1418:. The Serb, Croat and Bosniak authorities all issued their own dinar currencies in the territories they controlled, printing large excess of money to finance their operations which resulted in high inflation. The electronic payment system of Republika Srpska was integrated with the system of the Republic of Yugoslavia and Republika Srpska's National Bank saw itself as a branch of the Central Yugoslav Bank in Belgrade. The inflation experienced in Yugoslavia thus transferred to Republika Srpska causing hyperinflation and eventual collapse of its currency in 1994. The National Bank of Yugoslavia (CBCG) also cut the Republika Srpska off, preventing it from redeeming its currency there and refusing to send more due to the CBCG's lack of foreign exchange assets. Afterwards, Republika Srpska did not form its own currency and continued to use the Yugoslav one. In 1999, it adopted the
647:
1215:) it was found that: "Banja Luka authorities had actively engaged in, or had at least passively tolerated, discrimination against Muslims on the basis of their religious and ethnic origin." and that " the Serb government , had failed to meet its obligation under the Human Rights Agreement to respect and secure the right to freedom of religion without discrimination." A local magistrate ruled that the authorities of the Bosnian Serb controlled town Banja Luka must pay $ 42 million to its Islamic community for 16 local mosques destroyed during the 1992–1995
1048:, the commander of the Second Military District of the Yugoslav federal army, as commander of the VRS Main Staff. At the end of May 1992, after the withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Second Military District was essentially transformed into the Main Staff of the VRS. The new army immediately set out to achieve by military means the six "strategic objectives" of the Serbian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the goals of which were reaffirmed by an operational directive issued by General Mladić on 19 November 1992).
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123:
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1584:, was endorsed by many leading Bosnian Serb politicians. It concluded that 1,800 Bosnian Muslim soldiers died during fighting and a further 100 more died as a result of exhaustion. "The number of Muslim soldiers killed by Bosnian Serbs out of personal revenge or lack of knowledge of international law is probably about 100...It is important to uncover the names of the perpetrators in order to accurately and unequivocally establish whether or not these were isolated instances." The
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1912:. Front Cover United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. Pp. 38. (A recorded conversation between Branko Kostic and Srpska's President Radovan Karadzic, Kostic asks whether Karadzic wants Srpska to be an autonomous federal unit in federation with Serbia, Karadzic responds by saying that he wants complete unification of Srpska with Serbia as a unitary state similar to France.)
1468:
1298:. On 2 August 2001, the Hague Tribunal found General-Major Radislav Krstić, the commander of the VRS Drina Corps at the time responsible for the Srebrenica massacre, guilty of genocide. Many other political leaders of Republika Srpska and VRS officers, have been indicted, tried, and convicted by the Hague Tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the
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on 15 October 1991 that was opposed by
Bosnian Serb members. After the walkout of Bosnian Serb representatives, the memorandum was adopted. It declared the republic a sovereign and independent state and rejected "any constitutional solutions for a future Yugoslav community which would not include both Croatia and Serbia". In response, on 24 October 1991 the
1529:(OHR). Many laws dealt with the issues and consequences of the war and served to repair some of the problems created such as annulments of ill-fate contracts that required non-Serbs to "voluntarily" turn over their properties to the Republika Srpska including real-estates and businesses taken during the war.
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majority of destroyed mosques had been classified as
Bosnian-Herzegovinian national monuments; some, mostly built between the 15th and 17th centuries, were listed with UNESCO as world heritage monuments. Many Catholic churches in the same territory were also destroyed or damaged especially during 1995.
897:Српска Република Босна и Херцеговина) was adopted and declared that the state's territory included Serb autonomous regions, municipalities, and other Serbian ethnic entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (including regions described as "places in which the Serbian people remained in the minority due to the
1309:
alone was released; 892 of those allegedly responsible still hold the positions in the local government of
Republika Srpska. The arrests and trials of all war crime suspects are ongoing and their trials are planned to be held at the newly established Bosnian Herzegovinian Tribunal for the War Crimes.
