238:, on the other hand his father in a meeting with Sukarno on 16 October 1962 expressed Act of Free Choice (PEPERA) no longer necessary. He was jailed for three months and then put under house arrest until November 1965. In 1967, he was jailed for demanding that Indonesia take a clear stance on the referendum. He spent most of 1967 in jail before being expelled to Biak. Rumkorem soon became aware of the widespread use of torture, rape and extrajudicial executions of people associated with the
325:
immigrated to the
Netherlands. Rumkorem's departure hampered OPM's struggle in West Papua as he was among the very few guerillas with formal military training. On 11 July 1985, Prai and Rumkorem met in Vanuatu, signing the Port Vila Declaration establishing peace and a unified military command. At the time Rumkorem claimed OPM's strength to be at 30,000 men with only 300 rifles between them, mostly weapons dating back to World War II. Rumkorem died in
78:
65:
284:, while Prai argued that such a move would be contrary to OPM's principles. Rumkorem on the other hand, accused Prai of working with unreliable allies such as Australia. Prai referred to Rumkorem as an "early traitor to the West Papua cause" due to his past affiliation with the Indonesian military. Prai departed the Victoria camp with the majority of its residents to
242:(OPM), an organization campaigning for the independence of West Papua. In March 1969, Rumkorem was arrested by the Indonesian Navy for alleging fraud during preparations for the upcoming Act of Free Choice referendum. Rumkorem was imprisoned during the referendum, then placed under house arrest and then sent to
250:
where he founded the OPM affiliated
National Liberation Army (TPN) guerilla group. TPN's ideology combined Papuan nationalism and Protestant Christianity. While mostly armed with traditional weapons and understrength, TPN was able to successfully carry hit and run attacks on the Indonesian army while
324:
Rumkorem eventually realized that he was betrayed and after receiving intelligence that the
Indonesians were carefully monitoring all border crossings to capture him, he opted to continue his political struggle from abroad. In November 1983, Rumkorem was granted temporary asylum in Greece, he later
254:
TPN numbered some 19 permanent members, while many OPM activists visited its moving headquarters deep in the jungle to receive military and political training before returning to their villages. In mid 1971, Rumkorem was informed by a coded letter that a group of West Papuan independence activists
311:
to obtain weapons, after receiving intelligence about a group of high ranking
Vanuatuan politicians sympathetic to his cause. Unbeknownst to Rumkorem the head of his intelligence unit became an Indonesian agent, after being tortured and bribed by the latter. Rumkorem assigned his defense minister
299:
against OPM southwest of
Jayapura. According to OPM estimates its losses in fighters and civilian supporters amounted to 1,605 killed. Overseas OPM activists claimed that its strength had been reduced to 3,000 to 5,000 fighters, while Indonesian officials believed it had been nearly wiped out. In
259:
planned to form a provisional government in exile. Herman
Womsiwor, a political opponent of Jouwe, urged Rumkorem to issue a proclamation of independence before Jouwe's group. On 1 July, Rumkorem's guerillas seized the Waris border post. Brigadier General Seth Rumkorem and Chairman of the Senate
312:
Richard Joweni as the temporary head of the movement and departed on a motorized canoe just as Papua New Guinea was about to be struck by a severe storm. Rumkorem's boat broke down in the middle of the ocean and he and his eight companions became stranded on
190:. The party was outlawed by Dutch colonial authorities and Lucas Rumkorem was arrested in 1958. While TTT smuggled important positions and locations in Papua to Indonesian Embassy in Singapore, Ambon, Serui, and Hollandia through the use of Papuan
279:
In 1976, a rift emerged between Prai and
Rumkorem, a combination of a personality clash between the two leaders and political disagreements. Rumkorem believed that TPN urgently needed weapons and favored requesting assistance from the
300:
early May 1977, Rumkorem was ambushed by
Pepenal guerillas, but he managed to escape with the core of his group to Papua New Guinea. The Victoria and Pepenal factions continued a three way struggle with the Indonesians until 1984.
429:
143:
and human rights abuses conducted by the former. He quickly became the leader of the movement's armed wing and was among the signatories of the proclamation of the
182:
was among the founders of the
Indonesian Independence Party (PIM) in September 1945 and Tentara Tjendrawasih Tjadangan (TTT) in 1958, whose aim was to incorporate
505:
793:
591:
276:). OPM agents disseminated news of the proclamation all across West Papua, while army reprisals and government land seizures boosted recruitment.
798:
380:
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where he founded the Pemka faction and its military wing the
Pepenal. Most of Rumkorem's supporters originated from his native Biak and
234:
In late 1964, Rumkorem was arrested by military policemen for trying to prevent a government sponsored demonstration in support of the
759:
218:. He was accepted and graduated as an intelligence officer two years later with the rank of Sergeant. After being posted to the elite
381:"PERTUMBUHAN NASIONALISME INDONESIA DI KALANGAN ORANG PAPUA 1963--1969 GROWTH OF INDONESIA NATIONALISM AMONG THE PAPUANS 1963--1969"
292:. Rumkorem soon offered to serve as Prai's deputy but negotiations broke down when Prai founded a "De Facto Government" with Jouwe.
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and transmitted it through the post's shortwave radio. The proclamation established a constitution, senate, army, national flag (
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350:
296:
206:. Seth likewise enthusiastically welcomed the Indonesians, after working for nine years as a bookkeeper for
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131:(1933 – 2010) was a West Papuan military officer and independence activist. He chose to defect from the
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on 14 September. Rumkorem received shelter from a clergyman and fellow West Papuan refugee.
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of West Papua to Indonesia, Lucas Rumkorem was awarded with an officer's commission in the
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140:
132:
151:, after an attempt to secure weapons for OPM went wrong. He eventually relocated to the
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with his wife, Sylvania. His daughters, Yvonne and Yera, were later born in the city.
