144:
1917:
839:
1869:
1296:, the different growth habits, growth period and drought vulnerability of the three crops maximising total productivity and minimising the risk of total crop failure. It is often ground into a flour, rolled into large balls, parboiled, liquefied into a watery paste using fermented milk, and then consumed as a beverage. This beverage, called "fura" in Hausa, is a popular drink in northern Nigeria and southern Niger. Pearl millet is a food widely used in
162:
1902:
1887:
985:
36:
1064:
1402:, which is known to be involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses in pearl millet. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics is evaluating crop wild relatives and will introgress abiotic tolerant traits into cultivated genotypes and make them available for pearl millet improvement.
1183:
is the largest producer of pearl millet. India began growing pearl millet between 1500 and 1100 BCE. It is currently unknown how it made its way to India, but it likely arrived originally from across Africa, and via the Red Sea during Indus Valley Trade networks. Rajasthan is the highest-producing
975:
World production of millets has been stable during the 1980s. According to FAO, 39.4 million hectares (97 million acres) of millet were planted in 1987 with an average production of only 704 kilograms per hectare (628 lb/acre).
1391:
Around 1000 pearl millet genotypes (including 31 wild genotypes) have been sequenced, identifying the genetic diversity of this staple crop and aiding breeding to select for particular characteristics. A reference genotype of pearl millet
995:, globular and elliptical. In Africa, pearl millet is classified as either globular or lanceolate and hexagonal. Most of the millets are very similar to each other in basic structures, although there are some very specific differences.
957:, low soil fertility, low moisture, and high temperature. It performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be grown in areas where other
969:, would not survive. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations. The grain and forage are valuable as food and feed resources in Africa, Russia, India and China.
991:
Pearl millet varieties from the world collection probably have more variation in physical characteristics than any other millet. Kernel shape has different classifications: obovate, hexagonal,
1320:. The regions in which this crop is produced are: Zambezi, Kavango East, Kavango West, Ohangwena, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, and; in parts of the Otjozondjupa region, in the Tsumkwe area.
1334:
Traditionally, the mahangu is pounded with heavy pieces of wood in a 'pounding area'. The floor of the pounding area is covered with a concrete-like coating made from the material of
1007:
of pearl millet can be affected by both environment and genetics. Pearl millet usually has higher protein and fat contents than sorghum or other millets because the kernel is a naked
972:
Today, pearl millet is grown on over 260,000 square kilometres (100,000 sq mi) of land worldwide. It accounts for about 50% of the total world production of millets.
1209:
of Tamil Nadu. It is the second important food for Tamil people consumed predominantly in the hot humid summer months from
February through May every year. It is made into a
1622:(millet grain midge): The larvae eat the developing grain and form white pupal cases attached to the tips of spikelets. Reported losses in Senegal are as high as 90 percent.
1191:
and is mostly grown in the semiarid districts of North
Karnataka. Sajje is milled and used for making flatbread called 'sajje rotti' and is eaten with yennegai (stuffed
3511:
3281:
3382:
2300:"On the Origins and Dissemination of Domesticated Sorghum and Pearl Millet across Africa and into India: a View from the Butana Group of the Far Eastern Sahel"
1984:"On the Origins and Dissemination of Domesticated Sorghum and Pearl Millet across Africa and into India: a View from the Butana Group of the Far Eastern Sahel"
2298:
Winchell, Frank; Brass, Michael; Manzo, Andrea; Beldados, Alemseged; Perna, Valentina; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018-12-01).
1982:
Winchell, Frank; Brass, Michael; Manzo, Andrea; Beldados, Alemseged; Perna, Valentina; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018-12-01).
2457:
Board on
Science and Technology for International Development; Office of International Affairs; National Research Council (United States) (1996-02-14).
1338:
mounds. As a result, some sand and grit gets into the pounded mahangu, so products like oshifima are usually swallowed without chewing. After pounding,
874:). These can be nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple. The 1000-seed weight can be anything from 2.5 to 14 g with a mean of 8 g.
1300:
and its surrounding states, it is the most widely grown and harvested crop. There are many products that are obtained from the processing of the crop.
3028:
3485:
3206:
2495:
3524:
3294:
3232:
2431:
3616:
3356:
1369:, pasta shapes, and "rice". Pearl millet is also a vital feedstock for cattle, goats and chickens which can also be explored as an enterprise.
2755:
2537:
2472:
1256:
The second largest producer of pearl millet and the first to start cultivation, Africa has been successful in bringing back this lost crop.
2917:
Lale N, Sastawa BM (2000). "Evaluation of host plant resistance, sowing date modification and intercropping as methods for the control of
2890:
Tanzubil, Paul B.; Yakubu, Emmanuel A. (1997). "Insect pests of millet in
Northern Ghana. 1. Farmers' perceptions and damage potential".
1916:
2823:
2802:
2131:
2097:
2045:
119:
2233:
2406:
3498:
3268:
2637:
2088:
Fuller, D.Q. (2003). "African crops in prehistoric South Asia: a critical review". In
Neumann K, Butler A, Kahlheber S (eds.).