1557:
in 2001. Consequently, the views concerning
Republika Srpska are different among various ethnic groups within the Bosnia and Herzegovina. For Serbs, the Republika Srpska is a guarantee for their survival and existence as a people within these territories. On the other hand, for some ethnic Bosniaks,
888:
of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (with a clear Bosniak and Croat majority) asserted that this plebiscite was illegal, but the Bosnian Serb assembly acknowledged its results. On 21 November 1991, the Assembly proclaimed that all those municipalities, local communities, and populated places in which over 50%
1194:
According to the findings of the State
Commission for the Documentation of War Crimes on the Territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 68.67% or 789 congregational mosques were either destroyed or damaged during the Bosnian War by the VRS and other unidentified individuals from the Republika Srpska. The
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as the representative body of Serbs in Bosnia and
Herzegovina and declared that the Serb people wished to remain in Yugoslavia. Bosnian Serbs claimed that this was a necessary step since the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, at that time, defined that no major changes were to be granted short
843:
and created "Serbian
National Council of Bosnia and Herzegovina" as a coordinative and representative political body. The governing coalition of Bosnia and Herzegovina collapsed after the parliament of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo passed a 'memorandum on sovereignty'
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While the individuals responsible for destruction of national heritage have not yet been found, or indicted, it has been widely reported by international human rights agencies that the "Bosnian Serb authorities issued orders or organized or condoned efforts to destroy
Bosniak and Croatian cultural
1622:
On 10 November 2004, the government of
Republika Srpska issued an official apology. The statement came after a government review of the Srebrenica committee's report. "The report makes it clear that enormous crimes were committed in the area of Srebrenica in July 1995. The Bosnian Serb Government
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numbered between at least 500 to more than 1,500. Other estimate vary depending on sources, with some estimate from 529 and 614, other claim that number is well over 1,000 volunteers from Orthodox countries. The supreme commander of the VRS was General Ratko Mladić. The VRS was organized into six
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has used these casualties for political purposes and as a means of diminishing the July 1995 crime committed against Bosniaks. In 2005, The ICTY Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) noted that the number of Serb deaths in the region between May 1992 and March 1995 alleged by the Serbian authorities had
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which was leaked by the press claimed that Bosnian Serbs were the first to commit atrocities, carried out 90 percent of war crimes, and were the only party who systematically attempted to "eliminate all traces of other ethnic groups from their territory". Ethnic cleansing dramatically changed the
164:
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In 1992-1993, the curriculum of Republika Srpska underwent changes to conform more towards Serbia. Adaptations were made in the subjects of history, social sciences, history and geography while religion became compulsory. In 1996, education was 6.1% of the Republika Srpska budget. There were 90
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attacked and destroyed scores of Serbian villages in the areas around Srebrenica. Evidence indicated that Serbs had been tortured and mutilated and others were burned alive when their houses were torched. While it is established that Serbs suffered a number of casualties, their exact nature and
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responded and stated that: "The Republika Srpska government should reconsider its conclusions and align itself with the facts and legal requirements and act accordingly, rather than inflicting emotional distress on the survivors, torture history and denigrate the public image of the country".
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estimated that the unemployment rate in Republika Srpska was 90%. Following the signing of the Dayton Accords, recovery in Republika Srpska was slower than in the Federation, as it received only 2-3% of the Western Aid to Bosnia. There was zero growth. Inflation was at 30%. Non-agricultural
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to a multi-ethnic entity and thus including Bosniaks and Croats as constituent people of Republika Srpska. Some of the names of the cities that were changed during the war by the authorities of Republika Srpska were changed back. Most of the changes were done as to retract effects of
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formally recognized the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence on 7 April 1992. On 12 August 1992, the reference to Bosnia and Herzegovina was dropped from the name, and it became simply
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troops. These troops, who were allowed to keep their heavy weapons, formed the backbone of the newly formed Army of the Republika Srpska. There was also volunteers from Christian Orthodox countries. According to the ICTY, volunteers from Russia, Greece, and
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was signed by presidents of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia that ended the Bosnian war. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) was defined as one of the two entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina and comprised 51% of the territory. The
159:
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On 9 January 1992, the Bosnian Serb assembly adopted a declaration on the Proclamation of the Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 28 February 1992, the constitution of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Serbian:
857:(SDA), led by Alija Izetbegović, was determined to pursue independence and was supported by Europe and the U.S. The SDS made it clear that if independence was declared, Serbs would secede as it was their right to exercise self-determination.
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The findings of the committee remain generally disputed by Serb nationalists, who claim it was heavily pressured by the High Representative, given that an earlier RS government report which exonerated the Serbs was dismissed. Nevertheless,
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form a committee to investigate the events. The committee released a report in October 2004 with 8,731 confirmed names of missing and dead persons from Srebrenica: 7,793 between 10 and 19 July 1995 and further 938 people afterwards.
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in 1995. "The government of the Republika Srpska expressed its deepest regret for the crimes committed against non-Serbs and condemned all persons who took part in these crimes during the civil war in Bosnia" the statement said.
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monuments many secular monuments were also heavily damaged or destroyed by VRS forces such as the National Library in Sarajevo. The Library was set ablaze by shelling from VRS positions around Sarajevo during the siege in 1992.
