581:
66:
846:
1669:Лавров Л. И. Кавказская Тюмень // Из истории дореволюционного Дагестана. М. 1976, с. 163-165. Lavrov defined Tumen as "an ancient Kumyk possession with seaside town of Tumen, which consisted of a mixed population of Kumyks, Kabardins, Nogais, Astrakhans, Kazan Tatars and Persians". The possession of Tumen was located near Sulak river in Dagestan and refers to the possession of Tumen mentioned by Khalifa ibn Hayyat in the 8th century. As it was reported, warlord Marwan capturing Gumuk and Khunzakh, headed north, towards the possession of Tumen. Bakikhanov links Tumen with 'Tumen-shah' in the eastern sources. (Бейлис В. М. Сообщения Халифы ибн Хаййата ал-Усфури об арабо-хазарских войнах в VII - первой половине VIII в. // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 1998. М.,2000. С.43).
751:
680:(1514–1576). "First of all, in Persia at the time of the great festivities there were made on the right and left side of Shah's throne, the two seats on each side for the four noble defenders of the state against the four strongest powers, namely: for the khan of Kandahar, as a defender against India; for shamkhal, as a defender against Russia; for the king of Georgian, as a defender of the state against the Turks; for the khan who lives on the Arab border". According to A. Kayaev, the influence of Chopan-shamkhal in Caucasus was great so that he "intervened in the affairs of succession of Persion throne in Iran".
684:
52:
1319:Шараф ад-Дин Йазди. Упоминание о походе счастливого Сахибкирана в Симсим и на крепости неверных, бывших там // Зафар-наме (Книга побед Амира Темура (сер. XV в.), в варианте перевода с персидского на староузбекский Муххамадом Али ибн Дарвеш Али Бухари (XVI в.)) / Пер. со староузбек., предисл., коммент., указатели и карта А. Ахмедова. — Академия наук Республики Узбекистан. Институт востоковедения имени Абу Райхана Беруни. — Ташкент: «SAN’AT», 2008. - С.421
838:, Schamkhalate started as an ally of Russia, but in 1725, shamkhal Adil-Girey II, incited by the Ottoman Empire, attacked the Russian fortress of the Holy Cross, was defeated, captured and sent into exile to the north of Russia. Despite fierce resistance, described as such by Russian companions of Peter I, particularly from the Endirey and Utamysh principalities, Shamkhalat was defeated and on paper abolished. In 1734, after
1027:Гусейнов Гарун-Рашид Абдул-Кадырович Тюменское княжество в контексте истории взаимоотношений Астраханского ханства и Кумыкского государства с Русским в XVI в., Институт Истории АН РТ, Казань, 2012 Цитата: И в дальнейшем, о более северных затеречных, включавших и Тюменское княжество, ареальных пределах Кумыкского государства – шамхальства свидетельствуют сведения А.Олеария (1635-1639 гг.)
635:. For the construction of the fortress "came princes Andrew Babichev and Peter Protasiev with many people, guns and musket". In 1567 trying to prevent the Russians to build their stronghold at the mouth of the Sunzha, Budai-shamkhal and his son Surkhay were killed on the battlefield as evidenced by their tombstones at the cemetery of shamkhals in Gazi-Kumukh.
1795:Основное население Шамхальства составляли кумыки. Единственное, что можно сказать, что села Губден и Кадар были даргинскими по этнической принадлежности и это не мешало им сохранять свою культуру, сотрудничать с кумыками, выполняя просьбы иля советы тарковских правителей. Губден и Тарки были тесно связаны еще до распада Казикумухского шамхальства.
1778:Основное население Шамхальства составляли кумыки. Единственное, что можно сказать, что села Губден и Кадар были даргинскими по этнической принадлежности и это не мешало им сохранять свою культуру, сотрудничать с кумыками, выполняя просьбы иля советы тарковских правителей. Губден и Тарки были тесно связаны еще до распада Казикумухского шамхальства.
523:], derived from the Turkic, Tatar spiritual tradition, as a reliance on their genealogical ancestry (nasab), not paying attention to the science or courtesies (edeb). The house of Chinghiz is highly esteemed amongst them (shawkhals), as Quraysh amongst Muslims. They didn't allow someone to stand higher than them or lift heads.
