2272:, and that taper between measurement points is even. Also, only the volume of the trunk (including the restored volume of basal fire scars) is taken into account, and not the volume of wood in the branches or roots. The volume measurements also do not take cavities into account. Most coast redwoods with volumes greater than 850 m (30,000 cu ft) represent ancient fusions of two or more separate trees, which makes determining whether a coast redwood has a single stem or multiple stems difficult. Starting in 2014, more record-breaking coast redwood trees were discovered. The largest disclosed was a massive redwood called Grogan's Fault/Spartan, which has been measured to have a volume of 38,300 cubic feet. In 2021 during a meeting presentation titled Redwoods 101 run by Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park, an even larger redwood was revealed, allegedly surpassed only by 3 giant sequoias in size. This tree is popularly known as 'Hail Storm', and has a volume of 44,750 cubic feet.
2304:
these wet soils, providing a water source removed from the forest floor. This creates a unique ecosystem within old growth trees full of fungi, vascular plants, and small creatures. An example of a creature that lives there are the
Clouded Salamanders that has been discovered up to 40 meters high. Evidence shows they breed and are born in the canopy soil of Redwood trees. Due to the sheer mass height of these trees and the canopy layer, it was almost never explored for the last century. Due to the mass of these trees and the amount of trees in the surrounding area different molds of moss form on these canopies that are called epiphytes. These epiphytes have different characteristics but all of said species are very adaptable to the tough treetop weather and characteristics. After hundreds of years these trees have been shaped into making it possible for these epiphytes to survive through the winter rain and the fall fog.
1324:
1315:
1425:, and are commonly called "flowers" by professional foresters, although this is not strictly correct. Coast redwoods produce many cones, with redwoods in new forests producing thousands per year. The cones themselves hold 90β150 seeds, but viability of seed is low, typically well below 15% with one estimate of average rates being 3 to 10 percent. The viability does increase with age, trees under 20 years old have a viability of about 1%, and do not generally reach the highest levels of viability until age 250. The rates decrease as the tree starts to get very old, with trees over 1,200 not reaching viability rates over 3%. The low viability may discourage seed predators, which do not want to waste time sorting
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under the surface of the bark. The dormant sprouts are stimulated when the main adult stem gets damaged or starts to die. Many sprouts spontaneously erupt and develop around the circumference of the tree trunk. Within a short period after sprouting, each sprout develops its own root system, with the dominant sprouts forming a ring of trees around the parent root crown or stump. This ring of trees is called a "fairy ring". Sprouts can achieve heights of 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) in a single growing season.
2289:
1078:, at Cal Poly Humboldt, and ask if moving redwoods north was safe. Sillett thought planting redwoods around Seattle was a fantastic idea. ("It's not like it's going to escape and become a nuisance species," Sillett told me, before adding, "it just has so many benefits.") Another factor encouraged Stielstra too: Millions of years ago, redwoods β or their close relatives β grew across the Pacific Northwest. By moving them, Stielstra reasoned, he was helping the magnificent trees regain lost territory.
1306:. Fires, moreover, appear to actually benefit redwoods by causing substantial mortality in competing species, while having only minor effects on redwood. Burned areas are favorable to the successful germination of redwood seeds. A study published in 2010, the first to compare post-wildfire survival and regeneration of redwood and associated species, concluded that fires of all severity increase the relative abundance of redwood, and higher-severity fires provide the greatest benefit.
262:
1591:), and the southeastern United States from eastern Texas to Maryland. It also does well in the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia), far north of its northernmost native range in southwestern Oregon. Coast redwood trees were used in a display at Rockefeller Center and then given to Longhouse Reserve in East Hampton, Long Island, New York, and these have now been living there for over twenty years and have survived at 2 Β°F (β17 Β°C).
903:, in the 1930s for experimental reasons and have since flourished. The prevailing native elevation range is 30β750 m (100β2,460 ft) above sea level, occasionally down to 0 and up to about 900 m (3,000 ft). They usually grow in the mountains where precipitation from the incoming moisture off the ocean is greater. The tallest and oldest trees are found in deep valleys and gullies, where year-round streams can flow, and fog drip is regular. The
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1429:(empty seeds) from edible seeds. Successful germination often requires a fire or flood, reducing competition for seedlings. The winged seeds are small and light, weighing 3.3β5.0 mg (200β300 seeds/g; 5,600β8,500/ounce). The wings are not effective for wide dispersal, and seeds are dispersed by wind an average of only 60β120 m (200β390 ft) from the parent tree. Seedlings are susceptible to fungal infection and predation by
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1461:, a trait that is extremely rare in conifers. When provoked by damage, dormant buds in the burls sprout new shoots and roots. Burls are also capable of sprouting into new trees when detached from the parent tree, though exactly how this happens is yet to be studied. Shoot clones commonly sprout from burls and are often turned into decorative hedges when found in suburbia.
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upwards into recently deposited sediment layers. A second root system then develops from adventitious buds on the newly buried trunk and the old root system dies. To counter lean, redwoods increase wood production on the vulnerable side, creating a supporting buttress. These adaptations create forests of almost exclusively redwood trees in flood-prone regions.
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1704:, obtaining food from green parent trees. While similar mutations occur sporadically in other conifers, no cases are known of such individuals surviving to maturity in any other conifer species. Recent research news reports that albino redwoods can store higher concentrations of toxic metals, going so far as comparing them to organs or "waste dumps".
2034:). Details of the precise locations for most of the tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding habitat. The tallest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is the National Geographic Tree, immediately trailside in the Tall Trees Grove of Redwood National Park.
1441:. Most seedlings do not survive their first three years. However, those that become established grow rapidly, with young trees known to reach 20 m (66 ft) tall in 20 years. When canopy space is not available, small trees can remain suppressed for up to 400 years before accelerating their growth rate.
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of San
Francisco, that began April 18th, 1906, we succeeded in finally stopping it in nearly all directions where the unburned buildings were almost entirely of frame construction, and if the exterior finish of these buildings had not been of redwood lumber, I am satisfied that the area of the burned
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in redwood leaves, roots, bark, and wood. Despite these chemical defenses, redwoods are still subject to insect infestations; none, however, are capable of killing a healthy tree. Bark is so thick on the bole that bark beetles cannot enter there. However, the canopy branches have thin bark (see photo
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Extensive logging of redwoods began in the early nineteenth century. The trees were felled by ax and saw onto beds of tree limbs and shrubs to cushion their fall. Stripped of their bark, the logs were transported to mills or waterways by oxen or horse. Loggers then burned the accumulated tree limbs,
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Redwoods often grow in flood-prone areas. Sediment deposits can form impermeable barriers that suffocate tree roots, and unstable soil in flooded areas often causes trees to lean to one side, increasing the risk of the wind toppling them. Immediately after a flood, redwoods grow their existing roots
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already offered "narrow strips of optimal habitat" for extending the range of coast redwood. The authors point to a topographical "bottleneck" north of the
California border that could have impeded northward migration during the Holocene. The bottleneck entails a lack of lowland passages through the
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Coast redwoods can also reproduce asexually by layering or sprouting from the root crown, stump, or even fallen branches; if a tree falls over, it generates a row of new trees along the trunk, so many trees naturally grow in a straight line. Sprouts originate from dormant or adventitious buds at or
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Redwood canopy soil forms from leaf and organic material litter shedding from upper portions of the tree, accumulating and decomposing on larger branches. These clusters of soil require a lot of hydration, but they have an incredible amount of retention once saturated. Redwoods can send roots into
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Fairly solid evidence indicates that coast redwoods were the world's largest trees before logging, with numerous historical specimens reportedly over 122 m (400 ft). The theoretical maximum potential height of coast redwoods is thought to be limited to between 122 and 130 m (400 and
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and selection harvesting. Clearcutting involved felling all the trees in a particular area. It was encouraged by tax laws that exempted all standing timber from taxation if 70% of trees in the area were harvested. Selection logging, by contrast, called for the removal 25% to 50% of mature trees in
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Coast redwood is one of the most valuable timber species in the lumbering industry. In
California, 3,640 km (899,000 acres) of redwood forest are logged, virtually all of it second growth. Though many entities have existed in the cutting and management of redwoods, perhaps none has had a more
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of primarily redwoods as redwood seedlings sprout readily in burned areas. The introduction of steam engines let crews drag logs through long skid trails to nearby railroads, furthering the reach of loggers beyond the land near rivers previously used to transport trees. This method of harvesting,
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is exacerbated by long droughts in the summer. Water stress is believed to cause the morphological changes in the leaves, stimulating reduced leaf length and increased leaf succulence. To supplement their water needs, redwoods use frequent summer fog events. Fog water is absorbed through multiple
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keep the forest consistently damp year round. Several factors, including the heavy rainfall, create a soil with fewer nutrients than the trees need, causing them to depend heavily on the entire biotic community of the forest, and making efficient recycling of dead trees especially important. This
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was documented to have a height of 120 m (390 ft) when it was uprooted and felled by a storm in 1905. A tree reportedly 129.2 m (424 ft) tall was felled in
November 1886 by the Elk River Mill and Lumber Company in Humboldt County, yielding 79,736 marketable board feet from 21
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Self-pruning of its lower limbs as height is gained is a crucial adaptation to prevent ground fires from rising into the canopy, where branch bark is thin and leaves are vulnerable. In the millions of years that predated human evolution, this level of protection worked well against natural fires
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was documented to have a height of 120 m (390 ft) and a trunk volume of at least 2,500 cubic meters (90,000 cu ft) when it was uprooted and felled by a storm in 1905. If these measurements are to be believed, the
Lindsey Creek tree was about 3 m (10 ft) taller than
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in
Humboldt Redwoods State Park at 112.84 m (370.2 ft) (as measured in 2004). Until it fell in March 1991, the "Dyerville Giant" was the record holder. It, too, stood in Humboldt Redwoods State Park and was 113.4 m (372 ft) high and estimated to be 1,600 years old. This
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In contrast to cautionary statements made by forestry professionals assessing other tree species for assisted migration, the citizens involved with the group known as
PropagationNation had met with little controversy until in 2023 a national news outlet published a lengthy article that cast a
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in an estimated 810,000 ha (2,000,000 acres) along much of coastal
California (excluding southern California where rainfall is not sufficient) and the southwestern corner of coastal Oregon within the United States. Being the tallest tree species, with a small range and an extremely long
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all natural and human-caused fires, even in parks and wilderness areas, amplified the accumulation of dense undergrowth and woody debris. Thus, even a naturally occurring ground fire could threaten to spread upwards and become a canopy fire spreading uncontrollably over a widening area.
1486:(1863β2008) of Humboldt County, California, where it owned and managed over 810 km (200,000 acres) of forests, primarily redwood. Coast redwood lumber is highly valued for its beauty, light weight, and resistance to decay. Its lack of resin makes it absorb water and resist fire.
