298:, for example, frequently has long chains, including one of 378 customers at a Florida Starbucks. There has, however, been some controversy around them, as Baristas who experience them complain about mixed up orders while other customers have found themselves stuck with significantly larger payments than the cost of their food and potential confrontations as a result. The concept of setting up a "Pay It Forward chain" in order to profit from a massive order was lampooned in an episode of the Netflix series, I Think You Should Leave with Tim Robinson. This resulted in an internet meme based on the order he placed, "55 Burgers, 55 Fries, 55 Tacos, 55 Pies, 55 Cokes, 100 Tater Tots, 100 Pizzas, 100 Chicken Tenders, 100 Meatballs, 100 Coffees, 55 Wings, 55 Shakes, 55 Pancakes, 55 Pastas, 55 Peppers, and 155 Taters, totaling $ 680" which was sold on its own t-shirt.
383:, did a story on The Newton Project, a 501(c)(3) outreach organization created to demonstrate that regardless of how big the problems of the world may seem, each person can make a difference simply by taking the time to show love, appreciation and kindness to the people around them. It is based on the classic pay-it-forward concept, but demonstrates the impact of each act on the world by tracking each wristband with a unique ID number and quantifying the lives each has touched. The Newton Project's attempt to quantify the benefits of a Pay It Forward type system can be viewed by the general public at their website.
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Chicago, the Hulk confronts muggers who had just robbed an elderly retired man of his pension money, all the money he had. After corralling the muggers, the Hulk turns towards the victim. The retiree thinks that the Hulk is about to attack him as well, but instead, the Hulk gives him the $ 5 bill. It transpires that the very same old man had earlier given a down-on-his-luck Peter Parker a $ 5 bill.
336:. In Ryan Hyde's book and movie, it is described as an obligation to do three good deeds for others in response to a good deed that one receives. Such good deeds should accomplish things that the other person cannot accomplish on their own. In this way, the practice of helping one another can spread geometrically through
168:
pled for more time to pay. When the king found this out, he was angry, and threw the original debtor into prison until he paid the entire debt. Jesus summarized the story by saying, "So likewise shall my heavenly Father do also unto you, if ye from your hearts forgive not every one his brother their trespasses."
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of a man who had been forgiven a huge debt by the king, because the debtor had begged for mercy. However, after being freed from the debt, he found a fellow who owed him a very small debt, by comparison. Although he had been shown a great mercy, he refused the same consideration to his fellow who had
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Several experiments document that individuals pay forward in the sense that they pass on a behavior that they have experienced. Individuals who are given more money are, for example, more likely to donate to a stranger. Individuals who are assigned easy tasks are more like to assign someone else to
1045:
Yang, Fan; Zhang, Tiange P; Tang, Weiming; Ong, Jason J; Alexander, Marcus; Forastiere, Laura; Kumar, Navin; Li, Katherine T; Zou, Fei; Yang, Ligang; Mi, Guodong; Wang, Yehua; Huang, Wenting; Lee, Amy; Zhu, Weizan; Luo, Danyang; Vickerman, Peter; Wu, Dan; Yang, Bin; Christakis, Nicholas A; Tucker,
347:
The Pay it
Forward Movement and Foundation was founded in the United States helping start a ripple effect of kindness acts around the world. The newly appointed president of the foundation, Charley Johnson, had an idea for encouraging kindness acts by having a Pay it Forward Bracelet that could be
147:
it to you. When you meet with another honest Man in similar
Distress, you must pay me by lending this Sum to him; enjoining him to discharge the Debt by a like operation, when he shall be able, and shall meet with another opportunity. I hope it may thus go thro' many hands, before it meets with a
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Two explanations for the observed paying-it-forward have been considered. Evolutionary biologists and psychologists argue that being helped or harmed leads to an emotional reaction such as gratitude or anger, which in turn trigger the respective behavior. Being given an annoying task renders an
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to leave town because of the Hulk's seeming attack on police. But Banner is flat broke, and cannot afford even bus fare. As a result, Parker gives Banner his last $ 5 bill, saying that someone had given him money when he was down on his luck, and this was how he was repaying that debt. Later, in
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Pay it forward has also been used in medicine and public health. In this context, a person is offered a free health service (a test or vaccine), then asked if they would like to donate money or non-monetary support to spur subsequent uptake of services. Several clinical trials suggest that this
348:
worn as a reminder. Since then, over a million Pay it
Forward bracelets have been distributed in over 100 countries sparking acts of kindness. Few bracelets remain with their original recipients, however, as they circulate in the spirit of the reciprocal or generalized altruism.
