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fighting and civil wars, Serfoji ushered in an era of peace, prosperity and scientific development and pioneered new administrative and educational reforms. His vision helped
Thanjavur forge ahead of other princely states and advance into a new age and emerge as a fitting competitor to European nations. Above all, he was an enlightened and educated soul; the quintessential Indian maharajah of the British colonial era who was at home with both Latin as well as Sanskrit and could converse and compile literary works in both Tamil as well as English. At his funeral, a visiting missionary, Rev. Bishop Heber observed:
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Thanjavur
Marathi ruler to wield authority of any sort. The princely state was extinguished and Tanjore annexed by the British as per the controversial Doctrine of Lapse when Shivaji died in 1855. However, Shivaji's adopted heir and his descendants have continued to live in the Tanjore palace and use the title "Chattrapathi" and "Bhonsle Raja of Thanjavur" right up to the present day.
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operations believed to have been performed by Prince
Serfoji II, came to light Serfoji II regularly carried a surgical kit with him, wherever he went and performed cataract surgeries. Seforji's "operations" have been recorded in detail in English with detailed case histories of the patients he operated. These manuscripts form a part of the collection at the Saraswathi Mahal Library.
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In the history of pre-Victorian India, Serfoji's name often pops up at the first instance. He was a great savant and humanist, a man who was far ahead of his times. During his time, Thanjavur was one of the most developed princely states in the Indian subcontinent. While many rajahs were engrossed in
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Serfoji became the last fully independent ruler of
Tanjore when, in 1799, the administration of the kingdom was wrested from him by the British immediately after his restoration to the throne leaving the Bhonsles in charge of the fort and the surrounding areas alone. His son Shivaji was the last
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In
September 2003, during a meeting between Dr. Badrinath and Shivaji Rajah Bhonsle, the current scion of the royal family of Thanjavur and sixth in line from King Serfoji II, the existence of 200-year-old manuscripts in the Saraswathi Mahal library, containing records of the ophthalmic surgical
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The discovery in 2003, of
Serfoji's medical prescriptions which contain an accurate description of eye-defects like cataracts and the operations to be performed have created news worldwide. Serfoji is now universally recognized as one of the early pioneers of cataract lens removal
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The bibliophile that he was, he purchased around 4000 books from different parts of the world and enriched his library with his enormous book collection. Medical treatises, in the library collection contained his remarks alongside, in
English. His library included treatises on
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Serfoji erected a shipyard at Manora, around fifty kilometers from
Thanjavur. Serfoji also established a meteorological station to facilitate trade. He had a gun factory, a naval library and a naval store with all kinds of navigational instruments.
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Based on the medical prescriptions stored at the
Dhanvanthri Mahal, a set of poems were compiled detailing the procedures to cure various diseases. These poems were collected and published as a book, called Sarabhendra Vaidhya Muraigal.
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schools have performed research upon drugs and herbs for medical cure and had produced eighteen volumes of research material. Serfoji also had the important herbs studied and catalogued in the form of exquisite hand paintings.
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Serfoji was open-minded and tolerant of other faiths. He liberally funded churches and schools run by
Christian missionaries. He was also a patron of Thanjavur Bade Hussein Durgah.
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Apart from these, the Library contains a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Maratha court known as the Modi documents, French-Maratha correspondence of the 18th century.
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was founded as a Palace Library by the Nayak kings of Thanjavur (1535–1675), it was however Serfoji who enriched it with priceless works, maps, dictionaries, coins and artwork.
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which lasted from 1798 until his death in 1832, for the first time, the proceedings of the Tanjore durbar were recorded in paper. The Delta region was divided into five
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in the world. Serfoji also renovated and reconstructed several existing temples like the Brihadeeswara Temple apart from building new ones. He was also an ardent
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far and wide and collected huge number of books and manuscripts for this Library. All the books in the library carry his personal autograph in English.
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was restricted to the Fort of Thanjavur and its surrounding areas. Therefore, Serfoji is remembered in history as the last sovereign ruler of Thanjavur.
