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mental processes people utilize to make sense of the world around them. He recruited three groups of individuals: those with social phobias, those with depression, and controls with no emotional disorder diagnosis. He wanted to determine whether these groups had a cognitive structure showing an actual/ideal (AI) discrepancy (referring to an individual not believing that they have achieved their personal desires) or actual/own/other (AOO) discrepancy (referring to an individual's actions not living up to what their significant other believes that they need to be). He found that depressed individuals had the highest AI discrepancy and social phobics had the greatest AOO discrepancy, while the controls were lower or in between the two for both discrepancies.
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depressed individuals tended to use maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (such as rumination or brooding) more. They also found that when depressed individuals displayed cognitive inhibition (slowing of response to a variable that had been previously ignored) when asked to describe a negative word (ignored variable was a positive word), they were less likely to ruminate or brood. When they displayed cognitive inhibition when asked to describe a positive word (ignored variable was a negative word), they were more likely to reflect.
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children should go through behavioral treatment before being treated with medication. Another recommended form of treatment for children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD would be counseling from a mental health professional. Treatment options will improve performance of children and adolescents on emotion recognition tasks, specifically response time as there is no difficulty recognizing human emotions. The degree of required treatments vary depending on the degree of ADD or ADHD the individual has.
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home, school, or community due to drugs and substance abuse or mental health issues. SEDNET 2A Services: Family
Services Planning Team (FSPT)- agencies, school officials and SEDNET meet with parents to assist and aid the child's poor performance at school and home. Positive Behavior Support providing technical assistance to promote positive behavior. Classroom Observation/Teacher Consultation- working with EBD children using successful strategies and tips in a classroom environment.
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behavior that does not interfere with classroom instruction, though to what extent this perception is due to social expectations of differences in male and female behavior is unclear. In any case, it is important to note that both internalizing and externalizing behaviour can and do occur in either sex; Students with EBD are also at an increased risk for learning disabilities, school dropout, substance abuse, and juvenile delinquency.
33:
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stigmatizing. In the late 1900s the term "behaviorally disordered" appeared. Some professionals in the field of special education accepted the term while others felt it ignored emotional issues. In order to make a more uniformed terminology, the
National Mental Health and Special Education Coalition, which consists of over thirty professional and advocacy groups, coined the term "emotional and behavioral disorders" in 1988.
396:). These students often have difficulty inhibiting emotional responses resulting from anger, frustration, and disappointment. Students who "externalize" exhibit behaviors such as insulting, provoking, threatening, bullying, cursing, and fighting, along with other forms of aggression. Male students with EBD exhibit externalizing behavior more often than their female counterparts.
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threatening words were presented, people with greater anxiety tended to have increased selective attention, meaning that they reacted quicker to a stimulus in an area where a threatening word was just presented (32-59ms faster). When in the control group, subjects reacted slower when there was a threatening word proceeding the stimulus (16-32ms slower).
187:, was passed by Congress and signed by John F. Kennedy, which provided federal funding to community mental health centers. This legislation changed the way that mental health services were handled and also led to the closure of many large asylums. Many laws soon followed assisting more and more people with EBDs. 1978 came with the passing of
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high school diploma. The main practice is the use of
Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS). PBIS instructional practices help students determine their skill level and progress, restore their skills through direct instruction, knowing the standards on their grade level and small group counseling.
