554:, an online game distributor in the United States. Shanda was the "largest online entertainment provider in China" by early 2009. That April the company reported that its MMORPG Aion had acquired 1 million paying users within four days of its release. In 2009, the company spun off Shanda Games in the largest IPO with the ticker GAME in the United States that year, raising $ 1.04 billion. At the time, Shanda Games provided 77 percent of Shanda Interactive's revenue, although the company also continued to be active in online literature, video, and other forms of entertainment. Shanda Literature controlled 90 percent of the online reading market in China by early 2010. That year Shanda Interactive recorded operating revenues of $ 232.3 million, 2% higher than the prior year.
466:
from 30 Chinese yuan to 55 Chinese yuan per quarter. Revenue rebounded after about nine months, and in 2006, Shanda
Interactive's internet games sales increased 44 percent from the year prior. Shanda Interactive announced in February 2007 that the free-to-play model was proving lucrative, and shares increased 10 percent in value that day. Following Shanda's example, other Chinese online game operators began declaring many of their titles free to play. By 2007, most new games in China were using the freemium model.
526:
offering literature and other publications through websites, offline publication and phones. The unit purchased Qidian, Hongxiu, and jjwxc.com, three of China's biggest literary portals, as well as publishing companies such as tingbook.com, Huawentianxia, and
Zhongzhibowen. Qidian was the largest Chinese online literature platform in 2008, with 20 million registered accounts. In 2009, Shanda Literature spurred controversy for promoting the popular writers
425:
recently purchased motion-capture equipment to speed the animation process. With six game titles at the time, four of those had been developed in-house. On average, Shanda's revenues doubled each year between 2001 and 2005, and at the end of 2005 it had a market capitalization of $ 1.8 billion and was China's biggest gaming company. Founder Chen
Tianqiao was estimated to have a net worth of $ 1.45 billion, with the press dubbing him the "Chinese
603:. That month Shanda Group increased its stake in Legg Mason to 15%, remaining the largest shareholder. Shanda Group also gained two board seats in Legg Mason in 2017 and advised customizing Legg Mason's investment products for clients in China. At the start of 2017, Shanda Group had $ 8 billion in net assets under management.
562:. Shanda Literature was renamed Cloudary in 2011, and that October the unit filed to go public in the United States with an IPO of about $ 200 million. By March 2012, Cloudary was the largest online publishing platform in China, with 1.6 million authors and 6 million titles. Three years later, Cloudary was merged with
569:
Shareholders of Shanda
Interactive Entertainment voted "overwhelmingly" in February 2012 to accept a buyout from the company's three founders. Paying $ 740 million for about 25 percent of the shares, Chrissy Luo, Tianqiao Chen, and Danian Chen took Shanda Interactive private in a deal that valued the
606:
By 2018, Shanda Group invested in public markets, real estate and venture capital, focusing on companies in the fields of healthcare, financial services, media, and technology. Shanda remained the largest shareholder in
Lending Club and Community Health Systems, maintaining a minority stake in Legg
465:
and Shanda's share price initially dropped 70%. Shanda defended the change, arguing that free games accounted for most of the top titles in South Korea, a trend which could be replicated in China. It was later revealed that once Shanda's games adopted this model, average customer spending increased
424:
to support music streaming on PCs in China. Shanda revealed two hardware products in
October 2005. The EZ mini was a handheld wireless gaming device, while the EZ Center/EZ Pod software for was remote PC control. Shanda employed 2,000 game developers at its headquarters at the end of 2005, and had
525:
Shanda Games
Limited had become a business unit of Shanda Interactive by early 2008, and Shanda Interactive continued to diversify. In 2008, Shanda Interactive established Shanda Literature Limited as a business unit with former Sina executive editor Xiaoqiang Hou as CEO. Shanda Literature began
582:
By the time
Tianqiao Chen sold his stake in Shanda Games in 2014, Shanda Group had become an investment firm focused on the internet and finance. After expanding Shanda with a series of rapid acquisitions, by 2015 Shanda had invested in 140 companies. In 2016, Shanda Group acquired stakes in
404:
to be redeemable in
October 2007. That month Shanda was operating eight games and hosting 1.2 million simultaneous players. As of May 2005, 300,000 locations, among them 130,000 internet cafes, sold prepaid cards for Shanda's games and game usage was "up 70% from a year earlier."