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The oldest known coast redwood is about 2,200 years old; many others in the wild exceed 600 years. The numerous claims of older redwoods are incorrect. Because of their seemingly timeless lifespans, coast redwoods were deemed the "everlasting redwood" at the turn of the century; in
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The ability of Coast
Redwood to live for more than a thousand years, along with its unusual capacity to resprout from its root crown when felled by natural or human causes, have earned this species the label of "carbon-sequestration champion." Its potential to contribute toward
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In response to forest fires, the trees have developed various adaptations. The thick, fibrous bark of coast redwoods is extremely fire-resistant; it grows to at least a foot thick and protects mature trees from fire damage. In addition, the redwoods contain little flammable
3246:"Photography on the Run: Calflora/Google Maps image of coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) distribution in California. The southernmost naturally-occurring coast redwoods are in Monterey County, in the Southern Redwood Botanical Area of Los Padres National Forest"
1094:, professionals were united against large-scale plantings of California redwoods into the Pacific Northwest. The next month, January 2024, carried a regional news article that, once again, showed strong support as well as bold statements by the group's founder.
2020:
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A tree reportedly 114.3 m (375 ft) in length was felled in Sonoma County by the Murphy Brothers saw mill in the 1870s, another claimed to be 115.8 m (380 ft) and 7.9 m (26 ft) in diameter was cut down near Eureka in 1914, and the
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The largest known living coast redwood is Grogan's Fault, discovered in 2014 by Chris Atkins and Mario Vaden in Redwood National Park, with a main trunk volume of at least 1,084.5 cubic meters (38,299 cu ft) Other high-volume coast redwoods include
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form in the xylem preventing the transport of water and nutrients. Fog may also collect on redwood leaves, drip to the forest floor, and be absorbed by the tree's roots. This fog drip may form 30% of the total water used by a tree in a year.
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in South Africa, the Knysna Afromontane forests in the Western Cape, Grootvadersbosch Forest Reserve near Swellendam, South Africa and the Tokai Arboretum on the slopes of Table Mountain above Cape Town, a small area in central Mexico
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Details of the precise locations for most of the tallest trees were not announced to the general public for fear of causing damage to the trees and the surrounding habitat. The largest coast redwood easily accessible to the public is
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The coast redwood normally reaches a height of 60 to 100 m (200 to 330 ft), but will be more than 110 m (360 ft) in extraordinary circumstances, with a trunk diameter of 9 m (30 ft). Historically, the
1575:. Redwood has been grown in New Zealand plantations for more than 100 years, and those planted in New Zealand have higher growth rates than those in California, mainly because of even rainfall distribution through the year.
5194:"text report and photograph of premier redwood canopy scientist Dr. Stephen C. Sillett from Humboldt State University while measuring the National Geographic Tree ("Nugget") immediately adjacent to the Tall Trees Trail"
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Not wanting to cause ecological problems by planting the trees across the Pacific Northwest, Stielstra would eventually contact one of the foremost experts on the coast redwood, a botanist and forest ecologist named
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Coast redwoods occupy a narrow strip of land approximately 750 km (470 mi) in length and 8β75 km (5β47 mi) in width along the Pacific coast of North America; the most southerly native grove is in
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the hopes that the remaining trees would allow for future growth and reseeding. This method, however, encouraged growth of other tree species, converting redwood forests into mixed forests of redwood, grand fir,
878:(baldcypress) of the southeastern USA. Unlike coast redwood, baldcypress loses its leaves in winter. The common name "redwood", applied to both the coast redwood and the giant redwood, is a reference to the red
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Heights of the tallest coast redwoods are measured yearly by experts. Even with recent discoveries of tall coast redwoods above 100 m (330 ft), it is likely that no taller trees will be discovered.
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to the leaves becomes increasingly difficult due to gravity. Despite the high rainfall that the region receives (up to 100 cm), the leaves in the upper canopy are perpetually stressed for water. This
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of coastal fog accounts for a considerable part of the trees' water needs. Fog in the 21st century is, however, reduced from what it was in the prior century, which is a problem that may be compounded by
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that commonly appears on a redwood tree below the soil line, though usually within 3 m (10 ft) in depth from the soil surface. Coast redwoods develop burls as seedlings from the axils of their
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throughout California. Many of the old ties have been recycled for use in gardens as borders, steps, house beams, etc. Redwood burls are used in the production of table tops, veneers, and turned goods.
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component long ago." As to previous redwood range to the north, an upright fossil stump of a coast redwood on a beach in central Oregon was documented 257 km north of the current range.
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Ishii, H. T.; Jennings, Gregory M.; Sillett, Stephen C.; Koch, George W. (July 2008). "Hydrostatic constraints on morphological exploitation of light in tall Sequoia sempervirens trees".
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The Crannell Creek Giant was documented to have a trunk volume of at least 1,744 m (61,573 cu ft) – about 32% larger than Grogan's Fault and 17% larger than
8450:
2264:, and is subject to error for various reasons. This is partly due to technical difficulties in measurement, and variations in the shape of trees and their trunks. Measurements of trunk
852:(in which two species hybridize and give rise to a third) among the three genera. However, the long evolutionary history of the three genera (the earliest fossil remains being from the
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is insufficient to transport water to leaves beyond this range. Further studies have indicated that this maximum requires fog, which is prevalent in these trees' natural environment.
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Even before the controversy developed in Washington state, professionals in Canada were documenting horticultural plantings of the California species already in place in southwestern
2902:
Yang, Z.Y.; Ran, J.H.; Wang, X.Q. (2012). "Three Genome-based Phylogeny of Cupressaceae s.l: Further Evidence for the Evolution of Gymnosperms and Southern Hemisphere Biogeography".
581: in) long on shoots in full sun in the upper crown of older trees, with a full range of transition between the two extremes. They are dark green above and have two blue-white
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3272:"Assessing impacts of climate change on species range shifts and extirpation on the local scale through Late Pleistocene fossils of Sequoia sempervirens in the Los Angeles Basin"
1236:. Coast redwoods also absorb water directly through their bark. The uptake of water through leaves and bark repairs and reduces the severity of xylem embolisms, which occur when
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899:, and the most northerly groves are in extreme southwestern Oregon. The aforementioned qualification of "native" is because the species was introduced to various locations in
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1658:, reportedly measured 130.1 m (427 ft) in length, and 23.5 m (77 ft) in girth. However, limited evidence corroborates these historical measurements.
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populations from which they harvested acorns, to maintain forest openings, and to boost populations of useful plant species such as those for medicine or basketmaking.
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geologic period. In recent geologic time there have been considerable shifts in the coast redwood's range in North America. Coast redwood bark has been found in the
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911:. The trees above the fog layer, above about 700 m (2,300 ft), are shorter and smaller due to the drier, windier, and colder conditions. In addition,
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Ahuja, MR; Neale, DB (2002). "Origins of Polyploidy in Coast Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Relationship of Coast Redwood to other Genera of Taxodiaceae".
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can be very thick, up to 35 cm (1.15 ft), and quite soft and fibrous, with a bright red-brown color when freshly exposed (hence the name redwood),
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This fast-growing tree can be grown as an ornamental specimen in those large parks and gardens that can accommodate its massive size. It has gained the
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were disallowed β even in the few places where the first peoples were permitted to continue living. Flammable brush and young trees thus accumulated.
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1700:. About 230 examples (including growths and sprouts) are known to exist, reaching heights of up to 20 m (66 ft). These trees survive like
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A description of the genus Pinus :illustrated with figures, directions relative to the cultivation, and remarks on the uses of the several species
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1024:. The authors of a 2022 paper suggest, "Were it not for the remarkable ability to sprout after fire, many southern forests may have lost their
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bands below. Leaf arrangement is spiral, but the larger shade leaves are twisted at the base to lie in a flat plane for maximum light capture.
1101:. In 2022 a Canadian Forestry Service publication used northward horticultural plantings, along with a review of research detailing redwood's
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1547:, and western hemlock. After World War II, trucks and tractors gradually replaced steam engines, giving rise to two harvesting approaches:
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1421:. Seed production begins at 10β15 years of age. Cones develop in the winter and mature by fall. In the early stages, the cones look like
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The native area provides a unique environment with heavy seasonal rains up to 2,500 mm (100 in) annually. Cool coastal air and
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lifespan, many redwoods are preserved in various state and national parks; many of the largest specimens have their own official names.
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1340:. In addition to the customary sprouting of massive numbers of vertical shoots growing at ground-level around the charred trunks, thick
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3974:"The hydrostatic gradient, not light availability drives height-related variation in Sequoia sempervirens (Cupressaceae) leaf anatomy"
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2280:, which stands prominently about 5 meters (16 ft) to the southeast of the Foothill Trail of Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park.
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The ancient range of the genus is considerably greater, with relatives of the coast redwood living in Europe and Asia prior to the
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However, Yang and colleagues in 2010 queried the polyploid state of the redwood and speculate that it may have arisen as an ancient
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668: in) wide. The seeds are released when the cone scales dry and open at maturity. The pollen cones are ovular and 4β6 mm (
4160:"Stem hydraulic properties and xylem vulnerability to embolism in three co-occurring Mediterranean shrubs at a natural CO2 spring"
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greenery appears high up on some of the fire-pruned redwoods. (Photos were taken along the old growth loop trail, September 2022.)
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Today, trees over 60 m (200 ft) are common, and many are over 90 m (300 ft). The current tallest tree is the
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1665:, measuring 115.61 m (379.3 ft). The tree was discovered in Redwood National Park during mid-2006 by Chris Atkins and
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however, disturbed large amounts of soil, producing secondary-growth forests of species other than redwood such as Douglas-fir,
777:. Molecular studies have shown that the three are each other's closest relatives, generally with the redwood and giant sequoia (
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often crowd out redwoods at these elevations. Few redwoods grow close to the ocean, due to intense salt spray, sand, and wind.
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3941:"The contribution of fog to the water relations of Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don): foliar uptake and prevention of dehydration"
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Coast redwoods are resistant to insect attack, fungal infection, and rot. These properties are conferred by concentrations of
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3897:"Pushing the limits to tree height: Could foliar water storage compensate for hydraulic constraints in sequoia sempervirens?"
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5218:. Washington, DC: National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on 2015-03-15
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May, Michael R.; Provance, Mitchell C.; Sanders, Andrew C.; Ellstrand, Norman C.; Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey (23 December 2009).
2350:, also known as the Grandfather, is the last remaining old-growth coastal redwood of the redwood forest that populated the
561:β1 in) long and flat on young trees and shaded lower branches in older trees. The leaves are scalelike, 5β10 mm (
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Earles, J. M.; Sperling, O.; Silva, L. C. R.; McElrone, A. J.; Brodersen, C. R.; North, M. P.; Zwieniecki, M. A. (2015).
3575:"Why we disagree about assisted migration: Ethical implications of a key debate regarding the future of Canada's forests"
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When the first humans arrived in North America, redwoods thrived in regions where ground fires were intentionally set by
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2011:
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people, who occupied the region before European settlement, regularly burned ground cover in redwood forests to bolster
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means "ever green" or "everlasting". Redwoods must endure various environmental disturbances to attain such great ages.
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exclusively reported criticism from professionals in the region and nationally: While beginning to favor experiments in
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The species name "sempervirens" means "evergreen", thought to be because of its previous placement in the same genus as
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Harris, S. A. (1989). "Relationship of convection fog to characteristics of the vegetation of Redwood National Park".
