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strategies. The usefulness of all coping strategies to reduce acute distress is acknowledged, however, strategies are categorized as healthy or unhealthy depending on their likelihood of additional adverse consequences. Healthy categories are self-soothing, relaxation/distraction, social support and professional support. Unhealthy coping categories are negative self-talk, harmful activities (e.g., emotional eating, verbal or physical aggression, drugs such as alcohol, self-harm), social withdrawal, and suicidality. Unhealthy coping strategies are used when healthy coping strategies are overwhelmed, not in the absence of healthy coping strategies.
100:. Coping strategies can be cognitions or behaviors and can be individual or social. To cope is to deal with struggles and difficulties in life. It is a way for people to maintain their mental and emotional well-being. Everybody has ways of handling difficult events that occur in life, and that is what it means to cope. Coping can be healthy and productive, or destructive and unhealthy. It is recommended that an individual cope in ways that will be beneficial and healthy. "Managing your stress well can help you feel better physically and psychologically and it can impact your ability to perform your best."
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exceeds the capacity of healthy coping strategies and results in the use of unhealthy coping strategies. Overwhelming distress is caused by problems in one or more biopsychosocial domains of health and wellbeing. The continuum of coping strategies (healthy to unhealthy, independent to social, and low harm to high harm) have been explored in general populations, university students, and paramedics. New evidence propose a more comprehensive view of a continuum iterative transformative process of developing coping competence among palliative care professionals
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will distract from the negative feelings associated with the stressor. Emotion-focused coping is well suited for stressors that seem uncontrollable (ex. a terminal illness diagnosis, or the loss of a loved one). Some mechanisms of emotion focused coping, such as distancing or avoidance, can have alleviating outcomes for a short period of time, however they can be detrimental when used over an extended period. Positive emotion-focused mechanisms, such as seeking social support, and positive re-appraisal, are associated with beneficial outcomes.
745:. There is evidence that males often develop stress due to their careers, whereas females often encounter stress due to issues in interpersonal relationships. Early studies indicated that "there were gender differences in the sources of stressors, but gender differences in coping were relatively small after controlling for the source of stressors"; and more recent work has similarly revealed "small differences between women's and men's coping strategies when studying individuals in similar situations."
153:, or distancing oneself from the problem. Individuals who use appraisal coping strategies purposely alter their perspective on their situation in order to have a more positive outlook on their situation. An example of appraisal coping strategies could be individuals purchasing tickets to a football game, knowing their medical condition would likely cause them to not be able to attend. People may alter the way they think about a problem by altering their
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responses from other people. A person might also find comedic relief with others around irrational possible outcomes for the deceased funeral service. It is also possible that humor would be used by people to feel a sense of control over a more powerless situation and used as way to temporarily escape a feeling of helplessness. Exercised humor can be a sign of positive adjustment as well as drawing support and interaction from others around the loss.
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neurotic, according to Horney desires to be distant because of being abused. If they can be the extreme introvert, no one will ever develop a relationship with them. If there is no one around, nobody can hurt them. These "moving away" people fight personality, so they often come across as cold or shallow. This is their strategy. They emotionally remove themselves from society. Included in this strategy are neurotic needs three, nine, and ten.
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humorous outlook on life, stressful experiences can be and are often minimized. This coping method corresponds with positive emotional states and is known to be an indicator of mental health. Physiological processes are also influenced within the exercise of humor. For example, laughing may reduce muscle tension, increase the flow of oxygen to the blood, exercise the cardiovascular region, and produce endorphins in the body.
52:
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occupation-focused coping. Billings and Moos added avoidance coping as one of the emotion-focused coping. Some scholars have questioned the psychometric validity of forced categorization as those strategies are not independent to each other. Besides, in reality, people can adopt multiple coping strategies simultaneously.