599:'s Legg Mason that April, Shanda Group increased its stake in Lending Club to 15.1 percent in June, making it the company's single biggest investor. Shanda Group sold its 2 percent stake in Sotheby's in August 2016. By December 2016 it had also purchased a 13.8 percent stake in
349:, and at the end of 2002 the company had $ 42 million in revenue and $ 17 million in net profits, with an average of 280,000 people playing its games simultaneously. Shanda ceased partnering with WeMade in 2003 after a dispute over sharing profits on
340:
Expanding out of
Shanghai city by city, Shanda Interactive shared its revenue with regional telecommunications companies. Because home internet access in China was limited at the time, Shanda Interactive began constructing a network of around 200,000
322:$ 60,000 in startup capital, the company also raised $ 3 million to focus on online cartoons, gaming and virtual communities. Settling on online gaming, in 2001 the company used the final $ 300,000 of its startup funds to buy the Chinese rights to
400:. At the time it was the largest IPO of a Chinese internet company in the United States, and shortly afterwards Shanda became the largest internet company by market capitalization in China. In October 2004 Shanda issued US$ 275 million
557:
By the fall of 2011, Shanda Interactive offered MMORPGs, casual games, film, music, and literature on an "integrated service platform." With most of its audiences in China, the company had subsidiaries and affiliates such as
607:
Mason. By 2018, the venture capital arm of Shanda Group had invested in around 120 companies in China focused on internet and mobile software, and also had investments in around 30 "advanced technology companies" in
1034:
259:, the firm invests in public markets, real estate and venture capital, focusing on companies in the fields of healthcare, financial services, media, and technology. The company was established in December 1999 as
541:
for providing links to pirated versions of Shanda Literature's copyrighted material. Agreeing that Baidu did not remove the links immediately upon notice, a Shanghai court ruled in Shanda's favor in May 2011.
627:, and the United States. Today it has also invested in over 55 early-stage, deep technology investment funds. With real estate in China and the United States, it is one of the larger owners of
481:
to be playable on certain Motorola E680g handsets. By November 2006, Shanda was expanding from online games into an "entertainment empire on the Internet, mobile phones and TVs," according to
345:. The company also began selling pre-paid cards to purchase game time, eventually establishing around 400,000 retail outlets. Shanda continued to license international online games after
824:
416:
in China at the time. Also that year Shanda purchased the mobile game provider Digital-Red and the literature website Qidian. In 2005, Shanda also began working with search engine
287:
spun off in 2009, raising $ 1.04 billion in an IPO (GAME). Shanda Group was taken private in 2012 by its founders, and by 2017 it had $ 8 billion in net assets under management.
376:
accounted for 87.5 percent of Shanda Interactive's revenue in the first quarter of 2004. To reduce dependence on those two games, Shanda released the self-developed game
2152:
487:. Shanda sold 4 million shares of Sina Corp for $ 129 million in February 2007. In June 2007, Shanda Interactive signed licensing and distribution agreements to expand
2172:
1760:
999:
2177:
1949:
2157:
461:. Allowing gamers to pay for in-game items instead of subscriptions, the "freemium" model was then uncommon in China. The change proved controversial in
2162:
2182:
1348:
828:
2101:
511:. In November 2007, Shanda Interactive purchased a 30 percent stake in NCsoft China, giving Shanda the rights to distribute the popular game
1709:
1735:
2041:
1126:
1922:
1871:
412:
for $ 230 million in 2005, becoming Sina's largest shareholder. Operating as an online advertising firm, Sina.com was the most popular
1781:
1843:
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1583:
684:
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1480:
689:
1231:
896:
1259:
2122:
714:
236:
760:
1264:
600:
1509:
643:
and brain-related companies, and had already invested in around "100 advanced technology ventures integrating
1063:
2046:
636:
393:
188:
1682:
1095:
856:"(Simplified Chinese) Shanda MIR Copyright Infringement Legal Case Finally Settled in Second Half of 2009"
672:
256:
114:
1352:
1523:
1290:
421:
1035:"Why Chinese billionaire Tianqiao Chen transitioned from investing in video games to CHS, neuroscience"
968:
639:
with office and retail space with around 700,000 meters. Also in 2018, Shanda Group began focusing on
1984:
334:
319:
1805:
1551:
1385:
1232:"Shanda, China's hottest online-game company, is betting that it can become an entertainment giant"
2013:
1449:
1416:
1380:
797:
1848:
1236:
1713:
1651:
1196:
1998:
1739:
1481:"(Simplified Chinese) Shanda Responds to Customer Self-Immolation Case with the Help of Police"
513:
396:(IPO) under the ticker SNDA and becoming the first Chinese online games company listed in the
563:
401:
29:
2128:
2147:
2018:
1454:
1421:
802:
644:
413:
324:
232:
64:
54:
437:
In the summer of 2005, Shanda Interactive's revenue dropped significantly as its old hit
1156:
1896:
1131:
765:
620:
337:. Published in China that September, the game began to turn a profit after two months.
