1982 (Aug)
832:Selim Hoss
821:Selim Hoss
760:Émile Eddé
735:Petro Trad
713:Émile Eddé
574:2022-06-11
389:References
369:See also:
232:Background
206:presidency
202:convention
955:2022–2024
949:2014–2016
862:Elections
365:Aftermath
291:Candidate
262:In 1982,
599:23 March
455:23 March
79:Nominee
630:10 June
275:Results
65:
968:Acting
420:
382:Israel
321:100.00
310:100.00
252:Mossad
204:, the
187:Kataeb
123:96.25%
95:Party
442:(PDF)
378:Syria
358:80.81
315:Total
294:Votes
944:2008
939:1998
914:1976
909:1970
904:1964
899:1958
894:1952
889:1948
884:1943
879:1936
874:1929
869:1926
677:List
632:2012
601:2013
457:2013
418:ISBN
336:3.75
216:, a
50:1989
626:(2)
495:doi
200:By
983::
966:*
622:.
618:.
591:.
567:.
556:^
516:.
489:.
450:29
448:.
444:.
355:99
344:80
318:77
307:77
266:,
197:.
111:77
834:*
823:*
817:*
772:*
731:*
720:*
704:*
679:)
675:(
664:e
657:t
650:v
634:.
624:5
603:.
577:.
541:.
522:.
501:.
497::
491:2
459:.
426:.
347:–
333:3
297:%
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