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has stressed the importance of "the capacity to soothe oneself, to shake off rampant anxiety, gloom, or irritability....People who are poor in this ability are constantly battling feelings of distress, while those who excel in it can bounce back far more quickly from life's setbacks and upsets". From
616:
In
Withdrawal, also known as "Moving away" or the "Resigning solution", individuals distance themselves from anyone perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt – "the 'mouse-hole' attitude ... the security of unobtrusiveness." The argument is, "If I do not let anyone close to me, I won't get hurt." A
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The health theory of coping overcame the limitations of previous theories of coping, describing coping strategies within categories that are conceptually clear, mutually exclusive, comprehensive, functionally homogenous, functionally distinct, generative and flexible, explains the continuum of coping
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on the problem and learning new skills to manage the problem. Problem-focused coping is aimed at changing or eliminating the source of the stress. The three problem-focused coping strategies identified by
Folkman and Lazarus are: taking control, information seeking, and evaluating the pros and cons.
620:
In
Aggression, also known as the "Moving against" or the "Expansive solution", the individual threatens those perceived as a threat to avoid getting hurt. Children might react to parental in-differences by displaying anger or hostility. This strategy includes neurotic needs four, five, six, seven,
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Karen Horney "developed her mature theory in which individuals cope with the anxiety produced by feeling unsafe, unloved, and undervalued by disowning their spontaneous feelings and developing elaborate strategies of defence." Horney defined four so-called coping strategies to define interpersonal
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Humor used as a positive coping method may have useful benefits to emotional and mental health well-being. However, maladaptive humor styles such as self-defeating humor can also have negative effects on psychological adjustment and might exacerbate negative effects of other stressors. By having a
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Research has shown that everyone has personal healthy coping strategies (self-soothing, relaxation/distraction), however, access to social and professional support varies. Increasing distress and inadequate support results in the additional use of unhealthy coping strategies. Overwhelming distress
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The focus of this coping mechanism is to change the meaning of the stressor or transfer attention away from it. For example, reappraising tries to find a more positive meaning of the cause of the stress in order to reduce the emotional component of the stressor. Avoidance of the emotional distress
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in the form of increased focus levels, adrenaline, and epinephrine. Conversely, the "tend-and-befriend" reaction refers to the tendency of women to protect their offspring and relatives. Although these two reactions support a genetic basis to differences in behavior, one should not assume that in
612:
In
Compliance, also known as "Moving toward" or the "Self-effacing solution", the individual moves towards those perceived as a threat to avoid retribution and getting hurt, "making any sacrifice, no matter how detrimental." The argument is, "If I give in, I won't get hurt." This means that: if I
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The healthy strategy she termed "Moving with" is that with which psychologically healthy people develop relationships. It involves compromise. In order to move with, there must be communication, agreement, disagreement, compromise, and decisions. The three other strategies she described – "Moving
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In adult cases of "acute and more or less 'traumatic' upsetting events in the life of normal persons", Fenichel stressed that in coping, "in carrying out a 'work of learning' or 'work of adjustment', he must acknowledge the new and less comfortable reality and fight tendencies towards regression,
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generally refers to adaptive (constructive) coping strategies, that is, strategies which reduce stress. In contrast, other coping strategies may be coined as maladaptive, if they increase stress. Maladaptive coping is therefore also described, based on its outcome, as non-coping. Furthermore, the
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Hundreds of coping strategies have been proposed in an attempt to understand how people cope. Classification of these strategies into a broader architecture has not been agreed upon. Researchers try to group coping responses rationally, empirically by factor analysis, or through a blend of both
528:
Otto
Fenichel summarized early psychoanalytic studies of coping mechanisms in children as "a gradual substitution of actions for mere discharge reactions... the development of the function of judgement" – noting however that "behind all active types of mastery of external and internal tasks, a
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Using humor in coping while processing feelings can vary depending on life circumstance and individual humor styles. In regards to grief and loss in life occurrences, it has been found that genuine laughs/smiles when speaking about the loss predicted later adjustment and evoked more positive
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split the coping strategies into four groups, namely problem-focused, emotion-focused, support-seeking, and meaning-making coping. Weiten has identified four types of coping strategies: appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive), problem-focused (adaptive behavioral), emotion-focused, and
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Horney investigated these patterns of neurotic needs (compulsive attachments). The neurotics might feel these attachments more strongly because of difficulties within their lives. If the neurotic does not experience these needs, they will experience anxiety. The ten needs are:
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is one form of emotion-focused coping in which emotional expression and processing is used to adaptively manage a response to a stressor. Other examples include relaxation training through deep breathing, meditation, yoga, music and art therapy, and aromatherapy.
