Sexual addiction - Knowledge (XXG)

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development of incentive salience, and development of drug-seeking habits in the binge/intoxication stage involve changes in dopamine and opioid peptides in the basal ganglia. The increases in negative emotional states and dysphoric and stress-like responses in the withdrawal/negative affect stage involve decreases in the function of the dopamine component of the reward system and recruitment of brain stress neurotransmitters, such as corticotropin-releasing factor and dynorphin, in the neurocircuitry of the extended amygdala. The craving and deficits in executive function in the so-called preoccupation/anticipation stage involve the dysregulation of key afferent projections from the prefrontal cortex and insula, including glutamate, to the basal ganglia and extended amygdala. Molecular genetic studies have identified transduction and transcription factors that act in neurocircuitry associated with the development and maintenance of addiction that might mediate initial vulnerability, maintenance, and relapse associated with addiction. ... Substance-induced changes in transcription factors can also produce competing effects on reward function. For example, repeated substance use activates accumulating levels of ΔFosB, and animals with elevated ΔFosB exhibit exaggerated sensitivity to the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, leading to the hypothesis that ΔFosB might be a sustained molecular trigger or switch that helps initiate and maintain a state of addiction.

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and putamen, but not the medial preoptic nucleus. Next, the induction of c-Fos, a downstream (repressed) target of DeltaFosB, was measured in sexually experienced and naive animals. The number of mating-induced c-Fos-IR cells was significantly decreased in sexually experienced animals compared to sexually naive controls. Finally, DeltaFosB levels and its activity in the NAc were manipulated using viral-mediated gene transfer to study its potential role in mediating sexual experience and experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. Animals with DeltaFosB overexpression displayed enhanced facilitation of sexual performance with sexual experience relative to controls. In contrast, the expression of DeltaJunD, a dominant-negative binding partner of DeltaFosB, attenuated sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance, and stunted long-term maintenance of facilitation compared to DeltaFosB overexpressing group. Together, these findings support a critical role for DeltaFosB expression in the NAc in the reinforcing effects of sexual behavior and sexual experience-induced facilitation of sexual performance. ... both drug addiction and sexual addiction represent pathological forms of neuroplasticity along with the emergence of aberrant behaviors involving a cascade of neurochemical changes mainly in the brain's rewarding circuitry.

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transcription factor delta FosB is increased in the NAc, PFC, dorsal striatum, and VTA following repeated sexual behavior (Wallace et al., 2008; Pitchers et al., 2010b). This natural increase in delta FosB or viral overexpression of delta FosB within the NAc modulates sexual performance, and NAc blockade of delta FosB attenuates this behavior (Hedges et al, 2009; Pitchers et al., 2010b). Further, viral overexpression of delta FosB enhances the conditioned place preference for an environment paired with sexual experience (Hedges et al., 2009). ... In some people, there is a transition from "normal" to compulsive engagement in natural rewards (such as food or sex), a condition that some have termed behavioral or non-drug addictions (Holden, 2001; Grant et al., 2006a). ... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al, 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008)."

2573:, which occurs when drug taking stops. Dependence from long-term drug use may have both a somatic component, manifested by physical symptoms, and an emotional–motivation component, manifested by dysphoria. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine). The official diagnosis of drug addiction by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (2000), which makes distinctions between drug use, abuse, and substance dependence, is flawed. First, diagnosis of drug use versus abuse can be arbitrary and reflect cultural norms, not medical phenomena. Second, the term substance dependence implies that dependence is the primary pharmacologic phenomenon underlying addiction, which is likely not true, as tolerance, sensitization, and learning and memory also play central roles. It is ironic and unfortunate that the Manual avoids use of the term addiction, which provides the best description of the clinical syndrome. 3614:

cellular mechanisms of plasticity that control vulnerability to drug addiction, and that this increased vulnerability is mediated by ΔFosB and its downstream transcriptional targets. ... Sexual behavior is highly rewarding (Tenk et al., 2009), and sexual experience causes sensitized drug-related behaviors, including cross-sensitization to amphetamine (Amph)-induced locomotor activity (Bradley and Meisel, 2001; Pitchers et al., 2010a) and enhanced Amph reward (Pitchers et al., 2010a). Moreover, sexual experience induces neural plasticity in the NAc similar to that induced by psychostimulant exposure, including increased dendritic spine density (Meisel and Mullins, 2006; Pitchers et al., 2010a), altered glutamate receptor trafficking, and decreased synaptic strength in prefrontal cortex-responding NAc shell neurons (Pitchers et al., 2012). Finally, periods of abstinence from sexual experience were found to be critical for enhanced Amph reward, NAc spinogenesis (Pitchers et al., 2010a), and glutamate receptor trafficking (Pitchers et al., 2012). These findings suggest that natural and drug reward experiences share common mechanisms of neural plasticity

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the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. ... Existing prevalence rates of sexual addiction-related disorders range from 3% to 6%. Sexual addiction/hypersexual disorder is used as an umbrella construct to encompass various types of problematic behaviors, including excessive masturbation, cybersex, pornography use, sexual behavior with consenting adults, telephone sex, strip club visitation, and other behaviors. The adverse consequences of sexual addiction are similar to the consequences of other addictive disorders. Addictive, somatic and psychiatric disorders coexist with sexual addiction. In recent years, research on sexual addiction has proliferated, and screening instruments have increasingly been developed to diagnose or quantify sexual addiction disorders. In our systematic review of the existing measures, 22 questionnaires were identified. As with other

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drugs, and tendency to relapse even after long periods of abstinence. These newly constructed networks function very efficiently via new pathways as soon as drugs of abuse are further taken ... In this way, the induction of CDK5 gene expression occurs together with suppression of the G9A gene coding for dimethyltransferase acting on the histone H3. A feedback mechanism can be observed in the regulation of these 2 crucial factors that determine the adaptive epigenetic response to cocaine. This depends on ΔFosB inhibiting G9a gene expression, i.e. H3K9me2 synthesis which in turn inhibits transcription factors for ΔFosB. For this reason, the observed hyper-expression of G9a, which ensures high levels of the dimethylated form of histone H3, eliminates the neuronal structural and plasticity effects caused by cocaine by means of this feedback which blocks ΔFosB transcription

3745:ΔFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure. The formation of ΔFosB in multiple brain regions, and the molecular pathway leading to the formation of AP-1 complexes is well understood. The establishment of a functional purpose for ΔFosB has allowed further determination as to some of the key aspects of its molecular cascades, involving effectors such as GluR2 (87,88), Cdk5 (93) and NFkB (100). Moreover, many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the structural, physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure (60,95,97,102). New frontiers of research investigating the molecular roles of ΔFosB have been opened by epigenetic studies, and recent advances have illustrated the role of ΔFosB acting on DNA and histones, truly as a 591:ΔFosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to natural rewards, such as palatable food, sex, and exercise. Natural rewards, like drugs of abuse, induce ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens, and chronic acquisition of these rewards can result in a similar pathological addictive state. Thus, ΔFosB is also the key transcription factor involved in addictions to natural rewards as well, and sexual addictions in particular, since ΔFosB in the nucleus accumbens is critical for the reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Research on the interaction between natural and drug rewards suggests that psychostimulants and sexual reward possess cross-sensitization effects and act on common biomolecular mechanisms of addiction-related neuroplasticity which are mediated through ΔFosB. 2089:

that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.

1158:, have accepted sex addiction as a distinct entity with associated treatment protocols. Indeed, some practitioners regard sex addiction as a potentially harmful diagnosis and draw parallels with gay conversion therapy. As a result, treatment for sex addiction is more often provided by addiction professionals in the counseling field than psychosexual specialists. These counseling professionals typically hold advanced degrees of education including master's degrees or Doctorates in counseling or a related field like psychology. These counselors can also hold certifications like Licensed Professional Counselors (LPC-S) who are required to hold a master's degree or higher level of education. Therapists and Psychologists usually also hold a Master's in a related field of study. 3843:ΔFosB has been linked directly to several addiction-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22–24. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26–30. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states. 429:(AASECT), the official body for sex and relationship therapy in the United States, issued a position statement on sex addiction declaring that their organization "does not find sufficient empirical evidence to support the classification of sex addiction or porn addiction as a mental health disorder, and does not find the sexual addiction training and treatment methods and educational pedagogies to be adequately informed by accurate human sexuality knowledge. Therefore, it is the position of AASECT that linking problems related to sexual urges, thoughts or behaviors to a porn/sexual addiction process cannot be advanced by AASECT as a standard of practice for sexuality education delivery, counseling or therapy." 2819:

substance use disorders. Other excessive behavioral patterns, such as Internet gaming (see "Conditions for Further Study"), have also been described, but the research on these and other behavioral syndromes is less clear. Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, sometimes termed "behavioral addictions" (with subcategories such as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," and "shopping addiction"), are not included because there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.

