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nations. The important issues to be settled included not only peace, but also the ownership of vast tracts of land which the United States considered to be under its control by the
British cession. By 1789, US officials realized that, in the words of Secretary of War Henry Knox, "the Indians are especially tenacious of their lands, and generally do not relinquish their right, excepting on the principle of a specific consideration, expressly given for the purchase of the same." After the United States and the Seven Nations signed a treaty in 1797, its legitimacy was challenged by other Native Americans on the grounds that the signatories were unauthorized to cede land.
796:
geography and by formal and informal agreements. The majority of the residents in the four western towns were closely related to the
Iroquois of the Six Nations — mostly Mohawk (Kanesetake, Kahnawake, and Akwesasne) or Oneida,Onondaga and Cayuga (Oswegatchie). There were also Anishinaabeg living at Kanesetake. The eastern towns were populated by the Abenaki (Odanak and Bécancour) and the Huron (Jeune-Lorette). A main unifying concern was the relentless encroachment of European-British settlement in New England and New York that had already driven many of them from their ancestral homes.
732:, some Mohawk converted to Christianity and began to relocate to Kahnawake ("near the rapids") on the Saint Lawrence River opposite the small village of Montreal. By its name and location by a rapids, Kahnawake recalled the village Caughnawaga (in a variant spelling) in the Mohawk homeland. The first village faded as most of its people moved north. The relation between the Mohawk who stayed in New York and those who migrated was, in Bonaparte's words, "as ambiguous as when they were together", in part because they became differentiated by religious practices.
991:
constant relocation was inded, an attempt by the Mohaws to move away from the french who had opened a tavern nearby. The Jesuit
Relations recorded that the although some of population had converted to their religion, there were just as many if not more who held true to their own ways and rejected any conversion. This remains evident as the community is still split along these lines. They also write about warriors coming and going suggesting that Kahnawake was also a place where war wearing warriors retreated for rest, relaxation and healing.
780:(by translating and transcribing scripture, prayers and hymns into Mohawk) and the traditional clan system (by refusing to marry people of the same clan)." The Jesuits did not require that their converts learn a European language (although many did for ease of trading) or assimilate with the outside culture. The Jesuit mission registers in the late 18th and 19th centuries at Akwesasne and other sites continued to record names as Mohawk (or other tribal names), even when a European version was also used.
569:
760:. One of the Mohawk from Kahnawake saw that Mohawk were marching with the British. He told them to identify themselves; they replied, they were "Mohawks and Five Nations" (the traditional name for the Iroquois Confederacy). Questioned in turn, the Mohawk with the French said, "e are the 7 confederate Indian Nations of Canada." This exchange was recorded in a memoranda book by Daniel Claus, who was working as an Indian Agent for William Johnson.
558:
725:, as the British closed in on the territories along the St Lawrence River. Dickinson is a specialist in the history of New France and its relations with the First Nations of the Northeast. There is little first-hand evidence to support either view. Dickinson argues that the lack of evidence supports the case for a later date.