1377:
Recently more productive varieties of pearl millet have been introduced, enabling farmers to increase production considerably.
827:
2156:
57:
3529:
3299:
2127:
100:
3307:
1418:
53:
1868:
816:. Recent archaeobotanical research has confirmed the presence of domesticated pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern
72:
1495:
2174:
143:
3459:
3105:
3092:
79:
3606:
3547:
3369:
1961:
1956:
1901:
1771:
1752:
1606:
1886:
1598:) attacks pearl millet, and also sorghum and maize, especially in the Sahel. It is the main pearl millet pest in
161:
1312:, pearl millet is locally known as "mahangu" and is grown mainly in the north of that country, where it is the
3552:
3374:
86:
3193:
2555:"Erratum: Pearl millet genome sequence provides a resource to improve agronomic traits in arid environments"
1664:. Farmers in Niger often fight the species using fires set at night. It is also reported as sorghum pest in
1357:
and other methods. In a food extruder, the mahangu is milled into a paste before being forced through metal
838:
46:
3198:
3185:
3180:
3120:
3040:
2602:
2259:"Crops and Culture: Dispersal of African Millets to the Indian Subcontinent and its Cultural Consequences"
1844:
1160:
in meals. Bajhar ji maani prepared in
Tharparkar, Sindh is served with various types of kadhi and bhaaji.
3110:
68:
1947:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1704:
1483:
1471:
288:
3237:
2843:
3539:
3322:
3154:
2934:
2559:
2435:
2054:
1789:
1777:
1640:
1590:
1549:
1525:
1489:
1385:
2991:
Starks KJ, Cassady AJ, Merkle OG, Boozaya-Angoon D (1982). "Chinch bug resistance in pearl millet".
877:
The height of the plant ranges from 0.5–4 metres (1 ft 8 in – 13 ft 1 in).
3330:
2598:"Harnessing wild relatives of pearl millet for germplasm enhancement: Challenges and opportunities"
1853:
1652:
1626:
1501:
1477:
1358:
1328:
801:
2692:
Moumouni, K.; Kountche, B.; Jean, M.; Hash, C.; Vigouroux, Y.; Haussmann, B.; Belzile, F. (2015).
3573:
3408:
3361:
3146:
2629:
2578:
2201:
2043:) from the Tilemsi Valley, Mali: new insights into an alternative cereal domestication pathway".
1761:
1710:
1698:
1672:
1634:
1618:
1465:
1244:
were the staple food crops in these states but it reduced to a mere cattle fodder crop after the
1099:
314:
156:
3335:
1380:
To combat the problem of micronutrient malnutrition in Africa and Asia, a study of serving iron-
3516:
3286:
3021:
2458:
1184:
state in India. The first hybrid of pearl millet developed in India in 1965 is called the HB1.
3601:
3472:
3128:
2968:
Natarajan US, Raja V, Selvaraj S, Anavardham L (1973). "Extent of damage caused by shoot fly (
2950:
2819:
2798:
2761:
2751:
2720:
2674:
2621:
2533:
2468:
2337:
2319:
2280:
2182:
2093:
2070:
2039:
Manning K, Pelling R, Higham T, et al. (2011). "4500-year-old domesticated pearl millet (
2021:
2003:
1678:
1531:
1431:
910:
1398:) has been fully sequenced, which holds around 38,579 genes. Some of these genes are for wax
3631:
3611:
3000:
2942:
2899:
2870:
2712:
2664:
2611:
2568:
2525:
2327:
2311:
2270:
2062:
2011:
1995:
1783:
1459:
1381:
1245:
942:
934:
926:
922:
906:
3260:
2410:
2258:
1316:. In the dry, unpredictable climate of this area it grows better than alternatives such as
3621:
2727:. National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement at Huazhong Agricultural University.
2693:
2092:. Africa Praehistorica. Vol. 15. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth-Institut. pp. 239–271.
1519:
902:
199:
93:
2938:
2058:
1676:(pink stem borer), especially in lowland forests. This species and the sugarcane borer (
3626:
3348:
3343:
2332:
2210:
2016:
1447:
1441:
1354:
1233:
914:
898:
886:
186:
3387:
2925:
species (Coleoptera: Meloidae) infesting pearl millet in the
Nigerian Sudan savanna".
1614:) attacks pearl millet. The larvae bore in a spiral path, destroying florets or grain.
3595:
2839:
2747:
2633:
2554:
1729:
1721:
1693:
1507:
1453:
1425:
1237:
938:
930:
890:
805:
305:
212:
3578:
3477:
3413:
3133:
2582:
2462:
2160:
1660:) is a nocturnal beetle, recorded as a locally important pest on millet flowers in
1513:
1399:
1388:
to a control group is proved to have higher level of iron absorbance by the group.
1362:
1285:
1206:
3464:
3451:
3224:
2669:
2652:
984:
3440:
3097:
3084:
1349:
Some industrial grain processing facilities now exist, such as those operated by
3312:
3245:
2553:
K Varshney, Rajeev; Shi, Chengcheng; Thudi, Mahendar; et al. (2018-04-05).