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Serbs continue to claim the 1995 Srebrenica slaughter was an act of revenge by uncontrolled troops because they say that soldiers under Oric's command killed thousands of Serbs in the villages surrounding the eastern
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increased from 1,400 to 3,500, a figure the OTP stated " not reflect the reality", particularly the labeling of all casualties as "victims". Studies show a high number of military casualties compared to civilian. The
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However, most of the changes had very little effect on a return of more than a million refugees. Intimidation of returnees were quite common and occasionally escalated into violent riots as in the case of
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Unemployment was a major problem which the war exacerbated. Nearly a third of the workforce was in industry, mining and energy and the pre-war non-agricultural unemployment rate was at 27%. In 1996,
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1633:, the prime minister of Republika Srpska, initiated a revision of the 2004 report saying that the numbers of killed were exaggerated and the report was manipulated by a former peace envoy. The
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secondary schools and 54 vocational schools. The University Act of 23 July 1993 propelled the legal formation of post-secondary education in Republika Srpska, governing two Universities: The
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without any direct historical precedent. Its territory encompasses a number of Bosnia and Herzegovina's numerous historical geographic regions, but (due to the above-mentioned nature of the
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808:) it contains very few of them in entirety. Likewise, various political units existed within Republika Srpska's territory in the past but very few existed entirely within the region.
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1278:) at The Hague for the purpose of bringing to justice persons allegedly responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law in the territory of the former
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1264:(right), former Chief of Staff of the Army of the Republika Srpska, were convicted of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity in 2016 and 2017 respectively.
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that asked citizens whether they wanted to remain within Yugoslavia was held on 9 and 10 November 1991, passing in favor of staying within Yugoslavia. The
326:
880:. They comprised nearly one-third of Bosnia's municipality and about 45% of its ethnic Serb population. Similar steps were taken by the Bosnian Croats. A
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declared that he did not want Srpska to be in a federation alongside Serbia in Yugoslavia, but that Srpska should be directly incorporated into Serbia.
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The prosecution proved that genocide was committed in Srebrenica and that General Radislav Krstić, among others, was personally responsible for that.
362:
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796:. The borders of the post-1995 RS are, with a few negotiated modifications, based on the front lines and situation on the ground at the time of the
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of the people of Serbian nationality had voted in favor of remaining in a joint Yugoslav state, would be territory of the federal Yugoslav state.
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After the war numerous laws were passed by the Republika Srpska authorities under the auspices of the international community acting through the
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who were ethnically cleansed from Republika Srpska, the creation, existence, name and insignia of this entity remains a matter of controversy.
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and prisoner camps), and the destruction of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian cultural and historical heritage. The gravest of those offenses were the
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shares the pain of the families of the Srebrenica victims, is truly sorry and apologises for the tragedy." the Bosnian Serb government said.
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In April 2010, a resolution condemning the crimes committed in Srebrenica was rejected by representatives of parties from Republika Srpska.
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3319:
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122:
31:
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2209:
752:
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2002:
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817:
1970:
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on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity; on 14 November 1995, both men were indicted again on charges specific to the
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381:
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Nationalism in Late and Post-Communist Europe: The Failed Nationalism of the Multinational and Partial National States, Volume 1
108:
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whether by choice or force, particularly after the territorial provisions were enforced to comply with the agreement.
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detention camps. In Omarska region around 500 deaths have been confirmed associated with these detention facilities.
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International Court of Justice, Digest of Judgments and Advisory Opinions, Canon and Case Law 1946 - 2012 (2 Vols.)
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to return, but also as a response to numerous reports of human rights abuses that were taking place in the entity.
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In 2006, a list of nearly 28,000 individuals who, according to the Republika Srpska authorities, were involved in
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Churchill, Stacy; Chang, Gwang-Chol; Dyankov, Alexander; Kolouh-Westin, Lidija; Uvalic-Trumbic, Stamenka (1997).
1371:
1055:. By 1993 Republika Srpska controlled about 70% of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina with final agreement (
699:
2121:"The Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. The Republika Srpska: Human Rights in a Multi-Ethnic Bosnia"
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885:
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Haški tribunal procjenjuje kako je u redovima VRS bilo je između 529 i 614 ratnika iz Rusije, Grčke, Rumunije.
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Many Republika Srpska officials were also indicted for creation and running of detention camps, in particular
1615:, acknowledged in a televised address that Serb forces killed several thousand civilians in violation of the
755:
government (whose territory the RS was recognized as nominally being a part of) in the Geneva agreement, the
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2851:"DECISION ON ADMISSIBILITY AND MERITS – The Srebrenica Cases (49 applications) against The Republika Srpska"
2080:
1172:
1089:
861:
727:
439:
240:
37:
This article is about the historical entity known as Republika Srpska. For the modern political entity, see
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793:
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978:
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315:
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877:
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Many constitutional changes were also made to change the social character of the Republika Srpska from
17:
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3174:
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557:
279:
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357:
1978:
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and pension at 33 DM. Government expenditures were also drastically higher than in the Federation.
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1109:
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In 1993 and 1994, the authorities of Republika Srpska ventured to create the United Serb Republic.