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The state of
California has Spectrum Center classrooms in Los Angeles and the San Francisco area which are providing Emotional Disabilities and Behavioral Services. They provide academic classrooms for students who are actively working to improve grade-level standards and working toward getting their
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The state of New York has the
Foundations Behavioral Health that has been approved out of state educations and residential provider with the New York State Education Dept. Foundations offer Academic and Behavioral Health Services to students between the ages of 14 and 21. This program allows students
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Specific cognitive processes (e.g., attention) may be different in those with emotional disorders. MacLeod, Mathews, and Tata (1986) tested the reaction times of 32 participants, some of whom were diagnosed with
Generalized Anxiety disorder, when presented with threatening words. They found that when
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Treatment for these types of behaviors should include the parents as it is evident that their parenting skills impact on how their child deals with their symptoms, especially when at a younger age. Parents going through a parenting skills training program were reported a decrease in internalizing and
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were used to describe adults with such conditions. Mental illness was a label for most people with any type of disorder and it was common for people with emotional and behavioral disorders to be labeled with a mental illness. However, those terms were avoided when describing children as it seemed too
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The state of Texas has the Texas
Behavior Support Initiative (TBSI) authorized by Senate Bill 1196 and Texas Administrative Code §89.1053. With its design to provide knowledge for the use of constructive behavior interventions and to aid students, including students with disabilities. TBSI meets the
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The state of
Michigan has a Behavioral Education Center (BEC) in Bangor. Its purpose is to aid local schools directs with students between the ages of 5 and 26 years old with EBD's. Along with having students use appropriate behaviors and skills to successfully return to their local school setting.
412:
In recent years, many researchers have been interested in exploring the relationship between emotional disorders and cognition. Evidence has revealed that there is a relationship between the two. Strauman (1989) investigated how emotional disorders shape a person's cognitive structure, that is, the
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such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder). Male students may be over-represented in the EBD population because they appear to be more likely to exhibit disruptive externalizing behavior that interferes with classroom instruction. Females may be more likely to exhibit internalizing
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The state of
Florida has Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disabilities Network (SEDNET). SEDNET projects across the state aid the local school districts to work with those at-risk of EBD's. “Dealing with adverse behavior in the educational environment,” it serves students who poorly function at
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There are many types of services available to EBD students, referenced below. One service is one-on-one support (or an aide) who assists in everyday activities and academics. Another service is foundations offer behavior services as well as counseling support. Some services include classrooms that
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Emotional disorders can also alter the way people regulate their emotions. Joormann and Gotlib (2010) conducted a study with depressed, or previously depressed, individuals to test this. They found that, when compared to individuals who have never had a depressive episode, previously and currently
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Students with EBD are a diverse population with a wide range of intellectual and academic abilities. Males, African-Americans, and economically disadvantaged students are over-represented in the EBD population, and students with EBD are more likely to live in single-parent homes, foster homes, or
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Children and adolescents with ADD or ADHD may display different types of externalizing behavior and should be either medicated or going through behavioral treatment for their diagnosis. Adolescents with severe ADHD would likely benefit most from both medication and behavioral treatment. Younger
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on the person exhibiting signs of any mental illness. In the early to mid-1800s, asylums were introduced to
America and Europe. There, patients were treated cruelly and often referred to as lunatics by doctors in the professional fields. The main focus of asylums were to shun people with mental
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were often thought to be a form of demonic possession or witchcraft. Since much was unknown, there was little to no distinction between the different types of mental illness and developmental disorders that we refer to today. Most often, they were dealt with by performing an
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externalizing behavior in their children post-training program. The program included learning how to give positive attention, increase good behavior with small frequent rewards and specific praise as well as learning how to decrease attention when the child behaved poorly.
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educational experience to have strategic interventions to aid their social and behavioral functioning. Some of the program's highlights include Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA), Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP) & Community Based Instruction (CBI).
357:. Teachers are more likely to write referrals for students that are overly disruptive. Screening tools used to detect students with high levels of "internalizing" behavior are not sensitive and are rarely used in practice. Students with EBD with "
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other non-traditional living situations. These students also tend to have low rates of positive social interactions with peers in educational contexts. Students with EBD are often categorized as "internalizers" (e.g., have poor
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are dedicated to educational foundations and work on building the student up possessively. States also offer dedicated schools with multiple resources that help students with EBD excel and transition (back) into local schools.