746:
In 1588 the
Georgian ambassadors Kaplan and Hursh reported that shamkhalate was in turmoil and asked the Russian tsar to send troops as a measure of military action against the raids of shamkhal on Georgia. Russians captured Tumen principality in the northern Dagestan. In 1599 Georgian ambassadors in
1298:Магомедов Р.М. Общественно-экономический и политический строй Дагестана в XVIII – начале XIX веков. Махачкала: Дагкнигоиздат, 1957. С. 145. «все основания отнести этот термин к Золотой Орде, нежели арабам. Можно считать, что правитель кумыков в период господства татаро-монгол ими выдвинут в этот сан»
475:
Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi called the
Shamkhal "a natural Oghuz". One of the arguments of the Turkic version is that Shamkhals were elected in the way that is traditional for Turkic peoples — tossing a red apple. Ancient pre-Muslim names of the Kumuk inhabitants, as fixed in Khuduk inscription
575:
As some
Persian sources say, this people settled here under the Abumuselim shah, from the Gilan Province and served under the cleric official kazi, under the rule of Shamkhal. Because of that cleric and the people of Kumukh place, who resettled here from Gilan, or, better said, by the mixture with
398:
sources, the
Shamkhalate emerged in the year 734, when Arab conqueror Abu-Muslim appointed one of his generals named "Shakhbal" to rule over the "Kumuh region". This version is based upon "Derbend-name" source, which is by itself not known to have a certain author and has many anonymous undated
580:
531:, Shamkhalate was dominated by the Turkic Kumyks, and the Lak people hold the honorable title of Gazis (because of the earlier adoption of Islam). Apart from that, the Shamkhalate had a feudal class of Karachi-beks, a title exclusively related to Mongol-Turkic states.
65:
712:, Chopan-shamkhal carried out a visit to Turkey and was met in Eastern Anatolia with honors. Chopan-shamkhal was given many gifts. For his services in the war with the Persians shamkhal was given sanjak Shaburan and his brother Tuchelav sanjaks Akhty and Ikhyr.
576:
the indigenous Kumukh people, who originate from
Dagestan Tatars, the name Kazikumuk emerged. This clerics were the ancestors of Khamutay , who following the example of others claimed in their parts independence and in the present times adopted the Khan title.
1288:
Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. (Ahmet Cevdet. Kirim ve Kafkas
Tarihcesi // Emel, № 221. Temmuz-Agustot. 1997. S. 28) «После поражения Миран-Шаха от Аи Коюнлу кумыки "получили свою независимость, избрала себе хана из роди Чингизхана, которого величали по-своему
476:— Budulay, Ahsuwar, Chupan and others — are of Turkic origin. On the graves of the Shamkhals in Kumukh there are Turkic inscriptions, as noted by professor of Caucasian studies L. Lavrov. The grave itself was called by the locals "Semerdalian" after the
853:
As a result of feudal civil strife and campaigns of
Russian troops against Shamkhalat, at the beginning of the 18th century, only a small possession along the Caspian Sea (with a total area of up to 3 thousand km²) was all that remained from the state.
459:
Russian professor of oriental studies, the Doctor of
Historical Sciences I. Zaytsev, also shared the opinion that the Shamkhalate was a Kumyk state with the capital in the town of Kumuk (written thus in medieval sources). While studying works of the
1484:Повествование об Али-Беке Андийском и его победе над Турулавом б. Али-Ханом Баклулальским как источник по истории Дагестана XVII века// Общественный строй союзов сельских общин Дагестана в XVIII - начале XIX веков. Махачкала, 1981. С. 132
1474:Повествование об Али-Беке Андийском и его победе над Турулавом б. Али-Ханом Баклулальским как источник по истории Дагестана XVII века// Общественный строй союзов сельских общин Дагестана в XVIII - начале XIX веков. Махачкала, 1981. С. 132
754:
The Arabic inscription on the barrel, "Owned by Abā Muslim Khān Shamkhāl," and the very high quality of the workmanship suggest that it belonged to a member of the family of the ruling prince (shāmkhāl)., Metropolitan Museum of Art,
810:, headed by Choban-Murza Ishterek, who did not want to obey the tsarist governors, to live in Shamkhalate. For his return to Russian borders, tsarist troops were sent to Kumykia with their Kabardian allies and Cossacks. In 1651
1606:И. Г. Гербер. Известия о находящихся на западной стороне Каспийского моря между Астраханью и рекою Курою народах и землях и о их состоянии в 1728г. // "Сочинения и переводы, к пользе и увеселению служащие". СПб. 1760, с.36-37.
1503:Шанталь Лемерсье-Келкеже. Социальная, политическая и религиозная структура Северного Кавказа в XVI в. // Восточная Европа средневековья и раннего нового времени глазами французских исследователей. Казань. 2009. С.272-294.