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by publishing his paper, "Me" (which was later translated into
English in 1958, titled, "The Ego and the Problem of Adaptation"). Hartmann focused on the adaptive progression of the ego "through the mastery of new demands and tasks". In fact, according to his
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clients: Coping by confronting clients. For instance, teachers can cope with stress when working with students by imposing very rigid rules, such as no cellphone use in class and sending everyone to the office when they use a cellphone. Furthermore,
508:
Low-effort syndrome or low-effort coping refers to the coping responses of a person refusing to work hard. For example, a student at school may learn to put in only minimal effort as they believe if they put in effort it could unveil their flaws.
959:
702:, once infants were born they have the ability to be able to cope with the demands of their surroundings. In his wake, ego psychology further stressed "the development of the personality and of 'ego-strengths'...adaptation to social realities".
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general females cannot implement "fight-or-flight" behavior or that males cannot implement "tend-and-befriend" behavior. Additionally, this study implied differing health impacts for each gender as a result of the contrasting stress-processes.
450:
Procrastination is when a person willingly delays a task in order to receive a temporary relief from stress. While this may work for short-term relief, when used as a coping mechanism, procrastination causes more issues in the long
121:
Typically, people use a mixture of several types of coping strategies, which may change over time. All these strategies can prove useful, but some claim that those using problem-focused coping strategies will adjust better to
446:
The use of self-defeating humor means that a person disparages themselves in order to entertain others. This type of humor has been shown to lead to negative psychological adjustment and exacerbate the effect of existing
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towards the misinterpretation of reality", though such rational strategies "may be mixed with relative allowances for rest and for small regressions and compensatory wish fulfillment, which are recuperative in effect".
126:. Problem-focused coping mechanisms may allow an individual greater perceived control over their problem, whereas emotion-focused coping may sometimes lead to a reduction in perceived control (maladaptive coping).
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has examined the childhood development both of "independent coping...capacity for self-soothing", and of "aided coping. Emotion-focused coping in infancy is often accomplished through the assistance of an adult."
381:
coping technique (also termed non-coping) will just reduce symptoms while maintaining or strengthening the stressor. Maladaptive techniques are only effective as a short-term rather than long-term coping process.
636:). This coping classification is focused on the behavior workers can display towards clients when confronted with stress. They show that during public service delivery there are three main families of coping:
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or stress. It most commonly manifests in the form of making excuses for the behavior of the person engaging in the rationalization, or others involved in the situation the person is attempting to rationalize.
278:
Emotion-focused coping is a mechanism to alleviate distress by minimizing, reducing, or preventing, the emotional components of a stressor. This mechanism can be applied through a variety of ways, such as:
760:. An alternative explanation for the aforementioned differences involves genetic factors. The degree to which genetic factors and social conditioning influence behavior, is the subject of ongoing debate.
967:
443:
Escape is closely related to avoidance. This technique is often demonstrated by people who experience panic attacks or have phobias. These people want to flee the situation at the first sign of anxiety.
2020:
Booth-Butterfield, Melanie; Wanzer, Melissa
Bekelja; Krezmien, Elyse; Weil, Nancy (2014). "Communication of humor during bereavement: Intrapersonal and interpersonal emotion management strategies".
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Skinner, Ellen A.; Edge, Kathleen; Altman, Jeffrey; Sherwood, Hayley (March 2003). "Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping".
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Arantzamendi M, Sapeta P, Belar A, Centeno C. How palliative care professionals develop coping competence through their career: A grounded theory. Palliat Med. 2024 Feb 21:2692163241229961.
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Emotion-focused coping "is oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress". The five emotion-focused coping strategies identified by
Folkman and Lazarus are:
772:, a stress hormone, was found to be elevated in males during stressful situations. In females, however, cortisol levels were decreased in stressful situations, and instead, an increase in
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clients: Coping by avoiding meaningful interactions with clients in stressful situations. An example is a public servant stating "the office is very busy today, please return tomorrow."
461:
Sensitization is when a person seeks to learn about, rehearse, and/or anticipate fearful events in a protective effort to prevent these events from occurring in the first place.
2811:
Washburn-Ormachea, Jill M.; Hillman, Stephen B.; Sawilowsky, Shlomo S. (2004). "Gender and Gender-Role
Orientation Differences on Adolescents' Coping with Peer Stressors".