2135:
1683:
1566:
1406:
1350:
1313:
1297:
1218:
1145:
870: in) length, the largest kernels of all varieties of millet (not including
813:
255:
225:
35:
3074:
2716:
2529:
2315:
2066:
1999:
1922:
1874:
1689:
1578:
1562:
1214:
1063:
992:
918:
17:
3063:
2954:
2780:
2765:
2724:
2678:
2625:
2323:
2284:
2186:
2074:
2007:
3219:
3167:
2903:
2434:. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. March 2003. Archived from
2299:
1983:
1657:
1611:
1595:
1574:
1339:
1289:
1188:
1137:
1114:
1008:
3565:
3400:
3004:
2946:
2382:
2341:
2275:
2159:. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Archived from
2025:
2875:
2858:
3560:
3434:
3395:
3057:
2596:
Sharma, Shiv; Sharma, Rajan; Govindaraj, Mahalingam; et al. (2021).
2573:
1926:
1878:
1645:
1366:
1324:
1164:
265:
1561:
The larvae of several insect species, primarily belonging to the orders
1353:. Efforts are also being made to develop smaller scale processing using
804:
since prehistoric times. The center of diversity, and suggested area of
3490:
3211:
3141:
2616:
2597:
1908:
1893:
1798:
1665:
1599:
1570:
1335:
1309:
1273:
1269:
1241:
1192:
1149:
1141:
954:
894:
871:
245:
3250:
2844:"Guide to insects, arthropods, and molluscs of northern Dogon country"
2113:
983:
2743:
2524:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 270.
1293:
1196:
1133:
1108:
1084:
1079:
958:
797:
793:
235:
3034:
2206:(Pearl Millet) Using Scanning Electron and Fluorescence Microscopy"
3503:
3273:
3172:
1661:
1582:
1343:
1317:
1277:
1265:
1210:
1205:
is the Tamil name of pearl millet and is a common food across the
1180:
1157:
1153:
1071:
1062:
966:
962:
847:
837:
809:
173:
2432:"Enhancing food security in Namibia through value-added products"
3159:
1281:
1222:
1121:
1067:
817:
3038:
2740:
Insect Pests of
Millets: Systematics, Bionomics, and Management
1111:. It is usually made in summers to be served along with meals.
953:
Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas characterized by
1361:. Products made this way include breakfast cereals, including
29:
2859:"Management of Economically Important Insect Pests of Millet"
2698:(L.) R. Br., using a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach"
2653:"Recent research progress in combatting root parasitic weeds"
1585:. The following pest species are reported for northern Mali.
2738:
Kalaisekar, A.; Padmaja, P.; Bhagwat, V.; Patil, J. (2017).
1668:, and as a pest on maize, where the larvae attack the roots.
1648:) attack pearl millet. They are major millet pests in Mali.
2795:
Millet pests of the Sahel: biology, monitoring and control
2358:
2781:
Panicle insect pest damage and yield loss in pearl millet
2234:"The origin and dispersal of millet cultivation in India"
2116:. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2022.
2496:"Biofortified pearl millet 'can combat iron deficiency'"
1834:), have affected early plantings of pearl millet crops.
2090:
1851:
In North
America, regular pests include the chinch bug
1765:(spittle bug) is reported as a millet pest, as well as
1236:
states. There was a time when pearl millets along with
1107:
is a traditional dish made with pearl millet flour and
2467:. Vol. 1. National Academies Press. p. 108.
2520:
Kole, Chittaranjan (2020). Kole, Chittaranjan (ed.).
2407:"Venture Publications - Namibia Holiday & Travel"
2818:, Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute. (80 p.)
3424:
3047:
2797:. Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute. 66 pp.
1728:Grasshoppers that frequently attack millets in the
1384:pearl millets which is bred conventionally without
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2816:Millet pests of the Sahel: an identification guide
1268:region of Africa. It is a main staple (along with
2694:"Construction of a genetic map for pearl millet,
2134:of the United Nations (FAO). 1995. Archived from
1581:adults, are persistent pearl millet pests in the
2263:Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology
1331:to make a drink called "ontaku" or "oshikundu".
1127:
1118:
1102:
2857:Gahukar, Ruparao T.; Reddy, Gadi V. P. (2019).
2522:Genomic Designing of Climate-Smart Cereal Crops
2359:"Welcome to the Namibian Agronomic Board (NAB)"
1682:) are the primary pests of the pearl millet in
1187:Sajje is the local name of the pearl millet in
1163:In Namibia, pearl millet flour is used to make
2657:Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment
2651:Samejima, Hiroaki; Sugimoto, Yukihiro (2018).
2610:(1ali). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: 177–200.
1167:, a staple food in northern part of Namibia.
1264:Pearl millet is an important food across the
8:
1842:In South India, pests include the shoot fly
1055:Values are expressed on a dry matter basis.
1796:In northern Nigeria, heavy infestations of
3035:
2834:
2832:
2750:, USA: Academic Press. pp. xiii+190.
1644:(pearl millet blister beetle; Coleoptera,
1152:, India, are served with various types of
142:
133:
2874:
2668:
2615:
2572:
2331:
2274:
2015:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2892:International Journal of Pest Management
2200:McDonough, C.; Rooney, L. (1989-01-01).
