2264:, denounced the Italian consul, Italo Capil, as an informer and supporter of fascist elements in the Federal Police. Upon being told that the consul would visit the new consulate, along with the new ambassador, Giovanni and the Scarfó brothers bombed the Italian consulate on 23 May 1928, killing nine people and injuring 34 others. At the time, the Italian consulate bombing was the deadliest bombing ever to take place in Argentina. Opponents of the Italian fascist government claimed derisively that the funerals of the consular employees were performed in accordance with the "fascist funeral rite", in the presence of the ambassador, the state delegate of Italian fascists in Argentina (Romualdo Matarelli), President Alvear (and his wife, Regina), and General
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2204:, destroying the front of the building. The following day, President Alvear ordered several police searches of those suspected in the attack, and the police requested assistance from the Italian embassy to identify suspects. The embassy immediately named Giovanni, who had disturbed the celebrations of the Teatro Colón. He was soon arrested by the police and tortured for five days, but would not provide information. Di Giovanni was released for lack of evidence.
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that Di Giovanni had been tortured by the police. Franco's spirited defence of his client caused his own arrest after the trial; he was later dismissed from the ranks of the armed forces and briefly imprisoned before his deportation from
Argentina. It was to no avail; the evidence against Di Giovanni was overwhelming. Both he and Paulino Scarfó were sentenced to death; Fina, being underage, was freed.
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Vivir en monotonía las horas mohosas de lo adocenado, de los resignados, de los acomodados, de las conveniencias, no es vivir la vida; es solamente vegetar y transportar en forma ambulante una masa de carne y de huesos. A la vida es necesario brindarle la elevación exquisita de la rebelión del brazo
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The military junta publicized the arrests as a victory of the new regime, and immediately organized a military tribunal. Di Giovanni was ably defended by his appointed defence counsel, Lieutenant Juan Carlos Franco, who spoke out in favour of the independence of the judicial system, and alleged
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Spending monotonous hours among the common people, the resigned ones, the collaborators, the conformists – isn't living; it's a vegetative existence, simply the transport, in ambulatory form, of a mass of flesh and bones. Life needs the exquisite and sublime experience of rebellion in action as well
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In 1927, Giovanni left his wife, and commenced an affair with América
Josefina ("Fina") Scarfó, the 15-year-old sister of the Scarfó brothers, Alejandro and Paulino. Fina had married anarchist Silvio Astolfi to remain with Giovanni, but was promptly cut off from all contact with her family. At the
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In
January 1931, Di Giovanni was arrested after being seriously injured in yet another gun battle, along with Fina and Paulino Scarfó. Two other anarchists were killed in the firefight. Di Giovanni announced that the 300 chickens found in their house were to be given to the poor of
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initiated by the military coup, Di Giovanni passed long periods of his time in reclusion, working on Elisée Reclus's complete works. The police attempted to arrest him at a printing shop, but Di Giovanni managed to escape during a gun battle in which one policeman was killed and another
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officer in charge of the investigation, claimed that everything was under control and that no anarchist in the world would defeat him. On the following day, Santiago barely escaped from the bombing of his house by Di
Giovanni and his group, having gone to buy cigarettes a few minutes before.
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had proposed her a contract to produce a cigarette brand named "Sacco & Vanzetti". On 26 November 1927, Di
Giovanni and his comrades duly bombed Bernardo Gurevich's tobacco shop Combinados on Rivadavia 2279. Di Giovanni and his comrades continued their anti-U.S. campaign of terror. The
2211:, the defense counsel for Sacco and Vanzetti managed to postpone their executions until 23 August 1927. A movement in support of the Galleanist anarchists continued to agitate for their pardon and release. On 21 July 1927, the U.S. embassy published an article in the conservative newspaper
2275:
Giovanni's penchant for 'propaganda by the deed' triggered fierce debates inside the anarchist community; some anarchist leaders argued that Di
Giovanni's actions were counterproductive, and could only result in a military coup and a victory for fascist forces. Anarchist journals such as
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After Di
Giovanni's execution, Fina abandoned her husband Silvio Astolfi, and eventually remarried, settling down to a quiet life in Buenos Aires. After serving a lengthy prison term, Astolfi returned to Europe and carried on with his antifascist activity: he was later killed during the
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Fina died on 19 August 2006, at age 93. Teresa
Masciulli, Di Giovanni's widow, remarried, and Di Giovanni's children changed their names. Alejandro Scarfó, after serving a term of imprisonment for the attempted assassination of President Hoover, was released from prison in 1935.