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setting. Consequently, diagnostic classification systems, such as the DSM, do not include sexual addiction as a diagnosis because there is currently "insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders". A systematic review on sexual addiction conducted in 2014 argued that the "lack of empirical evidence on sexual addiction is the result of the disease's complete absence from versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders."

7853: 1583: 3749:(34). As a consequence of our improved understanding of ΔFosB in addiction, it is possible to evaluate the addictive potential of current medications (119), as well as use it as a biomarker for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions (121,122,124). Some of these proposed interventions have limitations (125) or are in their infancy (75). However, it is hoped that some of these preliminary findings may lead to innovative treatments, which are much needed in addiction. 1439: 448:

absence of epidemiological studies, widespread inconsistencies in the definitions and measurements of CSB, and a lack of treatment studies all still plague the literature related to sexual addiction. If scientists, researchers, and clinicians in this domain want to bring the field forward and provide evidence-based care to people who report out-of control sexual behaviors, all of the above are needed. (Grubbs et al. 2020)

5422: 1413: 1597: 392:, Aviel Goodman, and Jonathan Marsh. Carnes authored the first clinical book about sex addiction in 1983, based on his own empirical research. His diagnostic model is still largely utilized by the thousands of certified sex addiction therapists (CSATs) trained by the organization he founded. No diagnostic proposal for sex addiction has been adopted into any official medical diagnostic manual, however. 1322: 1190: 1475:, stated that "the concept of sex addiction provides an excellent example of a model that is both sex-negative and politically disastrous." Klein singled out a number of features that he considered crucial limitations of the sex addiction model and stated that the diagnostic criteria for sexual addiction are easy to find on the internet. Drawing on the 1257:.) They may also be useful as an adjunct to professional treatment. In addition, they may be useful in places where professional practices are full (i.e. not accepting new patients), scarce, or nonexistent, or where these practices have waiting lists. Finally, they may be useful for patients who are reluctant to spend money on professional treatment. 417:. Individuals with this diagnosis sometimes engage in sexual behaviors that can appear out of control, distressing the individual or attracting negative reactions from others. There is therefore a risk that a person presenting with sex addiction, may in fact have Borderline Personality Disorder. This may lead to inappropriate or incomplete treatment. 2564:

that behaviors paired with it will be repeated. Not all reinforcers are rewarding—for example, a negative or punishing stimulus might reinforce avoidance behaviors. ... Familiar pharmacologic terms such as tolerance, dependence, and sensitization are useful in describing some of the time-dependent processes that underlie addiction. ...

1569: 399:(ASAM), the largest medical consensus of physicians dedicated to treating and preventing addiction, redefined addiction as a chronic brain disorder, which for the first time broadened the definition of addiction from substances to include addictive behaviors and reward-seeking, such as gambling and sex. 3779:

For these reasons, ΔFosB is considered a primary and causative transcription factor in creating new neural connections in the reward centre, prefrontal cortex, and other regions of the limbic system. This is reflected in the increased, stable and long-lasting level of sensitivity to cocaine and other

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The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...Addictive drugs are both rewarding and reinforcing. A reward is a stimulus that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive. A reinforcing stimulus is one that increases the probability

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Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification

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Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to

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Drugs of abuse induce neuroplasticity in the natural reward pathway, specifically the nucleus accumbens (NAc), thereby causing development and expression of addictive behavior. ... Together, these findings demonstrate that drugs of abuse and natural reward behaviors act on common molecular and

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It has been found that deltaFosB gene in the NAc is critical for reinforcing effects of sexual reward. Pitchers and colleagues (2010) reported that sexual experience was shown to cause DeltaFosB accumulation in several limbic brain regions including the NAc, medial pre-frontal cortex, VTA, caudate,

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Thus, groups of repetitive behaviors, which some term behavioral addictions, with such subcategories as "sex addiction," "exercise addiction," or "shopping addiction," are not included because at this time there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course

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Sexual addiction, which is also known as hypersexual disorder, has largely been ignored by psychiatrists, even though the condition causes serious psychosocial problems for many people. A lack of empirical evidence on sexual addiction is the result of the disease's complete absence from versions of

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and refer to it as "sexual compulsivity" (note that addiction has been defined as a compulsion toward rewarding stimuli, although the ASAM now describe it as "a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry.")). A paper dating back to 1988 and a journal comment

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The controversy surrounding sexual addiction is centered around its identification, through a diagnostic model, in a clinical setting. As noted in current medical literature reviews, compulsive sexual behavior has been observed in humans; drug-induced compulsive sexual behavior has also been noted

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Neuroscientists who are sex researchers state sex is not addictive. Addiction criteria were not met for sexual behaviours: “experimental studies do not support key elements of addiction such as escalation of use, difficulty regulating urges, negative effects, reward deficiency syndrome, withdrawal

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Excessive use of the Internet not involving playing of online games (e.g., excessive use of social media, such as Facebook; viewing pornography online) is not considered analogous to Internet gaming disorder, and future research on other excessive uses of the Internet would need to follow similar

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Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use,

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In addition to the substance-related disorders, this chapter also includes gambling disorder, reflecting evidence that gambling behaviors activate reward systems similar to those activated by drugs of abuse and that produce some behavioral symptoms that appear comparable to those produced by the

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drugs. Moreover, some research suggests compulsive engagement in sexual behavior despite negative consequences in animal models. Since current diagnostic models use drug-related concepts as diagnostic criteria for addictions, these are ill-suited for modelling compulsive behaviors in a clinical

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Yet, despite these advances, research related to sexual addiction remains in its infancy. A lack of theoretical integration, deficits in methodological rigor, a paucity of clinical samples, over reliance on convenience samples (i.e., university students or Mechanical Turk samples), the complete

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The strong correlation between chronic drug exposure and ΔFosB provides novel opportunities for targeted therapies in addiction (118), and suggests methods to analyze their efficacy (119). Over the past two decades, research has progressed from identifying ΔFosB induction to investigating its

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Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and stress surfeits, and compromised executive function in three stages. The rewarding effects of drugs of abuse,

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Cross-sensitization is also bidirectional, as a history of amphetamine administration facilitates sexual behavior and enhances the associated increase in NAc DA ... As described for food reward, sexual experience can also lead to activation of plasticity-related signaling cascades. The

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toward sexual recovery from serial infidelity and other unmanageable compulsive sex behaviors that were similar to the powerlessness and un-manageability they experienced with alcoholism. Multiple 12-step style self-help groups now exist for people who identify as sex addicts, including

516:). Chronic and excessive activation of certain pathways within the reward system and the accumulation of ΔFosB in a specific group of neurons within the nucleus accumbens has been directly implicated in the development of the compulsive behavior that characterizes addiction. 351:

The World Health Organization produces the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which is not limited to mental disorders. The most recent approved version of that document, ICD-10, includes "excessive sexual drive" as a diagnosis (code F52.7), subdividing it into

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is the transcription factor which directly opposes ΔFosB. Increases in nucleus accumbens ΔJunD expression can reduce or, with a large increase, even block most of the neural alterations seen in chronic drug abuse (i.e., the alterations mediated by ΔFosB).

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sexual addiction, involving a succession of people who exist only as things to be used." The reference to sexual addiction was subsequently removed. The DSM-IV-TR, published in 2000 (DSM-IV-TR), did not include sexual addiction as a mental disorder.

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in laboratory animals. Some argue that applying such concepts to normal behaviors such as sex can be problematic, and suggest that applying medical models such as addiction to human sexuality can serve to pathologise normal behavior and cause harm.

340:' is a proposed new addition... was not at the point where we were ready to call it an addiction." According to the APA, the proposed diagnosis was not included due to a lack of research into diagnostic criteria for compulsive sexual behavior. 39: 3202:"Addiction to Sex and/or Pornography: A Position Statement from the Center for Positive Sexuality (CPS), The Alternative Sexualities Health Research Alliance (TASHRA), and the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom (NCSF)" 491:

Animal research involving rats that exhibit compulsive sexual behavior has identified that this behavior is mediated through the same molecular mechanisms in the brain that mediate drug addiction. Sexual activity is an

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onto patients. "Love addiction" falls into the same controversial area as well since it refers to a frequent pattern of intimate relationships which can be a by product of cultural norms and commonly accepted morals.

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According to a systematic review from 2014, observed prevalence rates of sexual addiction/hypersexual disorder range from 3% to 6%. Some studies suggest that sex addicts are disproportionately male, at 80%.

3081: 2859:'Sex addiction' is also referred to as a diagnosis or presenting problem. Sex addiction is not a diagnosis in the DSM-5-TR and identified as Compulsive Sexual Behavior in the ICD-11 rather than an issue of addiction. 2492:"Materials related to the ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with 'sex addiction', but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework." ICD-11. World Health Organisation. 1673:

compulsive eating, shopping, gambling, and sex–so-called "natural addictions"– ... Indeed, addiction to both drugs and behavioral rewards may arise from similar dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine

3049: 301:, to cover "a persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour". However, CSBD is not considered to be an addiction, and the 1477: 1173: 2162:

Karila L, Wéry A, Weinstein A, Cottencin O, Petit A, Reynaud M, Billieux J (2014). "Sexual addiction or hypersexual disorder: different terms for the same problem? A review of the literature".