740:
613:
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2120:
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At the same session, the Bosnian Serb assembly voted to create the Army of the Republika Srpska (
376:
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345:
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3049:
2698:
2671:
2608:
2602:
2581:
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2516:
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2486:
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2456:
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2265:
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2062:
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1998:
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1884:
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had seceded earlier in 1992. When the Bosnian War erupted, the JNA formally discharged 80,000
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Two days after international judges in The Hague ruled that Bosnian Serb forces had committed
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680:
2821:
2692:
2665:
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1857:
751:. It claimed to be a sovereign state, though this claim was only partially recognized by the
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3256:
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3161:
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1538:
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During the first two years of the war, Republika Srpska issued its own unique currency, the
1097:
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993:
797:
768:
670:
626:
488:
230:
38:
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The Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) was founded on 12 May 1992 from the remnants of the
3179:
2718:
2667:
Key Success Factors for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): The Case of FDI in Western Balkan
2536:
Chami, Ralph; Espinoza, Rapahel; Dickinson, Fairleigh S.; Montiel, Peter J., eds. (2021).
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1493:
865:
571:
185:
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1291:
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Establish state borders separating the Serb people from the other two ethnic communities.
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that was boycotted by Bosnian Serbs, in which 99.7% voted in favor. On 6 April 1992, the
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and a former member of the paramilitary forces supporting the attack on the district of
3453:
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1415:
1184:
1148:
1101:
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announced the six "strategic objectives" of the Serb people in Bosnia and Herzegovina:
909:
756:
517:
143:
2425:
Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990-1995, Volume 2
2285:
1751:
Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990-1995, Volume 1
1588:
and the United Nations condemned the manipulation of their statements in this report.
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In September 2002, the Republika Srpska Office of Relations with the ICTY issued the "
3606:
3095:
3030:
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1630:
1595:
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1496:, nearly 200,000 Serbs fled from Croatia and a large portion of them found refuge in
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1188:
1144:
1140:
2733:
3385:
3189:
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1383:
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The trials of all suspected war criminals are expected to last for years to come.
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873:
599:
201:
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river valley, that is, eliminate the Drina as a border separating Serbian states.
835:
Representatives of main political and national organizations and institutions of
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3031:"Review of the education system in the Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina"
2977:
2778:
2142:
1216:
1052:
933:
827:
801:
748:
475:
286:
1467:
1059:) in 1995 appropriating to Republika Srpska control over 49% of the territory.
2915:
1971:"NOTE ON THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE DAYTON AGREEMENT FOR BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA"
1948:
1554:
1318:
1279:
1085:
1007:
840:
3045:
The War in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention
3121:
3037:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
2097:
1451:. UNESCO estimated there were more than 10,000 University students in 1996.
1116:
men and boys were systematically executed by the VRS, and the long military
989:
244:
1656:
Weighing the Evidence: Lessons from the Slobodan Milosevic Trial, Volume 18
1459:
1334:
Territories controlled by Army of Republika Srpska and Army of Serb Krajina
184:
Approximate territory under the control of Republika Srpska at the time of
3110:
3000:"RS Government Special Session A Distasteful Attempt to Question Genocide"
2068:. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 14 July 1997.
938:
2261:
Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century
2098:"War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina: U.N. Cease-Fire Won't Help Banja Luka"
1542:
1349:
1338:
Between May 1992 to January 1993, Bosniak forces under the leadership of
1314:
1164:
1113:
1093:
1051:
The VRS expanded and defended the borders of Republika Srpska during the
1022:
1018:
282:
1084:) and the political leadership of Republika Srpska have been accused of
1388:
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created the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (
1160:
1011:
251:
1484:(RS) comprised the other 49% with Banja Luka serving as its capital.
1426:
1199:
864:" (SAOs) in Bosnia where Serbs formed the majority consisting of the
1128:
demographic picture of Republika Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
901:"), and it was declared to be a part of the federal Yugoslav state.
2081:"From the Ashes: The Past and Future of Bosnia's Cultural Heritage"
1829:
Lauterpacht, E.; Greenwood, C.J.; Oppenheimer, A. G., eds. (1998).
1619:, and asserted that Srebrenica was a dark chapter in Serb history.
831:
Serb Autonomous Regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1991 and 1992.
3380:
2919:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2562:
2377:"Yugoslav Army Reported Fighting In Bosnia to Help Serbian Forces"
1466:
1458:
1329:
1000:
937:
826:
788:
After 1995, the Republika Srpska was recognized as one of the two
259:
2365:
Serbs accuse world of ignoring their suffering, AKI, 13 July 2006
1343:
numbers have been a source of controversy. The ultra-nationalist
763:. For the first six months of its existence, it was known as the
3375:
2164:
2160:
2020:"C.I.A. Report on Bosnia Blames Serbs for 90% of the War Crimes"
1275:
1168:
904:
From 29 February to 2 March 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina held a
3125:
1213:
Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Republika Srpska
1671:. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1990. pp. 58–59.
1471:
Borders of Republika Srpska after formation of Brčko District.
1124:
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parts and establish effective state authorities in both parts.