1376:Аликберов А. К. Эпоха классического ислама на Кавказе: Абу Бакр ад-Дарбанди и его суфийская энциклопедия «Райхан ал-хака’ик» (XI—XII вв.) / А. К. Аликберов. Ответственный редактор С. М. Прозоров — М.: Вост. лит., 2003.
505:
1056:
1045:
1149:Большая советская энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1969—1978. Цитата: феодальное владение в северо-восточной части Дагестана с центром Тарки. Образовалось в конце 15 в. на территории, населённой кумыками
508:
Tarki, View from the
Caspian Sea, D. Milyutin's sketch, (head of the Principal Headquarters of the Caucasian Army (1856-1860) under the prince A. Baryatinskiy). In the centre the destroyed Shamkhal palace might be
877:
According to
Russian sources of the late 18th century, the Tarki Shamkhalate, together with their vassals Akusha Dargins, had from 36 to 42 thousand households, numbering 98-100 thousand people of both genders.
496:
Ali-Beg, who founded a new ruling dynasty, also had a title of "Shamkhal". According to the local story, starting from Ali-Beg until Khadjik, the rulers of their land spoke in the "language of the plains", i.e.
450:
It was supported by Turkish historian Fahreddin Kirzioglu, the early 20th century historian D. H. Mamaev, Halim Gerey Sultan, Muhammed Efendi, and others. Dagestanian historian R. Magomedov stated that:
1036:Документ из Российского государственного архива древних актов (фонд № 121 «Кумыцкие и тарковские дела»). Документы представляют из себя журнал, фиксирующий даты прибытия шамхальского посольства в Кремль
910:
Adil-Gerey I (1609–1614), distinguished himself in the wars against Russia (especially in the battles near Boynak in 1594 and in the Karaman valley in 1605), adhered to the pro-Iranian political course.
1103:Из истории русско-кавказскои воины: документы и материалы, А. М Ельмесов, Кабардино-Балкарское отд-ние Всероссииского фонда культуры, 1991, 261 pages, стр. 60 Цитата: ...и Крымскому, и к Шевкальскому (
668:
In 1588, the Russian authorities at the mouth of the Terek founded the fortress of Terki, also known as the Terek Fortress. Terki became the main stronghold of the Russian army in northern Dagestan.
845:
545:
The first King of the Western Tatars was Sain. He was strong and mighty. He conquered Russia, Comania, Alania, Lak, Mengiar, Gugia and Khazaria, and before his conquest, they all belonged to Comans.
430:). A. Kandaurov wrote that the Arab version was elaborated by the Shamkhals themselves. Also, the title Shamkhals is not mentioned in the works of the Medieval Arabic historians and geographers.
1792:Историческая география Дагестана XVII — нач. XIX в / А. И. Османов (ответ. редактор), М. М. Гусаев, А. Р. Шихсаидов. — Институт ИАЭ ДНЦ РАН, Издательство типографии ДНЦ РАН, 1999. — С. 218.
1775:Историческая география Дагестана XVII — нач. XIX в / А. И. Османов (ответ. редактор), М. М. Гусаев, А. Р. Шихсаидов. — Институт ИАЭ ДНЦ РАН, Издательство типографии ДНЦ РАН, 1999. — С. 218.
913:
Surkhay III (1641–1667), pursued active foreign policy, won victories over Russian troops in the Battle of Germenchik and near Suyunch-Kala (Sunzha fortress) in 1651 and 1653 respectively.
619:
to help him against the raids of shevkalski tsar (shamkhal), Crimean khan and the Turks. Ivan the Terrible sent his general Cheremisov who took over Tarki but decided not to remain there.
455:
there is all necessary proofs to relate the term to the Golden Horde, but not to the Arabs. We may think that in the period of the Mongol-Tatars they put a Kumyk ruler in that status .
426:
and Sheref ad-din Yezdi) sources. Dagestani historian Shikhsaidov wrote that the version claiming Arab descent was in favor of the dynasty and clerics (the descendants of the Prophet
1579:В. Г. Гаджиев. Сочинение И. Г. Гербера «Описание стран и народов между Астраханью и рекою Курою находящихся» как исторический источник по истории народов Кавказа. – М., Наука, 1979.
611:
a number of rich gifts, one of which was extraordinary: an elephant, not seen up to that time in Moscow. Shamkhal's envoy to Russia had no success as in 1557 prince Temruk Idar of
555:
The original population of the "Kazi-Kumykskiy" possession, as wrote F. Somonovich in 1796, were Dagestan Tatars (Kumyks). After the resettlement of some Lezginian peoples from
735:
At the end of the 16th century shamkhal feuded with krym-shamkhal (which was the title of Shamkhalian successor to the throne) who was supported by part of the "Kumyk land".