186:, misquoted Emerson as having said "You can pay back only seldom. You can always pay forward, and you must pay line for line, deed for deed, and cent for cent." He also shortened the (mis)quotation into "You can never pay back; but you can always pay forward" and variants.
351:
In 2007, International Pay It
Forward Day was founded in Australia by Blake Beattie. It has now spread to 70 countries with over 50 state and city proclamations. It is estimated that it has inspired over five million acts of kindness and has featured on 7, 9, 10,
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for financial reasons. Erdős contributed enough to allow the young man to register. Years later, the man offered to return the entire amount to Erdős, but Erdős insisted that the man rather find another student in his situation, and give the money to him.
76:, lending the same amount to a similarly disadvantaged party once they have the means, and under the same conditions. Debt and payments can be monetary or by good deeds. A related type of transaction, which starts with a gift instead of a loan, is
1905:
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Schnedler (2020) finds that individuals no longer pay forward if behavior cannot be directly imitated. This suggests that at least in the experiments so far paying forward is driven by social learning rather than emotions.
178:, wrote: "In the order of nature we cannot render benefits to those from whom we receive them, or only seldom. But the benefit we receive must be rendered again, line for line, deed for deed, cent for cent, to somebody."
1083:
Byrne, Margaret; Tan, Rayner Kay Jin; Wu, Dan; Marley, Gifty; Hlatshwako, Takhona Grace; Tao, Yusha; Bissram, Jennifer; Nachman, Sophie; Tang, Weiming; Ramaswamy, Rohit; Tucker, Joseph D. (8 December 2023).
236:
The banker reached into the folds of his gown, pulled out a single credit note. "But eat first—a full belly steadies the judgment. Do me the honor of accepting this as our welcome to the newcomer."
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The oldest, and perhaps most basic pattern of this concept, is the inter-generational devotion of parents to their children, re-enacting what their own parents did for them. In her 1916 book
1856:
443:). Being given an annoying task indicates to the individual that this assignment is adequate in this context. This then leads the individual to assign the annoying task to the next person.
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individual angry and this is why she assigns an annoying task to the next person. Alternatively, individuals may learn from their experience what seems to be appropriate behavior (
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Li, Katherine T; Tang, Weiming; Wu, Dan; Huang, Wenting; Wu, Feng; Lee, Amy; Feng, Henry; Pan, Stephen W; Han, Larry; Mak, Vincent; Yang, Ligang; Tucker, Joseph D (January 2019).
124:(dated March, 1914) entitled "The Boy Scout," that also dealt directly with the same concept. In it, a young "Scout" does a "good deed" that eventually reverberates world-wide.
1942:
232:, the circumstances of war place the protagonist in a country where it is illegal to spend his foreign money. He is hungry and a stranger gives him enough to pay for lunch:
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is an expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying the kindness to others rather than paying it back to the original benefactor. It is also called
113:, Lily Hardy Hammond reflects, "I never repaid Great-aunt Letitia's love to her, any more than she repaid her mother's. You don't pay love back; you pay it forward."
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1006:"Pay-it-forward strategy to enhance uptake of dual gonorrhea and chlamydia testing among men who have sex with men in China: a pragmatic, quasi-experimental study"
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282:, in which Spider-Man helps the Hulk escape from police who mistakenly thought that he was attacking them. Afterwards, they meet in their secret identities, with
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418:, where patrons' meals have already been paid for by previous customers, and customers are then encouraged to contribute toward future patrons' meals.
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Joseph D (August 2020). "Pay-it-forward gonorrhoea and chlamydia testing among men who have sex with men in China: a randomised controlled trial".
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an easy tasks. Finally, drivers who experience that others are insisting on their right of way are more likely to insist on their right of way.
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It is also possible for the original beneficiary to become part of the later chain of kindness. Some time in 1980, a sixteen-page supplemental
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905:"Web hosting provider – Bluehost.com – domain hosting – PHP Hosting – cheap web hosting – Frontpage Hosting E-Commerce Web Hosting Bluehost"
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His pride said no; his stomach said YES! Don took it and said, "Uh, thanks! That's awfully kind of you. I'll pay it back, first chance."
