50:
72:
676:. Piranhas occasionally bite and sometimes injure bathers and swimmers, but serious attacks are rare and the threat to humans has been exaggerated. However, piranhas are a considerable nuisance to commercial and sport fishers because they steal bait, mutilate catch, damage nets and other gear, and may bite when handled.
624:
from the
Miocene have been described, suggesting a very conservative history for a specialized herbivorous fish. All serrasalmine genera had originated by the middle Miocene, with the possible exception of three of the four piranha genera
317:
Serrasalmids are medium- to large-sized characiform fishes that reach about 1 m (3.3 ft) long, generally characterized by a deep, laterally compressed body with a series of midventral abdominal
672:
and frequently sold for food in local markets. A few piranha species occasionally appear in the aquarium trade, and, in recent decades, dried specimens have been marketed as tourist
566:
mostly feed on plant material and some of its species are phylogenetically related with the previous group, but this genus includes species of both slow and fast-flowing waters.
330:(over 16 rays). Most species also possess an anteriorly directed spine just before the dorsal fin extending from a supraneural bone; exceptions include members of the genera
582:
and systematics of piranhas and their relatives are complicated and much remains unsettled. Consequently, both species identification and phylogenetic placement of many
1097:
1136:
874:
Valenciennes 1850 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from
Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin Based on Integrative Analysis of Molecular and Morphological Data"
1213:
1071:
1110:
1223:
1218:
792:
823:"Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories"
1175:
522:
are mainly found in relatively slow-moving waters, and feed extensively on fruits, nuts and seeds, playing an important role as
504:. The remaining primarily herbivorous species can be divided into two groups based on ecology and, to some extent, phylogeny:
1208:
1115:
1123:
600:
Despite this, the
Serrasalmidae are relatively well understood, and agreement is wide on the genera and species included.
71:
1032:
287:
keel running along the belly of these fish. Fish classified as
Serrasalmidae are also known by these common names:
1141:
367:
1203:
972:
1037:
697:
1162:
441:, and fins. To emphasize the diversity of diets, authors commonly highlight the fruit- and leaf-eating
279:
fishes, recently elevated to family status. It includes more than 90 species. The name means "serrated
1180:
1058:
1019:
885:
784:
301:
608:
The fossil record, particularly for piranhas, is relatively sparse. Most known fossils are from the
778:
669:
406:
402:
133:
58:
49:
1010:
821:
Freeman, Barbie; Nico, Leo G.; Osentoski, Matthew; Jelks, Howard L.; Collins, Timothy M. (2007).
579:
398:
66:
1167:
868:
Marcelo C. Andrade; Valéria N. Machado; Michel Jégu; Izeni P. Farias; Tommaso
Giarrizzo (2017).
1149:
1045:
952:
913:
788:
1102:
1154:
944:
903:
893:
839:
556:
are found in fast-flowing sections of rivers, and mainly feed on aquatic plants, especially
589:
However, the ongoing classification of these fish is difficult and often contentious, with
319:
931:
Marcelo C. Andrade; Rafaela P. Ota; Douglas A. Bastos; Michel Jégu (2016). "A new large
889:
908:
869:
822:
552:
523:
261:
148:
113:
1024:
1197:
693:
557:
390:
123:
468:
430:
231:
935:
Gill 1896 from rio Negro basin, Brazilian Amazon (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)".
1050:
995:
898:
1128:
1084:
1004:
662:
590:
486:
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373:
276:
249:
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183:
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613:
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basing ranks according to characteristics that may overlap irregularly (see
528:
518:
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491:
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454:
361:
344:
338:
332:
306:
284:
225:
213:
195:
176:
170:
83:
956:
917:
668:
Piranhas are generally less valued, although they are commonly consumed by
17:
721:
578:. Their relationship to other characiforms has yet to be determined. The
989:
702:
673:
646:
562:
540:
500:
386:
219:
207:
189:
103:
457:. Many species change diets depending on age and resource availability.