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748:. He authored famous works like "Kumarasambhava Champu", "Mudrarakshaschaya" and "Devendra Kuruvanji" and introduced western musical instruments like
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interposed on his behalf and Serfoji ascended the throne of Thanjavur on 29 June 1798. In return for their assistance, Serfoji was forced to cede the
674:) medicine for humans and animals. The institution also treated sick people and maintained case-sheets which have become famous. Here, physicians of
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Serfoji was also keenly interested in painting, gardening, coin-collecting, martial arts and patronized chariot-racing, hunting and bull-fighting.
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Serfoji was a scion of the Bhonsle family from which Chattrapathi Shivaji came. The Maratha kings were the descendants of Shivaji's half-brother,
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The Library is situated in the centre of Nayak palace and it was opened for public in 1918. There is also a small museum there for the visitors.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003724/http://www.sarasvatimahallibrary.tn.nic.in/Thanjavur/Maratha_Rulers/body_maratha_rulers.html#serfoji2
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acknowledged him as his son on 23 January 1787 by duly performing all of the religious rites. The boy was entrusted to the care of
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was from 1787 to 1793 and his second reign was from 1798 to 1832). His death was mourned throughout the empire and his
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of several holy places. Memories of the pilgrimage have survived to the present day in the paintings of the bathing
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and visited their schools quite often and appreciated their way of functioning. Impressed, he tried to implement
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Serfojis is also credited with installing a hand press with Devanagari type in 1805, the first of its kind in
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The Encyclopædia Britannica in its survey of the libraries of the world mentions this as
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the throne in 1793. Amar Singh denied the young prince the benefits of basic education.
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I have seen many crowned heads, but not one whose deportment was more princely.
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of 100,000 star pagodas and one-fifth of the state's land revenue. Serfoji's
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Serfoji II died on 7 March 1832 after a reign of almost 40 years (His first
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at Saluvanayakanpattinam were constructed in Serfoji's reign. He installed
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Serfoji II is mentioned as Sarabhoji in the Tamil records of the period.
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Tanjore painting of a royal procession: Maharaja Amarasimha and Serfoji
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National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management
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Entrance of the Sarasvati Mahal Library, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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of the Kingdom to the British and, in return, was granted an annual
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Miniature painting on ivory, silver frame with engraving in the
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Serfoji founded a school called Navavidhya Kalanidhi Sala where
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Raja of Thanjavur Maratha kingdom from 1787–1793 and 1798-1832
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at the top of these monuments and had the history of the
266:. He ruled Thanjavur from 1798 until his death in 1832.
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to exercise absolute sovereignty over his dominions. His
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Serfoji was a patron of traditional Indian arts like
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where he was educated by Rev. Wilhelm Gericke of the
1079: (archived 29 November 2004) — official website
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Mahal, a research institution that produced herbal (
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Serfoji is also credited with having built a lot of
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intervened to save the young prince and sent him to
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Trichy-Tanjore Diocese of the Church of South India
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851:and the different holy sites commissioned by him.
216:(24 September 1777 – 7 March 1832) also spelt as
1019:Raja Serfoji And Ophthalmology - A New Discovery
612:methods of teachings and education all over his
559:"perhaps the most remarkable library in India"
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639:for civic use. He implemented an underground
274:Serfoji was born on 24 September 1777 in the
8:
985:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
250:to the present day. Serfoji belonged to the
791:inscribed on the south-western wall of the
487:Contribution to the Sarasvati Mahal Library
2010:
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462:From the collection of the V&A Museum.
316:But Thulajah died soon afterwards and his
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600:. Serfoji maintained close ties with the
1034:Raja Serfoji--Thanjavur's Maratha Legacy
795:. It is considered to be the lengthiest
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54:29 June 1798 – 7 March 1832 (2nd reign)
768:Construction and renovation activities
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239:, however, have managed to thrive as
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2559:Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam
946:List of Maratha dynasties and states
875:was attended by over 90,000 people.
772:The five story Sarjah Mahadi in the
2547:Religious and monastic institutions
1086:List of Bhonsle Kings of Thanjavur
1024:Thanjavur Saraswathi Mahal Library
891:,. Unknown Indian artist, c. 1800.