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294:"Pay it Forward Chains" in fast food stores has become somewhat common, where people pay for the drink or food items in front of them.
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instead of paying it back to the original creditor. This contract may include the provision that the debtor may repay the debt
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lenders. Some authors advocate the pay it forward approach be utilized as the primary means of economic transaction.
199:, also espoused this philosophy, in combination with the concept that good deeds should be performed in confidence.
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in 1944, "You can't pay anyone back for what has happened to you, so you try to find someone you can pay forward."
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A "pay it forward" chalkboard in a coffee shop, where patrons pay in advance for drinks to be given to others
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18:21–35, that paying it forward is a requirement for those who have received God's forgiveness. He told a
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Tang, Weiming; Wu, Dan; Yang, Fan; Wang, Cheng; Gong, Wenfeng; Gray, Kurt; Tucker, Joseph D. (July 2021).
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The concept is old, but the particular phrase may have been coined by Lily Hardy
Hammond in her 1916 book
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Knave that will stop its
Progress. This is a trick of mine for doing a deal of good with a little money.
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68:. Specifically, the creditor offers the debtor the option of paying the debt forward by lending it to a
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approach can increase test uptake. More research is needed to understand how this could be scaled up.
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106:(the title can be translated as "The Grouch"), a prizewinning play in ancient Athens in 317 BC.
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853:"'The 55 Burgers 55 Fries Sketch from I Think You Should Leave Season 3 is a hilarious meme.'"
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659:"Woody Hayes: Sport Motivational Advice from the Commencement Speech at Ohio State University"
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11:1, it is written: Cast your bread upon the waters, for you will find it after many days.
827:"'Taco Bell Customer Claims Pay-It-Forward Scam led to confrontation that left her scared'"
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Several firms have adopted the pay it forward approach as an economic model. These include
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Expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying the kindness to others
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1285:"Indirect Reciprocity and Prosocial Behavior: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment"
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1436:"The broken chain: Evidence against emotionally driven upstream indirect reciprocity"
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1086:"Prosocial Interventions and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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entitled “What Price a Life?” and was subsequently reprinted as the backup story in
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pioneered the approach in sustainable development, and it has been utilized by
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Also in 1944, the first steps were taken in the development of what became the
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1148:"Pay-it-forward model shows potential for microfinance in developing nations"
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Observations
Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc.
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Dufwenberg, Martin; Gneezy, Uri; GĂĽth, Werner; Van Damme, Eric (2001).
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778:"'378 Customers Pay It Forward to Strangers at Florida Starbucks.'"
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Ralph Waldo
Emerson, "Compensation", 1841 (text of Emerson essay)
182:(1913–1987), winner of five national titles as football coach at
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2095:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the
Declaration of Independence
1387:"Gratitude and Prosocial Behavior: Helping when it costs you"
242:"Instead, pay it forward to some other brother who needs it."
804:"'Why so many Starbucks Baristas hate pay-it-forward lines'"
1944:
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be
Reduced to a Small One
1236:"Paying it forward: generalized reciprocity: an experiment"
1858:
A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain
699:"Heifer International – Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty"
30:
This article is about the philosophy. For other uses, see
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heard about a promising math student unable to enroll in
219:, one of whose core strategies is "Passing on the Gift".
1234:
Gray, Kurt; Ward, Adrian F.; Norton, Michael J. (2014).
682:"Group to Combat Alcoholism Grows Apace in Anonymity"
1986:
A Plan for Improving the Condition of the Free Blacks
274:#126 dated February 1983. This was a team-up between
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Paying forward was used as a key plot element in the
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344:with an impact of making the world a better place.
60:"Pay it forward" is implemented in contract law of
2109:Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky
1896:"Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress" (1745)
120:, had already published a popular short story in
1212:"Direct vs. Indirect Reciprocity: an experiment"
1965:Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America
939:. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016
234:
137:
973:"How kindness can be contagious in healthcare"
316:was published and then adapted in 2000 into a
127:Regarding money, the concept was described by
1520:
116:American author and former war correspondent
8:
2198:Cities, counties, schools named for Franklin
1385:Bartlett, Moinca Y.; DeSteno, David (2006).
1915:Experiments and Observations on Electricity
1283:Mujcic, Redzo; Leibbrandt, Andreas (2017).