360:(for females). However, the ICD categorizes these diagnoses as compulsive behaviors or impulse control disorders and not addiction. The most recent version of that document, ICD-11, includes " 1463:

letter published in 2006 asserted that sex addiction is itself a myth, a by-product of cultural and other influences. The 1988 paper argued that the condition is instead a way of projecting

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In-person support groups are available in most of the developed world. None yet have any scientific evidence to show whether or not they are helpful, so attendees do so at their own risk.

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The pattern of failure to control intense, sexual impulses or urges and resulting repetitive sexual behaviour is manifested over an extended period of time (6 months or more)

3085: 125:– psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain 443:

syndrome with cessation, tolerance, or enhanced late positive potentials.” Аs well as evidence of a key neurobiological feature of addiction is scarce in case of sex.

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materials in ICD-11 make very clear that CSBD is not intended to be interchangeable with sex addiction, but rather is a substantially different diagnostic framework

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Nonconsensual sexual activity is sexual abuse. Treatment for sexual addiction generally will not address the factors that lead people to sexually abuse others.

7178: 5180: 638: 246: 1481:, he stated that "the sexual addiction diagnostic criteria make problems of nonproblematic experiences, and as a result pathologize a majority of people." 475:

Distress that is entirely related to moral judgments and disapproval about sexual impulses, urges, or behaviours is not sufficient to meet this requirement

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There have been debates regarding the definition and existence of sexual addictions for decades, as the issue was covered in a 1994 journal article. The

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Some authors suggested that sexual addiction should be re-introduced into the DSM system; however, sexual addiction was rejected for inclusion in the

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In 2017, three new USA sexual health organizations found no support for the idea that sex or adult films were addictive in their position statement.

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meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.

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Causes marked distress or significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

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Stefanie Carnes. Mending a Shattered Heart: A Guide for Partners of Sex Addicts. Gentle Path Press; Second Edition. (4 October 2011) page 139

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American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

523:, characterized by drug-induced compulsive engagement in sexual activity or gambling, has also been observed in some individuals taking 3375: 1446: 5661: 5636: 5471: 5235: 3761:

Biliński P, Wojtyła A, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Chwedorowicz R, Cyranka M, Studziński T (2012). "Epigenetic regulation in drug addiction".

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subsequent action (38). It is likely that ΔFosB research will now progress into a new era – the use of ΔFosB as a biomarker. ...

1331: 180:– dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome) 34:, despite negative consequences. The concept is contentious; as of 2023, sexual addiction is not a clinical diagnosis in either the 7754: 6953: 6447: 6267: 4653: 3976: 3915: 2954: 2556: 2274: 2040: 2000: 1664: 1364: 1237: 1211: 1169: 3320:

Grubbs, Joshua B.; Hoagland, K. Camille; Lee, Brinna N.; Grant, Jennifer T.; Davison, Paul; Reid, Rory C.; Kraus, Shane W. (2020).

6539: 5776: 5747: 5688: 5298: 5165: 4002:"Using Twelve-Step Treatment for Sex Addiction and Compulsive Sexual Behaviour (Disorder): A Systematic Review of the Literature" 2979: 1733: 314: 239: 3322:"Sexual addiction 25 years on: A systematic and methodological review of empirical literature and an agenda for future research" 3244:"Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers : Statement about sexual addiction, sexual abuse, and effective treatment" 2476: 324:

The version published in 1987 (DSM-III-R), referred to "distress about a pattern of repeated sexual conquests or other forms of

7806: 5781: 5576: 5501: 5378: 5368: 520: 414: 408: 380:(CCMD), which is currently in its third edition – the CCMD-3 does not include sexual addiction as a diagnosis. 136:– an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake) 2409:"Should compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) be considered as a behavioral addiction? A debate paper presenting the opposing view" 466:

Persistent pattern of failure to control intense, repetitive sexual impulses or urges resulting in repetitive sexual behaviour

7326: 6970: 6853: 6219: 6190: 5451: 4590: 2806:. G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 543. 2775:. G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. American Psychiatric Association Publishing. p. 916. 2308: 1292: 1215: 5960: 4259: 2547:

Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).

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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).

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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).

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medications. Current experimental models of addiction to natural rewards and drug reward demonstrate common alterations in

8283: 7883: 7625: 7288: 7017: 6728: 5678: 5654: 5001: 2872:"2017/18 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code F52.8: Other sexual dysfunction not due to a substance or known physiological condition" 1491:, historically, in the US, the claim of sex addiction has been the preferred defense of white men who committed felonies. 1459: 373: 7791: 7461: 7316: 7150: 7040: 6623: 6160: 5693: 5538: 5230: 5215: 5203: 5143: 2598: 1525: 1300: 1165: 1161: 783: 532: 42:

medical classifications of diseases and medical disorders, which instead categorize such behaviors under labels such as

6681: 7135: 6833: 5868: 5666: 4828: 4180: 3515:"Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms" 2606: 232: 1200: 388:

Some mental health providers have proposed various, but similar, criteria for diagnosing sexual addiction, including

3176:"AASECT Position on Sex Addiction – AASECT:: American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists" 2788:

guidelines as suggested herein. Excessive gambling online may qualify for a separate diagnosis of gambling disorder.

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Proponents of a diagnostic model for sexual addiction consider it to be one of several sex-related disorders within

214:– a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress 8120: 7570: 7122: 6737: 6618: 5533: 5263: 4798: 3489: 4068:

Kingston, D. A.; Firestone, P. (2008). "Problematic hypersexuality: A review of conceptualization and diagnosis".

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Sex, Social Justice, and Intimacy in Mental Health Practice: Incorporating Sexual Health in Approaches to Wellness

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is defined as an adaptive state that develops in response to repeated drug administration, and is unmasked during

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The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...

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Hull J. W.; Clarkin J. F.; Yeomans F. (1993). "Borderline personality disorder and impulsive sexual behavior".

2896: 2350: 1416: 645: 580: 552: 176: 3029:"2011 New definition of addiction: Addiction is a chronic brain disease, not just bad behavior or bad choices" 1811:

Rosenberg, Kenneth Paul; O’Connor, Suzanne; Carnes, Patrick (2014). "Chapter 9 - Sex Addiction: An Overview".

1420: 8141: 7813: 7786: 7640: 6613: 6120: 5970: 5965: 5922: 5739: 5313: 5303: 5281: 4695: 4454: 2266: 2201:, the appropriate treatment of sexual addiction should combine pharmacological and psychological approaches. 1615: 1519: 1155: 4041: 3906:

Hollon SD, Beck AT (2013). "Chapter 11 Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies". In MJ Lambert (ed.).

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None of the official diagnostic classification frameworks list "sexual addiction" as a distinct disorder.

210: 2232: 8232: 8227: 8212: 8085: 7796: 7369: 7354: 7336: 7238: 7165: 6891: 6886: 6686: 6419: 6299: 6206: 6185: 5400: 5395: 5323: 5308: 5220: 4818: 3003: 1630: 1554: 1507: 1342: 1284: 1070: 606: 27: 198:– stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach 4164: 4115: 555:

for most of the neural adaptations and plasticity that occur; it has been implicated in addictions to

336:, which was published in 2013. Darrel Regier, vice-chair of the DSM-5 task force, said that "lthough ' 8273: 8187: 8078: 7764: 7580: 7379: 7070: 6943: 6511: 6424: 6180: 6000: 5601: 5581: 5318: 5175: 4986: 4863: 4840: 4782: 4719: 2975: 2198: 1424: 1288: 1275: 1254: 1008: 1002: 996: 991: 985: 665: 263: 132: 66: 7852: 4680: 2871: 1582: 1176: – offer specialized behavioral therapy designed specifically for sexual addiction. 7912: 7818: 7669: 7652: 7607: 7471: 7434: 7429: 7384: 7110: 6881: 6843: 6561: 6543: 6506: 6496: 6350: 6252: 6229: 6077: 6069: 5848: 5826: 5554: 5242: 5125: 5075: 5070: 5060: 5055: 5006: 4772: 4633: 4484: 2300: 1279: 1073: 755: 497: 160: 3575:"Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ΔFosB as a key mediator" 3279:

Prause, Nicole; Janssen, Erick; Georgiadis, Janniko; Finn, Peter; Pfaus, James (1 December 2017).

2803:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR(tm))

2772:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR(tm))

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Ruffle JK (November 2014). "Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?".