563:, under the rule of Shamkhal, the population mixed, and the power of Shamkhal decreased, and the new population formed their own Khanate independent of the Shamkhal dynasty:
381:. Since the 16th century the state was a major figure of Russian politics to the southern borders, as it was the main target and obstacle in conquering the Caucasian region.
771:
By the end of the 16th through the beginning of the 17th centuries Shamkhalat, which was a major political entity in Caucasus, disintegrated into separate Kumyk fiefdoms.
1252:Советская Этнография, Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1953 Цитата: Отдельные селения аварцев входили в ...кумыкское шамхальство Тарковское, кумыкское ханство Мехтулинское...
716:
reported that the governor of Shirvan Osman Pasha (also of Kumyk descent) married a daughter Tuchelav, a niece of Shamkhal. Chopan Shamkhal pledged to defend Shirvan.
1135:
903:
reached the peak of its power, for decades (late 16th – early 17th centuries) successfully repelling numerous attacks of neighbors, and defeating Russians at the
1494:"История Кавказа и селения Карабудахкент" Джамалутдина-Хаджи Карабудахкентского / Под редакцией Г. М.-Р. Оразаева. Махачкала: ООО "Центр-полиграф", 2001. С. 55
874:
It was a multiethnic state. The main population was Kumyk. At various times, it included some areas populated by Dargins, and other peoples of the Caucasus.
1853:
747:
Moscow, Saravan and Aram, reported to king Alexander of Kakheti that it was difficult to reach shamkhal as he chose to reside in the mountains at the time:
750:
638:
In 1569 prince Chopan, son of Budai-shamkhal, was elected shamkhal. Territory of Chopan-shamkhal in the north extended beyond Terek river and adjoined the
1688:
1394:Лавров Л.И -Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа на арабском, персидском и турецком языках. Памятники письменности Востока. - Москва: Наука - 1966 -
1270:"История Кавказа и селения Карабудахкент" Джамалутдина-Хаджи Карабудахкентского / Под редакцией Г. М.-Р. Оразаева. Махачкала: ООО "Центр-полиграф", 2001.
657:
In 1570 Chopan-shamkhal jointly with Turks and Crimeans undertook an expedition to capture Astrakhan. The city was not taken and the army retreated to
1310:Сборник материалов, относящихся к истории Золотой Орды, том II. Извлечения из персидских сочинений, собранные В. Г. Тизенгаузеном. М.-Л. АН СССР. 1941
1018:, Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1953 Цитата: Отдельные селения аварцев входили в ...кумыкское шамхальство Тарковское, кумыкское ханство Мехтулинское...
1843:
1077:[The territory and population of Tarkovsky’s Shamkhalate in the works of Russian and Western European authors of the 18th–19th centuries]
567:
The people of this province come from Dagestan Tatars, mixed with the Persian settlers; they follow the same law, and speak Lezginian languages.
1651:Камиль Алиев, Об исторических связях между Дагестаном и Турцией, начавшихся более 500 лет назад. Газета „Ёлдаш/Времена“ от 16,23,30 марта 2012
480:
city of Semender; the gravestones there are patterned in a Kipchak style. In the "Maza chronicle" Shamkhals are described as "a branch of the
1177:Страница 58, 293 и другие. Белокуров С. А. Сношения России с Кавказом. — Выпуск 1-й. 1578—1613 гг. — М.: Университетская тип., 1889. — 715 с.
896:(1571–1588), actively participated in intra-Iranian internecine affairs, in the last years of his life he was an ally of the Ottoman Empire.
1848:
1532:
446:
Shamkhal wasn't a descendant of Abbas Hamza but a Turk, who came with his companions. After him the Shamkhalate became a hereditary state.
1733:Деяния Петра Великого, мудрого преобразителя России, собранные из достоверных источников. — Изд. 2-е, М.: Типография Н. Степанова, 1838.
51:
676:
In Persia in the court of the shah, shamkhal had an honorable place next to the shah. Sister of Chopan-shamkhal was married to shah
468:
and Sheref ad-din Yezdi, Soviet historians V. Romaskevich and S. Volin, and Uzbek historian Ashraf Ahmedov, as well as professor in
760:"Neither you nor your men should be sent to fight shevkal (shamkhal), shevkal lives in the mountains, the road to him is narrow".
916:
Budai II (1667–1692) distinguished himself in the wars with Iran and Russia (provided, in particular, active assistance to the
472:
studies O. Bubenok, call Gazi-Kumuk (also Gazi-Kumukluk in medieval sources) call the Shamkhalate area as the lands of Kumyks.