808:
In the 1783 Treaty of Paris following the
American Revolutionary War, the British Crown ceded all its territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States (US). As the treaty made no mention of England's Native American allies, the US had to negotiate separate peace agreements with each of the
990:
NOTE: Kahnawake was not originally a "christianized" settlement. The mohawks relocated to their northern traditional territory to escape the wars and alcoholism plaguing their brethren to the south. in fact, the very first LAW passed in the community was the banning of alcohol. Further to this, the
812:
The challenge has continued to this day. In relation to another treaty signed in 1836, federal courts in the United States have ruled that they will not go behind a treaty "to inquire whether or not an Indian tribe was properly represented by its head men, nor determine whether a treaty has been
795:
This map shows the Seven
Nations on the eve of the Seven Years' War. Native and French communities formed a patchwork along the St. Lawrence River. The French communities were a single political entity. The Native American communities each had its own government, connected with the French by
804:
When the Seven
Nations saw that the French were going to be defeated by the British in the Seven Years' War, they made a treaty of peace with the British, known as the Treaty of Kahnawake (1760). By this, the Seven Nations negotiated free access between Canada and New York, to maintain their
720:
The
Canadian historian Jean-Pierre Sawaya has argued that the federation has existed since the seventeenth century. He does specialized research in the history of Canada's First Nations and the background to their land claims. The Canadian historian John Alexander Dickinson argues that the
735:
A federation of First
Nations bands formed in settlements in the St. Lawrence River valley. It included those Abenaki, Algonquin, and Huron who were more accepting of Catholicism. The Abenaki and Algonquin spoke in languages of the major families of
751:
One of the earliest written references to the Seven
Nations was made in the mid-18th century. In 1755, Seven Nations fighters and their French allies had prepared an ambush for the British army on the portage between
983:
John A. Dickinson, "La federation des sept feux de la Vallee du Saint-Laurent: XVIIe–XIXe siecle by Jean-Pierre Sawaya. ", The
American Historical Review, Vol. 105, No. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp. 202–203
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D. Peter McLeod, (1996) The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years' War, Ottawa & Toronto: The Canadian War Museum & Dundurn Press. Canadian War Museum Historical Publication No. 29.
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Rather than consisting of seven distinct nationalities, the alliance was a confederation of seven communities or towns. From west to east the communities were as follows:
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D. Peter MacLeod, "'Free and Open Roads': The Treaty of Kahnawake and the Control of Movement over the New York-Canadian Border during the Military Regime, 1760–1761"
634:, they supported the French against the British. Later, they formed the northern nucleus of the British-led Aboriginal alliance that fought the United States in the
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388:
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Jack Campisi and William A. Starna. "On the Road to Canandaigua: The Treaty of 1794", American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 467–490
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The Mohawk historian Darren Bonaparte has summarized what is known. After a disastrous war in 1667 when the French attacked Mohawk villages in present-day
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Its important to do objective research and not leave out important facts which do not support a skewed and biased image of the Mohawks.
776:, while often keeping elements on their traditional religion and ceremonies. The Jesuits made efforts "to preserve and maintain the
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748:. The Mohawk of the federation continued to identify as Mohawk, and as relatives of the Mohawk in traditional Iroquois territory.
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procured by duress or fraud, and declare it inoperative for that reason." The land claim and treaty issues remain controversial.
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D. Peter MacLeod, Notes on "The Treaty of Kahnawake, 1760", read to Ottawa Legal History Group, Ottawa, 3 December 1992
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against the United States. In Norton's version, the reply was, "We are Caghnawagues & other Tribes." Norton, John.
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D. Peter McLeod, Northern Armageddon: the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2008.
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Darren Bonaparte, "The Seven Nations of Canada: The Other Iroquois Confederacy", The Wampum Chronicles
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934:, read at the Ottawa Legal History Group, 3 December 1992 (1992, 2001); accessed 31 January 2011
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Carl F. Klinck and JHames Talamn, eds., Toronto: The Champlain Society, 1970. p. 266.
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870:, National Archives of Canada, cited in MacLeod (1999) pp. xi & 71–72. A Mohawk
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618:) was a historic confederation of First Nations living in and around the
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valley beginning in the eighteenth century. They were allied to
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During the French colonial period and due to influence of
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881:. Norton spoke Mohawk and fought with them in the
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805:important fur trade between Montreal and Albany.
740:. The Mohawk, Oneida,Onondaga and Cayuga were
1012:
679:and Anishinabeg (Algonquin and Nipissing) of
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81:and Anishinabeg (Algonquin and Nipissing) of
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899:Darren Bonaparte, "The History of Akwesasne"
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626:and often included substantial numbers of
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614:(called Tsiata Nihononhwentsiá:ke in the
1159:James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
887:The Journal of Major John Norton, 1816.