1013:
2128:"Sorghum and millet in human nutrition"
1939:
1864:
1610:(pearl millet head-miner; Lepidoptera,
1594:(pearl millet stem-borer; Lepidoptera,
1327:called "oshifima" (or "oshithima"), or
1288:. In Nigeria it is usually grown as an
1148:and bajra no rotlo (બાજરા નો રોટલો) in
1083:flatbread. It is also boiled to make a
820:between 2500 and 2000 BC. 2023 was the
588:Pennisetum americanum convar. typhoides
327:
3023:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains
2464:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains
2175:"FAO production yearbook, 1988, v. 42"
1077:Pearl millet is commonly used to make
580:Pennisetum americanum convar. spicatum
2863:Journal of Integrated Pest Management
2494:Munyaradzi, Makoni (29 August 2013).
2353:
2351:
2227:
2225:
1144:, bajrichi bhakri (बाजरीची भाकरी) in
1117:made of pearl millet flour, known as
329:
7:
3540:d2d50272-101a-48d7-bd64-530a8143b01e
3323:bfbd4b99-d724-4cde-ac3b-7ad648f1dd4f
2663:(2). Taylor & Francis: 221–240.
2114:"International Year of Millets 2023"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2814:Matthews, M. and N. D. Jago. 1993.
2778:S. Krall, O. Youm, and S. A. Kogo.
1015:Proximate analysis of pearl millet
792:) is the most widely grown type of
25:
2459:"Pearl Millet: Subsistence Types"
2132:Food and Agriculture Organization
2046:Journal of Archaeological Science
980:Structure and physical properties
703:(Schltdl.) T.Durand & Schinz
631:(K.Schum.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
3553:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:410495-1
3375:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415048-1
1915:
1900:
1885:
1867:
1708:), and African rice gall midge (
1272:) in a large region of northern
788:, commonly known as the synonym
160:
34:
2638:Crop Science Society of America
2202:"Structural Characteristics of
1323:Mahangu is usually made into a
828:United Nations General Assembly
45:needs additional citations for
2993:Journal of Economic Entomology
2387:Namibian Agronomic Board (NAB)
2383:"Mahangu | Agronomic Services"
151:Pearl millet hybrid for grain
1:
3617:Crops originating from Africa
2670:10.1080/13102818.2017.1420427
2304:African Archaeological Review
2257:Haaland, Randi (2012-06-20).
1988:African Archaeological Review
1419:List of pearl millet diseases
823:International Year of Millets
711:(Link) T.Durand & Schinz
1720:(cotton-stainer; Hemiptera,
2232:Singh, Purushottam (1996).
1003:The composition of variety
850:grains of 3–4 millimetres (
27:Species of cultivated grass
3648:
1962:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1957:Plants of the World Online
1772:Heliocheilus albipunctella
1753:Diabolocatantops axillaris
1656:(Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae,
1607:Heliocheilus albipunctella
1416:
1342:may be used to remove the
343:(Forssk.) Poir. ex Steud.
3029:National Research Council
2717:10.1007/s11032-015-0212-x
2530:10.1007/978-3-319-93381-8
2316:10.1007/s10437-018-9314-2
2067:10.1016/j.jas.2010.09.007
2000:10.1007/s10437-018-9314-2
885:Also known as 'Bajra' in
808:, for the crop is in the
320:
313:
294:
287:
157:Scientific classification
155:
150:
141:
136:
1437:Anoecia fulviabdominalis
1405:A 2015 study provided a
1373:Research and development
1213:and consumed along with
933:of Nigeria, 'Mawele' in
716:Pennisetum pycnostachyum
524:Penicillaria involucrata
2904:10.1080/096708797228825
1696:): millet grain midge (
1228:Pearl millet is called
1128:
1119:
1103:
941:of Kenya, 'Mahangu' in
796:. It has been grown in
692:Pennisetum megastachyum
684:Pennisetum malacochaete
596:Pennisetum ancylochaete
548:Penicillaria roxburghii
540:Penicillaria plukenetii
532:Penicillaria nigritarum
2970:Atherigona approximate
2947:10.1006/jare.2000.0690
2276:10.3126/dsaj.v5i0.6354
1845:Atherigona approximata
1781:, and caterpillars of
1074:
988:
843:
719:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
687:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
679:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
671:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
647:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
639:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
623:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
599:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
575:Stapf & C.E.Hubb.
556:Penicillaria solitaria
356:Cenchrus pycnostachyus
2204:Pennisetum Americanum
2179:FAO Statistics Series
1747:Cataloipus cymbiferus
1741:Kraussaria angulifera
1735:Oedaleus senegalensis
1705:Contarinia sorghicola
1545:Tetraneura fusiformis
1484:Protaphis middletonii
1472:Hysteroneura setariae
1423:Insect pests include
1104:bajre ki khatti rabdi
1066:
987:
841:
708:Pennisetum plukenetii
700:Pennisetum nigritarum
516:Penicillaria elongata
511:Andersson ex A.Braun
428:Panicum alopecuroides
380:Chaetochloa lutescens
3005:10.1093/jee/75.2.337
2972:) on bajra hybrid".