492:
and Sheref ad-din Yezdi mentioned the land as Gazi-Kumukluk, where the suffix "luk" is a Turkic linguistic sign. The ruler of
243:
229:
204:
190:
176:
537:
mentioned from his travels that Khazaria and Lak, even before falling in the hands of the "Western Tatars", belonged to the
1385:К.С. Кадыраджиев. Проблемы сравнительно-исторического изучения кумыкского и тюркского языков. Махачкала, ДГПУ, 1998 - 366с.
1328:О. Б. Бубенок - АЛАНЫ-АСЫ В ЗОЛОТОЙ ОРДЕ (XIII-XV ВВ.) ; Нац. акад. наук Украины, Ин-т востоковедения им. А. Крымского
1465:К.С. Кадыраджиев. Проблемы сравнительно-исторического изучения кумыкского и тюрского языков. Махачкала, ДГПУ, 1998 - 366с.
683:
1570:Р. Г. Маршаев. Казикумухское шамхальство в русско-турецких отношениях во второй половине XVI — начале XVII вв. — М., 1963
1002:
1838:
534:
1763:Народы Центрального Кавказа и Дагестана: этнополитические аспекты взаимоотношений (XVI—XVIII вв.), Р. М. Бегеулов, 2005
1093:[... clearly outlined the boundaries of a number of Kumyk feudal estates, including Tarkovsky’s Shamkhaldom...]
1806:ароды Центрального Кавказа и Дагестана: этнополитические аспекты взаимоотношений (XVI—XVIII вв.), Р. М. Бегеулов, 2005
835:
423:
328:
to the southern borders of Dagestan, between Kumyk possessions of the Russian Empire and other administrative units.
366:
in 1813. In 1867 the feudal domain of the Shamkhalate was abolished, and on its territory the Temir-Khan-Shura (now
324:, the Shamkhalate's lands were split between the Empire's feudal domain with the same name extending from the river
1015:
1198:
1422:
700:
In 1577 Chopan-shamkhal jointly with his brother Tuchelav-Bek, Gazi-Salih of Tabasaran and in alliance with the
552:
also stated that the Arabic version is a compilation by local historians trying to merge legends with history.
1060:
811:
517:
The fact that the ruler in Dagestan was chosen from the Chinghiz dynasty and called shawkhal-khan [
1279:
Halim Gerey Soltan. Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, № 221. Temmuz-Agustots 1997.
1216:Бартольд В.В. Сочинения. Т.III. Работы по исторической географии - Монография. М.: Наука, 1965 - С.412-413.
1075:"Территория и население шамхальства Тарковского в трудах русских и западноевропейских авторов ХVIII–ХIХ вв"
792:
944:
528:
1074:
1367:
Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. (Ahmet Cevdet. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, No. 221. Temmuz-Agustot. 1997.
815:
1261:Çelik (Fahrettin M.). Kızılalmanın Türesini Yaşatan Şamkallar’ın Soyu // Çinaraltı, 1942, No.30, 31, 33
904:
985:
607:
In 1556 diplomatic relations with the Moscow state were set. The peaceful embassy of shamkhal brought
1754:. Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля. – Москва: «Российская политическая энциклопедия» (РОССПЭН), 2000.
713:
639:
1091:...четко выделил границы ряда кумыкских феодальных владений, в том числе шамхальства Тарковского...
661:
but then invaded Kabarda. Despite the demolition of the Sunzha fortress the Russian advance to the
627:
In 1566 prince Matlov of Kabarda asked the Moscow tsar to put a fortress at the confluence of the
1129:
766:"shevkal and his children live more in Gazi-Kumuk in the mountains, because that place is strong"
720:
485:
465:
367:
363:
796:
1452:
1437:
814:
took place, where joint Kumyk-Nogai army secured a victory. In 1651, the Shamkhal wrote to the
787:
a Buturlin's campaign into Dagestan took place. In 1605 Russian army that occupied lowlands of
584:
Palace of the Shamkhals in their residence town of Kapir-Kumuk. Destroyed by bolsheviks during
1339:
937:
616:
608:
585:
209:
1119:
1063:, Дагестанский науч. центр, Ин-т истории, археологии и этнографии, 1998 - Всего страниц: 191
893:
413:
344:
195:
1234:Гусейнов Г-Р. А-К. Шавхал (Вопросы этимологии)// КНКО: Вести. Вып. № 6-7, 2001, Махачкала.