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164:
39:
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93:
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323:
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574:
583:
442:
418:
289:
970:
460:
The primarily carnivorous piranha group comprises the genera
453:. In contrast, piranhas have been long believed to be strict
761:
740:
597:). Ultimately, classifications can be rather arbitrary.
449:. Most in the family other than piranhas are primarily
417:
The diets of the various serrasalmid fishes include
979:
612:, although a few unidentified forms are considered
305:. These common names generally designate differing
616:and two reportedly date to as early as the Late
385:Serrasalmids inhabit all major and some minor
863:
861:
8:
715:
713:
657:, are economically important to commercial
494:also the mainly herbivorous (although with
967:
816:
814:
812:
810:
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806:
804:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
736:
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48:
31:
907:
897:
843:
401:to other areas. Species range from about
772:
770:
649:ornamentals, and several pacus, such as
685:
727:. Oregon Piranha Exotic Fish Exhibit.
7:
645:Many serrasalmids are in demand as
25:
620:. Fossils of a living species of
1214:Extant Miocene first appearances
720:Magallanes, Frank (2006-04-06).
351:Most serrasalmids have about 60
70:
275:(serrasalmids) are a family of
1:
437:prey, as well as fish flesh,
283:family", which refers to the
1224:Taxa named by Pieter Bleeker
899:10.1371/journal.pone.0170053
359:has 62 chromosomes, as does
445:and the highly carnivorous
1240:
777:Nelson, Joseph S. (2006).
949:10.11646/zootaxa.4205.6.5
845:10.11646/zootaxa.1484.1.1
722:"Subfamily Serrasalminae"
355:, ranging from 54 to 62.
161:
156:
67:Scientific classification
65:
56:
47:
34:
1219:Ray-finned fish families
696:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
405:latitude south to about
368:Pristobrycon striolatus
698:"Family Serrasalmidae"
641:Relationship to humans
307:dental characteristics
1209:Fish of South America
1163:Paleobiology Database
785:John Wiley & Sons
706:. April 2013 version.
309:and feeding habits.
890:2017PLoSO..1270053A
780:Fishes of the World
762:Freeman et al. 2007
741:Freeman et al. 2007
670:subsistence fishers
59:Serrasalmus manueli
870:"A New Species of
1191:
1190:
1150:Open Tree of Life
973:Taxon identifiers
586:are problematic.
389:river systems in
269:
268:
152:
16:(Redirected from
1231:
1184:
1183:
1171:
1170:
1158:
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1129:NHMSYS0021168984
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397:, but have been
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52:
38:Temporal range:
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27:Family of fishes
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884:(4): e0170053.
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732:
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524:seed dispersers
490:, but based on
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943:(6): 571–580.
923:
857:
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766:
764:, pp. 6–7
745:
730:
709:
694:Froese, Rainer
684:
683:
681:
678:
642:
639:
605:
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591:ichthyologists
571:
568:
553:Utiaritichthys
429:, and various
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411:
382:
379:
314:
311:
267:
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262:Utiaritichthys
159:
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114:Actinopterygii
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1204:Serrasalmidae
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1025:Serrasalmidae
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1011:Serrasalmidae
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981:Serrasalmidae
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794:0-471-25031-7
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604:Fossil record
603:
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577:
569:
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559:
558:Podostemaceae
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391:South America
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346:
341:
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329:
326:, and a long
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310:
308:
304:
303:
302:silver dollar
298:
297:
292:
291:
286:
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278:
274:
273:Serrasalmidae
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144:Serrasalmidae
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:Erythrinoidea
132:
130:Superfamily:
129:
128:
125:
124:Characiformes
122:
119:
118:
115:
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109:
108:
105:
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99:
98:
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88:
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73:
68:
64:
61:
60:
55:
51:
46:
41:
35:Serrasalmidae
33:
30:
19:
980:
940:
936:
932:
926:
881:
877:
871:
849:. Retrieved
835:
829:
779:
701:
688:
667:
654:
650:
644:
634:
631:Pristobrycon
630:
626:
621:
607:
599:
588:
573:
561:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
517:
511:
505:
499:
498:tendencies)
485:
479:
473:
469:Pristobrycon
467:
461:
459:
431:invertebrate
416:
393:east of the
384:
381:Distribution
372:
366:
360:
356:
350:
343:
337:
331:
316:
300:
294:
288:
272:
270:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
232:Pristobrycon
230:
224:
218:
212:
206:
200:
194:
188:
181:
175:
169:
163:
162:
143:
57:
29:
1085:iNaturalist
1005:Wikispecies
743:, p. 3
663:aquaculture
635:Serrasalmus
627:Pygocentrus
487:Serrasalmus
481:Pygopristis
475:Pygocentrus
451:herbivorous
374:Pygopristis
353:chromosomes
313:Description
277:characiform
250:Serrasalmus
244:Pygopristis
238:Pygocentrus
184:Megapiranha
18:Serrasalmid
1198:Categories
851:2009-06-25
680:References
618:Cretaceous
595:Cladistics
576:Characidae
496:omnivorous
455:carnivores
435:vertebrate
409:latitude.