2574:10.1038/nbt0418-368d
2560:Nature Biotechnology
1907:Mahangu pounding in
1892:Mahangu pounding in
1790:Helicoverpa armigera
1778:Coniesta ignefusalis
1591:Coniesta ignefusalis
1490:Rhopalosiphum maidis
1386:genetic modification
652:Pennisetum giganteum
636:Pennisetum gambiense
628:Pennisetum echinurus
572:Pennisetum albicauda
564:Penicillaria spicata
519:Schrad. ex Schltdl.
508:Penicillaria deflexa
500:Penicillaria arabica
484:Panicum involucratum
340:Andropogon racemosus
332:Alopecurus typhoides
54:improve this article
2939:2000JArEn..46..263L
2876:10.1093/jipm/pmz026
2059:2011JArSc..38..312M
1950:Cenchrus americanus
1854:Blissus leucopterus
1816:Mylabris fimbriatus
1802:species, including
1759:In northern Ghana,
1653:Rhinyptia infuscata
1627:Pachnoda interrupta
1537:Tetraneura africana
1502:Schizaphis graminum
1478:Melanaphis sacchari
1132:(बाजरे की रोटी) in
1016:
929:of Ghana, 'Zuk' in
802:Indian subcontinent
790:Pennisetum glaucum
785:Cenchrus americanus
724:Pennisetum spicatum
644:Pennisetum gibbosum
620:Pennisetum cinereum
396:Holcus paniciformis
388:Chamaeraphis glauca
298:Cenchrus americanus
3426:Panicum americanum
3336:Pennisetum glaucum
3049:Pennisetum glaucum
3027:- released by the
2793:Jago, N. D. 1993.
2705:Molecular Breeding
2696:Pennisetum glaucum
2617:10.1002/csc2.20343
2438:on 6 December 2005
2041:Pennisetum glaucum
1828:Hycleus chevrolati
1820:Hycleus hermanniae
1812:Hycleus fimbriatus
1804:Hycleus terminatus
1762:Poophilus costalis
1724:) attacks flowers.
1711:Orseolia oryzivora
1702:), sorghum midge (
1699:Geromyia penniseti
1673:Sesamia calamistis
1635:Psalydolytta fusca
1619:Geromyia penniseti
1466:Geoica utricularia
1100:Rajasthani cuisine
1075:
1014:
989:
844:
826:, declared by the
764:Setariopsis glauca
660:Pennisetum glaucum
612:Pennisetum cereale
452:Panicum compressum
436:Panicum americanum
431:J.Koenig ex Trin.
372:Chaetochloa glauca
280:C. americanus
3607:Grasses of Africa
3589:
3588:
3041:Taxon identifiers
2757:978-0-12-804285-4
2746:, United Kingdom
2539:978-3-319-93380-1
2474:978-0-309-04990-0
1832:Coryna chevrolati
1824:Coryna hermanniae
1767:Dysdercus volkeri
1718:Dysdercus volkeri
1679:Eldana saccharina
1496:R. rufiabdominale
1395:Tift 23D2B1-P1-P5
1292:with sorghum and
1053:
1052:
846:Pearl millet has
777:
776:
768:
760:
759:(Aiton) P.Beauv.
752:
744:
736:
728:
720:
712:
704:
696:
688:
680:
672:
668:Pennisetum leonis
664:
656:
648:
640:
632:
624:
616:
608:
604:Pennisetum aureum
600:
592:
584:
576:
568:
560:
552:
544:
536:
528:
520:
512:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
468:Panicum holcoides
464:
456:
448:
444:Panicum coeruleum
440:
432:
424:
420:Ixophorus glaucus
416:
408:
400:
399:Roxb. ex Hook.f.
392:
384:
376:
368:
364:Cenchrus spicatus
360:
352:
351:B.Heyne ex Wall.
348:Cenchrus paniceus
344:
336:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3639:
3582:
3581:
3569:
3568:
3556:
3555:
3543:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3506:
3494:
3493:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3455:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3417:
3416:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3313:NBNSYS0200002816
3303:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3202:
3201:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3175:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3036:
3009:
3008:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2836:
2827:
2812:
2806:
2791:
2785:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2702:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2619:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2409:. Archived from
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2335:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1944:
1919:
1904:
1889:
1871:
1808:Mylabris afzelli
1784:Amsacta moloneyi
1541:Tetraneura basui
1526:Sit. leelamaniae
1397:
1396:
1246:Green Revolution
1171:Around the world
1131:
1125:
1106:
1087:porridge called
1017:
927:Dagbani language
917:, 'Mexoeira' in
869:
868:
864:
859:
858:
854:
825:
824:
766:
758:
750:
742:
734:
732:Phleum africanum
726:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
678:
676:Pennisetum maiwa
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
534:
527:(Roxb.) Schult.
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
492:Panicum spicatum
486:
478:
470:
462:
455:Balb. ex Steud.