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1020:, showing that 25,000β40,000 years before the present redwood trees grew as far south as the Los Angeles during the
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5331:"Crannell Creek Giant Coast Redwood. Lindsey Creek Giant Redwood. Largest Sequoia sempervirens Ever Recorded"
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4540:. Berkeley, California: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley. Archived from
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Stone, Edward C.; Vasey, Richard B. (January 12, 1968). "Preservation of Coast Redwoods on Alluvial Flats".
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Hyperion, the current tallest tree, 213% larger than Grogan's Fault, and 171% larger than General Sherman.
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The northern boundary of its range is marked by two groves on mountain slopes along the north side of the
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2620:. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. 31 January 1978. p. 266
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Other areas of successful cultivation outside of the native range include Great Britain, Italy, France,
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at right) that native bark beetles are able to bore into for egg-laying and larval growth via tunnels.
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is closely tied to fog availability; taller trees become less frequent as fog becomes less frequent. As
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4073:"Fog interception by Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) crowns decouples physiology from soil water deficit"
3846:"Physiological consequences of height-related morphological variation in Sequoia sempervirens foliage"
8076:
7846:
7657:
7343:
7335:
7307:
7287:
7227:
7117:
6968:
6888:
6830:
6760:
6461:
6358:
6314:
6294:
6284:
6177:
6055:
6025:
5916:
5856:
5846:
5836:
5703:
4421:
4205:
4029:
3908:
3761:
3707:
3384:
3321:
3283:
3093:
2911:
2822:
2268:
are taken at only a few predetermined heights up the trunk, and assume that the trunk is circular in
1588:
1373:
1058:
849:
442:
7884:
3511:
3165:
2532:
1358:
on a seasonal basis. However, when peoples arrived from other continents in the past few centuries,
860:
originated once and for all a difficult matterβespecially since it in part depends on an incomplete
261:
8123:
7724:
7474:
7451:
7297:
7267:
7237:
7217:
7097:
7038:
7008:
6938:
6928:
6878:
6840:
6810:
6441:
6411:
6101:
5946:
5866:
5816:
4858:
4796:
4453:
2358:
2357:
One of the largest redwood stumps ever found, measuring 9.4 m (31 ft) in diameter, is in
1274:
825:
65:
8128:
8040:
3059:
2454:
8382:
8224:
8164:
7714:
7704:
7421:
7197:
7187:
7167:
7157:
7048:
7028:
6800:
6790:
6780:
6727:
6511:
6481:
6471:
6045:
5906:
5876:
5531:
5288:
4920:
4622:
4354:
4221:
4053:
3805:"Safety and efficiency conflicts in hydraulic architecture: scaling from tissues to trees. Plant"
3785:
3731:
3447:
3271:
2407:
2340:
2326:
1969:
1842:
1670:
1655:
1646:
1638:
1229:
1111:
1075:
1054:
966:
at the approximate coordinates 42Β°07'36"N 124Β°12'17"W. The southern boundary of its range is the
874:
820:
in the tree generated with the NLY gene. Further analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that
517:
with diameter of 9.9 metres (32 ft) at breast height. This tree's girth is rivalled by the "
115:
3698:
Koch, G. W.; Sillett, S. C.; Jennings, G. M.; Davis, S. D. (2004). "The limits to tree height".
3082:"Climatic context and ecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood region"
2733:
1417:
Coast redwood reproduces both sexually by seed and asexually by sprouting of buds, layering, or
8335:
7988:
4879:
3215:
2946:
1669:, and is thought to be the world's tallest living organism. The previous record holder was the
886:
alone include "California redwood", "coastal redwood", "coastal sequoia", and "coast redwood".
624:
is in late winter with maturation about 8β9 months after. Each cone scale bears three to seven
8278:
8110:
7833:
7127:
6988:
6958:
6898:
6196:
5936:
5896:
5806:
5439:
5230:
5096:
4900:
4833:
4640:
4614:
4333:
4323:
4287:
4277:
4229:
4140:
4094:
4045:
3995:
3870:
3826:
3777:
3723:
3653:
3349:
3121:
3042:
2952:
2927:
2850:
2615:
2588:
1278:
1164:
1102:
1050:
955:
805:
746:
4981:"Does size matter? John Driscoll/The Times-Standard, Eureka, California. September 8th, 2006"
3560:"One man's mission to save the California redwoods by bringing them to the Pacific Northwest"
2518:
1195:. Redwood forests provide habitat for a variety of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles.
8115:
7441:
7411:
6998:
6948:
6918:
6850:
6770:
5665:
5330:
4606:
4468:
4429:
4213:
4171:
4130:
4084:
4037:
3985:
3952:
3916:
3860:
3816:
3769:
3715:
3586:
3439:
3402:
3392:
3339:
3329:
3111:
3101:
2919:
2840:
2830:
2449:
2322:
1553:
1539:
1531:
1514:
1204:
1106:
1098:
1017:
939:
900:
787:
318:
8014:
3844:
Mullen, L. P.; Sillett, S. C.; Koch, G. W.; Antonie, K. P.; Antoine, M. E. (May 29, 2009).
3004:
1469:
1385:
481:
on its own refers to the species covered in this article but not to the other two species.
8097:
7549:
7087:
6069:
5969:
5506:
5460:
5358:
4775:
4452:
Lake, F. K., Wright, V., Morgan, P., McFadzen, M., McWethy D., Stevens-Rumann, C. (2017).
3608:"As tree species face decline, 'assisted migration' gains popularity in Pacific Northwest"
2402:
2295:
2277:
2134:
2101:
2024:
1765:
1701:
1679:
1409:
1401:
1341:
1224:
1219:
1176:
1168:
764:
751:
397:
208:
5604:
5418:
2260:
Calculating the volume of a standing tree is the practical equivalent of calculating the
1257:
A recently fallen canopy branch reveals thin bark and tunnels made by bark beetle larvae.
8151:
7897:
5545:
4425:
4209:
4033:
3912:
3765:
3711:
3388:
3325:
3287:
3097:
2915:
2826:
2499:
525:
with a diameter of 9.8 metres (32 ft) at 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) from the ground.
445:. Before commercial logging and clearing began by the 1850s, this massive tree occurred
8146:
7573:
6535:
6115:
5926:
5598:
4317:
3344:
3309:
3116:
3081:
2318:
1689:
1626:
1507:
1192:
929:
532:, with horizontal to slightly drooping branches. The trunk is remarkably straight. The
529:
467:
446:
145:
57:
45:
4501:
2845:
2810:
8404:
8009:
7671:
7602:
7488:
7431:
6329:
6243:
6138:
5731:
5722:
4648:
4626:
4159:
4089:
4072:
3957:
3940:
3821:
3804:
2440:
2351:
2265:
2030:
Diameter is measured at 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) above average ground level (
1662:
1544:
1503:
1303:
533:
510:
491:
85:
4057:
3789:
3735:
3451:
3245:
2980:
2886:
2869:
2811:"Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA are Paternally Inherited in Sequoia sempervirens"
2698:
2431:
773:
The redwood is one of three living species, each in its own genus, in the subfamily
8387:
8283:
8229:
7838:
7639:
7516:
6205:
5774:
5655:
3627:"Do redwood trees have a place in the future of WA's forests? They're already here"
2617:
Hearings, Reports and Prints of the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
2481:
https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.140518/Sequoia_sempervirens
2347:
2167:
2019:
1683:
1548:
1434:
1365:
1115:
1021:
951:
797:
774:
704:
593:
545:
458:
402:
270:
198:
8270:
7802:
4119:"Bark water uptake promotes localized hydraulic recovery in coastal redwood crown"
2777:
The Redwood Forest : History, Ecology, and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods
1135:
836:. Thus, Yang and colleagues hypothesize that the inconsistent relationships among
306:
Redwood cone scales begin to open mid November, with seeds dispersing by the wind.
8256:
8190:
4980:
4217:
3397:
3368:
3334:
8053:
8035:
7957:
7782:
7648:
7525:
7379:
7356:
6092:
3895:
Ishii, H. T.; Azuma, Wakana; Kuroda, Keiko; Sillett, Stephen C. (May 26, 2014).
3641:
2923:
2554:"Redwood National & State Parks Redwood burl poaching background and update"
1697:
1630:
1579:
1502:
Because of its impressive resistance to decay, redwood was extensively used for
1430:
1266:
1200:
1091:
912:
792:
708:
621:
473:
406:
188:
5512:
4590:
3407:
3191:
3009:(California Redwood, Coastal Redwood, Coastal Sequoia, Coast Redwood, Redwood)"
6275:
6006:
5674:
5623:
5574:
5555:
5519:
4854:"Climate explains why West Coast trees are much taller than those in the East"
4610:
3865:
3773:
3140:
2985:. Washington, D.C.: Division of Publications National Park Service. p. 19
1556:, and western hemlock. Moreover, the trees left standing were often felled by
1489:
P. H. Shaughnessy, Chief Engineer of the San Francisco Fire Department wrote:
1453:
1418:
1237:
1196:
1013:
958:, near the CaliforniaβOregon border. The northernmost grove is located within
907:
also made it harder for loggers to get to the trees and to get them out after
700:
589:
537:
494:
426:
158:
19:"California Redwoods" redirects here. For the professional lacrosse team, see
7773:
4618:
4337:
4291:
1682:, with a main trunk volume of 1,033 m (36,470 cu ft), and the
1118:, coupled with the absence of coastal landscapes beyond storm salt-spray and
1053:, led to the formation of a citizen group in Seattle, Washington undertaking
433:
on Earth, reaching up to 115.9 m (380.1 ft) in height (without the
7892:
7859:
7465:
6741:
6402:
5797:
5527:
4274:
The Redwood Forest: History, Ecology, and Conservation of the Coast Redwoods
3921:
3896:
3106:
2835:
1621:
1557:
1458:
1262:
879:
724:
696:
498:
422:
248:
8374:
8203:
5588:
4472:
4233:
4144:
4098:
4049:
4015:"Fog in the California redwood forest: Ecosystem inputs and used by plants"
3999:
3972:
Oldham, A. R.; Sillett, S. C.; Tomescu, A. M. F.; Koch, G. W. (July 2010).
3874:
3830:
3781:
3727:
3353:
3141:"CTL 9G - Coast Redwoods at Chetco River Oregon (VIDEO of 2019 site visit)"
3125:
2931:
2854:
1228:
pathways. Leaves directly take in fog from the surrounding air through the
294:
8102:
5556:
One Manβs Mission to Revive the Last Redwood Forests | Short Film Showcase
5436:
The Redwood Forest: history, ecology and conservation of the Coast Redwood
5250:
4960:"Fort Worth Daily Gazette, Fort Worth, Texas. December 9th, 1886 β Page 2"
4949:
Redwood Lumber Industry, Lynwood Carranco. Golden West Books, 1982. p. 21.
4502:"A century of fire suppression is worsening wildfires and hurting forests"
4158:
Tognetti, R. A.; Longobucco, Anna; Rashi, Antonio; Jones, Mike B. (2001).