917:
839:
724:
439:
371:
222:
1176:
347:
also possessed the title of the Vali of Dagestan and had their residence in the ancient
1689:"Распад шамхальства и образование кумыкских феодальных владений: причины и последствия"
1160:
556:
549:
498:
461:
438:
Among the supporters of the Turkic version of the creation of the Shamkhalian state is
407:
378:
321:
305:
284:
91:
81:
1046:Современные проблемы и перспективы развития исламоведения, востоковедения и тюркологии
744:"shamkhal affair was bad as they (shamkhal and krym-shamkhal) scold among themselves".
719:
These relations led to the actual mutual agreement on the inclusion of Shamkhalate in
1832:
1721:— Очерки истории ногайцев XV-XVIII вв. — Изд-во дом "Народы Дагестана", 2003 - С. 199
1624:Эфендиев О. Азербайджанское государство сефевидов в XVI веке. Баку. 1981. С. 15. 156.
921:
863:
688:
325:
701:
628:
481:
236:
181:
651:
783:
a Khvorostinin's campaign into Dagestan took place, but his troops retreated. In
377:
During a short period in 1580-1590s the Shamkhalate was officially a part of the
17:
807:
800:
705:
632:
493:
332:
866:, at least three uprisings broke out in Shamkhalate — in 1823, 1831 and 1843.
1057:Дагестан в эпоху великого переселения народов: этногенетические исследования
677:
1552:С. А. Белокуров. Сношения России с Кавказом — М., 1888. 4.1. С. 29, 58-60.
949:
924:
920:
in their wars against Russia). He is also known for his patronage of the
820:“we, Kumyks, have and cherish our konaks since the times of our fathers”
662:
643:
612:
427:
355:
340:
336:
317:
1818:Сведения о силах, числе душ и деревень в Дагестане. 1795 / ИГЭД. — 1958.
806:
At the end of the 1640s, Shamkhal Surkhay III invited a smaller part of
900:
887:
788:
739:
709:
647:
477:
348:
76:
1642:Всеобщее историко-топографическое описание Кавказа (XVIII в.). 1784 г.
799:, some 20 kilometres north of Kumyk settlement of Anji, where today's
1403:Булатова А.Г. Лакцы. Историко-этнографические очерки. Махачкала, 1971
823:
560:
538:
359:
313:
301:
513:
Jamalutdin-haji Mamaev in the beginning of the 20th century wrote:
399:
versions. The most recent authored version is of the 16th century.
1519:- Нальчик: Издательство М. и В. Котляровых, 2010. 304 с., стр. 6-7
986:"Кумыкский мир | К истории государственной символики кумыков"
899:
Soltan-Mut of Tarki (circa 1560–1643) was a commander, under whom
844:
749:
682:
579:
503:
469:
395:
309:
103:
1633:Алиев К.М. В начале было письмо Газета Ёлдаш. Времена 13.04.2012.
1705:Н. М. Карамзин. История государства Российского. Т.XI. Кн. III.)
1243:Али Каяев. Материалы по истории лаков. Рук. фонд. ИИЯЛ, д. 1642.
1161:"Газават.ру :: История - Былое и думы - ШАМХАЛЫ ТАРКОВСКИЕ"
784:
780:
658:
504:
650:. In the south, territories of Chopan-shamkhal extended "up to
519:
1412:Шихсаидов А.Р - Эпиграфические памятники Дагестана - М., 1985
687:
The capital town of Tarki on 17th century engraving based on
354:
Annexation of the Tarki Shamkhalate and other territories of
1588:Н. А. Смирнов. Россия и Турция в 16.-17 вв. М., 1946. С. 127
830:
18th century, campaigns of Peter I and vassalage from Russia
1693:Гуманитарные, Социально-Экономические И Общественные Науки
890:, died in battle with the Russian army in Kabarda in 1566.
764:
Georgian ambassador Cyril in 1603 reported in Moscow that
1529:Описание Южного Дагестана Федором Симоновичем в 1796 году
723:, while the Ottoman Sultan was already recognized as the
708:
who were defeated. After the victory over Qizilbashes in
422:, which is mentioned both in the Russian and Persian (
1225:Шихсаидов А. Р. Дагестан в X—XIV вв. Махачкала, 1975.
1358:. Книга путешествий. Выпуск 2. — М., 1979. — С. 794.
331:At some point the Shamkhalate had vassals from the
295:
257:
139:
129:
117:
109:
99:
72:
32:
1083:Известия Алтайского государственного университета
316:and included territories corresponding to modern
791:(about 8,000 men) was surrounded and routed in
573:
565:
543:
515:
453:
444:
320:and adjacent regions. After subjugation by the
1187:Шамхалы тарковские, ССКГ. 1868. Вып. 1. С. 58.