1951:Proposed alliance with the Iroquois (1775)
1717:Gulf Stream exploration, naming, and chart
1527:
1513:
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563:
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2045:Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology
1816:President, Pennsylvania Abolition Society
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1069:1983/beb60c3a-c253-42f7-a6c8-95e7772b7d91
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340:, at a ratio of three to one, creating a
1664:Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention
1327:Nowak, Martin A.; Sigmund, Karl (2005).
302:1999 novel, film and subsequent projects
1557:Second Continental Congress (1775–1776)
525:
1994:The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin
1878:Early American publishers and printers
949:
1547:President of Pennsylvania (1785–1788)
1434:Schnedler, Wendelin (November 2020).
7:
2055:Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
1769:Academy and College of Philadelphia
1329:"Evolution of indirect Reciprocity"
492:Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)
2501:Ann Smith Franklin (sister-in-law)
1901:"The Speech of Polly Baker" (1747)
1600:Committee of Secret Correspondence
1241:Journal of Experimental Psychology
1102:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.46789
25:
2486:Mary Morrell Folger (grandmother)
2136:University of Pennsylvania statue
2514:
2513:
2466:Alexander Bache (great-grandson)
2223:Sons of Ben (Philadelphia Union)
1796:Continental Currency dollar coin
1697:Franklin's electrostatic machine
1669:Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
1552:Ambassador to France (1779–1785)
1487:International Pay it Forward Day
1405:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x
751:"Review of 'What Price a Life?'"
2461:Andrew Harwood (great-grandson)
2436:Sarah Franklin Bache (daughter)
1891:The Drinker's Dictionary (1737)
1842:The Papers of Benjamin Franklin
1759:Library Company of Philadelphia
1146:Nikolau, Lisa (11 April 2016).
753:. SpiderFan.org. Archived from
487:Reciprocity (social psychology)
51:. Robert Heinlein's 1951 novel
32:Pay it forward (disambiguation)
1754:American Philosophical Society
1649:1776 Pennsylvania Constitution
1644:Staten Island Peace Conference
1048:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
1010:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
725:The Man Who Loved Only Numbers
630:Greene, Bob (3 January 1995).
57:helped popularize the phrase.
1:
1852:Silence Dogood letters (1722)
1781:Philadelphia Contributionship
1060:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30172-9
1022:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30556-5
685:The Christian Science Monitor
373:American Broadcasting Company
209:The Christian Science Monitor
2456:Richard Bache Jr. (grandson)
2446:Benjamin F. Bache (grandson)
2089:The Apotheosis of Washington
2014:Franklin's phonetic alphabet
1972:"The Morals of Chess" (1786)
1865:The Busy-Body columns (1729)
1806:United States Postal Service
1632:Treaty of Amity and Commerce
632:"You can always pay forward"
536:Hammond, Lily Hardy (1916).
430:Experiments and explanations
420:Heifer Project International
2441:William Franklin (grandson)
2161:Jefferson Memorial pediment
2082:Royal Society of Arts medal
1957:A Letter to a Royal Academy
1617:Declaration of Independence
1441:Games and Economic Behavior
590:Franklin, Benjamin (1917).