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give everyone I see as a potential threat whatever they want, I will not be injured (physically or emotionally). This strategy includes neurotic needs one, two, and three.
217:, particularly the nature of the stressful environment. People using problem-focused strategies try to deal with the cause of their problem. They do this by finding out
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Safety behaviors are demonstrated when individuals with anxiety disorders come to rely on something, or someone, as a means of coping with their excessive anxiety.
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However, problem-focused coping may not be necessarily adaptive, but backfire, especially in the uncontrollable case that one cannot make the problem go away.
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Brougham, Ruby R.; Zail, Christy M.; Mendoza, Celeste M.; Miller, Janine R. (2009). "Stress, Sex
Differences, and Coping Strategies Among College Students".
425:. These coping strategies interfere with the person's ability to unlearn, or break apart, the paired association between the situation and the associated
454:
Rationalization is the practice of attempting to use reasoning to minimize the severity of an incident, or avoid approaching it in ways that could cause
348:
recognises that individuals are bedded within a social environment, which can be stressful, but also is the source of coping resources, such as seeking
209:
The effectiveness of the coping effort depends on the type of stress, the individual, and the circumstances. Coping responses are partly controlled by
73:
60:
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is when one reduces the stress of some difficult challenge by anticipating what it will be like and preparing for how one is going to cope with it.
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Billings, Andrew G.; Moos, Rudolf H. (June 1981). "The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events".
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1626:"Modelling the relationship between healthy and unhealthy coping strategies to understand overwhelming distress: A Bayesian network approach"
1582:"Modelling the relationship between healthy and unhealthy coping strategies to understand overwhelming distress: A Bayesian network approach"
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1314:
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Billings, Andrew G.; Moos, Rudolf H. (1981). "The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events".
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Dodd, Natalie; Warren-James, Matthew; Stallman, Helen M. (2022). "How do paramedics and student paramedics cope? A cross-sectional study".
1665:
Stallman, Helen M. (2020). "Suicide following hospitalisation: Systemic treatment failure needs to be the focus rather than risk factors".
2056:
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Dissociation is the ability of the mind to separate and compartmentalize thoughts, memories, and emotions. This is often associated with
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toward", "Moving against" and "Moving away" – represented neurotic, unhealthy strategies people utilize in order to protect themselves.
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Most coping is reactive in that the coping response follows stressors. Anticipating and reacting to a future stressor is known as
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In 1937, the psychoanalyst (as well as a physician, psychologist, and psychiatrist) Heinz Hartmann marked it as the evolution of
3035:
2084:"Humor styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment: Mediation, moderation and person-oriented analyses"
1849:"Humor styles, bullying victimization and psychological school adjustment: Mediation, moderation and person-oriented analyses"
756:" response, perhaps because societal standards encourage men to be more individualistic, while women are often expected to be
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Restriction of one's life to narrow borders, to be undemanding, satisfied with little, inconspicuous; to simplify one's life.
437:
149:
Appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive) strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think, for example: employing
3045:
1227:"Patients' experiences of coping with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and their recommendations for its clinical management"
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587:
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In their systematic review of 35 years of the literature, the scholars found that the most often used family is moving
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clients: Coping by helping clients in stressful situations. An example is a teacher working overtime to help students.
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in a situation: "Some have suggested that humor may play a greater role as a stress moderator among women than men".
1297:
Bhojani, Zahra; Kurucz, Elizabeth C. (2020), "Sustainable Happiness, Well-Being, and Mindfulness in the Workplace",
433:
Anxious avoidance is when a person avoids anxiety provoking situations by all means. This is the most common method.
2696:"Is life more difficult on mars or venus? A meta-analytic review of sex differences in major and minor life events"
2190:"Perfectionism and coping with daily failures: Positive reframing helps achieve satisfaction at the end of the day"
889:
854:
785:
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scholars developed a classification of coping by frontline workers when working with clients (see also the work of
418:
65:
1985:
Bonanno, George; Keltner, Dacher (1997). "Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement".
390:
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590:, for control over others, for a facade of omnipotence, caused by a desperate desire for strength and dominance.
202:, in which a coping response aims to neutralize a future stressor. Subconscious or unconscious strategies (e.g.