4041:
1049:, as well as its demonstrated ability to thrive in coastal regions of the
986:, just north of the national forest's Salmon Creek trailhead and near the
8369:
8250:
8198:
7767:
7695:
7611:
6718:
5983:
5474:
5468:
5464:
5316:
4707:
4434:
4409:
3443:
2665:
1438:
1159:
853:
733:
692:
509:(1812-1897) described in 1893 the hollow shell of a coast redwood in the
5594:
5302:
4454:"Returning Fire to the Land: Celebrating Traditional Knowledge and Fire"
3990:
3973:
3719:
3591:
3574:
1610:
8296:
7936:
5960:
4410:"The role of fire in the competitive dynamics of coast redwood forests"
4225:
3310:"A Pleistocene Clone of Palmer's Oak Persisting in Southern California"
1572:
1413:
View upward from the center of an old, logged stump (Freshwater Creek).
1119:
979:
908:
904:
389:
178:
168:
4135:
4118:
982:
area of Monterey County, California. The southernmost grove is in the
7962:
7810:
5485:
5479:
5456:
2261:
1693:
1686:, with a main trunk volume of 988.7 m (34,914 cu ft).
1474:
1422:
1188:
1172:
1105:
and current range conditions, as grounds for proposing that Canada's
920:
861:
7744:
5515:
Photos for largest and tallest Coast Redwoods and other information.
5274:
4175:
2951:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 22.
5490:
8322:
7975:
7864:
7402:
5289:"February 2021 Docent Meeting_Redwoods 101 w/ Zane Moore on Vimeo"
5174:"Mystery Of White Trees Among California's Redwoods May Be Solved"
4538:
UC Berkeley β Biology 1B β Plants & Their Environments (p. 13)
2287:
2018:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1527:
1513:
1468:
1426:
1408:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1286:
1252:
1233:
1149:
1134:
1122:
inundation β for which this conifer species is highly intolerant.
1035:
1009:, with the overall majority located in the large Humboldt County.
934:
801:
582:
393:
301:
293:
132:
4071:
Simonin, K. A.; Santiago, Louis S.; Dawson, Todd E. (July 2009).
429:
tree living 1,200β2,200 years or more. This species includes the
7851:
5552:. This is a short film about the Coastal Redwoods of California.
3369:"Rangewide climatic sensitivities and non-timber values of tall
1449:
1184:
1180:
916:
625:
541:
434:
7748:
5627:
4589:
Russell, Will; Lambert, Zuhayl; Woolhouse, Suzie (2019-06-05).
5493:
Non-profit organization: education, protection and restoration
5178:
5117:"Cotati residents, scientists scramble to save albino redwood"
2425:
2423:
1277:
are reported to consume the inner bark of small redwoods, and
1139:
377:
362:
336:
4776:"RHS Plant Selector Sequoia sempervirens AGM / RHS Gardening"
4685:
1522:
passing through a cut-out in a fallen California redwood tree
5520:"Science on the SPOT: Albino redwoods, ghosts of the forest"
5496:
4832:. Global Forest Society and University of Washington Press.
2874:. Vol. 2. London, United Kingdom: J. White. p. 24.
2533:"Sequoia gigantea is of an ancient and distinguished family"
1199:
redwood stands provide habitat for the federally threatened
763:. It is unknown how Endlicher derived the name Sequoia. See
1368:
further hampered a return to a fire-resistant tall canopy.
1090:
of more southerly genetics of the main native timber tree,
1040:
Coast redwood (2016 photo) planted in Seabeck, WA, in 1949.
371:
353:
342:
324:
1154:
Cross section of a Sequoia sempervirens showing tree rings
5319:. California State Parks Office of Historic Preservation.
2891:. Vol. 1847. St. Gallen: Scheitlin & Zollikofer.
790:
between ancestors of the giant sequoia and dawn redwood (
5136:"It's no snow job: handful of redwoods are rare albinos"
4686:"Kia Ora β Welcome to The Redwoods Whakarewarewa Forest"
2692:
2690:
993:
The largest and tallest populations are in California's
5567:"Redwood Forests β Lumber Felling & Milling 1940's"
4755:
2479:, Redwood. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available
4675:
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection.
2336:, the current largest tree. It was felled around 1945.
2325:
by sailors to avoid the treacherous Blossom Rock near
5160:"Ghost Redwoods: Solving the Albino Redwoods Mystery"
2354:. The tree was seeded sometime between 1549 and 1554.
620: in) long, with 15β25 spirally arranged scales;
380:
350:
347:
333:
330:
321:
4802:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 96
3642:"Potential for Assisted Migration of Coast Redwood (
3367:
Sillett, Stephen C; et al. (15 December 2022).
3192:"The Redwood Nature Trail, Siskiyou National Forest"
592:, with pollen and seed cones on the same plant. The
374:
368:
359:
8240:
7757:
7694:
7670:
7647:
7637:
7610:
7600:
7572:
7548:
7524:
7514:
7487:
7464:
7401:
7378:
7355:
7334:
6863:
6749:
6740:
6717:
6534:
6401:
6328:
6274:
6251:
6241:
6204:
6194:
6137:
6114:
6091:
6068:
6005:
5982:
5959:
5796:
5773:
5730:
5720:
5673:
5663:
4962:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. 1886-12-09. p. 2
4671:
A Review of Redwood Harvesting: Another Look β 1990
4408:Ramage, B.S.; OΚΌHara, K.L.; Caldwell, B.T. (2010).
3080:Johnstone, James A; Dawson, Todd E (9 March 2010).
2982:
Redwood: Official National and State Parks Handbook
1560:; that is, they were often blown over by the wind.
816:in the tree generated using the LFY gene, but with
365:
356:
327:
5251:"Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) description"
3467:"Intentional forests: Growing Hope for the Future"
2498:
759:, giving the redwood its current binomial name of
3512:"California Redwoods Thrive in Pacific Northwest"
3486:"Coast Redwoods Thriving at Washington Tree Farm"
2868:Don, David (1824). Lambert, Aylmer Bourke (ed.).
2317:were two especially tall sequoias located in the
1142:is of major importance in coast redwood ecology.
5562:by National Geographic. Published on 28 May 2016
3558:Opong, Diana; Anderson, Hans (9 November 2023).
3541:"Can We Save the Redwoods by Helping Them Move?"
2775:Save-the-Redwoods League, Noss, Reed L. (2013).
1179:, and other trees, along with a wide variety of
8451:Natural history of Del Norte County, California
5355:"The Most Massive Tree | Zilkha Biomass Energy"
4591:"Old-Growth Characteristics on a Coast Redwood,
4376:
4374:
3640:Winder, Richard S; et al. (October 2022).
3013:North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox
2815:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1057:of this species hundreds of miles north of its
856:) make resolving the specifics of when and how
8456:Natural history of Humboldt County, California
8446:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
4519:. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
3471:International Dendrology Society Yearbook 2021
2809:Neale, DB; Marshall, KA; Sederoff, RR (1989).
2584:California, an Environmental Atlas & Guide
551:The leaves are variable, being 15β25 mm (
544:system is composed of shallow, wide-spreading
5639:
3803:Sperry, J. S.; Meinzer; McCulloh (May 2008).
3573:Aubin, Isabelle; et al. (January 2011).
3484:PropagationNation staff (27 September 2023).
3465:Antoine, Marie E; Sillett, Stephen C (2022).
3216:"Coast Redwood : Los Padres ForestWatch"
2659:
2657:
2655:
2455:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34051A2841558.en
1674:fallen giant has been preserved in the park.
1538:shrubs, and bark. The repeated fires favored
8:
8441:Trees of the West Coast of the United States
5400:"Hidden Redwood is Remnant of Forest Giants"
4897:Forest giants of the world: past and present
4736:. European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy
4485:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3539:Velasquez-Manoff, Moises (25 October 2023).
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
4447:
4445:
3693:
3691:
3534:
3532:
1273:Redwoods also face herbivory from mammals:
1218:' height increases, transporting water via
658: in) broad, with two wings 1 mm (
339:
7745:
7644:
7607:
7521:
6746:
6248:
6201:
5727:
5670:
5646:
5632:
5624:
5591:Humboldt Redwoods Interpretive Association
5275:"5 Largest and Tallest Trees in the World"
5205:
5203:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
2581:Kreissman, Bern; Lekisch, Barbara (1991).
2048:
1721:
1498:district would have been greatly extended.
695:makeup is unusual among conifers, being a
260:
96:
74:
44:
33:
5595:Preston, Richard. "Climbing the Redwoods"
5381:"The 'Grandfather' of Oakland's redwoods"
4433:
4134:
4088:
3989:
3956:
3939:Burgess, S. S. O.; Dawson, T. E. (2004).
3920:
3864:
3820:
3590:
3422:Gavin, Daniel G; et al. (May 2013).
3406:
3396:
3343:
3333:
3115:
3105:
3039:Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys
2844:
2834:
2453:
882:of the trees. Common names that refer to
23:. For the defunct UFL football team, see
4517:World fire: The culture of fire on Earth
3424:"Potential Late-Holocene Disjunction of
954:, which is on the western fringe of the
6079:
5095:. Sequoia Natural History Association.
4267:
4265:
4263:
2419:
1477:redwood, from the Pacific Bonsai Museum
437:) and up to 8.9 m (29 ft) in
7583:
6705:
6695:
6685:
6675:
6665:
6655:
6645:
6635:
6625:
6615:
6605:
6595:
6585:
6575:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6125:
5513:Coast Redwoods β Largest & Tallest
5379:Herron Zamora, Jim (August 14, 2006).
5228:
5032:"A Giant Redwood for the World's Fair"
4664:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4478:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4164:Australian Journal of Plant Physiology
3170:Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)
1987:Montgomery Woods State Natural Reserve
1065:favorable light on their efforts. The
946:, 1872, Oil on paper mounted on canvas
269:Natural range of California subfamily
8416:NatureServe apparently secure species
7681:
7498:
6389:
6379:
6369:
6359:
6349:
6339:
6178:
6168:
6158:
6148:
5761:
5751:
5741:
5571:YouTube video from Historia β Bel99TV
5546:Redwood Timelapse California Redwoods
4349:
4347:
4316:Becking, Rudolf Willem (1982-01-01).
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4112:
4110:
4108:
3934:
3932:
3747:
3745:
3270:George, J.; MacDonald, G. M. (2017).
2948:Introduction to California Plant Life
2904:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2732:William P. Gibbons (August 1, 1893).
2713:from the original on 14 December 2023
2042:The following list shows the largest
1336:that burned as high as the canopy in
783:) as each other's closest relatives.
7:
8217:7eef6dbe-3e4e-46ba-b657-f61abb58d842
8077:280c5830-f56e-4682-888e-8bff3e3c803e
7875:62fc1aa8-5072-4e13-87ab-acbbf173187c
6262:
6225:
6215:
5784:
5601:article about redwoods and climbing.
4899:. Ontario: Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
4595:(D. Don Endl.) Pygmy Forest Ecotone"
3650:Canadian Forest Service Publications
2697:Watson, Frank D. (5 November 2023).