815:In 1820-21, Serfoji embarked on a
720:in the Thanjavur palace premises.
543:including Aarur Swai ||ANIRUDRA||
14:
2564:Roman Catholic Diocese of Tanjore
1039:Restoration of Serfoji-era murals
1005:. 10 October 2004. Archived from
299:Rev. Christian Freidrich Schwartz
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1044:Muthiah, S. (5 September 2005).
312:Difficulties faced in early life
179:Serfoji Raja Bhonsle Chattrpathi
2483:Samadhi of Bodhendra Saraswathi
592:were taught in addition to the
426:Serfoji II miniature painting.
323:who had earlier been appointed
1824:Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years
839:. He was also involved in the
736:Contribution to arts and music
1:
1046:"Serfoji's steps to learning"
2605:Periyar Maniammai University
220:, was the last ruler of the
2584:Sri Vittal Rukmini Samsthan
2538:Veetrirundha Perumal Temple
1373:Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi
762:Thanjavur style of painting
260:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
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1368:Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi
889:National Museum of Denmark
712:Serfoji created the first
662:Young Serfoji with Schwatz
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2574:Sri Sridhara Ayyaval Mutt
2508:Swamimalai Murugan Temple
1358:Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi
1139:
1131:Maratha Raja of Thanjavur
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1104:Maratha Raja of Thanjavur
1101:
1093:
997:"Prince of Ophthalmology"
951:Thanjavur Maratha kingdom
394:Restoration to the throne
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2518:Thanjavur Maratha Palace
2493:Saraswathi Mahal Library
2433:Kalyanasundaresar Temple
1839:Second Anglo-Maratha War
666:Serfoji established the
631:Serfoji constructed ten
418:Reign and administration
2589:Thiruppanandal Adheenam
2513:Swetha Vinayagar Temple
1844:Third Anglo-Maratha War
1834:First Anglo-Maratha War
1256:Moropant Trimbak Pingle
1073:Sarasvati Mahal Library
982:Encyclopædia Britannica
501:Sarasvati Mahal Library
258:and was descended from
52:1787 – 1793 (1st reign)
2478:Punnainallur Mariamman
2448:Mahalingeswarar Temple
2413:Adi Kumbeswarar Temple
2262:Municipal corporations
1348:Ramchandra Pant Amatya
1266:Ramchandra Pant Amatya
902:
892:
663:
496:
464:
434:
2533:Vasishteswarar Temple
2473:Poondi Madha Basilica
2428:Brihadeeswarar Temple
2026:District headquarters
898:
886:
805:Royal Asiatic Society
661:
494:
458:
425:
2438:Kampaheswarar Temple
2418:Airavatesvara Temple
803:and a member of the
793:Brihadeeswara Temple
450:Administrative Heads
218:Sarabhoji II Bhonsle
2579:Sri Vijayendra Mutt
2377:Vijayanagara Empire
1658:Invasions of Bengal
1478:Maratha Confederacy
1187:Maratha Confederacy
1009:on 18 January 2005.