202:An anonymous spokesman for
2566:
2496:Richard Bache (son-in-law)
2491:Peter Folger (grandfather)
2186:Washington–Franklin stamps
2151:Stanford University statue
1774:University of Pennsylvania
990:10.1038/s41591-021-01401-x
399:
387:Public health and medicine
375:affiliate for the city of
29:
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2451:Louis F. Bache (grandson)
2320:(2002 documentary series)
2304:(1997 documentary series)
2203:Benjamin Franklin College
2050:Benjamin Franklin Parkway
1595:Hutchinson letters affair
1542:
1455:10.1016/j.geb.2022.10.008
956:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
884:Pay It Forward Foundation
497:Six degrees of separation
122:The Metropolitan Magazine
66:third party beneficiaries
2550:Sociological terminology
2476:James Franklin (brother)
2471:Josiah Franklin (father)
2141:Portland, Oregon, statue
2009:Franklin as a journalist
1978:An Address to the Public
1871:The Pennsylvania Gazette
1627:Franco-American alliance
1578:(1754 political cartoon)
539:In the Garden of Delight
111:In the Garden of Delight
49:In the Garden of Delight
2379:The New-England Courant
2176:One-hundred-dollar bill
2077:Benjamin Franklin Medal
2040:Benjamin Franklin House
1884:Poor Richard's Almanack
1791:Early American currency
1742:111th Infantry Regiment
1610:"...to be self-evident"
1175:The Moneyless Manifesto
688:, January 8, 1944; p. 3
577:Charles Scribner's Sons
133:letter to Benjamin Webb
2431:Francis Franklin (son)
2426:William Franklin (son)
2373:American Enlightenment
2312:(2002 animated series)
2181:Franklin silver dollar
2156:Washington D.C. statue
2131:Columbus, Ohio, statue
2116:Revolutionary War Door
2002:Bagatelles and Satires
1996:(1771–1790, pub. 1791)
1936:Pennsylvania Chronicle
1821:Master, Les Neuf SĹ“urs
1180:Permanent Publications
482:Random act of kindness
441:social learning theory
411:
244:
150:
135:dated April 25, 1784:
2263:Ben Franklin in Paris
2166:Refunding Certificate
1764:Pennsylvania Hospital
1659:Treaty of Paris, 1783
1482:Pay it Forward Day UK
1392:Psychological Science
1126:"About Karma Kitchen"
544:Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
507:Social responsibility
409:
318:film of the same name
192:Magnificent Obsession
184:Ohio State University
118:Richard Harding Davis
2368:Age of Enlightenment
2294:A More Perfect Union
2171:Franklin half dollar
2146:San Francisco statue
1922:Birch letters (1755)
1583:Albany Plan of Union
1172:Boyle, Mark (2013).
937:"The Newton Project"
663:GraduationWisdom.com
598:Macmillan Publishers
204:Alcoholics Anonymous
174:, in his 1841 essay
143:such a deed; I only
139:I do not pretend to
2481:Jane Mecom (sister)
2421:Deborah Read (wife)
2393:American Revolution
2386:The American Museum
2265:(1964 musical play)
2236:Ben Franklin effect
1492:Pay It Forward Life
1356:10.1038/nature04131
1348:2005Natur.437.1291N
1342:(7063): 1291–1298.
757:on 21 November 2011
569:Heinlein, Robert A.
554:on October 7, 2012.
360:, Fox 5, Fox 8 and
308:Catherine Ryan Hyde
280:The Incredible Hulk
172:Ralph Waldo Emerson
2545:1784 introductions
2344:(2022 documentary)
2246:In popular culture
2060:Franklin Institute
1786:Union Fire Company
1674:Postmaster General
1654:Libertas Americana
1637:Treaty of Alliance
1306:10.1111/ecoj.12474
1300:(611): 1683–1699.
925:Pay It Forward Day
457:Charity (practice)
412:
367:On April 5, 2012,
252:Harvard University
246:The mathematician
78:alternative giving
64:in the concept of
42:serial reciprocity
18:Serial reciprocity
2527:
2526:
2352:(2024 miniseries)
2342:Benjamin Franklin
2336:(2015 miniseries)
2328:(2008 miniseries)
2318:Benjamin Franklin
2285:Benjamin Franklin
2218:State of Franklin
1928:The Way to Wealth
1605:Committee of Five
1536:Benjamin Franklin
1090:JAMA Network Open
851:Curtis, Charles.
825:Moore, Courtney.
735:978-1-85702-829-4
728:. Fourth Estate.
334:Haley Joel Osment
320:, distributed by
129:Benjamin Franklin
16:(Redirected from
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2228:Ships named USS
1679:Founding Fathers
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262:appeared in the
197:Lloyd C. Douglas
189:The 1929 novel,
159:Jesus taught in
21:
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2112:(1816 painting)
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2101:Treaty of Paris
2018:
1847:Founders Online
1830:
1811:Street lighting
1727:Kite experiment
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1567:
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502:Social business
462:Cool To Be Kind
453:
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265:Chicago Tribune
229:Between Planets
224:Robert Heinlein
86:
54:Between Planets
35:
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1732:Pay it forward
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1712:Glass armonica
1709:
1707:Franklin stove
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1498:Pay It Forward
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1476:External links
1474:
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1471:
1426:
1399:(4): 319–325.
1377:
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1248:(1): 247–254.
1226:
1202:
1189:978-1856231015
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1054:(8): 976–982.
1037:
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400:Main article:
397:
396:Economic model
394:
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313:Pay It Forward
303:
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271:Marvel Team-Up
226:'s 1951 novel
217:Heifer Project
176:"Compensation"
85:
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38:Pay it forward
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2121:Boston statue
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1722:Lightning rod
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1576:Join, or Die.