2519:participating institution membership
1650:cuts. In 1893, a Redwood cut at the
1351:originating from lightning strikes.
7658:
7535:
7389:
7366:
6102:
5303:"Hail Storm Tree - Famous Redwoods"
5091:Wendell D. Flint (1 January 2002).
3606:Gilles, Nathan (28 December 2023).
3019:from the original on 19 August 2023
2664:Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018).
2441:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2393:Northern California coastal forests
796:). Using two different single copy
8426:Endemic flora of the United States
7344:
6315:
6305:
6295:
6285:
6056:
6046:
6036:
6026:
6016:
5704:
5694:
5684:
4830:Forest Giants of the Pacific Coast
4645:A Natural History of Western Trees
4355:"The Redwoods of Coast and Sierra"
4319:Pocket flora of the redwood forest
4013:Dawson, T. E. (1 September 1998).
3139:Barlow, Connie (6 November 2019).
2747:(8). Berkeley, California: 161β166
2734:"The Redwood in the Oakland Hills"
2222:Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park
2191:Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park
2125:Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park
1448:Redwoods may also reproduce using
1281:are known to eat redwood sprouts.
457:sometimes refers to the subfamily
14:
7475:
7318:
7308:
7298:
7288:
7278:
7268:
7258:
7248:
7238:
7228:
7218:
7208:
7198:
7188:
7178:
7168:
7158:
7148:
7138:
7128:
7118:
7108:
7098:
7088:
7078:
7059:
7049:
7039:
7029:
7019:
7009:
6999:
6989:
6979:
6969:
6959:
6949:
6939:
6929:
6919:
6909:
6899:
6889:
6879:
6851:
6841:
6831:
6821:
6811:
6801:
6791:
6781:
6771:
6761:
6522:
6512:
6502:
6492:
6482:
6472:
6462:
6452:
6442:
6432:
6422:
6412:
5947:
5937:
5927:
5917:
5907:
5897:
5887:
5877:
5867:
5857:
5847:
5837:
5827:
5817:
5807:
5589:Humboldt Redwoods State Park (CA)
5438:. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
4710:. The New Zealand Redwood Company
4500:Schechter, David (13 July 2023).
4387:Fire Effects Information System,
2253:Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park
2158:Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park
441:. These trees are also among the
8486:Redwood National and State Parks
8466:Extant Miocene first appearances
8411:IUCN Red List endangered species
8362:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263779-1
8178:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:263741-1
7725:
7715:
7705:
7621:
6728:
5993:
4090:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01967.x
3958:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2004.01207.x
3822:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01765.x
3625:Zhou, Amanda (21 January 2024).
3226:from the original on 29 May 2017
3172:. U.S. Department of Agriculture
2587:. Bear Klaw Press. p. 104.
2363:Roberts Regional Recreation Area
1322:
1313:
995:Redwood National and State Parks
743:A description of the genus Pinus
648: in) long and 0.5 mm (
317:
119:
7559:
5970:
5534:from the original on 2021-11-07
4884:. Munn and Company. 1877-01-01.
4881:Scientific American: Supplement
3166:"SPECIES: Sequoia sempervirens"
2779:. Island Press. pp. 56β58.
2430:Farjon, A.; Schmid, R. (2013).
1582:, middle elevations of Hawaii,
984:Southern Redwood Botanical Area
477:(dawn redwood). Here, the term
8506:Garden plants of North America
8496:Trees of mild maritime climate
5398:Fimrite, Peter (May 8, 2013).
5210:National Park Service (1997).
3041:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
3015:. Greensboro, North Carolina.
1203:and the California-endangered
528:Coast redwoods have a conical
503:California Academy of Sciences
1:
8481:Neogene life of North America
8461:Pacific temperate rainforests
7452:
7442:
7432:
7422:
7412:
5457:Institute for Redwood Ecology
5417:Slack, Gordy (July 1, 2004).
4383:"Sequoia sempervirens (1992)"
4123:Plant, Cell & Environment
3809:Plant, Cell & Environment
3377:Forest Ecology and Management
2398:Pacific temperate rainforests
2361:, the Berkeley Hills, in the
2315:Blossom Rock Navigation Trees
1405:Basal regrowth after logging.
1338:Big Basin Redwoods State Park
1088:assisted population migration
443:longest-living trees on Earth
5573:. 2013-02-02. Archived from
5505:sensors installation by Dr.
5486:Muir Woods National Monument
5357:. 2011-07-04. Archived from
5134:Stienstra, T. (2007-10-11).
4668:Lowell, Phillip G. (1990).
4531:"Botanical Garden Logistics"
4218:10.1126/science.159.3811.157
3428:on the Central Oregon Coast"
3398:10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120573
3335:10.1371/journal.pone.0008346
2483:. Accessed 11 November 2021.
2046:by volume known as of 2001.
2012:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
1960:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
1935:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
1860:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
1397:Lignotuber, Roosevelt Grove.
1389:Lignotuber actively budding.
1249:Pest and pathogen resistance
1007:Humboldt Redwoods State Park
5006:Mining and Scientific Press
4077:Plant, Cell and Environment
3945:Plant, Cell and Environment
2924:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.004
2885:Endlicher, Stephan (1847).
2493:Sunset Western Garden Book,
2262:volume of an irregular cone
1596:Royal Horticultural Society
1567:in New Zealand, notably at
897:Monterey County, California
711:genomes of the redwood are
8532:
5212:"The General Sherman Tree"
4688:. Rotorua District Council
3978:American Journal of Botany
3547:. New York Times Magazine.
3276:AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts
2382:Bury Me in Redwood Country
1711:
1163:forest community includes
968:Los Padres National Forest
596:are ovoid, 15β32 mm (
501:and founder member of the
18:
8501:Trees of Northern America
5434:Noss, R. F., ed. (2000).
5419:"In the Shadow of Giants"
5235:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4828:Van Pelt, Robert (2001).
4797:"AGM Plants β Ornamental"
4611:10.3120/0024-9637-66.1.14
4566:"SequoΓa sempervΓrens (D"
3774:10.1007/s00442-008-1032-z
2506:Oxford English Dictionary
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1360:indigenous fire practices
1332:Two years after the 2020
1131:Fog and flood adaptations
1047:climate change mitigation
960:Alfred A. Loeb State Park
727:described the redwood as
628:, each seed 3β4 mm (
439:diameter at breast height
268:
259:
237:
230:
116:Scientific classification
114:
94:
72:
63:
52:
43:
36:
25:Sacramento Mountain Lions
21:California Redwoods (PLL)
8516:Plants described in 1824
6019:. austrocaledonicus
5524:YouTube video from Quest
5491:Save the Redwoods League
5480:US National Park Service
5459:Includes photo gallery,
5093:To Find the Biggest Tree
5042:(16): 354. 22 April 1893
5012:(15): 230. 15 April 1893
4931:(8): 41. 25 October 1914
2945:Ornduff, Robert (2003).
2388:Save the Redwoods League
1696:that cannot manufacture
1520:Skyline-to-the-Sea Trail
964:Siskiyou National Forest
890:Distribution and habitat
780:Sequoiadendron giganteum
409:). Common names include
285:Sequoiadendron giganteum
7538:. glyptostroboides
5499:Non-profit organization
5404:San Francisco Chronicle
5385:San Francisco Chronicle
5140:San Francisco Chronicle
4641:Peattie, Donald Culross
3922:10.1111/1365-2435.12284
3866:10.1093/treephys/tpp037
3250:photographyontherun.com
3107:10.1073/pnas.0915062107
2836:10.1073/pnas.86.23.9347
2674:The Gymnosperm Database
2511:Oxford University Press
1067:New York Times Magazine
298:Trunk in sectional view
7624:. cryptomerioides
5002:"A Mendocino Big Tree"
4730:"Sequoia sempervirens"
4473:10.5849/jof.2016-043R2
3646:) to Vancouver Island"
3579:The Forestry Chronicle
2707:Flora of North America
2308:Other notable examples
2300:
2027:
1633:
1618:
1523:
1500:
1484:Pacific Lumber Company
1482:storied role than the
1478:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1356:indigenous populations
1258:
1155:
1147:
1082:In December 2023, the
1080:
1041:
988:San Luis Obispo County
972:Silver Peak Wilderness
947:
401:in the cypress family
307:
299:
8491:Symbols of California
8242:Taxodium sempervirens
6425:. austrotibetica
6151:. cedarbergensis
5216:Sequoia National Park
4042:10.1007/s004420050683
3612:Associated Press News
3062:. Bio.net. 1998-12-02
2535:. Nps.gov. 2007-02-02
2367:Redwood Regional Park
2291:
2038:List of largest trees
2022:
1910:Redwood National Park
1885:Redwood National Park
1833:Redwood National Park
1808:Redwood National Park
1783:Redwood National Park
1714:List of tallest trees
1708:List of tallest trees
1624:
1613:
1600:Award of Garden Merit
1563:The coast redwood is
1517:
1491:
1472:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1370:Governmental policies
1256:
1153:
1144:Redwood National Park
1138:
1071:
1039:
976:Santa Lucia Mountains
938:
804:and NLY, to generate
739:Aylmer Bourke Lambert
729:Taxodium sempervirens
405:(formerly treated in
388:) is the sole living
305:
297:
8129:Sequoia sempervirens
7872:Euro+Med PlantBase:
7816:sequoia-sempervirens
7789:Sequoia sempervirens
7759:Sequoia sempervirens
7455:. sutchuenensis
7281:. saltillensis
7251:. occidentalis
7211:. horizontalis
7151:. coahuilensis
6982:. pseudosabina
6912:. foetidissima
6618:. guadalupensis
5890:. neocaledonica
5618:Saga of the Redwoods
5607:Sequoia sempervirens
5196:. 27 September 2014.
5162:. 28 September 2016.
4983:. Times-standard.com
4921:"Pacific Coast News"
4593:Sequoia sempervirens
4435:10.1890/ES10-00134.1
3644:Sequoia sempervirens
3444:10.3955/046.087.0201
3426:Sequoia sempervirens
3371:Sequoia sempervirens
3196:www.redwoodhikes.com
3007:Sequoia sempervirens
2888:Synopsis Coniferarum
2701:Sequoia sempervirens
2668:Sequoia sempervirens
2477:Sequoia sempervirens
2448:: e.T34051A2841558.
2434:Sequoia sempervirens
2293:Clouded Salamander,
2052:Sequoia sempervirens
1869:National Geographic
1725:Sequoia sempervirens
1465:Cultivation and uses
1452:. A burl is a woody
1216:S. sempervirens
1212:S. sempervirens
884:Sequoia sempervirens
850:reticulate evolution
824:was the result of a
761:Sequoia sempervirens
757:Synopsis coniferarum
745:. Austrian botanist
737:", in his colleague
713:paternally inherited
471:(giant sequoia) and
463:S. sempervirens
431:tallest living trees
312:Sequoia sempervirens
277:Sequoia sempervirens
241:Sequoia sempervirens
223:S. sempervirens
54:Sequoia sempervirens
38:Sequoia sempervirens
8431:Flora of California
7562:. sempervirens
7501:. vietnamensis
7425:. occidentalis
7261:. osteosperma
7181:. durangensis
7141:. californica
7111:. barbadensis
7081:. angosturana
7062:. wallichiana
7022:. semiglobosa
6824:. lutchuensis
6708:. stephensonii
6525:. vietnamensis
6495:. sempervirens
6265:. nootkatensis
5996:. cupressoides
5830:. columellaris
5697:. selaginoides
5687:. cupressoides
5475:Gymnosperm Database
5072:: 260. 14 June 1893
5036:Pacific Rural Press
4925:Lumber World Review
4895:Carder, A. (1995).