226:
According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act an EBD classification is required if one or more of the following characteristics is excessively observed in a student over a significant amount of time:
497:"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (F90–F98)"
2790:
974:
Cartwright-Hatton, Sam; McNally, Deborah; White, Caroline; Verduyn, Chrissie (2005). "Parenting Skills Training: An Effective Intervention for Internalizing Symptoms in Younger Children?".
283:(CD) do not have an automatic eligibility to receive an IEP or 504 Plan. Students considered "socially maladjusted", but ineligible for an EBD classification (i.e., students diagnosed with
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1989:
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are not guaranteed to receive additional educational services under an EBD classification. Students with an EBD classification who meet the diagnostic criteria for various
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legislative requirements for the use of restraint and time-out, along with providing the baseline work for behavior strategies and prevention throughout each environment.
43:
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Wehby, Joseph; Symons, F.; Shores, R. E. (1995). "A descriptive analysis of aggressive behavior in classrooms for children with emotional and behavioral disorders".
287:), often receive better educational services in special education classrooms or alternative schools with high structure, clear rules, and consistent consequences.
195:, was put into act which would provide services to all disabled children from the ages of 3-5 by the 1990–91 school year. PL 94-142 has since been renamed to the
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2012:
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Strauman T. J. (1989). "Self-discrepancies in clinical depression and social phobia: Cognitive structures that underlie emotional disorders?".
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149:
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Inappropriate behavior (against self or others) or emotions (shares the need to harm others or self, low self-worth) in normal conditions.
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Danielson, Melissa L.; Bitsko, Rebecca H.; Ghandour, Reem M.; Holbrook, Joseph R.; Kogan, Michael D.; Blumberg, Stephen J. (2018-03-04).
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may have poor self-esteem, have depression, experience loss of interest in social, academic, and other life activities, and may exhibit
251:. However, it does not have any significant bearing on students who are socially maladjusted unless they also meet the above criteria.
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Various terms have been used to describe irregular emotional and behavioral disorders. Many of the terms such as mental illness and
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The classification is often given to students after conducting a Functional Behavior Analysis. These students need individualized
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Classroom programs, consultation, coaching, and professional development services are available within the school districts.
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which required free and public education to all disabled children including those with EBDs. An extension of PL 94–142,
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does not clarify which children would be considered "socially maladjusted". Students with a psychiatric diagnosis of
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137:) refer to a disability classification used in educational settings that allows educational institutions to provide
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Garner, B. K. (2007). Getting to “got it!”. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
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822:"Prevalence of Parent-Reported ADHD Diagnosis and Associated Treatment Among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 2016"
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The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines
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Wells, Erica L.; Day, Taylor N.; Harmon, Sherelle L.; Groves, Nicole B.; Kofler, Michael J. (2018-11-26).
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MacLeod, Colin; Mathews, Andrew; Tata, Philip (1986). "Attentional bias in emotional disorders".
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Providing or failing to provide an EBD classification to a student may be controversial, as the
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Emotional and behavioral disorder with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
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A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears related with individual or school issues.
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and related services to students who have displayed poor social and/or academic progress.
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Learning challenges that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors.
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384:; however, this population can also include typically developing children that have
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Trouble keeping up or building satisfactory relationships with peers and teachers.
308:) or "externalizers" (e.g., disrupt classroom instruction, or are diagnosed with
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Students with EBD that show externalizing behavior are often diagnosed with
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2004:
1416:. PACER: Minnesota Parent Training and Information Center. Archived from
361:" behavior may be aggressive, non-compliant, extroverted, or disruptive.
179:
157:
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934:
521:
1414:
Children's mental health and emotional or behavioral disorders project
754:"Students with Emotional Disturbance: Eligibility and Characteristics"
2159:
1974:
1462:
1233:
631:"The History of Asylums in the 1800s - Video & Lesson Transcript"
527:
1146:"Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition"
655:
607:"Mental Health Treatment: Then and Now | Introduction to Psychology"
333:. Students with internalizing behavior may also have a diagnosis of
185:
Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act (Public Law 88–164)
1937:
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1954:
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26:
919:"Are emotion recognition abilities intact in pediatric ADHD?"