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group, who were accused of a robbery and murder of two payroll guards. At the time, Di
Giovanni was one of the most active anarchists in Argentina defending the two Italian immigrants, writing in various newspapers, including his own, founded in August 1925 and titled
31:
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put in place by
Marescotti to prevent any disorder. When the orchestra started the Italian hymn, Giovanni and his companions threw leaflets around, at the cries of "Assassins! thieves!" The Blackshirts managed to overcome them, and hand them over to the police.
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in a period of deprivations, such as hunger and poverty, his upbringing had a huge impact on his politics. He attended courses to become a teacher, and soon started teaching, before graduating, in a school in his town. He was self taught in the art of
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was proclaimed in Buenos Aires, as well as many other capitals of the world. Several days after the executions, Di Giovanni received a letter from Sacco's widow, which thanked him for his work, and informed him that the director of the tobacco firm
2317:, bombing the home of Cesare Afeltra, a member of Mussolini's secret police. Alfeltra was accused by Italian anarchist exiles of having practiced torture on members of various radical anarchist and anti-fascist groups in Italy. U.S. President
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visited Argentina in December 1928. Di Giovanni wanted to bomb Hoover's train in revenge for the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti, but the bomber, Alejandro Scarfó, was detained shortly before installing the explosives on the rails.
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2307:. At first a group of bakers who were members of the same union as Arango were suspected of the killing but were never charged with the crime. Di Giovanni and his group were reportedly the prime suspects in the assassination.
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rifle bullets. After exchanging a final farewell, Paulino Scarfó was also executed a few hours later. Di Giovanni's body was to be buried secretly, on orders of the Interior Minister Matías Sánchez Sorondo, in
2400:
Severino Di Giovanni was executed by firing squad on 1 February 1931; he was 29 years old. He shouted "Evviva l'Anarchia!" (Long live Anarchy!), before being hit by at least eight
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on 2 October 1930, achieving the most important robbery until then in Argentina, taking with him 286,000 pesos. However, the planned breakout never occurred, and Scarfó remained in prison.
2217:, which described the two Italian anarchists as common criminals. On the following day, Di Giovanni and two of his anarchist comrades, Alejandro and Paulino Scarfó, blew up a statue of
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immediately denounced the bombing of the Italian consulate. The criticism had no effect. Three days after the Italian consulate bombing, Di Giovanni struck again in
2422:. On 28 July 1999, Fina Scarfó obtained the love letters which Di Giovanni had sent to her from prison decades earlier, but which had been seized by the police.
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who immigrated to Argentina, where he became the best-known anarchist figure in that country for his campaign of violence in support of
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To establish an intense and active collaboration between anarchist groups, isolated partners and the regional anarchist movement.
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were severely damaged in a bombing on 24 December 1927, killing two people and injuring twenty-three others.
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was more ambiguous in its criticism. Neither paper pleased Di Giovanni, and both were denounced by
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This debacle led Di Giovanni to suspend his bombing campaign; he focused instead on his journal
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and travelled daily to Buenos Aires Capital to participate in meetings and plan actions against
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2268:. On the same day, Di Giovanni attempted to bomb Benjamín Mastronardi's pharmacy, in
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The Buenos Aires Tragedy: The Last Tango of Severino Di Giovanni & Paul Scarfo
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criticized Di Giovanni's methods of direct action and indiscriminate violence.