3357: 3028: 2692: 2631: 2454: 2187: 1958: 1537: 633: 540: 439:(ATSA) published a position against sending sex offenders to sex addiction treatment facilities. 31: 2715: 2709: 4596:

A Couple's Guide to Sexual Addiction: A Step-by-Step Plan to Rebuild Trust and Restore Intimacy

274:, behaviors, or thoughts. Related or synonymous models of pathological sexual behavior include 8237: 8146: 8095: 7984: 7759: 7684: 7481: 7253: 7243: 7155: 7140: 7095: 7090: 7055: 6762: 6721: 6470: 5995: 5985: 5917: 5843: 5727: 5383: 5225: 4752: 4649: 4637: 4612: 4599: 4586: 4573: 4560: 4547: 4534: 4521: 4501: 4488: 4471: 4458: 4441: 4428: 4415: 4374: 4368: 4323: 4305: 4197: 4023: 3982: 3972: 3931: 3911: 3834: 3770: 3721: 3682: 3604: 3544: 3476: 3349: 3341: 3302: 3154: 3117: 2983: 2950: 2841: 2835: 2807: 2776: 2719: 2623: 2552: 2514: 2446: 2428: 2304: 2270: 2258: 2179: 2132: 2079: 2036: 2006: 1996: 1950: 1913: 1847: 1760: 1709: 1660: 1635: 1602: 1574: 1549: 1531: 1513: 1164:

is a common form of behavioral treatment for addictions and maladaptive behaviors in general.

915: 659: 548: 513: 140: 3513:

Blum K, Werner T, Carnes S, Carnes P, Bowirrat A, Giordano J, Oscar-Berman M, Gold M (2012).

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Books that provide overview history and treatment techniques for sexual addiction include:

4000:

Andersson, Catrine; Carlström, Charlotta; Amroussia, Nada; Lindroth, Malin (2 April 2024).

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American Society of Addiction Medicine. Public Policy Statement: Definition of Addiction.

1978:"Sexual orientation conversion therapy for gay men and lesbians: A scientific examination" 1488: 1109: 977: 848: 601: 576: 528: 152: 110: 74: 70: 6566: 4103: 3376:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics 6C72 Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder" 2663: 222:– the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose 3573:

Pitchers KK, Vialou V, Nestler EJ, Laviolette SR, Lehman MN, Coolen LM (February 2013).

1933:

Hall, Paula (2 January 2014). "Sex addiction – an extraordinarily contentious problem".

148:– the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose 8166: 8151: 8105: 8073: 8036: 7943: 7538: 7399: 7258: 7233: 7223: 7100: 7085: 7035: 6948: 6828: 6767: 6501: 6442: 6366: 6175: 6142: 6125: 6115: 5273: 4805: 4742: 4411: 4318: 4285: 3881: 3829: 3804: 3677: 3652: 3599: 3574: 3539: 3514: 3471: 3446: 2441: 2408: 2290: 2127: 2102: 2074: 2057: 1820: 1755: 1728: 1704: 1687: 1620: 1024: 389: 343:

DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022, does not recognize a diagnosis of sexual addiction.

337: 275: 218: 114: 82: 3668: 3297: 3280: 2800:

American Psychiatric Association (2022). "Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders".

8262: 8156: 8110: 8031: 7989: 7964: 7938: 7518: 7409: 7263: 6992: 6927: 6918: 6866: 6858: 6818: 6808: 6535: 6486: 5804: 5286: 4711: 4223: 3966: 3462: 3361: 2939: 2458: 1962: 1464: 1442: 612: 501: 202: 193: 184: 126: 50: 5436: 4209: 4089: 3733: 2191: 1253:

Support groups may be useful for uninsured or under-insured individuals. (See also:

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The ICD, DSM and CCMD list promiscuity as a prevalent and problematic symptom for

3717: 3530: 3111: 2801: 2770: 2175: 1946: 1901: 1843: 1172:(CSAT) – a group of sexual addiction therapists certified by the 8222: 8061: 7952: 7747: 7679: 7635: 7600: 7590: 7491: 7228: 6923: 6901: 6801: 6374: 6105: 5836: 5586: 4747: 4255: 3200:

Williams, DJ; Thomas, Jeremy; Prior, Emily; Wright, S.; Sprott, Richard (2017).

3175: 2748: 2213: 1472: 1455: 1189: 1151: 560: 283: 7868: 4498:

Breaking the Cycle: Free Yourself from Sex Addiction, Porn Obsession, and Shame

1596: 1274:

Sex addiction as a term first emerged in the mid-1970s when various members of

189:– stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them 8197: 7969: 7928: 7713: 7696: 7508: 7213: 7130: 6749: 6691: 6384: 6289: 5990: 5715: 5710: 5506: 5358: 5198: 5035: 4440:

by Jennifer P. Schneider and Burt Schneider. (Recovery Resources Press, 1991)

4193: 4160: 4081: 3820: 3337: 2679: 2619: 1992: 1885: 1868: 1796: 1779: 1564: 1047: 1035: 556: 325: 287: 279: 78: 58: 23: 6706: 4583:

Love You, Hate the Porn: Healing a Relationship Damaged by Virtual Infidelity

4518:

My Secret Life with a Sex Addict – from discovery to recovery

4309: 4027: 3345: 2432: 1954: 462:

The Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder is determined by following criteria:

364:" as a diagnosis (code 6C72) – however, it does not use the addiction model. 8136: 8056: 8011: 7835: 7585: 7575: 7523: 7501: 7486: 7424: 7419: 7218: 7198: 7060: 6896: 6823: 6644: 6576: 6394: 5853: 5591: 5516: 5101: 4727: 4715: 4438:

Sex Lies and Forgiveness: Couples Speaking Out on Healing from Sex Addiction

4301: 3986: 2510:

Compulsive Sexual Behaviours: A Psycho-Sexual Treatment Guide for Clinicians

2424: 2259:"Chapter 28. Impulsive/compulsive sexual behavior: Assessment and treatment" 1909: 1746: 1061: 1055: 1041: 1030: 726: 206:– an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it 121: 105: 62: 4425:

Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous: The Basic Text for the Augustine Fellowship

4327: 4201: 3838: 3774: 3725: 3686: 3608: 3548: 3480: 3353: 3306: 2714:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 2627: 2450: 2183: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2136: 2083: 1764: 1713: 1484:

It has been argued that the CSBD diagnosis is not based upon sex research.

4178:

Giles, J. (2006). "No such thing as excessive levels of sexual behavior".

3158: 3150: 2118: 165: 61:, and other specialists whether compulsive sexual behavior constitutes an 8090: 8046: 8016: 8006: 7974: 7903: 7706: 7674: 7595: 7553: 7496: 7476: 7349: 7203: 7193: 6933: 6913: 6813: 6777: 6379: 6049: 6016: 5942: 4895: 4500:

by George N. Collins, Andrew Adleman. (New Harbinger Publications, 2011)

3054: 2769:

American Psychiatric Association (2022). "Conditions for Further Study".

1505:

Sexual addiction has been the main theme in a variety of films including

1081: 912: 880: 654: 584: 568: 536: 509: 505: 270:

is also used to refer to people who report being unable to control their

4531:

Hope After Betrayal: Healing When Sexual Addiction Invades Your Marriage

4056:

Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial issues in human sexuality,

7830: 7701: 7630: 7513: 7449: 7404: 7394: 7208: 7170: 6906: 6754: 2664:"Differential diagnosis of addictive sexual disorders using the DSM-IV" 1902:"1.3, Sexual addiction: Terminology, definitions and conceptualisation" 1543: 662: 572: 564: 3910:(6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 393–394. 3321: 2326:"WHO classifies compulsive sexual behavior as mental health condition" 1659:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–365, 375. 427:

American Association of Sexuality Educators, Counselors and Therapists

7565: 7050: 6871: 6792: 6782: 6097: 5912: 4957: 4667: 4640:(1995). "Chapter 17, the section "Sexual Addictions: Fact or Fad?"". 4343:"How 'sex addiction' has historically been used to absolve white men" 294: 73:

has established that compulsive sexual behavior arises from the same

2731:

descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders.

483:

is not an addiction and should not be conflated with sex addiction.

321:(DSM), a widely recognized compendium of mental health diagnostics. 4286:"What does "Sexual" mean in compulsive sexual behavior disorder? •" 3908:

Bergin and Garfield's Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change

3221: 2693:

Psychiatry's bible: Autism, binge-eating updates proposed for 'DSM'

2549:

Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience

2033:

Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience

1657:

Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience

7774: 5875: 4967: 4962: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4890: 4875: 4585:

by Mark Chamberlain. (Shadow Mountain; 2 July 2011 edition, 2011)

4042:"Sex addiction, sexual abuse, and effective treatment | ATSA" 3050:"2011 Addiction Now Defined As Brain Disorder, Not Behavior Issue" 2103:"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction" 333: 2551:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–368. 2035:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–375. 1834:

Hertzsprung, Meyen; Amadala, Stephen (2015). "Sexual Addiction".