772:
177:
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353:[Seth Jafet Rumkorem, the son of a Red and White fighter, the OPM leader].
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532:
592:"July 1st anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic of West Papua in 1971"
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52:
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246:. Rumkorem went on to escape from captivity, fleeing to the border with the
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506:"The Chinese mechanic who secretly led a 40-year Melanesian revolution"
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Seth Jafeth Rumkorem was born in 1933 in Manduser village, eastern
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32:
537:(in Indonesian). Departemen Penerangan RI. 1962. pp. 59–62
351:"Seth Jafet Rumkorem, putra pejuang Merah Putih pentolan OPM"
752:
Indonesia's Secret War: The Guerilla Struggle in Irian Jaya
155:, where he continued his activism until his death in 2010.
725:"Organisasi Papua Merdeka: The free Papua movement lives"
651:
649:
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478:
476:
374:
372:
445:"Thung Tjing Ek Pahlawan Keturunan Tionghoa di Papua"
379:Materay, Bernarda; Wabisay, Yan Dirk (2020-07-01).
108:
100:
90:
58:
42:
25:
18:
670:"HEAD OF AN INDONESIAN REBELLION FACES HARD TIMES"
428:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
210:he applied to the Infantry Education Center in
707:
295:Indonesia seized the opportunity to launch a
251:disseminating its propaganda in urban areas.
8:
15:
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341:
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7:
729:Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
668:Colin Campbell (19 December 1982).
349:Dominggus Mampioper (30 May 2020).
794:West Papuan independence activists
303:In May 1982, Rumkorem sailed from
14:
723:Gault-Williams, Malcolm (1987).
534:Pertemuan Antara Saudara Kandung
255:based in the Netherlands led by
194:intermediaries and training for
76:
63:
264:signed the proclamation of the
198:. Following the signing of the
742:10.1080/14672715.1987.10409792
1:
799:Indonesian military personnel
504:Rohan Radheya (28 May 2020).
236:Act of Free Choice (PEPERA)
820:
443:Tan, Ependi (2021-12-16).
329:in 2010 and was buried in
272:), state seal and anthem (
147:. He went into exile to
596:Free West Papua Campaign
208:KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
104:National Liberation Army
789:West Papuan expatriates
750:Osborne, Robin (1985).
399:(inactive 2024-09-19).
139:(OPM) after witnessing
119:1976 Jayapura operation
397:10.14203/jmi.v45i1.883
266:Republic of West Papua
184:Netherlands New Guinea
145:Republic of West Papua
754:. Allen & Unwin.
643:, pp. 63–65, 53.
297:large scale offensive
230:Resistance activities
385:Masyarakat Indonesia
129:Seth Jafeth Rumkorem
20:Seth Jafeth Rumkorem
708:Gault-Williams 1987
240:Free Papua Movement
220:Diponegoro Division
137:Free Papua Movement
248:Territory of Papua
631:, pp. 63–65.
619:, pp. 56–57.
581:, pp. 55–56.
569:, pp. 54–55.
557:, pp. 51–52.
511:Radio New Zealand
470:, pp. 17–18.
274:Hai Tanahku Papua
270:Morning Star flag
196:Operation Trikora
169:Dutch East Indies
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95:Brigadier General
37:Dutch East Indies
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357:(in Indonesian)
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204:Indonesian Navy
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141:electoral fraud
133:Indonesian Army
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761:978-0868615196
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747:
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698:, p. 174.
688:
675:New York Times
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645:
633:
621:
609:
598:. 30 June 2018
583:
571:
559:
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290:Tanahmerah Bay
257:Nicolaas Jouwe
231:
228:
222:, he moved to
173:Lucas Rumkorem
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124:
123:
122:
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113:Papua conflict
110:
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60:
56:
55:
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40:
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27:
23:
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3:
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816:
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710:, p. 37.
709:
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411:on 2022-07-05
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171:. His father
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735:(4): 32–43.
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696:Osborne 1985
691:
679:. Retrieved
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656:Osborne 1985
641:Osborne 1985
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629:Osborne 1985
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617:Osborne 1985
612:
600:. Retrieved
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586:
579:Osborne 1985
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567:Osborne 1985
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555:Osborne 1985
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539:. Retrieved
533:
527:
515:. Retrieved
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485:Osborne 1985
468:Osborne 1985
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452:. Retrieved
448:
438:
424:cite journal
413:. Retrieved
409:the original
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359:. Retrieved
355:Tabloid Jubi
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282:Eastern Bloc
278:
253:
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162:
128:
127:
109:Battles/wars
804:Bookkeepers
784:1933 births
779:2010 deaths
391:(1): 1–18.
176: [
153:Netherlands
86:(1969–2010)
53:Netherlands
773:Categories
717:References
541:2023-02-24
454:2023-01-04
415:2022-06-25
327:Wageningen
262:Jacob Prai
159:Early life
84:Free Papua
59:Allegiance
49:Wageningen
31:Manduser,
449:InHua.Net
405:2502-5694
337:Footnotes
331:The Hague
216:West Java
188:Indonesia
73:(?–1969)
71:Indonesia
244:Jayapura
200:transfer
192:Tionghoa
101:Commands
681:2 March
602:2 March
517:2 March
361:2 March
309:Vanuatu
224:Jakarta
212:Bandung
135:to the
758:
403:
314:Rabaul
305:Vanimo
149:Greece
81:
68:
320:Exile
286:Ubrub
186:into
180:]
756:ISBN
683:2021
604:2021
519:2021
430:link
401:ISSN
363:2021
165:Biak
91:Rank
46:2010
43:Died
33:Biak
29:1933
26:Born
737:doi
393:doi
307:to
775::
733:19
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