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To start anarchist agitation among Italian workers and keep anti-fascism alive;
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An anarchist, Di Giovanni had nothing but contempt for the party in power, the
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took place on 6 June 1925, during the celebration of the 25th anniversary of
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On 23 August 1927, Sacco and Vanzetti were executed; in response, a 24-hour
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At the beginning of 1928, the Italian liberal newspaper from Buenos Aires,
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To interest Italian workers in Argentina in protest and expropriation;
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Last Tango In Buenos Aires (The Aftermath of the Di Giovanni Affair)
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Last Tango In Buenos Aires (The Aftermath of the Di Giovanni Affair)
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Di Giovanni arrived in Buenos Aires with the last big wave of
2106:'s accession to the Italian throne, which took place at the
2785:. Buenos Aires: Ed. Capital Intellectual, 2006 (in Spanish)
2611:, Argentine public intellectual and social historian, in
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2776:Severino Di Giovanni, El idealista de la violencia
2768:. London and Berkeley: Kate Sharpley Library, 2004
2695:, London and Berkeley: Kate Sharpley Library, 2004
2288:, edited by a fierce opponent of Di Giovanni, the
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2184:To spread anarchist ideals among Italian workers;
2567:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2550:. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009
2138:, Sacco and Vanzetti, and Propaganda of the Deed
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2760:Revolutionary Unionism - The FORA In Argentina
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2778:. Buenos Aires: Galerna, 1970 (in Spanish)
2617:, Volume 5, No. 2, Fall, 2001 (in English)
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2018:(17 March 1901 – 1 February 1931) was an
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2472:Los Mitos de la historia argentina
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2120:Count Luigi Aldrovandi Marescotti
2083:before World War II. He lived in
2881:Burials at La Chacarita Cemetery
2614:Perspectives on Anarchist Theory
2441:History of Argentina (1916–1930)
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986:International Conference of Rome
976:International Conference of Rome
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2796:Profile of Severino Di Giovanni
2871:Italian emigrants to Argentina
2846:Italian people executed abroad
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1023:German Revolution of 1918–1919
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2733:by Osvaldo Bayer (in Spanish)
2361:Obras Sanitarias de la Nación
1285:Decentralized planned economy
16:Italian anarchist (1901–1931)
2345:September 1930 military coup
2202:U.S. embassy in Buenos Aires
2055:and read, in his free time,
511:Proletarian internationalism
2719:Felipe Pigna, 2006, p. 120.
2707:Felipe Pigna, 2006, p. 117.
1033:1919 United States bombings
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2841:Insurrectionary anarchists
2675:Felipe Pigna, 2006, p. 116
2643:Felipe Pigna, 2006, p. 114
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2520:Felipe Pigna, 2006, p. 110
2508:Felipe Pigna, 2006, p. 109
2499:Felipe Pigna, 2006, p. 108
2487:Felipe Pigna, 2006, p. 107
1939:Situationist International
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1058:Spanish Revolution of 1936
2851:Executed Argentine people
2764:L'Adunata dei refrattari
2548:""The Merchants of Life""
2158:L' Adunata dei refrattari
2114:, his wife, opera singer
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2367:Capture and execution
2332:. In 1929, he wrote:
2223:Palermo, Buenos Aires
2046:. Raised right after
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2075:Arrival in Argentina
2016:Severino Di Giovanni
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981:Trial of the Thirty
946:Revolutions of 1848
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2691:Orlando, Antonio,
2420:civil war in Spain
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2227:Ford Motor Company
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461:Direct action
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211:Philosophical
209:
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191:Individualist
189:
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48:17 March 1901
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2782:
2775:
2765:
2754:Bibliography
2743:
2738:
2729:
2724:
2692:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2612:
2605:An Interview
2599:
2590:
2573:(in Spanish)
2552:. Retrieved
2541:
2504:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2468:Felipe Pigna
2424:
2416:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2378:
2360:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2310:
2309:
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2296:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2259:
2257:
2243:
2236:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2180:objectives:
2174:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2110:. President
2108:Teatro Colón
2093:
2078:
2037:
2015:
2014:
1874:Anti-statism
1864:Anti-fascism
1717:South Africa
1335:Wage slavery
1300:Gift economy
1191:
1152:Anarcho-punk
1139:
1015:
904:Love and sex
792:Pi i Margall
691:
456:Deep ecology
391:Anationalism
334:Relationship
267:Collectivist
223:Postcolonial
65:(1931-02-01)
2836:Illegalists
2816:1931 deaths
2811:1901 births
2337:as thought.
2311:La Protesta
2305:La Protesta
2297:La Antorcha
2286:La Protesta
2282:La Protesta
2278:La Antorcha
2128:Blackshirts
2048:World War I
2028:antifascism
1832:Periodicals
1732:Switzerland
1692:Puerto Rico
1677:Philippines
1642:New Zealand
1637:Netherlands
1507:El Salvador
1320:Mutual bank
1275:Cooperative
1204:Lifestylism
1006:Tragic Week
909:Nationalism
561:Somatherapy
471:Freethought
339:Syndicalist
329:Platformism
301:Methodology
174:Primitivist
2805:Categories
2659:y la mente
2554:2014-05-20
2452:References
2446:Illegalism
2413:Postscript
2244:Combinados
2165:advocated
2053:typography
1904:Dual Power
1889:Autonomism
1884:Autarchism
1492:East Timor
1462:Costa Rica
1407:Bangladesh
1402:Azerbaijan
1177:Freeganism
894:Capitalism
687:Feyerabend
556:Sociocracy
526:Revolution
491:Mutual aid
421:Black bloc
314:Illegalism
44:1901-03-17
2385:injured.