8041: 7414: 7359: 7075: 4885: 4880: 4869: 4609:

Facing Heartbreak: Steps to Recovery for Partners of Sex Addicts

4559:

by Barbara Steffens and Marsha Means. (New Horizon Press, 2009)

4116:"Compulsive sexual behavior – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic" 2829: 2827: 1780:"Debating the Conceptualization of Sex as an Addictive Disorder" 967: 961: 953: 949: 945: 939: 935: 931: 925: 921: 7872: 6710: 6665: 6533: 6468: 6320: 6047: 5892: 5802: 5622: 5483: 5440: 4684: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 2218:"Compulsive Sexual Behavior: What to Call It, How to Treat It?" 4910: 4570:

Mending a Shattered Heart: A Guide for Partners of Sex Addicts

3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 1315: 1183: 1174:

International Institute for Trauma and Addiction Professionals

302: 4557:

Your Sexually Addicted Spouse: How Partners Can Cope and Heal

4470:

by Ralph H. Earle and Marcus R. Earle. (Brunner/Mazel, 1995)

841: 113:

disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including

3113:

Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought

4598:

by Paldrom Collins and George Collins. (Adams Media, 2011)

3447:"Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions" 2937:

Patrick Carnes; David Delmonico; Elizabeth Griffin (2001).

1836:

Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives

69:– and therefore its classification and possible diagnosis. 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 1869:"Sexual Addiction Disorder— A Review With Recent Updates" 156:– symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use 2652:(fourth edition, text revision). Washington, DC: Author. 2402: 2400: 2373: 2371: 1729:"Compulsive sexual behavior: A review of the literature" 1688:"Understanding and managing compulsive sexual behaviors" 1557:

was portrayed as a sex addict in 17th century satires.

1150:

As of 2023, none of the official regulatory bodies for

4104:

https://www.asam.org/resources/definition-of-addiction

3653:"Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis" 2599:"Hypersexual Disorder: A proposed diagnosis for DSM-V" 2475:

a verified Counsellor or Therapist (18 January 2021).

1985:

Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy

1168:

has been shown to improve treatment outcomes as well.

2711:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

2650:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

2542: 2540: 319:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

5161:

Community reinforcement approach and family training

2407:

Sassover, Eli; Weinstein, Aviv (29 September 2020).

1906:

Routledge International Handbook of Sexual Addiction

8175: 8129: 7910: 7727: 7616: 7335: 7287: 7164: 7121: 7026: 6979: 6852: 6748: 6637: 6606: 6575: 6554: 6433: 6410: 6364: 6331: 6238: 6205: 6153: 6096: 6087: 6068: 6009: 5941: 5903: 5763: 5738: 5635: 5547: 5494: 5346: 5272: 5251: 5189: 5134: 5113: 5100: 5025: 4994: 4985: 4854: 4781: 4735: 4726: 2502: 2500: 1431: 1405: 1400: 117:) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences 96: 4451:Don't Call It Love: Recovery From Sexual Addiction 2938: 4544:Deceived: Facing Sexual Betrayal Lies and Secrets 2470: 2468: 1384:— Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers 2263:The Oxford Handbook of Impulse Control Disorders 2101:Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). 1727:Derbyshire, Katherine L.; Grant, Jon E. (2015). 4623:Discussions of the concept of sexual addiction: 4408:Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sex Addiction 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 2913:"Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in ICD-11" 2380:"Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in ICD-11" 2227:. The Debate: Sexual Addiction and Compulsion. 1377: 437:Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers 305:does not support a diagnosis of sex addiction. 164:– dependence that involves persistent physical– 4611:by Stefanie Carnes. (Gentle Path Press, 2012) 4572:by Stefanie Carnes. (Gentle Path Press, 2011) 3805:"Transcriptional mechanisms of drug addiction" 7884: 6722: 5452: 4696: 4284:Briken, Peer; Turner, Daniel (13 July 2022). 4260:"Sex Addiction: A Dangerous Clinical Concept" 4138: 4136: 2840:. Taylor & Francis. p. unpaginated. 2745:"'Sex Addiction' Still Not Official Disorder" 2351:"ICD-11 – Mortality and Morbidity Statistics" 2261:. In Grant, Jon E.; Potenza, Marc N. (eds.). 1867:Sahithya, B. R.; Kashyap, Rithvik S. (2022). 1255:Alcoholics Anonymous § Health-care costs 846:Tooltip cAMP response element-binding protein 317:(APA) publishes and periodically updates the 240: 8: 4520:by Emma Dawson. (Thornton Publishing, 2004) 666: 4533:by Meg Wilson. (Kregel Publications, 2007) 4487:. (International Universities Press, 1998) 3004:"What is Sex Addiction and Sex Addict FAQs" 2296:Contrary to Love: Helping the Sexual Addict 1218:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 7891: 7877: 7869: 6729: 6715: 6707: 6662: 6551: 6530: 6465: 6356:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 6328: 6317: 6093: 6065: 6044: 5900: 5889: 5799: 5632: 5619: 5491: 5480: 5459: 5445: 5437: 5110: 4991: 4732: 4703: 4689: 4681: 4512:Books focusing on partners of sex addicts: 4468:Sex Addiction: Case Studies And Management 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 2648:American Psychiatric Association. (2000). 1345:. Please do not remove this message until 593: 378:Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders 247: 233: 8208:Sexual and reproductive health and rights 4317: 4017: 3828: 3676: 3598: 3538: 3470: 3296: 3220: 2708:American Psychiatric Association (2013). 2440: 2126: 2073: 1884: 1795: 1754: 1703: 1365:Learn how and when to remove this message 1238:Learn how and when to remove this message 6619:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 6215:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 4668:"Skeptoid #708: All About Sex Addiction" 4481:Sexual Addiction: An Integrated Approach 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 3082:"2011 ASAM: The Definition of Addiction" 2972:Sexual Addiction: An Integrated Approach 2703: 2701: 2477:"Do I have compulsive sexual behaviour?" 2058:"Cellular basis of memory for addiction" 1341:Relevant discussion may be found on the 595:Summary of addiction-related plasticity 543:factor involved in addiction, since its 297:created a new condition classification, 3855:Kanehisa Laboratories (2 August 2013). 1647: 1501:Category:Fiction about sexual addiction 421:Medical reviews and position statements 168:withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and 4370:Milton: Poet, Pamphleteer, and Patriot 4143:Levine, M. P.; Troiden, R. R. (1988). 3281:"Data do not support sex as addictive" 1397: 1390:clinically in some individuals taking 811:Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior 397:American Society of Addiction Medicine 93: 3170: 3168: 2897:"compulsive sexual behavior disorder" 1458:considers sexual addiction a form of 1069: 834: 696: 616: 610: 599: 7: 4546:by Claudia Black. (Hazelden, 2009) 4296:(2). Akademiai Kiado Zrt.: 222–225. 3948:"Can you really be addicted to sex?" 2513:. Taylor & Francis. p. 14. 2419:(2). Akademiai Kiado Zrt.: 166–179. 1904:. In Birchard T, Benfield J (eds.). 1611:Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder 1216:adding citations to reliable sources 8022:Friends with benefits relationships 6322:Physiological and physical behavior 5374:Discrimination against drug addicts 3857:"Alcoholism – Homo sapiens (human)" 2743:Rachael Rettner (6 December 2012). 2668:Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 362:compulsive sexual behavior disorder 299:compulsive sexual behavior disorder 49:There is considerable debate among 16:Proposed compulsive sexual disorder 6268:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 5662:Emotional and behavioral disorders 5236:Tobacco cessation clinics in India 3965:Augustine Fellowship (June 1986). 3651:Koob GF, Volkow ND (August 2016). 3253:. 16 November 2017. Archived from 2062:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 1821:10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00009-4 1278:sought to apply the principles of 1170:Certified Sex Addiction Therapists 479:ICD-11 added pornography to CSBD. 14: 6448:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 4145:"The myth of sexual compulsivity" 4070:Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity 2911:Ley, David J. (24 January 2018). 2378:Ley, David J. (24 January 2018). 2145:of severe substance-use disorder. 547:or genetic overexpression in the 504:, and induce the accumulation of 97:Addiction and dependence glossary 7851: 5748:X-linked intellectual disability 5421: 5420: 5299:Low-threshold treatment programs 5166:Motivational enhancement therapy 4290:Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4006:Sexual Health & Compulsivity 3463:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010 2980:International Universities Press 2834:Martinez-Gilliard, Erin (2023). 2662:Irons, R.; Irons, J. P. (1996). 2413:Journal of Behavioral Addictions 1734:Journal of Behavioral Addictions 1595: 1581: 1567: 1445:, Ph.D. (sexual physiologist). 1437: 1411: 1320: 1188: 496:that has been shown to act as a 315:American Psychiatric Association 7807:LGBT-affirming religious groups 5577:Intermittent explosive disorder 5502:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 5379:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome 5369:Category:Vaccines against drugs 4373:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 359. 3809:Clin. Psychopharmacol. Neurosci 2107:New England Journal of Medicine 1935:Sexual and Relationship Therapy 1900:Schaefer GA, Ahlers CJ (2017). 1478:Sexual Addiction Screening Test 521:dopamine dysregulation syndrome 415:Borderline Personality Disorder 409:Borderline personality disorder 403:Borderline personality disorder 26:participation or engagement in 6971:Sexually transmitted infection 6220:Dissociative identity disorder 5485:Adult personality and behavior 4228:Understanding Sexual Addiction 3968:Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous 3886:Understanding Sexual Addiction 3631:Understanding Sexual Addiction 3591:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4881-12.2013 3008:Understanding Sexual Addiction 1873:Journal of Psychosexual Health 1293:Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous 278:(nymphomania and satyriasis), 1: 7018:Women who have sex with women 5002:Adverse childhood experiences 4427:(Augustine Fellowship, 1986) 4019:10.1080/26929953.2024.2339208 3669:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00104-8 3519:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 3298:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30441-8 3209:Journal of Positive Sexuality 1460:obsessive compulsive disorder 374:Chinese Society of Psychiatry 7151:History of erotic depictions 7041:Criminal transmission of HIV 6624:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 6161:Generalized anxiety disorder 5894:Neurological and symptomatic 5539:Sexual relationship disorder 5231:Nicotine replacement therapy 5216:Intensive outpatient program 5204:Residential treatment center 5144:Cognitive behavioral therapy 4341:Yam, Kimmy (20 March 2021). 3803:Nestler EJ (December 2012). 3718:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840 3531:10.1080/02791072.2012.662112 2176:10.2174/13816128113199990619 2056:Nestler EJ (December 2013). 1947:10.1080/14681994.2013.861898 1844:10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_76 1526:Confessions of a Porn Addict 1301:Sexual Compulsives Anonymous 1166:Dialectical behavior therapy 1162:Cognitive behavioral therapy 1156:Sex and Relationship therapy 784:conditioned place preference 671:Tooltip medium spiny neurons 533:mesocorticolimbic projection 22:is a state characterized by 7136:Counterculture of the 1960s 6400:REM sleep behavior disorder 5869:Seasonal affective disorder 5667:Separation anxiety disorder 4829:Internet addiction disorder 4181:Archives of Sexual Behavior 2607:Archives of Sexual Behavior 1347:conditions to do so are met 8300: 7858:Human sexuality portal 6667:Symptoms and uncategorized 5768:developmental disabilities 5534:Sexual maturation disorder 5264:List of twelve-step groups 4058:p. 25. Dushkin Pub. Group. 3882:"Sex Addiction Counseling" 3445:Olsen CM (December 2011). 3326:Clinical Psychology Review 2231:(5): 12–16. Archived from 1778:Kingston, Drew A. (2015). 1498: 406: 44:compulsive sexual behavior 7846: 7003:Men who have sex with men 6672: 6661: 6629:Simple-type schizophrenia 6598:Schizophreniform disorder 6550: 6529: 6482: 6464: 6327: 6316: 6064: 6043: 5976:Mild cognitive impairment 5961:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 5899: 5888: 5859:Major depressive disorder 5812: 5798: 5764:Psychological development 5631: 5618: 5490: 5479: 5416: 5329:Supervised injection site 5259:Addiction recovery groups 5211:Heroin-assisted treatment 5171:Motivational interviewing 4646:Harper Collins Publishers 4194:10.1007/s10508-006-9098-3 4161:10.1080/00224498809551467 4082:10.1080/10720160802289249 4054:Francoeur, R. T. (1994). 3821:10.9758/cpn.2012.10.3.136 3706:Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 3338:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101925 3116:. New York: Basic Books. 2941:In the Shadows of the Net 2680:10.1080/10720169608400096 2620:10.1007/s10508-009-9574-7 1993:10.4135/9781483325422.n10 1886:10.1177/26318318221081080 1797:10.1007/s40429-015-0059-6 1784:Current Addiction Reports 1436: 1410: 1297:Sexual Recovery Anonymous 1108: 1079: 1022: 975: 910: 878: 839: 835:Neurochemical plasticity 809: 780: 752: 723: 701: 653: 644: 637: 632: 629: 626: 623: 228: 101: 6677:Impulse-control disorder 6593:Schizoaffective disorder 6588:Brief reactive psychosis 6285:Mass psychogenic illness 6248:Body dysmorphic disorder 6027:Post-concussion syndrome 5637:Emotional and behavioral 5012:Psychological dependence 4846:Digital media addictions 4224:"What is Love Addiction" 3971:. Augustine Fellowship. 