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242:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
944:American State Papers, Indian Affairs
874:about this event was recorded in the
772:, many of these peoples converted to
268:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
7:
858:Bonaparte, "Seven Nations of Canada"
868:Memoranda Book, Claus Family Papers
721:federation was created during the
650:Oneida, Onondaga and Cayuga people
52:Oneida, Onondaga and Cayuga people
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956:United States v. New York Indians
1231:First Nations history in Ontario
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1236:First Nations history in Quebec
214:British Columbia Treaty Process
823:Seven Nations (disambiguation)
744:, and the Huron spoke another
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632:Seven Years' War (1756–1763)
219:Crown and Indigenous peoples
457:Indigenous English Dialects
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1241:American Revolutionary War
636:American Revolutionary War
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563:Indigenous North Americas
1146:Treaties and land claims
846:Dickinson (2000), p. 202
341:Indigenous personalities
1153:Great Peace of Montreal
1132:Seven Nations of Canada
922:MacLeod (1996) pp x–xii
612:Seven Nations of Canada
17:Seven Nations of Canada
1058:Ethnolinguistic groups
1042:Northeastern Woodlands
707:of Jeune-Lorette (now
1256:Former confederations
1175:Regional councils and
913:MacLeod (2008), p. 72
630:converts. During the
1137:Iroquois Confederacy
764:Religion and culture
620:Saint Lawrence River
467:Aboriginal syllabics
442:Indigenous languages
36:Saint Lawrence River
1125:Historical polities
770:Jesuit missionaries
495:Traditional beliefs
336:Indigenous cultures
179:Residential schools
169:Settler colonialism
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1028:Indigenous peoples
746:Iroquoian language
697:of Bécancour (now
100:Indigenous peoples
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903:Wampum Chronicles
876:Journal of Major
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574:Canada portal
520:Index of articles
273:Numbered Treaties
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363:Demographics
346:Country food
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229:Idle No More
133:
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87:
44:Membership
1246:War of 1812
1180:governments
1071:Anishinaabe
883:War of 1812
878:John Norton
774:Catholicism
754:Lake George
654:Oswegatchie
640:War of 1812
472:Chinuk pipa
452:Chinuk Wawa
436:Linguistics
419:Territories
389:Atlantic CA
253:Land claims
56:Oswegatchie
26:Confederacy
1225:Categories
829:References
738:Algonquian
681:Kanesatake
624:New France
525:Indigenous
263:Land title
235:Indian Act
83:Kanesatake
1178:community
1076:Atikamekw
1046:Subarctic
784:Geography
672:Kahnawake
663:Akwesasne
489:Religions
248:Land Back
102:in Canada
74:Kahnawake
65:Akwesasne
1207:Bands...
1096:Maliseet
817:See also
800:Politics
756:and the
742:Iroquois
730:New York
638:and the
313:Politics
303:Case law
298:Genocide
203:Politics
174:Genocide
162:Genetics
152:Timeline
1116:Wyandot
1111:Naskapi
1101:Miꞌkmaq
1066:Abenaki
716:Origins
709:Wendake
699:Wôlinak
695:Abenaki
686:Abenaki
325:Culture
146:History
32:Origins
1167:(2002)
1161:(1975)
1155:(1701)
1106:Mohawk
1050:Arctic
1032:Quebec
690:Odanak
677:Mohawk
668:Mohawk
659:Mohawk
79:Mohawk
70:Mohawk
61:Mohawk
1193:Bands
1091:Inuit
834:Notes
705:Huron
545:Stubs
540:Métis
535:Inuit
514:Index
382:Métis
351:Music
135:Métis
128:Inuit
1086:Innu
1081:Cree
610:The
462:NAPA
38:area
22:Type
1030:in
688:of
670:of
661:of
652:of
373:AB
331:Art
72:of
63:of
54:of
1227::
1048:,
1044:,
901:,
851:^
642:.
414:SK
409:QC
404:ON
399:MB
394:BC
377:FN
1020:e
1013:t
1006:v
711:)
701:)
599:e
592:t
585:v
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