1573:
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1568:United States
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727:
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721:
720:Hoffman, Paul
715:
712:
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679:
676:
664:
660:
654:
651:
639:
638:
633:
626:
623:
620:
615:
612:
600:. p. 241
599:
595:
594:
593:Autobiography
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467:Feed the Deed
465:
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436:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
416:Karma Kitchen
408:
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378:
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365:
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355:
349:
345:
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324:and starring
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45:
43:
39:
33:
19:
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2349:
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2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2287:(miniseries)
2284:
2270:
2262:
2257:(1953 short)
2254:
2229:
2191:other stamps
2107:
2099:
2088:
2087:Depicted in
2030:Bibliography
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1964:
1956:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1914:
1906:
1883:
1870:
1857:
1731:
1690:other events
1622:Model Treaty
1575:
1497:
1465:10419/266340
1445:
1439:
1429:
1396:
1390:
1380:
1339:
1335:
1322:
1297:
1291:
1278:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1223:(18): 19–30.
1218:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1174:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1152:Humanosphere
1151:
1141:
1129:. Retrieved
1120:
1093:
1089:
1078:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1016:(1): 76–82.
1013:
1009:
999:
980:
976:
966:
941:. Retrieved
931:
920:
908:. Retrieved
899:
887:. Retrieved
883:
874:
862:. Retrieved
856:
846:
834:. Retrieved
820:
808:. Retrieved
797:
785:. Retrieved
771:
759:. Retrieved
755:the original
744:
724:
714:
702:. Retrieved
693:
683:
678:
666:. Retrieved
662:
653:
641:. Retrieved
635:
625:
614:
602:. Retrieved
592:
585:
572:
552:the original
542:. New York:
538:
516:
477:Gift economy
445:
437:
433:
424:microfinance
413:
402:Gift economy
390:
366:
350:
346:
326:Kevin Spacey
322:Warner Bros.
311:
305:
293:
288:Bruce Banner
284:Peter Parker
269:
263:
260:Marvel comic
257:
245:
241:
238:
235:
227:
221:
214:
207:
201:
190:
188:
170:
158:
154:Ecclesiastes
151:
138:
126:
115:
110:
108:
101:
87:
70:third person
59:
52:
48:
46:
41:
37:
36:
2296:(1989 film)
2004:(pub. 1845)
1886:(1732–1758)
1873:(1729–1790)
1737:Associators
1688:Inventions,
1448:: 542–558.
668:25 November
643:24 November
604:24 November
377:Baton Rouge
364:in Canada.
362:Global News
180:Woody Hayes
2534:Categories
2326:John Adams
2255:Ben and Me
1801:Fugio cent
1749:Junto club
1195:12 January
1157:12 January
1131:12 January
943:2018-01-31
521:References
330:Helen Hunt
276:Spider-Man
248:Paul Erdős
94:New Comedy
90:denouement
2278:1972 film
1826:Gravesite
1314:151414316
858:USA Today
381:Louisiana
310:'s novel
306:In 1999,
296:Starbucks
2519:Category
2398:patriots
2388:magazine
2350:Franklin
2302:Liberty!
2230:Franklin
1835:Writings
1702:Bifocals
1413:16623689
1364:16251955
1270:15080631
1262:23244034
1111:10709779
952:cite web
831:Fox News
782:NBC News
722:(1998).
571:(1951).
546:p.
451:See also
286:warning
206:said in
103:Dyskolos
98:Menander
96:play by
2361:Related
1421:6491264
1372:3153895
1344:Bibcode
1031:6347395
910:14 July
889:14 July
806:. Today
704:14 July
369:WBRZ-TV
338:society
165:parable
161:Matthew
131:, in a
84:History
74:in kind
2540:Giving
2414:Family
2289:(1972)
2065:awards
2023:Legacy
1988:(1789)
1980:(1789)
1967:(1784)
1959:(1781)
1946:(1773)
1938:(1767)
1930:(1758)
1917:(1751)
1909:(1751)
1860:(1725)
1419:
1411:
1370:
1362:
1336:Nature
1312:
1268:
1260:
1186:
1108:
1028:
880:"HOME"
864:19 Aug
836:19 Aug
810:19 Aug
787:19 Aug
761:19 May
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