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
404:Holcus racemosus
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
300:
165:
164:
146:
134:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3463:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3171:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3043:
3018:
3016:Further reading
3013:
3012:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2974:Madras Agric. J
2967:
2966:
2962:
2927:J. Arid Environ
2916:
2915:
2911:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2813:
2809:
2792:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2758:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1840:
1630:(millet beetle)
1559:
1520:Sitobion avenae
1421:
1415:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1306:
1262:
1254:
1234:Northern Indian
1217:or consumed as
1178:
1173:
1061:
1001:
982:
961:crops, such as
951:
913:and 'Maiwa' in
901:, 'Sajjalu' in
883:
881:Other languages
866:
862:
861:
856:
852:
851:
836:
822:
821:
773:
756:Setaria sericea
655:Ten. ex Steud.
476:Panicum indicum
460:Panicum glaucum
412:Holcus spicatus
326:
325:
309:
302:
296:
283:
159:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:wfo-0000882979
3570:
3557:
3544:
3534:
3521:
3508:
3495:
3482:
3469:
3456:
3446:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:wfo-0000888897
3405:
3392:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3340:
3327:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3255:
3242:
3229:
3216:
3203:
3190:
3177:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3079:
3069:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3025:, Chapters 4-6
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:
2999:(2): 337–339.
2983:
2960:
2933:(3): 263–280.
2909:
2898:(2): 133–136.
2882:
2869:(1:28): 1–10.
2849:
2840:Heath, Jeffrey
2828:
2807:
2786:
2771:
2756:
2730:
2684:
2643:
2588:
2545:
2538:
2512:
2486:
2473:
2449:
2423:
2398:
2374:
2347:
2310:(4): 483–505.
2290:
2249:
2221:
2211:Food Structure
2192:
2166:
2163:on 2007-07-11.
2148:
2119:
2105:
2098:
2080:
2053:(2): 312–322.
2031:
1994:(4): 483–505.
1974:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1839:
1836:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1687:
1669:
1649:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1603:
1558:
1555:
1448:Aphis gossypii
1414:
1411:
1374:
1371:
1355:food extrusion
1305:
1302:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1248:in the 1960s.
1238:finger millets
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1000:
997:
981:
978:
950:
947:
925:, 'Za' in the
921:, 'Baajri' in
905:, 'Bajeer' in
882:
879:
835:
832:
775:
774:
772:
771:
770:
769:
761:
753:
745:
743:(L.) P.Beauv.
740:Setaria glauca
737:
729:
721:
713:
705:
697:
689:
681:
673:
665:
657:
649:
641:
633:
625:
617:
609:
601:
593:
585:
577:
569:
561:
553:
545:
537:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
323:
322:
321:
318:
317:
311:
310:
303:
292:
291:
285:
284:
277:
275:
271:
270:
263:
259:
258:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
216:
215:
210:
203:
202:
197:
190:
189:
184:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
153:
152:
148:
147:
139:
138:
128:
127:
69:"Pearl millet"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Setaria glauca
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3644:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:0-85954-331-5
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2803:0-85954-349-8
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2749:
2748:San Diego, CA
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2413:on 2013-02-21
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2138:on 2018-10-01
2137:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2099:3-927688-20-7
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:(L.) Morrone"
1951:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1838:Other regions
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1730:Dogon country
1723:
1722:Pyrrhocoridae
1719:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1694:Cecidomyiidae
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:, as well as
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:Sit. pauliani
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:Sipha elegans
1504:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1460:F. orientalis
1456:
1455:
1454:Forda hirsuta
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1432:An. cornicola
1428:
1427:
1426:Anoecia corni
1420:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:puffed grains
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
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1231:
1226:
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1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1129:bajre ki roti
1124:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:Pearl millet
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
998:
996:
994:
986:
979:
977:
973:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
948:
946:
944:
940:
939:Meru language
937:, 'Mwere' in
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:, 'Bajri' in
908:
904:
900:
897:, 'Kambu' in
896:
893:, 'Sajje' in
892:
888:
880:
878:
875:
873:
849:
840:
833:
831:
829:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:domestication
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
781:
765:
762:
757:
754:
749:
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741:
738:
733:
730:
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722:
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690:
685:
682:
677:
674:
669:
666:
661:
658:
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650:
645:
642:
637:
634:
629:
626:
621:
618:
613:
610:
605:
602:
597:
594:
589:
586:
583:(L.) Tzvelev
581:
578:
573:
570:
565:
562:
557:
554:
549:
546:
541:
538:
533:
530:
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375:(L.) Scribn.