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to exhibit externalizing behavior for various reasons (e.g.,
42:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1436:
Behaviour Management (EBD) Review Group: Published reviews
1345:"Classrooms for Students With Severe Emotional Impairment"
1374:"Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disabilities Network"
756:. The Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice.
156:(IEP) and/or accommodations in the classroom through a
51:
826:
Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology
1440:
580:"Are Students with EBD Given an IEP Plan? | Synonym"
2806:
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2003:
1965:
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1609:
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1444:
1255:"Out of State Education and Residential Provider |"
976:
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing
656:"The History of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders"
148:such as a Behavior Intervention Plan, to receive a
100:
95:
1287:"Emotional Disabilities and Behavioral Services |"
197:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
240:An overall attitude of unhappiness or depression.
748:
746:
677:"Overview of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders"
247:The term "EBD" includes students diagnosed with
1407:"What is an emotional or behavioral disorder?"
2784:
1514:
173:Before any studies were done on the subject,
40:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1347:. Special Education Programs and Services.
1318:. Special Education Programs and Services.
726:Center for Parent Information and Resources
698:"History of Emotional Behavioral Disorders"
152:. Students with EBD may be eligible for an
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2724:
2613:
2592:
2527:
2418:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
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1962:
1951:
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1507:
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92:
1201:
950:
853:
542:"EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDER (EBD)"
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
2681:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
2277:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1144:Joormann, Jutta; Gotlib, Ian H. (2010).
366:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
317:Internalizing and externalizing behavior
273:attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
183:illnesses from the public. In 1963, the
2945:Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood
484:
349:, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD),
1349:Van Buren Intermediate School District
1320:Van Buren Intermediate School District
1378:Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
912:
910:
908:
815:
813:
811:
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150:free and appropriate public education
7:
671:
669:
601:
599:
574:
572:
2384:Physiological and physical behavior
1380:. Chipley, FL. 2019. Archived from
2800:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2330:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
1724:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1274:All the locations listed are in PA
135:behavioral and emotional disorders
127:Emotional and behavioral disorders
25:
2510:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1810:X-linked intellectual disability
988:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2005.00014.x
758:American Institutes for Research
31:
1639:Intermittent explosive disorder
1564:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1293:. San Pablo, CA. Archived from
549:Cherokee County School District
203:Use and development of the term
2935:School and classroom behaviour
2282:Dissociative identity disorder
1547:Adult personality and behavior
1351:. Lawrence, MI. Archived from
1322:. Lawrence, MI. Archived from
1087:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1028:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
702:Emotional Behavioral Disorders
339:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
2897:Stereotypic movement disorder
2831:Emotional/behavioral disorder
2826:Oppositional defiant disorder
1316:"Behavioral Education Center"
1259:Foundations Behavioral Health
838:10.1080/15374416.2017.1417860
425:Services in the United States
370:oppositional defiant disorder
337:or another anxiety disorder,
310:disruptive behavior disorders
277:oppositional defiant disorder
269:disruptive behavior disorders
154:Individualized Education Plan
18:Serious emotional disturbance
2686:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
2223:Generalized anxiety disorder
1956:Neurological and symptomatic
1601:Sexual relationship disorder
728:. 2010-06-16. Archived from
390:escape from academic demands
2462:REM sleep behavior disorder
1931:Seasonal affective disorder
1729:Separation anxiety disorder
300:, or are diagnosed with an
54:, discuss the issue on the
2966:
2729:Symptoms and uncategorized
1830:developmental disabilities
1596:Sexual maturation disorder
1226:"Texas Support Initiative"
891:10.1177/019874299502000207
219:
2734:
2723:
2691:Simple-type schizophrenia
2660:Schizophreniform disorder
2612:
2591:
2544:
2526:
2389:
2378:
2126:
2105:
2038:Mild cognitive impairment
2023:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1961:
1950:
1921:Major depressive disorder
1874:
1860:
1826:Psychological development
1693:
1680:
1552:
1541:
1162:10.1080/02699930903407948
1156:(2). Routledge: 281–298.