4859:The Washington Post
4570:www.srs.fs.usda.gov
4515:Pyne, S.J. (1995).
4461:Journal of Forestry
4426:2010Ecosp...1...20R
4272:Noss, Reed (2000).
4210:1968Sci...159..157S
4034:1998Oecol.117..476D
3991:10.3732/ajb.0900214
3913:2014FuEco..28.1087I
3884:on January 9, 2012.
3766:2008Oecol.156..751I
3720:10.1038/nature02417
3712:2004Natur.428..851K
3592:10.5558/tfc2011-092
3408:20.500.11850/578207
3389:2022ForEM.52620573S
3326:2009PLoSO...4.8346M
3288:2017AGUFMGC33C1093G
3098:2010PNAS..107.4533J
3037:Farjon, A. (2005).
2916:2012MolPE..64..452Y
2827:1989PNAS...86.9347N
2509:(Online ed.).
2475:NatureServe. 2020.
2359:Oakland, California
2200:Howland Hill Giant
2054:
1727:
944:California Redwoods
901:Victoria, Australia
848:could be a sign of
826:hybridization event
812:was clustered with
703:(AAAABB). Both the
66:Conservation status
8471:Miocene California
7311:. virginiana
7291:. scopulorum
7231:. monosperma
7121:. bermudiana
6972:. procumbens
6892:. convallium
6834:. macrocarpa
6764:. brevifolia
6505:. tonkinensis
6455:. duclouxiana
6435:. cashmeriana
6382:. taiwanensis
6342:. formosensis
5764:. pyramidalis
4734:Euro+Med-Plantbase
4381:Griffiths, Randy.
3901:Functional Ecology
3545:The New York Times
3060:"Redwood fog drip"
2408:Stephen C. Sillett
2341:Lindsey Creek tree
2327:Yerba Buena Island
2301:
2049:
2028:
1843:Stratosphere Giant
1722:
1671:Stratosphere Giant
1647:Lindsey Creek tree
1639:evapotranspiration
1634:
1619:
1524:
1479:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1259:
1156:
1148:
1112:Oregon Coast Range
1055:assisted migration
1042:
1032:Assisted migration
948:
875:Taxodium distichum
808:, they found that
806:phylogenetic trees
749:erected the genus
723:Scottish botanist
699:(6n) and possibly
507:William P. Gibbons
419:California redwood
308:
300:
102:Apparently Secure
8398:
8397:
8111:Open Tree of Life
7751:Taxon identifiers
7742:
7741:
7738:
7737:
7728:. mucronatum
7633:
7632:
7596:
7595:
7510:
7509:
7445:. standishii
7415:. koraiensis
7392:. articulata
7369:. orientalis
7330:
7329:
7301:. standleyi
7271:. pinchotii
7241:. monticola
7221:. jaliscana
7101:. arizonica
7070:New World Species
7042:. thurifera
7012:. saltuaria
6942:. phoenicea
6932:. komarovii
6882:. chinensis
6872:Old World Species
6844:. oxycedrus
6814:. formosana
6688:. revealiana
6668:. nevadensis
6648:. macrocarpa
6638:. macnabiana
6628:. lusitanica
6548:. abramsiana
6465:. dupreziana
6352:. lawsoniana
6308:. macrolepis
6237:
6236:
6228:. lanceolata
6197:Cunninghamioideae
6190:
6189:
6039:. chevalieri
5920:. rhomboidea
5860:. macleayana
5850:. endlicheri
5840:. drummondii
5744:. acuminatus
5716:
5715:
5616:, November 1943,
5614:Popular Mechanics
5497:Sempervirens Fund
5102:978-1-878441-09-6
5066:Garden and Forest
4906:978-1-55041-090-7
4839:978-0-295-98140-6
4778:. Apps.rhs.org.uk
4708:"Redwood History"
4420:(6). article 20.
4204:(3811): 157β161.
4136:10.1111/pce.12612
3706:(6985): 851β854.
3516:Torreya Guardians
3490:PropagationNation
3432:Northwest Science
3092:(10): 4533β4538.
2958:978-0-520-23702-5
2821:(23): 9347β9349.
2517:(Subscription or
2258:
2257:
2231:Sir Isaac Newton
2017:
2016:
1919:Federation Giant
1637:427 ft), as
1540:secondary forests
1279:black-tailed deer
1165:coast Douglas-fir
1103:paleobiogeography
1051:Pacific Northwest
956:Klamath Mountains
755:in his 1847 work
747:Stephan Endlicher
731:, the "evergreen
461:, which includes
292:
291:
109:
89:
8523:
8511:Ornamental trees
8391:
8390:
8378:
8377:
8365:
8364:
8352:
8351:
8339:
8338:
8326:
8325:
8313:
8312:
8300:
8299:
8287:
8286:
8274:
8273:
8261:
8260:
8259:
8233:
8232:
8220:
8219:
8207:
8206:
8194:
8193:
8181:
8180:
8168:
8167:
8155:
8154:
8142:
8141:
8132:
8131:
8119:
8118:
8106:
8105:
8093:
8092:
8080:
8079:
8070:
8069:
8057:
8056:
8054:NHMSYS0000463454
8044:
8043:
8031:
8030:
8018:
8017:
8005:
8004:
7992:
7991:
7979:
7978:
7966:
7965:
7953:
7952:
7940:
7939:
7927:
7926:
7914:
7913:
7901:
7900:
7888:
7887:
7878:
7877:
7868:
7867:
7855:
7854:
7842:
7841:
7829:
7828:
7819:
7818:
7806:
7805:
7793:
7792:
7791:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7746:
7727:
7718:. distichum
7717:
7708:. ascendens
7707:
7683:
7660:
7645:
7623:
7608:
7586:. giganteum
7585:
7561:
7537:
7522:
7500:
7478:. dolabrata
7477:
7454:
7444:
7434:
7424:
7414:
7391:
7368:
7347:. decussata
7346:
7320:
7310:
7300:
7290:
7280:
7270:
7260:
7250:
7240:
7230:
7220:
7210:
7201:. gamboana
7200:
7191:. flaccida
7190:
7180:
7171:. deppeana
7170:
7161:. comitana
7160:
7150:
7140:
7130:
7120:
7110:
7100:
7090:
7080:
7061:
7052:. tibetica
7051:
7041:
7032:. squamata
7031:
7021:
7011:
7001:
6991:
6981:
6971:
6961:
6951:
6941:
6931:
6921:
6911:
6901:
6891:
6881:
6853:
6843:
6833:
6823:
6813:
6803:
6793:
6783:
6773:
6763:
6747:
6731:. hodginsii
6730:
6707:
6698:. sargentii
6697:
6687:
6677:
6667:
6657:
6647:
6637:
6627:
6617:
6608:. goveniana
6607:
6597:
6587:
6578:. benthamii
6577:
6567:
6558:. arizonica
6557:
6547:
6524:
6514:
6504:
6494:
6484:
6474:
6464:
6454:
6445:. chengiana
6444:
6434:
6424:
6415:. atlantica
6414:
6391:
6381:
6371:
6361:
6351:
6341:
6318:. rupestris
6317:
6307:
6298:. formosana
6297:
6288:. decurrens
6287:
6264:
6249:
6227:
6217:
6202:
6180:
6171:. schwarzii
6170:
6161:. nodiflora
6160:
6150:
6127:
6104:
6081:
6059:. yateensis
6058:
6048:
6038:
6029:. bidwillii
6028:
6018:
5995:
5972:
5950:. verrucosa
5949:
5939:
5929:
5919:
5909:
5899:
5889:
5879:
5870:. monticola
5869:
5859:
5849:
5839:
5829:
5820:. canescens
5819:
5809:
5787:. chilensis
5786:
5763:
5754:. arenarius
5753:
5743:
5728:
5707:. laxifolia
5706:
5696:
5686:
5671:
5666:Athrotaxidoideae
5648:
5641:
5634:
5625:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5503:ICT Int. Gallery
5423:
5422:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5255:www.conifers.org
5247:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5088:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4825:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4801:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4682:
4676:
4666:
4653:
4652:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4476:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4365:
4351:
4342:
4341:
4322:. Island Press.
4313:
4296:
4295:
4276:. Island Press.
4269:
4238:
4237:
4193:
4180:
4179:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4114:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4019:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3984:(7): 1087β1097.
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3951:(8): 1023β1034.
3936:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3907:(5): 1087β1093.
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3877:. Archived from
3868:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3629:. Seattle Times.
3622:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3510:Barlow, Connie.
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3400:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3337:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2848:
2838:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2661:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2502:
2490:
2484:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2427:
2323:navigational aid
2055:
2032:at breast height
1728:
1473:An example of a
1366:Clearcut logging
1326:
1317:
1297:Fire adaptations
1232:, bypassing the
1230:epidermal tissue
1205:marbled murrelet
1107:Vancouver Island
1099:British Columbia
1084:Associated Press
1018:La Brea Tar Pits
940:Albert Bierstadt
688: in) long.
687:
686:
682:
677:
676:
672:
667:
666:
662:
657:
656:
652:
647:
646:
642:
637:
636:
632:
619:
618:
614:
611:
605:
604:
600:
580:
579:
575:
570:
569:
565:
560:
559:
555:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
264:
243:
124:
123:
103:
100:
99:
83:
78:
77:
48:
34:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8436:Flora of Oregon
8421:Sequoia (genus)
8401:
8400:
8399:
8394:
8386:
8381:
8373:
8368:
8360:
8355:
8347:
8342:
8334:
8329:
8321:
8316:
8308:
8303:
8295:
8290:
8282:
8277:
8269:
8264:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8236:
8228:
8223:
8215:
8210:
8202:
8197:
8189:
8184:
8176:
8171:
8163:
8158:
8150:
8145:
8137:
8135:
8127:
8122:
8114:
8109:
8101:
8098:Observation.org
8096:
8088:
8083:
8075:
8073:
8065:
8060:
8052:
8047:
8039:
8034:
8026:
8021:
8013:
8008:
8000:
7995:
7987:
7982:
7974:
7969:
7961:
7956:
7948:
7943:
7935:
7930:
7922:
7917:
7909:
7904:
7896:
7891:
7883:
7881:
7873:
7871:
7863:
7858:
7850:
7845:
7837:
7832:
7824:
7822:
7814:
7809:
7801:
7796:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7772:
7771:
7766:
7753:
7743:
7734:
7731:
7690:
7687:
7684:. pensilis
7666:
7661:. japonica
7629:
7592:
7589:
7568:
7565:
7544:
7541:
7506:
7483:
7460:
7397:
7374:
7351:
7326:
7321:. zanonii
7131:. blancoi
7065:
6992:. recurva
6962:. procera
6902:. excelsa
6859:
6804:. drupacea
6794:. conferta
6784:. communis
6736:
6713:
6588:. forbesii
6530:
6515:. torulosa
6485:. gigantea
6475:. funebris
6397:
6392:. thyoides
6372:. pisifera
6324:
6321:
6270:
6233:
6218:. konishii
6186:
6133:
6128:. uviferum
6110:
6087:
6082:. pancheri
6070:Neocallitropsis
6064:
6001:
5978:
5955:
5910:. preissii
5880:. muelleri
5792:
5769:
5712:
5659:
5652:
5597:β 2/14-21/2005
5580:
5578:
5565:
5537:
5535:
5518:
5507:Stephen Sillett
5453:
5431:
5429:Further reading
5426:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5364:
5362:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5339:
5337:
5335:www.mdvaden.com
5329:
5328:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5310:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5277:. 3 April 2019.