2349:"Bosnian court acquits ex-Srebrenica commander of war crimes"
1859:
Peacebuilding in the Balkans: The View from the Ground Floor
1503:
After the signing of the Dayton agreement, more than 60,000
2719:"Violence against minorities in Republika Srpska must stop"
2577:
Bosnia and Herzegovina: From Recovery to Sustainable Growth
2509:
Dobbins, James; Lesser, Ian O.; Chalk, Peter, eds. (2003).
2189:"Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić – Third Amended Indictment"
2039:
This Time We Knew: Western Responses to Genocide in Bosnia
1812:
1810:
1729:
1727:
2196:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1935:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2161:"Bridging the Gap in Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina"
1229:
Olga Kavran, Deputy Coordinator, ICTY Outreach Programme
1207:
and religious institutions". In other cases such as the
860:
In the fall of 1991, the SDS organised the creation of "
2797:"Bosnian Serb Crowd Beats Muslims at Mosque Rebuilding"
2512:
America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq
2428:. Central Intelligence Agency. 2002. pp. 266–268.
2452:
Routledge Handbook of Major Events in Economic History
942:
Frontiers of the Bosnian War before the Dayton treaty
2978:"Envoy slams Bosnia Serbs for questioning Srebrenica"
2449:
Parker, Randall E.; Whaples, Robert M., eds. (2013).
920:
During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Srpska's President
850:
Assembly of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2936:. Associated Press. 11 November 2004. Archived from
1654:
Sara Darehshori, Human Rights Watch (Organization).
1100:
of the non-Serb population, creation and running of
3491:
3430:
3359:
3274:
3231:
3160:
2332:. Research and Documentation Centre. Archived from
2183:
2181:
1463:
Borders of Republika Srpska after Dayton Agreement.
899:
genocide conducted against them during World War II
800:. As such, the entity is primarily a result of the
661:
502:
485:
472:
462:
449:
436:
422:
412:
389:
370:
351:
339:
325:
309:
295:
273:
250:
236:
226:
216:
193:
48:
1754:. Central Intelligence Agency. 2002. p. 123.
1260:(left), former president of Republika Srpska, and
2734:"UN: Officials Alarmed By Mob Violence in Bosnia"
1928:"Prosecutor v. Ratko Mladic – Amended Indictment"
1922:
1920:
1918:
853:of a unanimous agreement on all three sides. The
3066:A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration
1787:Troebst, Stefan; Daftary, Farimah, eds. (2004).
1430:unemployment was at 60%, the average wage at 60
2960:"Bosnia Lawmakers Reject Srebrenica Resolution"
2858:Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina
1790:Radical Ethnic Movements in Contemporary Europe
1222:
3628:History of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2601:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian, eds. (2007).
2326:"The Myth of Bratunac: A Blatant Numbers Game"
2302:. United Nations. 5 March 2007. Archived from
949:Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3658:Former subdivisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3633:Serbian nationalism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
3137:
2542:. Oxford University Press. pp. 357–358.
1995:Mass Hate: Global Rise to Genocide and Terror
1120:that resulted in 12,000 civilian casualties.
779:
773:
87:
82:
64:
59:
8:
1889:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 938.
3538:Eastern Orthodoxy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1835:. Cambridge University Press. p. 108.
707:
3436:
3363:
3280:
3237:
3144:
3130:
3122:
2934:"Bosnian Serbs issue apology for massacre"
2860:. 7 March 2003. p. 50. Archived from
1317:in the killing of nearly 8,000 Muslims in
1179:, and violations of the customs of war at
765:Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
178:
51:Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
45:
2721:. Amnesty International. 11 October 2001.
2474:
2472:
2264:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 179.
2041:. New York University Press. p. 94.
1910:Daily report: East Europe, Issues 191–210
1774:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1080:Since the beginning of the war, the VRS (
3042:Burg, Steven L.; Shoup, Paul S. (1999).
2403:"Ruski i grčki dobrovoljci u ratu u BiH"
1862:. Cornell University Press. p. 26.
1816:
1718:
1706:
1376:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1151:where thousands of detainees were held.
2694:Cities, Nationalism and Democratization
2580:. World Bank. 1997. pp. 8, 13–16.
2504:
2502:
2300:"ICTY Weekly Press Briefing, July 2005"
2214:Institute for War & Peace Reporting
2063:"Prosecutor v. Duško Tadić – Judgement"
2037:Thomas Cushman, Thomas Cushman (1996).
1950:Breakup of Yugoslavia and Yugoslav Wars
1647:
1591:In 2004, the international community's
18:Serb Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3653:Administrative divisions of Yugoslavia
2964:Balkan Investigative Reporting Network
2539:Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States
895:Srpska Republika Bosna i Hercegovina /
2604:The Balkans: A Post-Communist History
2482:Hostile Money: Currencies in Conflict
1832:International Law Reports, Volume 108
837:Serb people in Bosnia and Herzegovina
726:
484:
471:
461:
448:
435:
431:
388:
369:
350:
338:
334:
324:
308:
304:
294:
7:
3002:. OHR. 21 April 2010. Archived from
2401:Halimović, Dženana (12 April 2017).