1099:10.1037/0021-843x.95.1.15
1040:10.1037/0021-843x.98.1.14
790:. Georgia. Archived from
722:"Emotional Disturbance |"
611:courses.lumenlearning.com
518:World Health Organization
493:World Health Organization
2739:Impulse-control disorder
2655:Schizoaffective disorder
2650:Brief reactive psychosis
2347:Mass psychogenic illness
2310:Body dysmorphic disorder
2089:Post-concussion syndrome
1699:Emotional and behavioral
378:autism spectrum disorder
327:non-suicidal self-injury
323:"internalizing" behavior
2676:Childhood schizophrenia
2028:Frontotemporal dementia
1985:High-functioning autism
1802:Intellectual disability
1150:Cognition & Emotion
788:Reinforcement Unlimited
321:A person with EBD with
291:Student characteristics
2193:Specific social phobia
2084:Organic brain syndrome
1926:Melancholic depression
1687:Childhood and learning
1230:Texas Behavior Support
784:"Social Maladjustment"
760:. 2001. Archived from
2902:Elimination disorders
2749:Psychomotor agitation
2539:and substance-related
2482:Postpartum depression
2362:Somatization disorder
2248:Acute stress reaction
2013:AIDS dementia complex
584:classroom.synonym.com
220:Further information:
2808:Emotional/behavioral
2744:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
2574:Substance dependence
2487:Postpartum psychosis
2033:Huntington's disease
1815:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
1664:Personality disorder
879:Behavioral Disorders
222:Expectancy challenge
60:create a new article
52:improve this article
2624:Delusional disorder
2569:Stimulant psychosis
2559:Physical dependence
2413:Rumination syndrome
2315:Conversion disorder
2292:Psychogenic amnesia
2142:with depressed mood
2140:Adjustment disorder
2043:Parkinson's disease
2018:Alzheimer's disease
1911:Atypical depression
1747:Social functioning
1622:Munchausen syndrome
1617:Factitious disorder
982:(2). Wiley: 45–52.
408:Effect in cognition
394:access to attention
2940:Disability by type
2842:Social functioning
2837:Separation anxiety
2643:schizophrenia-like
2287:Dissociative fugue
1736:Movement disorders
935:10.1037/emo0000520
764:on 18 October 2015
335:separation anxiety
189:Public Law 94- 142
2922:
2921:
2871:Tourette syndrome
2766:
2765:
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2761:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
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2521:
2518:
2517:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2263:
2262:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2058:Vascular dementia
1980:Asperger syndrome
1946:
1945:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1790:Tourette syndrome
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1496:
1495:
1423:on 2 October 2006
1093:(1). APA: 15–20.
1034:(1). APA: 14–22.
146:behavior supports
139:special education
124:
123:
90:Medical condition
88:
87:
80:
62:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2957:
2950:Emotional issues
2879:Speech disorders
2847:Selective mutism
2821:Conduct disorder
2793:
2786:
2779:
2770:
2725:
2614:
2593:
2528:
2403:Anorexia nervosa
2391:
2380:
2357:Psychogenic pain
2325:Globus pharyngis
2173:Childhood phobia
2156:
2128:
2107:
1963:
1952:
1862:
1761:Selective mutism
1712:Conduct disorder
1695:
1682:
1659:Trichotillomania
1634:Gender dysphoria
1629:Fear of intimacy
1586:Sexual anhedonia
1554:
1543:
1530:Mental disorders
1523:
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1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1291:Spectrum Schools
1283:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1261:. Archived from
1251:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1232:. Archived from
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
971:
965:
964:
954:
929:(7): 1192–1205.