399:introduced
328:dorsal fin
996:Q18372588
725:(Website)
674:souvenirs
659:fisheries
655:Colossoma
651:Piaractus
622:Colossoma
614:Paleocene
529:Mylesinus
519:Piaractus
513:Mylossoma
507:Colossoma
492:phylogeny
463:Catoprion
362:Catoprion
345:Mylossoma
339:Piaractus
333:Colossoma
226:Piaractus
214:Mylossoma
196:Mylesinus
177:Colossoma
171:Catoprion
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
42:- present
1064:47066240
990:Wikidata
957:27988550
933:Myloplus
918:28422969
878:PLOS ONE
703:FishBase
647:aquarium
580:taxonomy
570:Taxonomy
563:Myloplus
541:Ossubtus
501:Metynnis
447:piranhas
387:Atlantic
357:Metynnis
285:serrated
220:Ossubtus
208:Myloplus
190:Metynnis
140:Family:
104:Chordata
100:Phylum:
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
1077:4287106
937:Zootaxa
909:5396854
886:Bibcode
872:Tometes
831:Zootaxa
787:, Inc.
610:Miocene
547:Tometes
413:Ecology
296:piranha
256:Tometes
165:Acnodon
157:Genera
149:Bleeker
120:Order:
110:Class:
40:Miocene
1181:826583
1168:261306
1155:783054
1116:163237
1103:110567
1090:513675
1038:495974
955:
916:
906:
791:
633:, and
535:Myleus
439:scales
427:leaves
423:fruits
371:, and
342:, and
324:scutes
320:spines
299:, and
281:salmon
202:Myleus
151:, 1859
1176:WoRMS
1142:42495
1098:IRMNG
838:: 2.
826:(PDF)
443:pacus
419:seeds
395:Andes
1137:NCBI
1111:ITIS
1072:GBIF
1033:BOLD
953:PMID
941:4205
914:PMID
836:1484
789:ISBN
661:and
653:and
584:taxa
550:and
516:and
484:and
433:and
407:35°S
403:10°N
290:pacu
271:The
1124:NBN
1059:EoL
1051:G8S
1046:CoL
1020:ADW
945:doi
904:PMC
894:doi
840:doi
637:).
538:,
322:or
1200::
1178::
1165::
1152::
1139::
1126::
1113::
1100::
1087::
1074::
1061::
1048::
1035::
1022::
1007::
992::
951:.
939:.
912:.
902:.
892:.
882:12
880:.
876:.
860:^
834:.
828:.
803:^
783:.
769:^
748:^
733:^
712:^
700:.
665:.
629:,
560:.
544:,
532:,
526:.
510:,
478:,
472:,
466:,
425:,
421:,
377:.
365:,
348:.
336:,
293:,
959:.
947::
920:.
896::
888::
854:.
842::
797:.
625:(
182:†
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