3763:Ann. Agric. Environ. Med 1427:(25 April 2012, 9:29 am) 1421:Is sex addiction a myth? 1180:In-person support groups 1152:Psycho-sexual Counseling 581:substituted amphetamines 553:necessary and sufficient 539:is the most significant 500:, strongly activate the 435:On 16 November 2017 the 177:psychological dependence 81:mechanisms that mediate 8142:Physical attractiveness 6614:Childhood schizophrenia 5966:Frontotemporal dementia 5923:High-functioning autism 5740:Intellectual disability 5314:Needle exchange program 5304:Managed alcohol program 5282:Category:Harm reduction 4302:10.1556/2006.2022.00026 4149:Journal of Sex Research 3332:. Elsevier BV: 101925. 2970:Goodman, Aviel (1998). 2425:10.1556/2006.2020.00055 2267:Oxford University Press 1747:10.1556/2006.4.2015.003 1616:Compulsive masturbation 1471:In a report from 2003, 630:High fat or sugar food 8183:Human female sexuality 8116:Split attraction model 7997:Committed relationship 7279:Split attraction model 7269:Sexual objectification 7179:Anarchism and love/sex 6131:Specific social phobia 6022:Organic brain syndrome 5864:Melancholic depression 5625:Childhood and learning 5334:Tobacco harm reduction 5154:Contingency management 5121:Alcohol detoxification 4834:Internet sex addiction 4455:Bantam, Patrick Carnes 3627:"What is a Sex Addict" 1838:. pp. 1543–1555. 1626:Internet sex addiction 1589:Human sexuality portal 1381: 697:Behavioral plasticity 450: 425:In November 2016, the 211:substance use disorder 8233:Sex-positive movement 8228:Sex-positive feminism 8213:Sex Addicts Anonymous 8086:Queer heterosexuality 7239:Sex-positive movement 6892:Reproductive medicine 6887:Obesity and sexuality 6834:Sexual response cycle 6687:Psychomotor agitation 6477:and substance-related 6420:Postpartum depression 6300:Somatization disorder 6186:Acute stress reaction 5951:AIDS dementia complex 5396:Motivational salience 5324:Stimulant maintenance 5309:Moderation Management 5221:Methadone maintenance 3151:10.1176/ps.44.10.1000 2507:Neves, Silva (2021). 2481:Counselling Directory 2199:behavioral addictions 2119:10.1056/NEJMra1511480 1813:Behavioral Addictions 1631:Pornography addiction 1555:Charles II of England 1508:Diary of a Sex Addict 1285:Sex Addicts Anonymous 702:Escalation of intake 607:behavioral plasticity 445: 65:– in this instance a 8284:Behavioral addiction 8188:Human male sexuality 8079:Romantic orientation 7765:Buddhist monasticism 7755:Christian demonology 7581:Urethral intercourse 7380:Erotic sexual denial 7071:Cybersex trafficking 6944:Erectile dysfunction 6682:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 6512:Substance dependence 6425:Postpartum psychosis 5971:Huntington's disease 5753:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 5602:Personality disorder 5319:Responsible drug use 5176:Motivational therapy 4841:Video game addiction 4666:(31 December 2019). 4634:Johnson, Virginia E. 3139:Psychiatric Services 2982:. pp. 233–234. 2976:Madison, Connecticut 2945:. Hazelden. p. 2257:Coleman, E. (2011). 2238:on 24 September 2015 1976:Haldeman, D (1991). 1289:Sexaholics Anonymous 1276:Alcoholics Anonymous 1212:improve this section 1023:Changes in striatal 290:-related disorders. 264:hypersexual disorder 67:behavioral addiction 7965:Casual relationship 7913:Sexual relationship 7819:Sacred prostitution 7608:Wet T-shirt contest 7472:Non-penetrative sex 7430:Mammary intercourse 7111:Revenge pornography 6882:Masters and Johnson 6844:Vaginal lubrication 6562:Delusional disorder 6507:Stimulant psychosis 6497:Physical dependence 6351:Rumination syndrome 6253:Conversion disorder 6230:Psychogenic amnesia 6080:with depressed mood 6078:Adjustment disorder 5981:Parkinson's disease 5956:Alzheimer's disease 5849:Atypical depression 5685:Social functioning 5560:Munchausen syndrome 5555:Factitious disorder 5243:Twelve-step program 5126:Drug detoxification 5007:Physical dependence 4630:Masters, William H. 4414:. (Hazelden, 1983) 4167:on 2 February 2014. 3954:. 13 November 2017. 3088:on 16 February 2012 2301:Hazelden Publishing 1334:of this section is 1307:Society and culture 1074:synaptic plasticity 756:self-administration 727:cross-sensitization 596: 512:(specifically, the 498:positive reinforcer 487:Possible mechanisms 161:physical dependence 8248:Stanley v. Georgia 8193:Right to sexuality 8162:Sexual frustration 8101:Sexual orientation 7665:Red-light district 7561:Sexual penetration 7549:Sexual intercourse 7467:Nipple stimulation 7146:Golden Age of Porn 7046:Child sexual abuse 7013:Sexual orientation 6939:Sexual dysfunction 6877:Male contraceptive 6839:Sexual stimulation 6788:Nocturnal emission 6581:schizophrenia-like 6225:Dissociative fugue 5674:Movement disorders 5401:Incentive salience 5389:Inhibitory control 5364:Category:Addiction 5354:Addiction medicine 5149:Relapse prevention 5086:Tanning dependence 4638:Kolodny, Robert C. 4258:(June–July 2003). 2324:Christensen, Jen. 2216:(June–July 2003). 2012:on 6 February 2018 1538:Thanks for Sharing 1448:CBS (18 July 2013) 1419:& David Ley. 1009:μ-opioid receptors 1003:μ-opioid receptors 997:κ-opioid receptors 992:μ-opioid receptors 986:μ-opioid receptors 916:dopamine signaling 634:Sexual intercourse 594: 541:gene transcription 141:drug sensitization 32:sexual intercourse 8256: 8255: 8238:Sexual revolution 8147:Sexual attraction 8096:Sexual abstinence 7985:Celibacy syndrome 7866: 7865: 7775:Hindu monasticism 7760:Clerical celibacy 7626:Adult video games 7337:Sexual activities 7254:Sexual attraction 7244:Sexual abstinence 7156:Sexual revolution 7141:Feminist sex wars 7096:Sexual misconduct 7091:Sexual harassment 7056:Indecent exposure 6763:Clitoral erection 6704: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6525: 6524: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6201: 6200: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6034: 5996:Vascular dementia 5918:Asperger syndrome 5884: 5883: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5728:Tourette syndrome 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5434: 5433: 5384:Cognitive control 5342: 5341: 5226:Smoking cessation 5181:Physical exercise 5096: 5095: 5082:Non-drug stimuli 4981: 4980: 4825:Internet-related 4617:978-0-98327-133-8 4604:978-1-4405-1221-6 4578:978-0-9774400-6-1 4565:978-0-88282-309-6 4552:978-1-59285-698-5 4539:978-0-8254-3935-3 4526:978-1-932344-70-7 4506:978-1-60882-083-2 4493:978-0-8236-6063-6 4476:978-0-87630-785-4 4463:978-0-553-35138-5 4446:978-0-06-255343-0 4433:978-0-9615-7011-8 4420:978-1-56838-621-8 4380:978-1-59691-471-1 4367:Beer, A. (2008). 3936:978-0-9826505-9-2 3657:Lancet Psychiatry 3451:Neuropharmacology 3285:Lancet Psychiatry 3145:(10): 1000–1001. 3123:978-0-465-01405-7 3108:Mitchell, Stephen 2989:978-0-8236-6063-6 2847:978-1-000-84578-5 2813:978-0-89042-576-3 2782:978-0-89042-576-3 2725:978-0-89042-555-8 2520:978-1-000-38710-0 1853:978-88-470-5321-2 1686:Fong, TW (2006). 1636:Sexual obsessions 1603:Psychiatry portal 1575:Psychology portal 1514:I Am a Sex Addict 1452: 1451: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1248: 1247: 1240: 1138: 1137: 1116:nucleus accumbens 1086:nucleus accumbens 1071:Mesocorticolimbic 976:Altered striatal 887:nucleus accumbens 854:nucleus accumbens 660:nucleus accumbens 639:Physical exercise 627:Psychostimulants 619: 549:nucleus accumbens 514:nucleus accumbens 268:sexual dependence 257: 256: 146:reverse tolerance 8291: 8269:Sexual addiction 8243:Sexual surrogate 8203:Sexual addiction 8002:Conventional sex 7893: 7886: 7879: 7870: 7856: 7855: 7780:Jain monasticism 7544:Sexual fetishism 7462:Mechanics of sex 7345:Conventional sex 7249:Sexual addiction 7184:Extramarital sex 6966:Sexual surrogate 6802:male ejaculation 6731: 6724: 6717: 6708: 6663: 6552: 6531: 6466: 6341:Anorexia nervosa 6329: 6318: 6295:Psychogenic pain 6263:Globus pharyngis 6111:Childhood phobia 6094: 6066: 6045: 5901: 5890: 5800: 5699:Selective mutism 5650:Conduct disorder 5633: 5620: 5597:Trichotillomania 5572:Gender dysphoria 5567:Fear of intimacy 5524:Sexual anhedonia 5492: 5481: 5468:Mental disorders 5461: 5454: 5447: 5438: 5424: 5423: 5111: 4992: 4917:G9a-like protein 4733: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4682: 4677: 4659: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4321: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4264:The Free Library 4252: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4163:. 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Archived from 1982: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1808: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1758: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1707: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1652: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1520:Black Snake Moan 1441: 1440: 1415: 1414: 1398: 1385: 1370: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1324: 1323: 1316: 1243: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1192: 1184: 1117: 1087: 978:opioid signaling 888: 855: 847: 843: 672: 668: 617: 597: 494:intrinsic reward 356:(for males) and 249: 242: 235: 170:delirium tremens 94: 20:Sexual addiction 8299: 8298: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8218:Sexual jealousy 8171: 8130:Sexual dynamics 8125: 8052:One-night stand 8027:Heterosexuality 7934:Gray asexuality 7917: 7915: 7906: 7900:Human sexuality 7897: 7867: 7862: 7850: 7842: 7770:Catholic Church 7730: 7723: 7612: 7331: 7283: 7189:Family planning 7168: 7160: 7117: 7106:Sexual violence 7081:Sex trafficking 7022: 7008:Sexual identity 6998:Gender identity 6975: 6961:Sexual medicine 6857: 6848: 6814:Penile erection 6768:Erogenous zones 6752: 6744: 6742:human sexuality 6735: 6705: 6696: 6668: 6649: 6633: 6602: 6580: 6571: 6546: 6521: 6478: 6475:substance abuse 6452: 6429: 6406: 6360: 6346:Bulimia nervosa 6323: 6304: 6280:Hypochondriasis 6275:False pregnancy 6258:Ganser syndrome 6240:Somatic symptom 6234: 6197: 6149: 6138:Specific phobia 6083: 6060: 6031: 6005: 5937: 5933:Savant syndrome 5905:Autism spectrum 5895: 5880: 5808: 5786: 5765: 5759: 5734: 5627: 5606: 5582:Dermatillomania 5543: 5529:Sexual anorexia 5486: 5475: 5465: 5435: 5430: 5412: 5408:Sober companion 5338: 5292:Reagent testing 5268: 5247: 5191: 5185: 5136: 5130: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5021: 4977: 4864:Transcriptional 4856: 4850: 4777: 4763:Methylphenidate 4758:Methamphetamine 4722: 4709: 4662: 4656: 4642:Human Sexuality 4628: 4401: 4399:Further reading 4396: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4283: 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Alexander 1438: 1412: 1387: 1383: 1371: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1340: 1325: 1321: 1314: 1309: 1272: 1263: 1244: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1209: 1193: 1182: 1148: 1143: 1115: 1113: 1110:Dendritic spine 1085: 1033: 1025:opioid peptides 994: 983: 886: 884: 853: 851: 849:phosphorylation 845: 782: 781:Psychostimulant 754: 753:Psychostimulant 725: 724:Psychostimulant 670: 658: 647: 640: 604: 602:neuroplasticity 577:phenylcyclidine 529:gene expression 508:in part of the 489: 460: 455: 423: 411: 405: 386: 370: 349: 311: 253: 153:drug withdrawal 111:biopsychosocial 92: 75:transcriptional 71:Animal research 30:, particularly 28:sexual activity 17: 12: 11: 5: 8297: 8295: 8287: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8261: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8167:Sociosexuality 8164: 8159: 8154: 8152:Sexual capital 8149: 8144: 8139: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8106:Sexual partner 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8037:Hypersexuality 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7946: 7944:Fictosexuality 7941: 7926: 7920: 7918: 7911: 7908: 7907: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7873: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7824:Ancient Greece 7816: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7757: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7735: 