914:
903:
902:
874:
868:
867:
857:
817:
804:
803:
801:
799:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
750:
741:
740:
738:
737:
718:
712:
711:
709:
708:
694:
688:
687:
681:
673:
664:
663:
651:
645:
644:
642:
641:
627:
621:
620:
618:
617:
603:
594:
593:
591:
590:
576:
567:
566:
564:
563:
557:
551:. Archived from
546:
538:
532:
531:
514:
508:
507:
505:
503:
489:
382:bipolar disorder
374:conduct disorder
302:anxiety disorder
285:conduct disorder
281:conduct disorder
265:conduct disorder
175:mental illnesses
133:; also known as
120:
119:
93:
83:
76:
72:
69:
63:
35:
34:
27:
21:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2802:
2797:
2767:
2758:
2730:
2711:
2695:
2664:
2642:
2633:
2608:
2583:
2540:
2537:substance abuse
2514:
2491:
2468:
2422:
2408:Bulimia nervosa
2385:
2366:
2342:Hypochondriasis
2337:False pregnancy
2320:Ganser syndrome
2302:Somatic symptom
2296:
2259:
2211:
2200:Specific phobia
2145:
2122:
2093:
2067:
1999:
1995:Savant syndrome
1967:Autism spectrum
1957:
1942:
1870:
1848:
1827:
1821:
1796:
1689:
1668:
1644:Dermatillomania
1605:
1591:Sexual anorexia
1548:
1537:
1527:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1453:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1268:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1239:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
973:
972:
968:
916:
915:
906:
876:
875:
871:
819:
818:
807:
797:
795:
782:
781:
777:
767:
765:
752:
751:
744:
735:
733:
720:
719:
715:
706:
704:
696:
695:
691:
679:
675:
674:
667:
653:
652:
648:
639:
637:
629:
628:
624:
615:
613:
605:
604:
597:
588:
586:
578:
577:
570:
561:
559:
555:
544:
540:
539:
535:
516:
515:
511:
501:
499:
491:
490:
486:
481:
472:
463:
454:
445:
436:
427:
410:
355:eating disorder
331:substance abuse
319:
293:
257:
224:
218:
209:psychopathology
205:
171:
166:
114:
91:
84:
73:
67:
64:
49:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Rebound effect
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2505:Hypersexuality
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2238:Panic disorder
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:Claustrophobia
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2188:Anthropophobia
2180:
2178:Social anxiety
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2110:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Pick's disease
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1538:
1534:Classification
1528:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1474:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:Classification
1439:
1438:
1433:
1401:
1400:External links
1398:
1395:
1394:
1365:
1336:
1307:
1278:
1246:
1217:
1136:
1077:
1018:
1009:
966:
904:
869:
832:(2): 199–212.
805:
775:
742:
713:
689:
665:
654:Fong, Yvonne.
646:
622:
595:
568:
533:
509:
483:
482:
480:
477:
471:
468:
462:
459:
453:
450:
444:
441:
435:
432:
426:
423:
409:
406:
351:panic disorder
318:
315:
292:
289:
256:
253:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
217:
214:
204:
201:
170:
167:
165:
162:
122:
121:
104:
98:
97:
89:
86:
85:
68:September 2018
46:of the subject
44:worldwide view
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2962:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2865:Tic disorders
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:Schizophrenia
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:Schizophrenia
2594:
2590:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Drug overdose
2547:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2497:Sexual desire
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:Social phobia
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:-related and
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1384:on 2019-05-06
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1355:on 2020-09-20
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1326:on 2020-08-05
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1297:on 2019-05-06
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1265:on 2016-07-13
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1236:on 2011-08-23
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
967:
962:
958:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
909:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
885:(2): 87–105.