855:Religious tolerance
672:indigenous medicine
568:Educational reforms
549:Adhi Nayagam Pillai
287:Chattrapati Shivaji
64:1787 (Date unknown)
2679:Rajas of Thanjavur
2528:Uppiliappan Temple
2488:Sarangapani Temple
2406:Places of interest
2387:Thanjavur Marathas
2019:Thanjavur district
1890:Nizam of Hyderabad
1829:Maratha–Mysore War
1505:Patwardhan dynasty
1495:Scindia of Gwalior
893:
873:funeral procession
811:Pilgrimage to Kasi
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346:. Soon, he became
334:At this juncture,
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2610:SASTRA University
2423:Aiyarappar temple
2372:Madurai Sultanate
2248:Thiruvidaimarudur
2228:Sethubhavachatram
2172:Thiruvidaimarudur
1985:
1984:
1885:Portuguese Empire
1490:Gaekwad of Baroda
1485:Bhonsle of Nagpur
1276:Balaji Vishwanath
1261:Moreshvar Pingale
1149:
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1140:Succeeded by
1111:Succeeded by
976:"Libraries"
781:Manora Fort Tower
714:Zoological Garden
708:Zoological garden
643:for the whole of
437:During Serfoji's
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115:24 September 1777
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2638:Cities and towns
2625:Tamil University
2615:PRIST University
2569:Sri Sankara Mutt
2382:Thanjavur Nayaks
2342:Kalabhra dynasty
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2012:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1703:Capture of Delhi
1678:North-west India
1648:2nd Trichinopoly
1638:1st Trichinopoly
1500:Holkar of Indore
1469:Tulsi Bai Holkar
1389:Ahilyabai Holkar
1291:Madhavrao Ballal
1271:Bahiroji Pingale
1185:
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1137:1798–1832
1121:Preceded by
1108:1787–1793
1094:Preceded by
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545:Thyagarajar Iyer
344:Lutheran Mission
327:to the boy-king
262:'s half-brother
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641:drainage system
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547:and puthukotai
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398:Meanwhile, the
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224:dynasty of the
206:Maratha Dynasty
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2598:Universities
2357:Later Cholas
2337:Early Cholas
2290:Pattukkottai
2243:Thiruvaiyaru
2218:Pattukkottai
2162:Thiruvaiyaru
2147:Pattukkottai
2111:Pattukkottai
1361:
1301:Raghunathrao
1238:Pratap Singh
1195:Chhatrapatis
1129:
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1081:(in English)
1055:. Retrieved
1049:
1007:the original
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529:architecture
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318:half-brother
315:
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229:principality
217:
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127:(1832-03-07)
125:7 March 1832
66:29 June 1798
18:
2674:1832 deaths
2669:1777 births
2453:Manora Fort
2397:British Raj
2392:Company Raj
1853:Adversaries
1788:Farrukhabad
1738:Gajendragad
1688:3rd Panipat
1653:Katwa (2nd)
1643:Katwa (1st)
1533:Pavan Khind
1326:Bhat family
1311:Baji Rao II
1296:Narayan Rao
1134:(Restored)
1097:Thuljaji II
797:inscription
633:water tanks
621:South India
473:rest houses
412:sovereignty
276:royal house
237:descendants
71:Predecessor
24:Sarboji II
2663:Categories
2274:Kumbakonam
2253:Thiruvonam
2223:Peravurani
2208:Orathanadu
2198:Kumbakonam
2188:Ammapettai
2152:Peravurani
2137:Orathanadu
2132:Kumbakonam
2106:Kumbakonam
2090:Chola Nadu
2074:Tamil Nadu
1951:Sindhudurg
1865:Qutb Shahi
1860:Adil Shahi
1573:Bhupalgarh
1538:Umberkhind
1523:Pratapgarh
1429:Parvatibai
1419:Lakshmibai
1362:hereditary
1340:Pratinidhi
1321:Nana Sahib
1281:Baji Rao I
1228:Rajaram II
1143:Shivaji II
1124:Amar Singh
1114:Amar Singh
957:References
841:renovation
817:pilgrimage
718:Tamil Nadu
578:literature
481:Orathanadu
475:for weary
432:Copenhagen
348:proficient
321:Amar Singh
306:missionary
244:Maharajahs
214:Serfoji II
111:1777-09-24
95:Shivaji II
90:Amar Singh
79:Amar Singh
60:Coronation
2523:Thingalur
2269:Thanjavur
2233:Thanjavur
2213:Papanasam
2157:Thanjavur
2142:Papanasam
2116:Thanjavur
2099:Divisions
2033:Thanjavur
1921:Pratapgad
1793:Bharatpur
1773:3rd Delhi
1673:2nd Delhi
1454:Soyarabai
1449:Sakvarbai
1434:Putalabai
1399:Gopikabai
1394:Anandibai
1316:Amrut Rao
1213:Rajaram I
1057:8 October
1051:The Hindu
1002:The Hindu
829:disciples
827:of 3,000
774:Thanjavur
645:Thanjavur
574:languages
533:astronomy
469:chathrams
443:districts
295:Thanjavur
248:Thanjavur
153:Muktambal
143:Thanjavur
132:Thanjavur
92:(usurper)
86:Successor
81:(usurper)
43:Thanjavur
2648:Villages
2458:Melattur
2443:Kanjanur
2321:Kollidam
2311:Arasalar
2203:Madukkur
1946:Shivneri
1926:Purandar
1808:Mahidpur
1803:Koregaon
1753:Chaksana
1708:Pachgaon
1683:Peshawar
1623:Mandsaur
1558:Sinhagad
1553:Purandar
1528:Kolhapur
1464:Baka Bai
1414:Kashibai
1404:Jankibai
1233:Shahu II
1208:Sambhaji
930:See also
925:surgery.