859:
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activity was discovered. Many researchers believe that these results underlie the reasons why men administer a
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1942:
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Martin, Rod A. (2001). "Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues and research findings".
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In general, such differences as exist indicate that women tend to employ emotion-focused coping and the "
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Wang, J.; Korczykowski, M.; Rao, H.; Fan, Y.; Pluta, J.; Gur, R.C.; McEwen, B.S.; Detre, J.A. (2007).
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A partner who will take over one's life, based on the idea that love will solve all of one's problems.
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1800:"How palliative care professionals develop coping competence through their career: A grounded theory"
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2522:"Coping During Public Service Delivery: A Conceptualization and Systematic Review of the Literature"
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Senanayake, Sameera; Harrison, Kim; Lewis, Michael; McNarry, Melitta; Hudson, Joanne (23 May 2018).
505:", as too can "the kind of prayer in which you're trying to achieve an inner quietness and peace".
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Further examples of coping strategies include emotional or instrumental support, self-distraction,
129:
Lazarus "notes the connection between his idea of 'defensive reappraisals' or cognitive coping and
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Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health: An Introduction to Behavior and Health
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Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health: An Introduction to Behavior and Health
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1710:"How do university students cope? An exploration of the health theory of coping in a US sample"
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Gender differences in coping strategies are the ways in which men and women differ in managing
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Social recognition or prestige, caused by an abnormal concern for appearances and popularity.
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symptoms. These are maladaptive strategies as they serve to maintain the disorder.
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refers to conscious or unconscious strategies used to reduce and manage unpleasant
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Perfection and unassailability, a desire to be perfect and a fear of being flawed.
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752:" response to stress, whereas men tend to use problem-focused coping and the "
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Stallman, Helen M.; Lipson, Sarah K.; Zhou, Sasha; Eisenberg, Daniel (2022).
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Coping Strategies for Children and Teenagers Living with Domestic Violence
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Cummings, E. Mark; Greene, Anita L.; Karraker, Katherine H., eds. (1991).
2006:
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Tummers, Lars; Bekkers, Victor; Vink, Evelien; Musheno, Michael (2015).
960:"How Do You Cope? | Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior"
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readiness remains to fall back on passive-receptive types of mastery."
426:
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Deeper Than Reason: Emotion and Its Role in Literature, Music, and Art
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2057:"The Maintenance of Anxiety Disorders: Maladaptive Coping Strategies"
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158:
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Davis, Mary C.; Matthews, Karen A.; Twamley, Elizabeth W. (1999).
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this perspective, "the art of soothing ourselves is a fundamental
162:
2088:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1853:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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1059:
501:"not only calms our emotions, but...makes us feel more 'together
1382:
The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health
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Affection and approval, the need to please others and be liked.
2848:"Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress"
1709:
45:
1403:
1401:
1350:(7th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning. pp. 121–23.
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Stress, health & well-being thriving in the 21st century
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clients was found in 38% of all coping fragments and Moving
494:, behavioral disengagement and the use of drugs or alcohol.
1088:
1086:
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Whereas adaptive coping strategies improve functioning, a
2790:(7th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 125.
1495:
Relaxation techniques: Try these steps to reduce stress
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reaction. The "fight-or-flight" response activates the
37:"Coping mechanism" redirects here. For other uses, see
2645:
Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ
2618:
Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ
726:
see this as the most essential of all psychic tools."
373:
Negative techniques (maladaptive coping or non-coping)
137:", coping strategies thus overlapping with a person's
1474:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 16–17.
1371:
1369:
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1192:
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2526:
Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory
1301:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–25,
385:
Examples of maladaptive behavior strategies include
1012:Carver, Charles S.; Connor-Smith, Jennifer (2010).
2967:Psychological and Biological Approaches to Emotion
2389:Bernard Paris, Horney-Danielson, Karen (1885–1952)
593:Exploitation of others; to get the better of them.
206:) are generally excluded from the area of coping.
2310:"Minority coping responses and school experience"
1950:Asian Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
2559:
2557:
1443:Ben-Zur, H. (2009). "Coping styles and affect".
1168:
1077:
1065:
768:Hormones also play a part in stress management.