5273:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5257:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5144:
5142:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5075:
5073:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5013:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4986:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4974:
4965:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4948:
4944:
4934:
4932:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4864:
4862:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4827:
4826:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4781:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4667:
4656:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4477:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4390:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4330:
4315:
4314:
4299:
4284:
4271:
4270:
4241:
4195:
4194:
4183:
4176:10.1071/PP00125
4157:
4156:
4152:
4116:
4115:
4106:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3881:
3859:(8): 999β1010.
3853:Tree Physiology
3848:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3200:
3198:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2792:Silvae Genetica
2789:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2773:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2663:
2662:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2403:Redwood (color)
2376:
2334:General Sherman
2310:
2296:Aneides ferreus
2286:
2102:Del Norte Titan
2044:S. sempervirens
2040:
2025:Del Norte Titan
1716:
1710:
1690:Albino redwoods
1608:
1467:
1383:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1299:
1251:
1220:water potential
1177:western hemlock
1169:Pacific madrone
1133:
1128:
1076:Stephen Sillett
1034:
892:
870:
818:Sequoiadendron
721:
684:
680:
679:
674:
670:
669:
664:
660:
659:
654:
650:
649:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
629:
616:
612:
609:
607:
602:
598:
597:
588:The species is
577:
573:
572:
567:
563:
562:
557:
553:
552:
523:Humboldt County
487:
415:coastal redwood
346:
320:
316:
288:
280:
255:
245:
239:
226:
118:
110:
101:
97:
90:
79:
75:
68:
28:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
8529:
8527:
8519:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8476:Miocene plants
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8403:
8402:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8388:wfo-0000408597
8379:
8366:
8353:
8340:
8327:
8314:
8301:
8288:
8275:
8262:
8246:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8234:
8230:wfo-0000437871
8221:
8208:
8195:
8182:
8169:
8156:
8143:
8133:
8120:
8107:
8094:
8081:
8071:
8058:
8045:
8032:
8019:
8006:
7993:
7980:
7967:
7954:
7941:
7928:
7915:
7902:
7889:
7879:
7869:
7856:
7843:
7830:
7820:
7807:
7794:
7779:
7763:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7740:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7721:
7711:
7700:
7698:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7676:
7674:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7653:
7651:
7642:
7635:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7627:
7616:
7614:
7605:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7578:
7576:
7574:Sequoiadendron
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7554:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7530:
7528:
7519:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7504:
7493:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7470:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7448:
7438:
7435:. plicata
7428:
7418:
7407:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7384:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7361:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7340:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7314:
7304:
7294:
7284:
7274:
7264:
7254:
7244:
7234:
7224:
7214:
7204:
7194:
7184:
7174:
7164:
7154:
7144:
7134:
7124:
7114:
7104:
7094:
7084:
7067:
7066:
7055:
7045:
7035:
7025:
7015:
7005:
7002:. sabina
6995:
6985:
6975:
6965:
6955:
6952:. pingii
6945:
6935:
6925:
6922:. indica
6915:
6905:
6895:
6885:
6870:
6868:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6847:
6837:
6827:
6817:
6807:
6797:
6787:
6777:
6774:. cedrus
6767:
6756:
6754:
6744:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6734:
6723:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6701:
6691:
6681:
6678:. pygmaea
6671:
6661:
6658:. montana
6651:
6641:
6631:
6621:
6611:
6601:
6591:
6581:
6571:
6561:
6551:
6540:
6538:
6536:Hesperocyparis
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6518:
6508:
6498:
6488:
6478:
6468:
6458:
6448:
6438:
6428:
6418:
6407:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6375:
6365:
6355:
6345:
6334:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6311:
6301:
6291:
6280:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6257:
6255:
6246:
6239:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6221:
6210:
6208:
6199:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6174:
6164:
6154:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6120:
6118:
6116:Pilgerodendron
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6105:. papuana
6097:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6074:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6052:
6049:. plumosa
6042:
6032:
6022:
6011:
6009:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5973:. archeri
5965:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5943:
5940:. sulcata
5933:
5923:
5913:
5903:
5900:. oblonga
5893:
5883:
5873:
5863:
5853:
5843:
5833:
5823:
5813:
5810:. baileyi
5802:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5779:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5736:
5734:
5725:
5718:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5700:
5690:
5679:
5677:
5668:
5661:
5660:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5610:
5602:
5592:
5586:
5563:
5553:
5543:
5530:. 2010-08-26.
5516:
5510:
5500:
5494:
5488:
5483:
5477:
5472:
5452:
5451:External links
5449:
5448:
5447:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5409:
5390:
5371:
5346:
5322:
5308:
5294:
5280:
5266:
5242:
5199:
5185:
5165:
5151:
5126:
5108:
5101:
5083:
5053:
5023:
4993:
4972:
4951:
4942:
4912:
4905:
4887:
4871:
4845:
4838:
4813:
4788:
4767:
4747:
4721:
4699:
4677:
4654:
4632:
4581:
4557:
4522:
4507:
4492:
4467:(5): 343β353.
4441:
4400:
4370:
4343:
4329:978-0933280021
4328:
4297:
4283:978-1559637268
4282:
4239:
4181:
4150:
4129:(2): 320β328.
4104:
4083:(7): 882β892.
4063:
4028:(4): 476β485.
4005:
3964:
3928:
3887:
3836:
3815:(5): 632β645.
3795:
3760:(4): 751β763.
3741:
3687:
3672:
3658:
3632:
3617:
3598:
3585:(6): 755β765.
3565:
3550:
3528:
3502:
3476:
3457:
3414:
3359:
3300:
3262:
3237:
3207:
3183:
3157:
3131:
3072:
3051:
3030:
2996:
2971:
2957:
2937:
2910:(3): 452β470.
2894:
2877:
2860:
2801:
2798:(2β3): 93β100.
2782:
2758:
2724:
2686:
2631:
2607:
2594:978-0962748998
2593:
2573:
2545:
2524:
2500:"sempervirent"
2485:
2468:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2355:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2319:Berkeley Hills
2309:
2306:
2285:
2282:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2039:
2036:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
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1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1709:
1706:
1667:Michael Taylor
1607:
1604:
1493:In the recent
1466:
1463:
1382:
1379:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1304:pitch or resin
1298:
1295:
1250:
1247:
1210:The height of
1193:redwood sorrel
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1033:
1030:
1005:counties) and
930:climate change
891:
888:
869:
866:
846:Sequoiadendron
834:Sequoiadendron
720:
717:
515:Alameda County
486:
483:
468:Sequoiadendron
425:, long-lived,
290:
289:
281:
273:
266:
265:
257:
256:
246:
235:
234:
228:
227:
220:
218:
214:
213:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
149:
148:
143:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
112:
111:
95:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
50:
49:
41:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8528:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8389:
8384:
8380:
8376:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8332:
8328:
8324:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8267:
8263:
8258:
8252:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8231:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8213:
8209:
8205:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8134:
8130:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8072:
8068:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8037:
8033:
8029:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7938:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7866:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7821:
7817:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7775:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7747:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7720:
7719:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7686:
7685:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7672:Glyptostrobus
7669:
7663:
7662:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7636:
7626:
7625:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7603:Taiwanioideae
7599:
7588:
7587:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7571:
7564:
7563:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7540:
7539:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7513:
7503:
7502:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7489:Xanthocyparis
7486:
7480:
7479:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7449:
7447:
7446:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7429:
7427:
7426:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7370:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7349:
7348:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7333:
7323:
7322:
7315:
7313:
7312:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7295:
7293:
7292:
7285:
7283:
7282:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7205:
7203:
7202:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7163:
7162:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7091:. ashei
7085:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7064:
7063:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6994:
6993:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6946:
6944:
6943:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6916:
6914:
6913:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6867:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6854:. rigida
6848:
6846:
6845:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6733:
6732:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6709:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6598:. glabra
6592:
6590:
6589:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6568:. bakeri
6562:
6560:
6559:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6469:
6467:
6466:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6362:. obtusa
6356:
6354:
6353:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6330:Chamaecyparis
6327:
6320:
6319:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6244:Cupressoideae
6240:
6230:
6229:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6193:
6183:
6182:
6181:. whytei
6175:
6173:
6172:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6139:Widdringtonia
6136:
6130:
6129:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5997:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5942:
5941:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5884:
5882:
5881:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5732:Actinostrobus
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:Callitroideae
5719:
5709:
5708:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5649:
5644:
5642:
5637:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5577:on 2013-12-27
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5444:1-55963-726-9
5441:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5420:
5413:
5410:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5375:
5372:
5361:on 2011-07-04
5360:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5152:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5127:
5123:. 2014-03-19.
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5094:
5087:
5084:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5054:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4946:
4943:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4872:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4735:
4731:
4725:
4722:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4655:
4651:. p. 22.