1509:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
973:On 12 May 1992, at a session of the
781:Srpska Republika Bosna i Hercegovina
775:Српска Република Босна и Херцеговина
739:) was a self-proclaimed statelet in
676:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
641:Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
66:Srpska Republika Bosna i Hercegovina
61:Српска Република Босна и Херцеговина
2288:. Human Rights Watch. 11 July 2006.
1076:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
2143:"Serbs ordered to pay for mosques"
1658:(2006), Human Rights Watch, p. 19.
1500:, especially in Republika Srpska.
1414:. This currency was pegged to the
1123:A highly classified report by the
25:
2515:. Rand Corporation. p. 104.
2347:Niksic, Sabina (9 October 2017).
1635:Office of the High Representative
1527:Office of the High Representative
1354:Research and Documentation Centre
1282:since 1991. On 24 July 1995, the
818:History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3643:1995 disestablishments in Europe
3222:
3109:
2916:"Otvaranje najmračnije stranice"
2670:. Diplomica Verlag. p. 34.
2241:"Serbs Apologize To War Victims"
2216:. 25 August 2006. Archived from
1247:
1238:
645:
631:
606:
592:
578:
564:
550:
155:
121:
107:
3464:National and University Library
3069:. Oxford University Press, US.
2738:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2607:. Routledge. pp. 393–394.
2375:John Kifner (27 January 1994).
2239:Wood, Nicholas (1 March 2007).
1793:. Berghahn Books. p. 123.
1272:United Nations Security Council
2886:Alic, Anes (20 October 2003).
2751:Strauss, Julius (8 May 2001).
2732:McMahon, Robert (9 May 2001).
2210:"Srebrenica Suspects Revealed"
1997:. Westview Press. p. 15.
1993:Kressel, Neil Jeffrey (2002).
1393:Army of Republika Srpska (VRS)
1104:(variably also referred to as
774:
703:
83:
60:
32:Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)
1:
3638:1992 establishments in Europe
3618:Former unrecognized countries
3548:Order of the Republika Srpska
3398:Confederation of Trade Unions
3048:(2nd ed.). M.E. Sharpe.
2779:"UN condemns Serb 'sickness'"
2018:Cohen, Roger (9 March 1995).
1686:. Nomos Verlag. p. 293.
1580:". The document, authored by
3459:Academy of Sciences and Arts
3197:Republika Srpska (1992–1995)
3116:Republika Srpska (1992-1995)
2914:Topić, Tanja (1 July 2004).
2822:Report about Case Srebrenica
2125:Harvard Human Rights Journal
1856:Pickering, Paula M. (2018).
1578:Report about Case Srebrenica
1572:Report about Case Srebrenica
1521:Politics of Republika Srpska
1396:geographically based corps.
1112:in 1995, where nearly 8,000
999:Establish a corridor in the
866:SAO East and Old Herzegovina
728:[repǔblikasr̩̂pskaː]
3613:History of Republika Srpska
3543:Vehicle registration plates
1883:Dahlhoff, Guenther (2012).
1449:University of East Sarajevo
1072:Serbia in the Yugoslav Wars
780:
88:
65:
3674:
3623:Former republics in Europe
3516:Police of Republika Srpska
2753:"Serb mob attacks Muslims"
2691:Bollens, Scott A. (2007).
2455:. Routledge. p. 374.
1586:International Crisis Group
1565:
1518:
1403:
1363:
1167:, was found guilty by the
1069:
1006:Establish a border on the
988:Set up a corridor between
931:
906:referendum on independence
855:Party of Democratic Action
839:met on 13 October 1990 in
815:
806:inter-entity boundary line
36:
29:
3576:
3439:
3371:Banja Luka Stock Exchange
3366:
3283:
3240:
3220:
3063:Trbovich, Ana S. (2008).
2697:. Routledge. p. 97.
1669:Daily Report: East Europe
772:
743:under the control of the
529:
498:
432:
408:
335:
321:
305:
177:
137:
103:
98:
3499:Army of Republika Srpska
2980:. Reuters. 21 April 2010
1445:University of Banja Luka
1366:Army of Republika Srpska
1175:, grave breaches of the
1082:Army of Republika Srpska
967:Croatian Defence Council
958:Army of Republika Srpska
886:parliamentary government
878:SAO North-Eastern Bosnia
745:Army of Republika Srpska
30:Not to be confused with
3170:Serb Autonomous Regions
1300:1992–1995 war in Bosnia
1173:crimes against humanity
1090:crimes against humanity
1042:Vojska Republike Srpske
882:Bosnian Serb referendum
862:Serb Autonomous Regions
3648:Politics of Yugoslavia
3558:Official football team
3479:Association of Writers
2888:"Pulling Rotten Teeth"
2079:Riedlmayer, András J.