373:
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362:
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349:
346:
341:
338:
333:
330:
328:
319:
316:
312:
307:
301:
299:
293:
290:
289:Binomial name
286:
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276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
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250:
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221:
218:
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214:
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195:
192:
191:
188:
187:Tracheophytes
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
154:
149:
145:
140:
137:Pearl millet
135:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3425:
3048:
3022:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2977:
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2969:
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2895:
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2866:
2862:
2852:
2815:
2810:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2739:
2733:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2687:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2607:
2603:Crop Science
2601:
2591:
2564:
2558:
2548:
2521:
2515:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:
2489:
2478:. Retrieved
2463:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:the original
2426:
2415:. Retrieved
2411:the original
2401:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:
2377:
2366:. Retrieved
2362:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2215:
2209:
2203:
2195:
2178:
2169:
2161:the original
2151:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:the original
2122:
2108:
2089:
2083:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2034:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1965:. Retrieved
1955:
1949:
1942:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
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1795:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1732:of Mali are
1727:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1677:
1671:
1651:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1605:
1589:
1560:
1550:T. yezoensis
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1514:Sipha maydis
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1404:
1400:biosynthesis
1390:
1382:biofortified
1379:
1376:
1348:
1333:
1322:
1307:
1286:Burkina Faso
1263:
1255:
1229:
1227:
1207:Indian state
1202:
1201:
1186:
1179:
1162:
1113:
1097:
1093:kamban koozh
1092:
1089:kamban choru
1088:
1078:
1076:
1059:Culinary use
1054:
1020:Millet type
1004:
1002:
990:
974:
971:
952:
945:of Namibia.
884:
876:
845:
789:
784:
783:
780:Pearl millet
779:
778:
763:
755:
748:Setaria rufa
747:
739:
731:
723:
715:
707:
699:
691:
683:
675:
667:
659:
651:
643:
635:
627:
619:
611:
603:
595:
587:
579:
571:
567:(L.) Willd.
563:
555:
547:
539:
531:
523:
515:
507:
499:
491:
483:
475:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
391:(L.) Kuntze
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
297:
295:
279:
278:
266:
219:
206:
193:
180:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3246:iNaturalist
1967:15 November
1690:gall midges
1684:Ivory Coast
1641:Ps. vestita
1567:Lepidoptera
1407:genetic map
1351:Namib Mills
1314:staple food
1298:Borno state
1146:Maharashtra
999:Composition
949:Cultivation
834:Description
814:West Africa
767:(L.) Samp.
727:(L.) Körn.
663:(L.) R.Br.
495:(L.) Roxb.
256:Panicoideae
252:Subfamily:
226:Commelinids
200:Angiosperms
3596:Categories
3349:kew-432725
3344:Plant List
3118:Calflora:
2980:: 584–585.
2567:(4): 368.
2500:SciDev Net
2480:2007-11-07
2417:2006-05-19
2392:2023-05-16
2368:2023-05-16
2242:October 9,
2142:2016-11-04
1934:References
1923:Flour mill
1875:Agronomist
1692:(Diptera,
1579:Orthoptera
1563:Coleoptera
1442:An. vagans
1417:See also:
1215:buttermilk
1120:bajhar ji
1115:Flatbreads
993:lanceolate
919:Mozambique
842:Seed heads
423:(L.) Nash
367:(L.) Cav.
80:newspapers
3441:Q21876078
3220:GrassBase
3199:242336504
3186:242336504
2955:0140-1963
2766:967265246
2725:1380-3743
2679:1310-2818
2634:224875047
2626:1435-0653
2505:29 August
2324:1572-9842
2285:1994-2672
2187:0071-7118
2075:0305-4403
2008:1572-9842
1658:Anomalini
1612:Noctuidae
1596:Crambidae
1575:Hemiptera
1340:winnowing
1329:fermented
1290:intercrop
1189:Karnataka
1138:Rajasthan
1032:Total DF
1009:caryopsis
830:in 2021.
751:Chevall.
535:Schltdl.
308:) Morrone
274:Species:
170:Kingdom:
110:June 2021
3602:Cenchrus
3566:25524071
3561:Tropicos
3517:10763272
3504:410495-1
3435:Wikidata
3401:25514680
3396:Tropicos
3287:11118751
3274:415048-1
3225:imp07760
3058:Wikidata
2919:Mylabris
2842:(2009).
2342:30880862
2269:: 1–30.
2181:. 1989.
2157:"Millet"
2026:30880862
1927:Tanzania
1879:Zimbabwe
1646:Meloidae
1367:porridge
1325:porridge
1165:Oshifima
1023:Protein
1005:Changara
943:Kwanyama
911:Gujarati
812:zone of
800:and the
591:Tzvelev
551:A.Braun
503:A.Braun
407:Forssk.
335:Burm.f.
315:Synonyms
267:Cenchrus
242:Family:
213:Monocots
3632:Cereals
3612:Millets
3491:2706149
3212:2706141
3160:1115854
3142:Ecocrop
3064:Q654332
3031:in 1996
2935:Bibcode
2640:(CSSA).
2583:4608024
2442:4 March
2333:6394749
2055:Bibcode
2017:6394749
1909:Namibia
1894:Namibia
1861:Gallery
1826:), and
1799:Hycleus
1666:Senegal
1600:Senegal
1571:Diptera
1336:termite
1310:Namibia
1304:Namibia
1274:Nigeria
1270:sorghum
1242:sorghum
1193:brinjal
1150:Gujarat
1142:Haryana
955:drought
935:Swahili
923:Marathi
907:Kumaoni
895:Kannada
872:sorghum
865:⁄
855:⁄
695:Steud.