1118:Вардапета Гевонда; писателя VIII века (1862).
1513:Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII–XVIII веков
642:. In the west his territory included part of
8:
1134:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
822:, thus explaining their alliance with the
312:. It formed on the territory populated by
308:, with its capital in the ancient town of
64:
29:
1615:Нусрет-наме Кирзиоглу Ф. Указ. соч. С.279
1597:ЦГАДА. Крымские дела. Кн. 13. — Л. 71 об.
1742:Походный журнал 1722 года. — СПб., 1855
977:
961:
795:by the army of a Northern Kumyk prince
1338:НИЗАМ АД-ДИН ШАМИ. "ЗАФАР-НАМЭ VIII".
1306:
1304:
1212:
1210:
1197:Belokurov, Sergey Alekseevich (2015).
1127:
704:undertook a military campaign against
488:in his 14th century Timurid chronicle
141:• Abolishment of the Shamkhalate
1660:С. А. Белокуров. Указ. соч. С. 58–59.
1172:
1170:
665:by the end of the 1580s recommenced.
418:is a later form of the original form
138:
128:
124:
27:Former state in northeastern Caucasus
7:
1678:Белокуров С. Указ. раб. С. 302, 405.
1561:ПСРЛ. Т. XIII. 2-я пол. С. 324, 330.
1200:Russia's relations with the Caucasus
997:
995:
849:Possessions of Shamkhal in 1818-1826
1854:Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire
25:
731:Internal feuds and disintegration
304:state in the eastern part of the
654:itself" according to I. Gerber.
241:
227:
202:
188:
174:
50:
1790:Б. Г. Алиев, М.-С. К. Умаханов.
1773:Б. Г. Алиев, М.-С. К. Умаханов.
1844:Khanates of the North Caucasus
1124:(in Russian). СПб. p. 28.
1087:News of Altai State University
527:According to French historian
1:
1073:Абдусаламов М.-П. Б. (2012).
529:Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay
351:-Kumyk mountainous shelter.
296:
1849:History of the Kumyk people
858:19th century, Caucasian War
836:Persian campaign of Peter I
403:Critics of the Arab version
1870:
1203:(in Russian). Vol. 1.
1116:Упоминается в VIII веке в
840:the Russian-Persian treaty
742:reported at the time that
410:also stated that the term
394:According to records from
288:
153:
149:
125:
63:
47:
42:
1061:Российская академия наук
812:the Battle of Germenchik
486:Nizam ad-Din Shami Yezdi
385:Emergence of Shamkhalate
1797:
1780:
945:Kazikumukh Shamkhalate
850:
762:
756:
692:
589:
578:
569:
547:
525:
510:
457:
448:
442:historian Ali Kayaev:
43:circa 8th century–1867
1793:
1776:
1105:Кумыкское шамхальство
927:persecuted in Russia.
848:
797:Soltan-Mut of Endirey
793:the Battle of Karaman
758:
753:
725:caliph of all Muslims
686:
603:Relations with Russia
583:
507:
362:was concluded by the
269:Shamkhalate of Tarki,
1451:Шереф-ад-Дин Йезди.
1089:] (in Russian).
1016:Советская Этнография
818:about a custom that
696:Alliance with Turkey
640:Khanate of Astrakhan
434:Turkic-Kumyk version
34:Shamkhalate of Tarki
1839:History of Dagestan
1695:(8): 111–115. 2015.
1436:Низам Ад-Дин Шами.
842:, it was restored.
816:Astrakhan governors
490:The Book of Triumph
131:• Established
1535:. www.vostlit.info
1517:Сост. В. Аталиков.
851:
775:Defeating Russians
757:
738:King Alexander of
721:the Ottoman Empire
693:
672:Alliance with Iran
623:Russian fortresses
590:
511:
466:Nizam ad-Din Shami
424:Nizam ad-Din Shami
364:Treaty of Gulistan
1715:Д. С. Кидирниязов
1423:"Maza chronicles"
938:Nuh-bey Tarkovsky
905:Battle of Karaman
864:the Caucasian War
617:Ivan the Terrible
609:Ivan the Terrible
586:Russian Civil War
374:was established.