2566:Guide to Psychoanalytic Developmental Theories
2401:"The Neurotic Needs According to Karen Horney"
2141:Sirois, Fuschia M.; Kitner, Ryan (July 2015).
671:clients (43% of all coping fragments). Moving
1380:. In Contrada, Richard; Baum, Andrew (eds.).
1299:The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Well-Being
286:reappraising the stressor in a positive light
194:, i.e. the coping response which follows the
27:Strategies used to reduce unpleasant emotions
8:
1619:
1617:
1545:(1 August 2020). "Health Theory of Coping".
1410:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
780:reaction to stress; whereas, females have a
2852:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
2188:Stoeber, Joachim; Janssen, Dirk P. (2011).
1106:Psychology Applied to Modern Life (9th ed.)
2374:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2345:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2293:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1445:International Journal of Stress Management
1092:
213:(habitual traits), but also partly by the
2871:
2711:
2673:. L. Erlbaum Associates. pp. 93–94.
2537:
2454:
2452:
2117:
2099:
1961:
1941:Tariq, Qudsia; Khan, Naima Aslam (2013).
1882:
1864:
1823:
1641:
1597:
1260:
1250:
1031:
815:Defence mechanisms § Level 4: mature
1182:Health Psychology, international edition
1007:
1005:
718:; some psychoanalytic thinkers, such as
76:of all important aspects of the article.
927:
251:using systematic relaxation procedures.
2940:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456
2568:. New York: Springer. pp. 49–54.
2367:
2338:
2286:
1630:Journal of Affective Disorders Reports
1586:Journal of Affective Disorders Reports
1472:Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology
663:towards clients is also included here.
177:coping mechanisms are commonly termed
72:Please consider expanding the lead to
2362:The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis
2333:The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis
2269:Skynner, Robin; Cleese, John (1994).
624:Related to the work of Karen Horney,
169:Adaptive behavioral coping strategies
7:
2786:Brannon, Linda; Feist, Jess (2009).
2444:The Neurotic Personality of Our Time
2240:"Basic Coping Strategies For Stress"
1342:Brannon, Linda; Feist, Jess (2009).
1104:Weiten, W. & Lloyd, M.A. (2008)
230:Emotion-focused strategies involve:
1033:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
562:individuals, the others describing
145:Appraisal-focused coping strategies
1714:Journal of American College Health
850:Mindfulness-based stress reduction
605:Self-sufficiency and independence.
513:Historical psychoanalytic theories
39:Coping Mechanisms (disambiguation)
25:
2590:Schools of Psychoanalytic Thought
268:accepting responsibility or blame
226:Emotion-focused coping strategies
2813:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
2603:The Oxford Companion to the Mind
1285:Encyclopedia of Women and Gender
1201:. Clarendon Press. p. 438.
190:term coping generally refers to
50:
2147:European Journal of Personality
1184:. McGraw-Hill Education, p. 193
109:techniques. In the early days,
64:may be too short to adequately
3003:doi: 10.1177/02692163241229961
2745:Journal of Behavioral Medicine
1987:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1384:. Springer. pp. 221–229.
1307:10.1007/978-3-030-02470-3_52-1
1128:Journal of Behavioral Medicine
1108:. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
438:post traumatic stress syndrome
74:provide an accessible overview
1:
2700:Annals of Behavioral Medicine
2335:. London. pp. 41–42, 53.
1726:10.1080/07448481.2020.1789149
1679:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30528-0
325:Reactive and proactive coping
2564:Bendicsen, Harold K (2009).
2314:The Journal of Psychohistory
2209:10.1080/10615806.2011.562977
2197:Anxiety, Stress & Coping
2034:10.1080/01463373.2014.922487
1798:Arantzamendi, María (2024).
1344:"Personal Coping Strategies"
1252:10.1371/journal.pone.0197660
1169:Folkman & Moskowitz 2004
1078:Folkman & Moskowitz 2004
1066:Folkman & Moskowitz 2004
988:Team, Digital (2021-12-14).
2928:Annual Review of Psychology
1999:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.126
1920:10.1037/0033-2909.127.4.504
1757:Australasian Emergency Care
1521:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216
1376:Carver, Charles S. (2011).
1019:Annual Review of Psychology
333:or future-oriented coping.