7733: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7699: 7694: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7660: 7655: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7633: 7628: 7622: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7557: 7556: 7546: 7541: 7539:Sexual fantasy 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7440:Anal fingering 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7400:Foot fetishism 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7341: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7259:Sexual capital 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7224:Premarital sex 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7101:Sexual slavery 7098: 7093: 7088: 7086:Sexual assault 7083: 7078: 7073: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7036:Age of consent 7032: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6949:Hypersexuality 6946: 6936: 6931: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6863: 6861: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6829:Sexual arousal 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6759: 6757: 6746: 6745: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6666: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6548: 6547: 6534: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6502:Rebound effect 6499: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6469: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6443:Hypersexuality 6439: 6437: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6337: 6335: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6211: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6178: 6176:Panic disorder 6173: 6168: 6163: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6143:Claustrophobia 6135: 6134: 6133: 6128: 6126:Anthropophobia 6118: 6116:Social anxiety 6113: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6074: 6072: 6062: 6061: 6048: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5986:Pick's disease 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5803: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5773: 5771: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5504: 5498: 5496: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5477: 5476: 5472:Classification 5466: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5284: 5278: 5276: 5274:Harm reduction 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5252:Support groups 5249: 5248: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5195: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5140: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5114:Detoxification 5108: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5051:Benzodiazepine 5048: 5043: 5038: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4998: 4996: 4989: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4816: 4808: 4806:Palatable food 4803: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4700: 4693: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4664:Dunning, Brian 4660: 4654: 4644:(5 ed.). 4620: 4619: 4606: 4593: 4580: 4567: 4554: 4541: 4528: 4509: 4508: 4495: 4478: 4465: 4448: 4435: 4422: 4412:Patrick Carnes 4400: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4379: 4359: 4333: 4276: 4240: 4215: 4188:(6): 641–642. 4170: 4155:(3): 347–363. 4132: 4120:Mayoclinic.com 4107: 4095: 4076:(4): 284–310. 4060: 4047: 4033: 4012:(2): 170–188. 3992: 3977: 3957: 3939: 3923: 3916: 3898: 3873: 3847: 3815:(3): 136–143. 3784: 3769:(3): 491–496. 3753: 3712:(6): 428–437. 3696: 3663:(8): 760–773. 3643: 3618: 3558: 3494: 3392: 3367: 3312: 3271: 3235: 3222:10.51681/1.331 3192: 3164: 3129: 3122: 3099: 3073: 3041: 3020: 2995: 2988: 2962: 2955: 2929: 2903: 2888: 2863: 2846: 2823: 2812: 2792: 2781: 2761: 2735: 2724: 2697: 2685: 2654: 2641: 2614:(2): 377–400. 2586: 2577: 2557: 2536: 2519: 2496: 2464: 2396: 2367: 2342: 2316: 2309: 2303:. p. 28. 2282: 2275: 2249: 2205: 2149: 2113:(4): 363–371. 2093: 2068:(4): 431–443. 2048: 2041: 2023: 2001: 1968: 1925: 1919:978-1317274254 1918: 1892: 1859: 1852: 1826: 1803: 1790:(3): 195–201. 1770: 1719: 1678: 1665: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1621:Hypersexuality 1618: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1592: 1578: 1562: 1559: 1496: 1493: 1450: 1449: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1401:External media 1376: 1373: 1372: 1328: 1326: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1246: 1245: 1196: 1194: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1077: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1027: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1005: 999: 988: 980: 973: 972: 970: 964: 958: 956: 942: 928: 918: 908: 907: 905: 903: 901: 898: 895: 892: 889: 876: 875: 873: 870: 867: 865: 862: 859: 856: 837: 836: 832: 831: 829: 826: 823: 821: 819: 816: 813: 807: 806: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 778: 777: 775: 772: 769: 767: 764: 761: 758: 750: 749: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 734:Not applicable 732: 729: 721: 720: 718: 716: 714: 712: 709: 706: 703: 699: 698: 694: 693: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 651: 650: 643: 636: 631: 628: 625: 621: 620: 615: 609: 488: 485: 477: 476: 473: 470: 467: 459: 456: 454: 451: 422: 419: 407:Main article: 404: 401: 390:Patrick Carnes 385: 382: 369: 366: 348: 345: 338:hypersexuality 310: 307: 276:hypersexuality 255: 254: 252: 251: 244: 237: 229: 226: 225: 224: 223: 215: 207: 199: 190: 181: 173: 157: 149: 137: 129: 127:reward systems 122:addictive drug 118: 99: 98: 91: 90:Classification 88: 83:drug addiction 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8296: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8279:Sexual health 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8157:Sexual ethics 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8111:Single person 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8074:Romantic love 8072: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8032:Homosexuality 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7991: 7990:Herbivore men 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7939:Demisexuality 7937: 7936: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7889: 7887: 7882: 7880: 7875: 7874: 7871: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7534:Sex positions 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7410:Forced orgasm 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7327:United States 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7264:Sexual ethics 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7167: 7166:Relationships 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6993:Gender binary 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6954:Hyposexuality 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6928:PLISSIT model 6925: 6922: 6920: 6919:Sex education 6917: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6867:Birth control 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6855: 6851: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6819:Pre-ejaculate 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6809:Pelvic thrust 6807: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6664: 6660: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607:Schizophrenia 6605: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6536:Schizophrenia 6532: 6528: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6487:Drug overdose 6485: 6484: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6435:Sexual desire 6432: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6315: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6121:Social phobia 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6056:-related and 6055: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5450: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5427: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5287:Drug checking 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5099: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4712:Reinforcement 4706: 4701: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4655:9780673467850 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4485:Aviel Goodman 4482: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4398: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4360: 4348: 4344: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4280: 4277: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4174: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3978:0-9615701-1-3 3974: 3970: 3969: 3961: 3958: 3953: 3952:The Economist 3949: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3917:9781118418680 3913: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 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1443:Nicole Prause 1435: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1386: 1380: 1369: 1366: 1358: 1355:December 2021 1348: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1267: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1242: 1239: 1231: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1197:This section 1195: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1000: 998: 993: 989: 987: 981: 979: 974: 971: 969: 965: 963: 959: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 927: 923: 919: 917: 914: 909: 906: 904: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 882: 877: 874: 871: 868: 866: 863: 860: 857: 850: 844: 838: 833: 830: 827: 824: 822: 820: 817: 814: 812: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 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Neurosci 3291:(12): 899. 3264:28 December 3228:28 December 3185:28 December 2922:28 November 2881:28 December 2749:LiveScience 2360:26 November 2355:icd.who.int 2335:26 November 1987:: 149–160. 1815:: 215–236. 1499:Main page: 1473:Marty Klein 1456:Mayo Clinic 1312:Controversy 1034:No change: 879:Sensitized 358:nymphomania 284:Don Juanism 185:reinforcing 59:sexologists 8263:Categories 8198:Sexecology 7970:Casual sex 7929:Asexuality 7714:Strip club 7697:Sex worker 7670:Sex museum 7641:Film actor 7509:Paraphilia 7435:Manual sex 7289:By country 7214:Orgasm gap 7131:Blue Movie 6750:Physiology 6692:Stereotypy 6555:Delusional 6544:delusional 6517:Withdrawal 6385:Parasomnia 6290:Nosophobia 6070:Adjustment 6058:somatoform 5991:Sundowning 5844:Depression 5827:Bipolar II 5716:Stuttering 5711:Cluttering 5507:Paraphilia 5359:Allen Carr 5199:Drug rehab 5190:Treatment 5106:management 5102:Treatment 5036:Alcoholism 5017:Withdrawal 4987:Dependence 4905:Epigenetic 4857:mechanisms 4790:Financial 4783:Behavioral 4720:dependence 4591:1606419366 4233:17 October 3891:17 October 3636:17 October 3180:Aasect.org 3013:17 October 2695:USA Today. 2571:withdrawal 2567:Dependence 2310:1568380593 2242:15 October 1692:Psychiatry 1642:References 1332:neutrality 1146:Counseling 1112:density in 1080:Number of 1048:enkephalin 1036:enkephalin 746:Attenuated 743:Attenuated 648:enrichment 613:reinforcer 354:satyriasis 288:paraphilia 280:erotomania 133:dependence 79:epigenetic 24:compulsive 8137:Hypergamy 8057:Polyamory 8012:Free love 7916:phenomena 7836:Sex magic 7814:Mormonism 7731:sexuality 7586:Urolagnia 7576:Tribadism 7524:Sexercise 7502:Irrumatio 7487:Anilingus 7445:Fingering 7425:Group sex 7420:Gang bang 7390:Fetishism 7365:Child sex 7219:Polyamory 7199:Free love 7061:Obscenity 6985:diversity 6897:Andrology 6859:education 6824:Pregnancy 6645:Catatonia 6577:Psychosis 6412:Postnatal 6395:Nightmare 6001:Wandering 5854:Dysthymia 5822:Bipolar I 5777:Pervasive 5592:Pyromania 5517:Voyeurism 5512:Fetishism 5137:therapies 5026:Disorders 4728:Addiction 4716:addiction 4457:. 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