294:
289:Таргъу Шавхаллыкъ
273:Tarki Shamkhalate
265:
264:
253:
252:
249:
248:
215:
214:
210:Umayyad Caliphate
135:circa 8th century
37:Таргъу Шавхаллыкъ
18:Shamkhal of Tarki
16:(Redirected from
1861:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1526:
1520:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1006:
999:
990:
989:
982:
966:
901:Northern Kumykia
299:
293:romanized:
292:
290:
245:
244:
231:
230:
219:
218:
206:
205:
196:Khazar Kaghanate
192:
191:
178:
177:
171:
170:
155:
154:
68:
54:
30:
21:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1788:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1752:Н.И. Покровский
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1719:Ж. К. Мусаурова
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1126:
1121:Истории халифов
1117:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1001:
1000:
993:
984:
983:
979:
975:
970:
969:
963:
958:
934:
894:Chopan-Shawkhal
884:
872:
860:
832:
777:
733:
698:
689:Adam Olearius's
674:
625:
605:
600:
595:
436:
405:
392:
387:
372:Dagestan Oblast
297:Tarğu Şawhallıq
242:
228:
223:Dagestan oblast
203:
189:
175:
142:
132:
113:Feudal monarchy
94:
90:
88:
86:
84:
80:
59:
56:
55:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1799:
1782:
1765:
1756:
1744:
1735:
1723:
1707:
1698:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1521:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1443:
1428:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1348:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1300:
1291:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1206:
1189:
1180:
1166:
1152:
1141:
1109:
1096:
1065:
1049:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1008:
991:
976:
974:
971:
968:
967:
960:
959:
957:
954:
953:
952:
947:
941:
940:
933:
930:
929:
928:
914:
911:
908:
897:
891:
883:
880:
871:
868:
859:
856:
831:
828:
776:
773:
732:
729:
714:Ibrahim Peçevi
697:
694:
673:
670:
624:
621:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
550:Vasily Bartold
484:generations".
435:
432:
404:
401:
391:
388:
386:
383:
379:Ottoman Empire
370:) district of
322:Russian Empire
306:North Caucasus
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
239:
233:
232:
225:
216:
213:
212:
207:
199:
198:
193:
185:
184:
179:
167:
166:
161:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
92:Russian Empire
87:Feudal domain
82:Ottoman Empire
74:
70:
69:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
45:
44:
40:
39:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1866:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1824:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:Голиков И. И.
1727:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1453:"Книга Побед"
1447:
1444:
1439:
1438:"Книга Побед"
1432:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1345:(in Russian).
1344:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1003:"Къумукъ Тил"
998:
996:
992:
987:
981:
978:
972:
965:
962:
955:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
926:
923:
919:
918:Crimean Khans
915:
912:
909:
906:
902:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
885:
882:Renown rulers
881:
879:
875:
869:
867:
865:
857:
855:
847:
843:
841:
837:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
772:
769:
767:
761:
752:
748:
745:
741:
736:
730:
728:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
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237:Terek oblast
182:Golden Horde
164:Succeeded by
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1342:КНИГА ПОБЕД
1107:— Э. А.)...
834:During the
808:Nogai Horde
801:Makhachkala
706:Qizilbashes
598:16-17th cc.
494:Andi people
482:Khan-Hakhan
464:historians
333:Caspian Sea
159:Preceded by
95:(1813–1867)
1833:Categories
1539:2017-10-18
973:References
870:Population
420:"Shawkhal"
408:V. Bartold
281:Shevkalate
277:Shawhalate
110:Government
1289:"шаухал"»
1130:cite book
678:Tahmasp I
345:Shamkhals
950:Dagestan
932:See also
925:Cossacks
755:New-York
691:Travels.
663:Caucasus
652:Shemakha
644:Chechnya
613:Kabardia
428:Muhammad
414:Shamkhal
368:Buynaksk
356:Dagestan
341:Balkaria
318:Dagestan
300:) was a
89:within:
79:within:
1825:Sources
888:Buday I
862:During
789:Kumykia
740:Kakheti
710:Shirvan
648:Kabarda
593:History
462:Timurid
337:Kabarda
118:History
100:Capital
77:Vilayet
824:Nogais
646:up to
629:Sunzha
615:asked
561:Persia
539:Cumans
478:Khazar
360:Russia
349:Khazar
343:. The
314:Kumyks
275:(also
261:Russia
121:
73:Status
1340:<
1085:[
1079:(PDF)
956:Notes
633:Terek
557:Gilan
509:found
499:Kumyk
326:Sulak
310:Tarki
302:Kumyk
285:Kumyk
279:, or
104:Tarki
1136:link
785:1604
781:1594
659:Azov
631:and
571:and
470:Alan
396:Arab
339:and
267:The
145:1867
1533:"Д"
779:In
520:sic
440:Lak
358:by
335:to
271:or
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