133:'s concept of 'ego-defenses
3072:
2648:. Bloomsbury. p. 57.
2621:. Bloomsbury. p. 43.
2588:Quoted in Ruth L. Munroe,
2482:New Ways in Psychoanalysis
2271:Life and How to Survive It
1769:10.1016/j.auec.2022.04.001
1643:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100054
1599:10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100054
1422:10.1037/0022-3514.54.3.466
1197:Robinson, Jenefer (2005).
890:Social sharing of emotions
855:Music as a coping strategy
786:sympathetic nervous system
686:
558:relations, one describing
540:
521:
234:releasing pent-up emotions
36:
29:
2987:10.1007/s12144-009-9047-0
2899:Harrington, Rick (2013).
1816:10.1177/02692163241229961
305:Emotional approach coping
274:and positive reappraisal.
240:managing hostile feelings
18:Sex differences in coping
3016:Coping Skills for Trauma
2642:Goleman, Daniel (1996).
2615:Goleman, Daniel (1996).
2484:(London 1966) pp. 254–55
1014:"Personality and Coping"
860:Psychological resilience
634:street-level bureaucracy
403:maladaptive humor styles
289:accepting responsibility
161:, such as by seeing the
2825:10.1023/A:1027330213113
2360:Fenichel, Otto (1946).
2331:Fenichel, Otto (1946).
2273:. London. p. 355.
2101:10.3390/ijerph191811415
2022:Communication Quarterly
1866:10.3390/ijerph191811415
1547:Australian Psychologist
940:www.merriam-webster.com
730:Object relations theory
560:psychologically healthy
497:Many people think that
473:Emotion-driven behavior
312:Health theory of coping
295:exercising self-control
271:exercising self-control
32:Coping (disambiguation)
3036:Interpersonal conflict
2364:. London. p. 554.
2308:Ogbu, John U. (1991).
1908:Psychological Bulletin
1509:Psychological Bulletin
1497:. (2017). Mayo Clinic.
830:Experiential avoidance
825:Emotional intelligence
711:Emotional intelligence
700:adaptive point of view
283:seeking social support
2539:10.1093/jopart/muu056
1667:The Lancet Psychiatry
1180:Taylor, S.E. (2006).
626:public administration
602:Personal achievement.
248:mindfulness practices
3046:Psychological stress
2903:. Cengage Learning.
2605:(Oxford 1987) p. 270
2601:Richard L. Gregory,
2446:(London 1977) p. 120
936:"Definition of COPE"
865:Psychological trauma
800:Adaptive performance
743:psychological stress
599:Personal admiration.
456:psychological trauma
407:self-defeating humor
254:situational exposure
198:. This differs from
30:For other uses, see
2864:10.1093/scan/nsm018
2238:Albertus, Sargent.
2082:Burger, C. (2022).
2055:Jacofsky, Matthew.
1847:Burger, C. (2022).
1804:Palliative Medicine
1243:2018PLoSO..1397660S
764:Physiological basis
470:Emotion suppression
237:distracting oneself
2975:Current Psychology
2757:10.1007/BF00844267
2713:10.1007/BF02895038
1543:Stallman, Helen M.
1283:J. Worell (2001).
1140:10.1007/BF00844267
964:www.semel.ucla.edu
737:Gender differences
547:In the 1940s, the
352:from others. (see
215:social environment
204:defense mechanisms
139:defense mechanisms
104:Theories of coping
2910:978-1-111-83161-5
2797:978-0-495-60132-6
2680:978-0-8058-0371-6
2655:978-0-7475-2830-2
2628:978-0-7475-2830-2
2575:978-0-387-88454-7
2280:978-0-7493-1108-7
1481:978-0-19-986216-0
1391:978-0-8261-1771-7
1357:978-0-495-60132-6
1316:978-3-030-02470-3
1208:978-0-19-926365-3
915:Stress management
900:Stigma management
840:Invisible support
782:tend-and-befriend
750:tend-and-befriend
387:anxious avoidance
179:coping strategies
91:
90:
16:(Redirected from
3063:
2998:
2951:
2922:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2715:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2612:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2532:(4): 1099–1126.
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2497:. Archived from
2491:
2485:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2459:Boeree, George.
2456:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2421:Boerre, George.