4650:
4649:Bonanza Books
4646:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4585:
4582:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4547:on 2013-05-13
4543:
4539:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4401:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3888:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3661:
3659:9780660458618
3655:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3047:1-84246-068-4
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2975:
2972:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2702:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2562:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2495:1995: 606β607
2494:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:Oakland Hills
2349:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2284:Canopy Layers
2283:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2270:cross-section
2267:
2266:circumference
2263:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:Cubic meters
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2070:Trunk volume
2056:
2053:
2050:Five largest
2047:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:Hyperion tree
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:Whakarewarewa
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:railroad ties
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1435:brush rabbits
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1114:north of the
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
941:
937:
933:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
876:
867:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:nuclear genes
795:
794:
789:
784:
782:
781:
776:
771:
769:
767:
762:
758:
754:
753:
748:
744:
741:'s 1824 work
740:
736:
735:
730:
726:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
705:mitochondrial
702:
701:allopolyploid
698:
694:
689:
627:
623:
595:
591:
586:
584:
549:
547:
546:lateral roots
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:Oakland Hills
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:
484:
482:
480:
476:
475:
470:
469:
464:
460:
456:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:coast redwood
408:
404:
400:
399:
395:
391:
385:
314:
313:
304:
296:
287:
286:
279:
278:
272:
267:
263:
258:
254:
250:
244:
242:
236:
233:
232:Binomial name
229:
225:
224:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:Tracheophytes
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
113:
107:
93:
87:
82:
71:
67:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
39:
35:
32:
30:
26:
22:
8241:
7758:
7723:
7713:
7703:
7679:
7656:
7640:Taxodioideae
7619:
7581:
7558:
7557:
7533:
7517:Sequoioideae
7496:
7473:
7450:
7440:
7430:
7420:
7410:
7387:
7364:
7342:
7316:
7306:
7296:
7286:
7276:
7266:
7256:
7246:
7236:
7226:
7216:
7206:
7196:
7186:
7176:
7166:
7156:
7146:
7136:
7126:
7116:
7106:
7096:
7086:
7076:
7069:
7068:
7057:
7047:
7037:
7027:
7017:
7007:
6997:
6987:
6977:
6967:
6957:
6947:
6937:
6927:
6917:
6907:
6897:
6887:
6877:
6871:
6865:
6849:
6839:
6829:
6819:
6809:
6799:
6789:
6779:
6769:
6759:
6751:
6726:
6703:
6693:
6683:
6673:
6663:
6653:
6643:
6633:
6623:
6613:
6603:
6593:
6583:
6573:
6563:
6553:
6543:
6520:
6510:
6500:
6490:
6480:
6470:
6460:
6450:
6440:
6430:
6420:
6410:
6387:
6377:
6367:
6357:
6347:
6337:
6313:
6303:
6293:
6283:
6260:
6253:Callitropsis
6223:
6213:
6206:Cunninghamia
6176:
6166:
6156:
6146:
6123:
6100:
6077:
6054:
6044:
6034:
6024:
6014:
5991:
5968:
5945:
5935:
5925:
5915:
5905:
5895:
5885:
5875:
5865:
5855:
5845:
5835:
5825:
5815:
5805:
5782:
5775:Austrocedrus
5759:
5749:
5739:
5702:
5692:
5682:
5656:Cupressaceae
5617:
5613:
5606:
5579:. Retrieved
5575:the original
5570:
5559:
5549:
5536:. Retrieved
5523:
5435:
5421:. BayNature.
5412:
5403:
5393:
5384:
5374:
5363:. Retrieved
5359:the original
5349:
5338:. Retrieved
5334:
5325:
5311:
5297:
5283:
5269:
5258:. Retrieved
5254:
5245:
5220:. Retrieved
5215:
5188:
5177:
5168:
5154:
5143:. Retrieved
5139:
5129:
5120:
5111:
5092:
5086:
5074:. Retrieved
5069:
5065:
5056:
5044:. Retrieved
5039:
5035:
5026:
5014:. Retrieved
5009:
5005:
4996:
4985:. Retrieved
4975:
4964:. Retrieved
4954:
4945:
4933:. Retrieved
4928:
4924:
4915:
4896:
4890:
4880:
4874:
4863:. Retrieved
4857:
4848:
4829:
4804:. Retrieved
4791:
4780:. Retrieved
4770:
4759:. Retrieved
4750:
4738:. Retrieved
4733:
4724:
4714:November 11,
4712:. Retrieved
4702:
4692:November 10,
4690:. Retrieved
4680:
4669:
4647:. New York:
4644:
4635:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4584:
4573:. Retrieved
4569:
4560:
4549:. Retrieved
4542:the original
4537:
4525:
4516:
4510:
4495:
4481:cite journal
4464:
4460:
4417:
4413:
4403:
4391:. Retrieved
4386:
4362:. Retrieved
4358:
4318:
4273:
4201:
4197:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4126:
4122:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4025:
4021:
4008:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3948:
3944:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3879:the original
3856:
3852:
3839:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3757:
3753:
3703:
3699:
3681:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3652:(BC-X-459).
3649:
3643:
3635:
3620:
3611:
3601:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3553:
3544:
3519:. Retrieved
3515:
3505:
3495:28 September
3493:. Retrieved
3489:
3479:
3470:
3460:
3438:(2): 81β94.
3435:
3431:
3425:
3417:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3362:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3279:
3275:
3265:
3253:. Retrieved
3249:
3240:
3228:. Retrieved
3220:www.lpfw.org
3219:
3210:
3199:. Retrieved
3195:
3186:
3176:17 September
3174:. Retrieved
3169:
3160:
3150:17 September
3148:. Retrieved
3144:
3134:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3064:. Retrieved
3054:
3038:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3012:
3006:
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2981:
2979:NPS (1998).
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2947:
2940:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2887:
2880:
2870:
2863:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2776:
2749:. Retrieved
2744:
2740:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2706:
2700:
2677:. Retrieved
2673:
2667:
2622:. Retrieved
2616:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2583:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:
2548:
2537:. Retrieved
2527:
2504:
2492:
2488:
2476:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2445:
2439:
2433:
2380:
2348:Old Survivor
2302:
2294:
2292:
2274:
2259:
2168:Lost Monarch
2051:
2043:
2041:
2029:
1724:
1723:Ten tallest
1717:
1688:
1684:Lost Monarch
1676:
1660:
1643:
1635:
1593:
1577:
1562:
1554:Sitka spruce
1549:clearcutting
1536:
1525:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1447:
1443:
1431:banana slugs
1416:
1381:Reproduction
1364:
1353:
1349:
1300:
1291:sempervirens
1290:
1283:
1272:
1260:
1243:
1225:water stress
1215:
1211:
1209:
1157:
1116:Chetco River
1096:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1059:native range
1043:
1025:
1022:last ice age
1011:
992:
952:Chetco River
949:
943:
893:
883:
873:
871:
857:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
821:
817:
813:
809:
791:
785:
778:
775:Sequoioideae
772:
765:
760:
756:
750:
742:
732:
728:
722:
690:
587:
550:
540:darker. The
527:
488:
478:
472:
466:
462:
459:Sequoioideae
454:
452:
418:
414:
410:
403:Cupressaceae
396:
311:
310:
309:
283:
276:
275:
271:Sequoioideae
240:
238:
222:
221:
209:
199:Cupressaceae
159:Gymnospermae
152:
139:
53:
37:
31:
29:
8152:kew-2484394
8036:NatureServe
7958:iNaturalist
7783:Wikispecies
7649:Cryptomeria
7526:Metasequoia
7380:Tetraclinis
7357:Platycladus
6093:Papuacedrus
5930:. roei
5605:More about
4806:10 November
4756:"Longhouse"
4504:. CBS News.
4359:www.nps.gov
3521:15 November
2717:14 December
2679:14 December
2561:www.nps.gov
2461:11 November
2365:section of
2093:Cubic feet
1996:Millennium
1698:chlorophyll
1631:chlorophyll
1580:Haida Gwaii
1565:naturalized
1419:lignotubers
1374:suppressing
1275:black bears
1267:tannic acid
1238:cavitations
1201:spotted owl
1092:Douglas-fir
925:Coalescence
913:Douglas-fir
838:Metasequoia
830:Metasequoia
814:Metasequoia
793:Metasequoia
709:chloroplast
622:pollination
485:Description
474:Metasequoia
465:along with
421:. It is an
407:Taxodiaceae
189:Cupressales
106:NatureServe
8405:Categories
8147:Plant List
7823:Calflora:
7638:Subfamily
7601:Subfamily
7515:Subfamily
7336:Microbiota
6276:Calocedrus
6242:Subfamily
6195:Subfamily
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5721:Subfamily
5675:Athrotaxis
5664:Subfamily
5599:New Yorker
5581:2014-11-17
5538:2011-08-14
5509:& team
5365:2023-04-30
5340:2019-11-03
5260:2019-11-26
5222:2011-08-19
5145:2011-08-14
4987:2012-08-07
4966:2012-08-07
4865:2015-03-10
4782:2012-08-07
4761:2011-08-14
4575:2024-01-10
4551:2014-01-02
4364:2023-04-30
4170:(4): 257.
3682:MSC Thesis
3665:30 October
3293:23 October
3201:2019-11-26
3066:2012-08-07
3023:2 November
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2964:2 November
2751:August 24,
2539:2012-08-07
2521:required.)
2415:References
2321:used as a
1712:See also:
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1263:terpenoids
1197:Old-growth
1014:Quaternary
828:involving
594:seed cones
590:monoecious
538:weathering
521:Stump" of
519:Fieldbrook
495:naturalist
427:monoecious
165:Division:
81:Endangered
8257:Q17363914
7924:200005399
7911:200005399
7893:FloraBase
7466:Thujopsis
6752:Juniperus
6742:Juniperus
6403:Cupressus
5798:Callitris
5465:epiphytes
5317:"Alameda"
4740:7 October
4627:198149075
4619:0024-9637
4605:(1): 14.
4414:Ecosphere
4338:904189212
4292:925183647
4022:Oecologia
3754:Oecologia
3320:(12): 5.
2073:Location
2067:Diameter
1970:Mendocino
1743:Location
1740:Diameter
1702:parasites
1652:Eel River
1589:Jilotepec
1558:windthrow
1545:grand fir
1459:cotyledon
1439:nematodes
1372:aimed at
1342:epicormic
1189:mushrooms
999:Del Norte
880:heartwood
768:Etymology
725:David Don
697:hexaploid
499:physician
453:The name
447:naturally
423:evergreen
217:Species:
179:Pinopsida
169:Pinophyta
129:Kingdom:
8375:31300025
8370:Tropicos
8336:10515526
8323:263779-1
8251:Wikidata
8212:VicFlora
8204:31300228
8199:Tropicos
8041:2.140518
7989:11325771
7976:263741-1
7768:Wikidata
7696:Taxodium
7612:Taiwania
6864:Section
6750:Section
6719:Fokienia
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5469:arboreal
5231:cite web
4643:(1953).
4234:17792349
4145:26178179
4099:19302173
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3452:16842179
3373:forests"
3354:20041136
3314:PLOS ONE
3255:17 April
3230:17 April
3224:Archived
3126:20160112
3017:Archived
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2711:Archived
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2135:Iluvatar
1944:Paradox
1766:Hyperion
1680:Iluvatar
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1571:Forest,
1508:trestles
1334:CZU fire
1160:fog drip
1003:Humboldt
864:record.
854:Jurassic
842:Sequoia,
734:Taxodium
719:Taxonomy
583:stomatal
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274:green -
195:Family:
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8297:2683910
8023:MoBotPF
7937:2683909
7852:1034849
7774:Q150129
7550:Sequoia
5961:Diselma
5658:species
5654:Extant
5560:YouTube
5550:YouTube
5482:Redwood
5471:animals
5463:views,
5062:"Notes"
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4198:Science
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2741:Erythea
2249:33,000
2218:33,600
2187:34,900
2154:36,500
2121:36,900
2084:Meters
2078:Meters
2064:Height
1999:111.92
1974:112.32
1947:112.51
1922:112.62
1897:112.63
1872:112.71
1847:113.05
1820:113.14
1817:Icarus
1795:114.58
1792:Helios
1770:115.85
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1748:Meters
1737:Height
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1629:" lack
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1126:Ecology
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