779:and the
750:clarinet
724:Shipping
680:ayurveda
654:Medicine
610:European
598:shastras
582:sciences
537:medicine
477:pilgrims
364:Sanskrit
291:Thulajah
256:Marathas
254:clan of
75:Thuljaji
2330:History
2193:Budalur
2167:Budalur
2051:Country
1977:Shivrai
1916:Panhala
1783:Laswari
1733:Savanur
1718:Wadgaon
1713:Saunshi
1693:Alegaon
1663:Burdwan
1613:Palkhed
1603:Raigarh
1578:Bijapur
1515:Battles
1439:Ramabai
1424:Mastani
1409:Jijabai
1248:Peshwas
1223:Shahu I
1218:Tarabai
1203:Shivaji
1075:at the
936:Bhonsle
912:Venkoji
847:on the
837:charity
825:retinue
541:Pundits
513:grammar
509:Vedanta
447:Subedar
408:pension
400:British
329:usurped
289:. Raja
280:Maratha
278:of the
264:Venkoji
252:Bhonsle
241:titular
233:Tanjore
226:Maratha
222:Bhonsle
201:Dynasty
194:Bhonsle
164:Shivaji
150:Consort
117:Unknown
2643:People
2316:Kaveri
2304:Rivers
2125:Taluks
2083:Region
1956:Rajgad
1936:Rajgad
1931:Raigad
1911:Mangad
1895:Mysore
1798:Khadki
1778:Assaye
1763:Kharda
1748:Lalsot
1728:Badami
1668:Narela
1628:Bhopal
1598:Khelna
1593:Satara
1568:Kalyan
1563:Salher
1543:Chakan
1444:Saibai
1338:&
1336:Amatya
905:Trivia
879:Legacy
849:Ganges
777:palace
754:violin
688:siddha
614:Empire
590:crafts
580:, the
376:Danish
372:German
368:French
356:Telugu
340:Madras
325:regent
303:Danish
138:Burial
2067:State
2058:India
1970:Coins
1961:Torna
1904:Forts
1768:Poona
1758:Patan
1723:Adoni
1633:Vasai
1618:Malwa
1608:Torna
1588:Jinji
1548:Surat
1382:Women
869:reign
863:Death
845:ghats
746:music
742:dance
684:unani
637:wells
602:Danes
594:Vedas
525:drama
521:dance
517:music
439:reign
388:Latin
384:Dutch
380:Greek
352:Tamil
270:Birth
189:House
174:Names
159:Issue
49:Reign
1817:Wars
1059:2018
831:and
821:Kasi
752:and
744:and
686:and
648:city
596:and
588:and
586:arts
584:and
523:and
499:The
386:and
360:Urdu
301:, a
283:king
122:Died
105:Born
39:Raja
819:to
756:in
716:in
604:at
471:or
350:in
246:of
231:of
41:of
2665::
1048:.
999:.
979:.
807:.
764:.
682:,
678:,
650:.
616:.
576:,
561:.
535:,
531:,
527:,
519:,
515:,
511:,
483:.
430:,
390:.
382:,
378:,
374:,
370:,
366:,
362:,
358:,
354:,
308:.
285:,
2011:e
2004:t
1997:v
1364:)
1360:(
1174:e
1167:t
1160:v
1061:.
914:.
113:)
109:(
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