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2246:. Archived from
2244:Stress Treatment
2235:
2229:
2228:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2159:10.1002/per.1985
2138:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2103:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2063:on 28 March 2012
2059:. Archived from
2052:
2046:
2045:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1963:10.1.1.1075.1379
1947:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1720:(4): 1179–1185.
1705:
1699:
1698:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1559:10.1111/ap.12465
1539:
1533:
1532:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:10.1037/a0015731
1440:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1339:
1328:
1327:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1194:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1123:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1035:
1009:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
966:. Archived from
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
932:
875:Self-concealment
820:Emotional eating
706:Object relations
679:clients in 19%.
504:
478:Further examples
419:safety behaviors
331:proactive coping
265:escape-avoidance
200:proactive coping
136:
86:
83:
77:
54:
46:
21:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3026:
3025:
3012:
2972:
2958:
2956:Further reading
2925:
2911:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2600:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2501:on 23 June 2011
2493:
2492:
2488:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2285:
2281:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2250:on 12 June 2017
2237:
2236:
2232:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1317:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1237:(5): e0197660.
1224:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1093:Harrington 2013
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1057:
1011:
1010:
1003:
994:
992:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
958:
957:
953:
944:
942:
934:
933:
929:
924:
919:
895:Stiff upper lip
870:Self-compassion
805:Communal coping
795:
778:fight-or-flight
766:
754:fight-or-flight
739:
724:D. W. Winnicott
708:
691:
685:
545:
539:
526:
520:
515:
502:
480:
415:rationalization
411:procrastination
399:self-medication
375:
362:
343:
327:
314:
292:using avoidance
228:
192:reactive coping
171:
147:
134:
106:
87:
81:
78:
71:
59:This article's
55:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3069:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3051:Human behavior
3048:
3043:
3038:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3010:External links
3008:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2970:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2934:(1): 745–774.
2923:
2909:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2838:
2803:
2796:
2778:
2735:
2686:
2679:
2661:
2654:
2634:
2627:
2607:
2594:
2581:
2574:
2553:
2512:
2495:"Karen Horney"
2486:
2480:Karen Horney,
2473:
2461:"Karen Horney"
2448:
2442:Karen Horney,
2435:
2423:"Karen Horney"
2413:
2392:
2381:
2352:
2323:
2300:
2279:
2261:
2230:
2180:
2153:(4): 433–444.
2133:
2074:
2047:
2012:
1993:(1): 126–137.
1977:
1933:
1914:(4): 504–519.
1898:
1839:
1810:(3): 284–296.
1790:
1763:(4): 321–326.
1747:
1700:
1657:
1613:
1572:
1553:(4): 295–306.
1534:
1515:(2): 216–269.
1499:
1487:
1480:
1462:
1435:
1416:(3): 466–475.
1397:
1390:
1363:
1356:
1329:
1315:
1289:
1287:Vol. I, p. 603
1276:
1214:
1207:
1186:
1173:
1171:, p. 753.
1161:
1134:(2): 139–157.
1118:
1097:
1095:, p. 303.
1082:
1070:
1068:, p. 751.
1055:
1001:
980:
951:
926:
925:
923:
920:
918:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
885:Self-deception
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
796:
794:
791:
765:
762:
738:
735:
707:
704:
695:ego psychology
689:Heinz Hartmann
687:Main article:
684:
683:Heinz Hartmann
681:
665:
664:
652:
645:
630:Michael Lipsky
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
585:
582:
579:
541:Main article:
538:
535:
522:Main article:
519:
516:
514:
511:
479:
476:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
452:
448:
444:
441:
434:
374:
371:
361:
358:
350:social support
342:
339:
326:
323:
313:
310:
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296:
293:
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287:
284:
276:
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249:
246:
241:
238:
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227:
224:
170:
167:
146:
143:
105:
102:
89:
88:
68:the key points
58:
56:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3068:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Personal life
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
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2988:
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2980:
2976:
2971:
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2964:
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2955:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:(3): 227–39.
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:(2): 139–57.
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2592:(1957) p. 101
2591:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2320:(4): 433–456.
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:(5): 477–97.
2202:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2094:(18): 11415.
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:(4): 436–54.
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1956:(1): 331–37.
1955:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
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