559:Stokes
383:Stuntz
359:Steud.
262:Genus:
246:Poaceae
232:Order:
174:Plantae
94:scholar
3622:Fodder
3537:NZOR:
3530:518212
3465:224903
3452:126098
3449:APDB:
3388:1326-7
3357:PLANTS
3320:NZOR:
3300:508150
3251:136388
3111:293898
3082:APDB:
2953:
2923:Coryna
2822:
2801:
2764:
2754:
2744:London
2723:
2677:
2632:
2624:
2581:
2536:
2471:
2340:
2330:
2322:
2283:
2185:
2096:
2073:
2024:
2014:
2006:
1830:(syn.
1822:(syn.
1814:(syn.
1806:(syn.
1750:, and
1573:, and
1557:Africa
1547:, and
1294:cowpea
1252:Africa
1197:yogurt
1195:) and
1158:bhaaji
1134:Punjab
1109:yogurt
1080:bhakri
959:cereal
903:Telugu
798:Africa
794:millet
735:Lour.
615:Trin.
487:Roxb.
479:Mill.
471:Trin.
447:Mill.
236:Poales
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3627:Sahel
3512:IRMNG
3478:4CCWG
3383:SANBI
3362:PEGL2
3282:IRMNG
3258:IPA:
3238:27187
3173:PESGL
3134:76K3N
3098:69683
3085:53064
3072:APA:
2711:(1).
2701:(PDF)
2630:S2CID
2579:S2CID
2237:(PDF)
1662:Niger
1583:Sahel
1413:Pests
1344:chaff
1318:maize
1278:Niger
1266:Sahel
1260:Sahel
1230:bajra
1211:gruel
1203:Kambu
1181:India
1176:India
1154:kadhi
1122:maani
1085:Tamil
1072:Sindh
1040:12.8
967:wheat
963:maize
915:Hausa
899:Tamil
887:Hindi
848:ovoid
810:Sahel
607:Link
543:Link
220:Clade
207:Clade
194:Clade
181:Clade
101:JSTOR
87:books
3548:POWO
3525:ITIS
3499:IPNI
3486:GBIF
3460:APNI
3370:POWO
3331:PfaF
3295:ITIS
3269:IPNI
3261:6157
3233:GRIN
3207:GBIF
3168:EPPO
3147:8418
3121:8690
3106:BOLD
3093:APNI
3075:4988
2951:ISSN
2921:and
2820:ISBN
2799:ISBN
2762:OCLC
2752:ISBN
2721:ISSN
2675:ISSN
2622:ISSN
2534:ISBN
2507:2013
2469:ISBN
2444:2012
2338:PMID
2320:ISSN
2281:ISSN
2244:2017
2218:(1).
2183:ISSN
2094:ISBN
2071:ISSN
2022:PMID
2004:ISSN
1969:2020
1787:and
1638:and
1365:and
1284:and
1282:Mali
1240:and
1223:idly
1219:dosa
1156:and
1140:and
1068:Roti
1049:7.1
1046:1.2
1043:6.0
1029:Ash
1026:Fat
931:Tyap
891:Urdu
889:and
818:Mali
324:List
73:news
3574:WFO
3473:CoL
3409:WFO
3308:NBN
3194:FoC
3181:FNA
3155:EoL
3129:CoL
3001:doi
2943:doi
2900:doi
2871:doi
2713:doi
2665:doi
2612:doi
2569:doi
2526:doi
2363:NAB
2328:PMC
2312:doi
2271:doi
2063:doi
2012:PMC
1996:doi
1818:),
1810:),
1359:die
1308:In
1232:in
1221:or
1126:or
1098:In
1091:or
965:or
463:L.
439:L.
415:L.
56:by
3598::
3576::
3563::
3550::
3527::
3514::
3501::
3488::
3475::
3462::
3437::
3411::
3398::
3385::
3372::
3359::
3346::
3333::
3310::
3297::
3284::
3271::
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3235::
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3209::
3196::
3183::
3170::
3157::
3144::
3131::
3108::
3095::
3060::
2997:75
2995:.
2978:60
2976:.
2949:.
2941:.
2931:46
2929:.
2896:43
2894:.
2867:10
2865:.
2861:.
2831:^
2760:.
2742:.
2719:.
2709:35
2707:.
2703:.
2673:.
2661:32
2659:.
2655:.
2636:.
2628:.
2620:.
2608:61
2606:.
2600:.
2577:.
2565:36
2563:.
2557:.
2532:.
2498:.
2461:.
2385:.
2361:.
2350:^
2336:.
2326:.
2318:.
2308:35
2306:.
2302:.
2279:.
2265:.
2261:.
2224:^
2214:.
2208:.
2177:.
2130:.
2069:.
2061:.
2051:38
2049:.
2020:.
2010:.
2002:.
1992:35
1990:.
1986:.
1960:.
1954:.
1925:,
1877:,
1857:.
1848:.
1793:.
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1756:.
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306:L.
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2805:.
2784:.
2768:.
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2267:5
2246:.
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2189:.
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2077:.
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1971:.
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1686:.
1602:.
1392:(
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860:–
857:8
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