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
814:
812:
810:
806:
794:on 2 May 2001
793:
789:
785:
779:
776:
763:
759:
755:
749:
747:
743:
732:on 2017-07-28
731:
727:
723:
717:
714:
703:
699:
693:
690:
685:
678:
672:
670:
666:
661:
657:
650:
647:
636:
632:
626:
623:
612:
608:
602:
600:
596:
585:
581:
575:
573:
569:
558:on 2019-05-02
554:
550:
543:
537:
534:
530:. p. 40.
529:
525:
524:
519:
513:
510:
498:
494:
488:
485:
478:
476:
469:
467:
460:
458:
451:
449:
442:
440:
433:
431:
424:
422:
418:
414:
407:
405:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
359:externalizing
356:
352:
348:
347:social phobia
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
314:
311:
307:
306:mood disorder
303:
299:
290:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
252:
250:
249:schizophrenia
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
228:
223:
215:
213:
210:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
176:
169:Early history
168:
163:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
118:
112:
108:
105:
103:
99:
94:
82:
79:
71:
61:
57:
53:
47:
45:
38:
29:
28:
19:
2901:
2877:
2863:
2841:
2830:
2807:
2799:
2629:Folie Ă deux
2554:Intoxication
2535:substances,
2533:Psychoactive
2452:Night terror
2269:Dissociative
2233:Panic attack
1785:Tic disorder
1723:
1698:
1476:
1457:
1425:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1413:
1386:. Retrieved
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2602:schizotypal
2437:Hypersomnia
2427:Nonorganic
2168:Agoraphobia
1899:Cyclothymia
1894:Bipolar NOS
1869:(affective)
1741:Stereotypic
1649:Kleptomania
298:self-esteem
2929:Categories
2912:Encopresis
2890:Cluttering
2885:Stuttering
2754:Stereotypy
2617:Delusional
2606:delusional
2579:Withdrawal
2447:Parasomnia
2352:Nosophobia
2132:Adjustment
2120:somatoform
2053:Sundowning
1906:Depression
1889:Bipolar II
1778:Stuttering
1773:Cluttering
1569:Paraphilia
1388:2019-05-08
1359:2019-05-08
1330:2019-05-08
1301:2019-05-08
1269:2019-05-08
1240:2019-05-08
1194:1039330776
798:22 October
768:22 October
736:2019-05-06
707:2019-05-07
684:Pro Ed Inc
640:2019-05-07
616:2019-05-07
589:2019-05-06
562:2019-05-09
502:2 November
479:References
452:California
279:(ODD), or
255:Criticisms
111:psychology
107:Psychiatry
2707:Catatonia
2639:Psychosis
2474:Postnatal
2457:Nightmare
2063:Wandering
1916:Dysthymia
1884:Bipolar I
1839:Pervasive
1654:Pyromania
1579:Voyeurism
1574:Fetishism
1178:0269-9931
1170:1464-0600
1123:818916111
1115:0021-843X
1107:1939-1846
1064:818916111
1056:0021-843X
1048:1939-1846
996:1744-6171
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846:1537-4416
635:Study.com
193:PL 99-457
102:Specialty
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2442:Insomnia
2112:Neurotic
2079:Delirium
2005:Dementia
1844:Specific
1212:20300538
1186:00238845
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961:30475028
864:29363986
660:Academia
495:(2016).
461:Michigan
443:New York
368:(ADHD),
343:specific
341:(PTSD),
275:(ADHD),
216:Criteria
180:exorcism
158:504 Plan
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2151:Anxiety
1990:PDD-NOS
1879:Bipolar
1532: (
1427:29 June
1203:2839199
1131:3700842
1072:2708634
952:6535378
923:Emotion
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470:Florida
386:learned
380:and/or
372:(ODD),
164:History
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2243:Stress
2160:Phobia
2116:stress
1975:Autism
1768:Speech
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1938:Mania
1610:Other
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895:S2CID
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1478:ICD
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1158:doi
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1036:doi
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