2315:Caballito
2214:La Nación
2061:Malatesta
1944:Socialism
1894:Communism
1827:Musicians
1777:Venezuela
1712:Singapore
1647:Nicaragua
1572:Indonesia
1552:Hong Kong
1547:Guatemala
1392:Australia
1382:Argentina
1354:By region
1262:Economics
1248:Symbolism
1162:DIY ethic
899:Education
817:Santillán
767:Malatesta
737:Kropotkin
717:Guillaume
571:Squatting
531:Rewilding
466:Free love
344:Synthesis
279:Communist
250:Christian
245:Religious
218:Mutualism
112:Anarchism
92:Anarchism
2563:cite web
2430:See also
2251:and the
2249:Citibank
2065:Proudhon
1687:Portugal
1667:Paraguay
1627:Mongolia
1612:Malaysia
1457:Colombia
1437:Bulgaria
1182:Infoshop
1083:May 1968
919:Violence
914:Religion
802:Proudhon
762:Maksimov
742:Landauer
692:Giovanni
642:Bookchin
536:Sabotage
368:Practice
324:Pacifist
284:Magonism
206:Naturist
164:Feminist
130:Glossary
104:a series
102:Part of
88:Movement
2654:Culmine
2391:Burzaco
2330:Culmine
2301:Culmine
2270:La Boca
2175:Culmine
2163:Culmine
2153:Culmine
2136:Culmine
2089:fascism
2044:Abruzzo
1934:Marxism
1782:Vietnam
1772:Uruguay
1757:Ukraine
1747:Tunisia
1697:Romania
1652:Nigeria
1632:Morocco
1582:Ireland
1562:Iceland
1557:Hungary
1537:Germany
1532:Georgia
1517:Finland
1512:Estonia
1497:Ecuador
1482:Denmark
1467:Croatia
1422:Bolivia
1417:Belgium
1412:Belarus
1397:Austria
1387:Armenia
1377:Andorra
1372:Algeria
1367:Albania
1209:May Day
1132:Culture
933:History
862:Yarchuk
837:Tolstoy
832:Thoreau
827:Stirner
822:Spooner
787:Parsons
712:Graeber
702:Goldman
662:Durruti
647:Chomsky
637:Bonanno
632:Berkman
627:Bakunin
376:Anarchy
272:Parecon
228:African
140:Outline
135:History
54:, Italy
2746:(1996)
2319:-elect
2178:'s
2118:, and
2112:Alvear
2067:, and
2040:Chieti
1752:Turkey
1742:Taiwan
1727:Sweden
1707:Serbia
1702:Russia
1682:Poland
1662:Panama
1657:Norway
1622:Monaco
1617:Mexico
1607:Latvia
1587:Israel
1542:Greece
1522:France
1442:Canada
1432:Brazil
1362:Africa
881:Issues
867:Zerzan
857:Warren
842:Tucker
812:Rocker
807:Reclus
797:Pouget
777:Michel
757:Makhno
732:Kōtoku
722:He-Yin
697:Godwin
682:Ferrer
652:Cleyre
617:Armand
612:Alston
604:People
364:Theory
262:Social
255:Jewish
201:Market
196:Egoist
52:Chieti
2607:with
2085:Morón
2034:Italy
1817:Films
1807:Books
1795:Lists
1737:Syria
1722:Spain
1602:Korea
1597:Japan
1592:Italy
1567:India
1502:Egypt
1452:China
1447:Chile
1172:Films
1078:Provo
847:Volin
752:Magón
727:Kanno
677:Faure
672:Ervin
667:Ellul
240:Queer
233:Black
169:Green
2569:link
2355:and
2280:and
2169:and
2026:and
1672:Peru
1577:Iran
1472:Cuba
1157:Arts
852:Ward
782:Most
772:Mett
60:Died
38:Born
2221:in
2096:UCR
1088:LIP
747:Liu
657:Day
486:Law
2807::
2774:.
2712:^
2700:^
2680:^
2666:^
2636:^
2622:^
2578:^
2565:}}
2561:{{
2525:^
2513:^
2492:^
2478:")
2470:,
2460:^
2393:.
2161:.
2071:.
2063:,
2059:,
2042:,
2030:.
622:Ba
106:on
2661:.
2571:)
2557:.
2004:e
1997:t
1990:v
1229:"
1225:"
1217:"
1213:"
46:)
42:(
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