1598:had the Government of
1551:Ferhadija mosque riots
1472:
1464:
1412:Republika Srpska dinar
1406:Republika Srpska dinar
1380:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1372:Yugoslav People's Army
1335:
1226:
970:
832:
794:Bosnia and Herzegovina
666:Bosnia and Herzegovina
510:Republika Srpska dinar
3393:Securities Commission
2664:Lukac, Dusko (2008).
2652:Churchill et al. 1997
2640:Churchill et al. 1997
2628:Churchill et al. 1997
2563:Churchill et al. 1997
2485:. The History Press.
2479:Wilson, Paul (2019).
2407:Radio Slobodna Evropa
2258:Mojzes, Paul (2011).
2119:Dakin, Brett (2002).
2086:. Harvard University.
1775:Burg & Shoup 1999
1734:Burg & Shoup 1999
1682:Egbert, Jahn (2008).
1475:In November 1995 the
1470:
1462:
1345:Serbian Radical Party
1333:
1032:for Republika Srpska.
1028:Ensure access to the
975:Bosnian Serb assembly
941:
846:Serb Democratic Party
830:
586:SAO North-East Bosnia
427:Breakup of Yugoslavia
290:military dictatorship
227:Common languages
3553:Football Association
3521:Ministry of Interior
3474:Museum of Modern Art
3118:at Wikimedia Commons
3091:"A precarious peace"
2834:Imaginary Massacres?
2351:. Associated Press.
1982:. 28 September 2005.
1562:Report on Srebrenica
1374:(JNA) of the former
558:SAO Bosanska Krajina
3504:Ministry of Defence
2867:on 12 November 2017
2840:, 11 September 2002
2757:The Daily Telegraph
2198:. 27 February 2009.
2149:. 20 February 2009.
1979:European Parliament
1709:, pp. 220–221.
1611:, the president of
1593:High Representative
1568:Srebrenica massacre
1507:and other parts of
1505:Serbs left Sarajevo
1307:Srebrenica massacre
1296:Srebrenica massacre
1110:Srebrenica Genocide
1106:concentration camps
1017:Divide the city of
870:SAO Bosnian Krajina
741:Southeastern Europe
614:SAO Northern Bosnia
3418:Telecommunications
3347:Proposed secession
2893:Transitions Online
2824:– Banja Luka, 2002
2801:The New York Times
2381:The New York Times
2286:"Oric's Two Years"
2245:The New York Times
2102:Human Rights Watch
2024:The New York Times
1473:
1465:
1336:
1177:Geneva Conventions
971:
833:
790:political entities
27:Former proto-state
3600:
3599:
3487:
3486:
3426:
3425:
3355:
3354:
3320:National Assembly
3270:
3269:
3185:North-East Bosnia
3114:Media related to
3099:, 22 January 1998
3076:978-0-19-533343-5
3055:978-0-7656-3189-3
2271:978-1-44220-665-6
2194:. United Nations
1933:. United Nations
1617:international law
1391:fighting for the
1118:siege of Sarajevo
1044:), and appointed
848:(SDS) formed the
688:
687:
657:
656:
653:
652:
619:
618:
522:
514:
417:National Assembly
372:• 1994–1995
353:• 1993–1994
341:• 1992–1993
311:• 1992–1995
170:
152:
16:(Redirected from
3665:
3585:
3437:
3364:
3281:
3262:East Herzegovina
3257:Bosanska Krajina
3238:
3226:
3214:1997–1998 crisis
3207:Dayton Agreement
3175:Bosanska Krajina
3153:Republika Srpska
3146:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3113:
3080:
3059:
3038:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:on 18 March 2015
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2855:
2847:
2841:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2220:on 16 April 2014
2206:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1937:. 2 August 2001.
1932:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1613:Republika Srpska
1600:Republika Srpska
1582:Darko Trifunović
1539:ethnic cleansing
1482:Republika Srpska
1477:Dayton Agreement
1420:convertible mark
1288:Radovan Karadžić
1258:Radovan Karadžić
1251:
1242:
1230:
1209:Ferhadija Mosque
1098:ethnic cleansing
1057:Dayton Agreement
979:Radovan Karadžić
964:
955:
946:
922:Radovan Karadžić
915:Republika Srpska
798:Dayton Agreement
784:
783:
777:
776:
738:
737:
736:
730:
725:
721:
718:
717:Serbian Republic
715:
712:
709:
705:
704:Република Српска
700:Serbian Cyrillic
692:Republika Srpska
671:Republika Srpska
649:
648:
635:
634:
627:Republika Srpska
623:
622:
610:
609:
596:
595:
582:
581:
568:
567:
554:
553:
547:
546:
531:
530:
520:
512:
494:14 December 1995
489:Dayton Agreement
458:28 February 1992
404:
385:
366:
316:Radovan Karadžić
241:Serbian Orthodox
212:
182:
172:
171:
151:"God of Justice"
150:
125:
111:
93:
92:
91:
89:Republika Srpska
86:
85:
84:Република Српска
78:
77:
73:Republika Srpska
70:
69:
68:
63:
62:
56:
55:
46:
39:Republika Srpska
21:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3483:
3422:
3408:Former currency
3351:
3310:Vice Presidents
3266:
3227:
3218:
3156:
3150:
3106:
3087:
3085:Further reading
3077:
3062:
3056:
3041:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2966:. 8 April 2010.
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2108:(8). June 1994.
2096:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1629:In April 2010,
1574:
1564:
1523:
1517:
1494:Operation Storm
1492:As a result of
1490:
1457:
1440:
1408:
1402:
1368:
1362:
1328:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1228:
1198:In addition to
1102:detention camps
1078:
1070:Main articles:
1068:
969:
962:
960:
953:
951:
944:
936:
930:
825:
820:
814:
733:
732:
731:
723:
719:
716:
713:
710:
646:
632:
607:
593:
579:
572:SAO Herzegovina
565:
551:
525:
491:
478:
465:
464:• Renamed
455:
442:
398:
392:
379:
373:
360:
354:
342:
312:
269:
197:
189:
186:Vance-Owen Plan
173:
156:
153:
149:
147:
133:
132:
131:
126:
118:
117:
112:
94:
81:
80:
79:
75:
74:
72:
71:
58:
57:
53:
52:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3440:
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3563:National day
3293:Constitution
3196:
3094:
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3044:
3034:
3008:. Retrieved
3004:the original
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2972:
2963:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2928:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2891:
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2862:the original
2857:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2803:. 8 May 2001
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2756:
2746:
2737:
2727:
2713:
2693:
2686:
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2654:, p. 6.
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2384:. Retrieved
2380:
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2361:
2352:
2342:
2334:the original
2329:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:the original
2294:
2280:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2213:
2204:
2168:. Retrieved
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2074:
2057:
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2032:
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2013:
1994:
1988:
1977:
1965:
1954:, retrieved
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1609:Dragan Čavić
1605:
1590:
1575:
1547:
1531:
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1502:
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1474:
1441:
1424:
1409:
1384:Bosnian Serb
1369:
1337:
1312:
1304:
1292:Ratko Mladić
1269:
1262:Ratko Mladić
1227:
1223:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1130:
1122:
1079:
1061:
1050:
1046:Ratko Mladić
1041:
1037:
1035:
972:
919:
914:
903:
894:
891:
874:SAO Romanija
859:
834:
787:
764:
695:
691:
689:
600:SAO Romanija
540:Succeeded by
539:
534:
481:6 April 1992
453:Constitution
440:Proclamation
391:• 1995
346:Branko Đerić
265:Bosnian Serb
202:client state
199:Unrecognized
142:
138:
129:Coat of arms
43:
3531:Police Band
3526:Honour Unit
3342:Referendums
3202:Bosnian War
3180:Herzegovina
1534:mono-ethnic
1378:from which
1326:Controversy
1217:Bosnian war
1153:Duško Tadić
1053:Bosnian War
934:Bosnian War
928:Bosnian War
802:Bosnian War
749:Bosnian War
747:during the
535:Preceded by
521:(1994–1998)
513:(1992–1994)
476:Bosnian War
413:Legislature
399: [
380: [
377:Dušan Kozić
361: [
287:nationalist
188:in May 1993
148:Боже правде
144:Bože Pravde
76:(1992–1995)
3607:Categories
3288:Government
3035:unesco.org
1956:3 December
1642:References
1566:See also:
1555:Banja Luka
1541:and allow
1519:See also:
1404:See also:
1340:Naser Orić
1319:Srebrenica
1280:Yugoslavia
1159:leader in
1086:war crimes
1066:War crimes
841:Banja Luka
816:See also:
792:composing
724:pronounced
275:Government
252:Demonym(s)
206:Yugoslavia
3337:Elections
3298:President
3233:Geography
1455:Aftermath
1438:Education
1286:indicted
1185:Trnopolje
1155:, former
1149:Trnopolje
990:Semberija
297:President
245:Calvinism
237:Religion
99:1992–1995
3592:Category
3469:Archives
3403:Currency
3276:Politics
3190:Romanija
3010:21 April
2984:21 April
2807:30 March
2763:30 March
2759:. London
2170:20 April
2147:BBC News
1543:refugees
1488:Refugees
1350:Sarajevo
1315:genocide
1189:Keraterm
1165:Prijedor
1145:Uzamnica
1141:Keraterm
1094:genocide
1019:Sarajevo
823:Creation
503:Currency
285:under a
283:republic
3583:Outline
3568:Outline
3432:Culture
3413:Railway
3360:Economy
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3162:History
3023:Sources
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2330:idc.org
2224:24 June
1515:Reforms
1400:Economy
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1023:Bosniak
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3050:ISBN
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