279:
that year under ticker SNDA was the largest IPO for a Chinese internet company in the
275:. By 2004 Shanda was the largest online game company in China, and its listing on the
2141:
668:
632:
535:
397:
342:
307:
280:
252:
153:
124:
92:
1552:"Shanda Interactive licenses Woool, Magical Land and Crazy Kart to Overseas Markets"
640:
527:
458:
301:
284:
271:
265:
1320:
592:
2069:
1710:"(Simplified Chinese)Shanda Literature Heavily Promotes Jingming Guo's New Novel"
1621:
1295:
1161:
1100:
584:
551:
483:
462:
330:
311:
100:
1488:
929:
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588:
441:
began to lose subscribers. With the intent of extending the life of its older
426:
120:
2087:
473:
announced it would launch wireless versions of Shanda's games in China, with
855:
664:
660:
612:
596:
559:
538:
504:
263:, an online gaming company known for publishing and operating games such as
248:
244:
148:
143:
1761:"(Simplified Chinese) Letters to Shanda Protesting Its Support of Vivibear"
1736:"(Simplified Chinese)Vivibear Publishes New Novel After Plagiarism Scandal"
735:
656:
531:
470:
409:
315:
306:
Shanda Interactive Entertainment Limited was founded in December 1999 by
240:
75:
1556:
1528:
1068:
1004:
608:
500:
380:
in February 2004, and by April was also working on the in-house titles
722:
574:, it was "one of the biggest such deals involving a Chinese company."
1201:
628:
624:
616:
442:
389:
276:
37:
219:
534:, both accused of plagiarism. In 2010, Shanda Literature sued the
508:
417:
79:
1950:"Shanda Interactive Entertainment Announces Completion of Merger"
1712:. Beijing Qianlong News Media Limited. 2009-12-31. Archived from
798:"Chinese billionaire with ambitions to reshape investment models"
445:, in December 2005, Shanda announced that its three major games
2042:"Legg Mason Deepens Ties With Largest Shareholder Shanda Group"
1872:"Shanda Literature Acquires Controlling Stake in Rival Company"
1687:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1325:
901:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
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1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
825:"Book publishers fear advance of digital 'glacier' - Feature"
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
1652:"Tencent-Cloudary Merger Reshapes Chinese Online Publishing"
1057:
1055:
2102:"The Mysterious Case of the Missing Internet Billionaire"
550:
In 2008, Shanda Interactive paid $ 80 million to acquire
1963:
1381:"Shanda chief vows to steer clear of Wall Street wisdom"
993:
991:
989:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1000:"Shanda Interactive CEO offers to take company private"
1782:"Shanda Literature Will Sue Baidu.com In January 2010"
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1617:"Shanda Interactive moves into reader-generated books"
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1284:
1282:
1260:"Shanda aims to raise US$ 200m through Nasdaq listing"
1584:"Shanda reports 1 million paying Aion users in China"
1524:"Shanda to sell 4 mln Sina Corp shares for 129.6 mln"
357:
in-house. WeMade considered the game to be a copy of
1985:"Entertainment Titan's New Career -- Beijing Review"
1844:"Shanda Interactive's Shareholders Back Buyout Plan"
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
709:
707:
705:
214:
204:
175:
165:
131:
109:
85:
70:
60:
50:
24:
1923:"Shanda CEO Proposes to Acquire all Public Shares"
1676:
1674:
1672:
1151:
1149:
1090:
1088:
1086:
2014:"China's Shanda ups stake in Lending Club to 15%"
1474:
1472:
1121:
1119:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
1800:
1798:
1064:"Shanda Interactive CEO to take company private"
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
283:. Shanda Interactive later diversified and its
635:, In 2018, the company opened Shanda World, a
1683:"For many Chinese, literary dreams go online"
930:"Oy, What A Shanda: Chinese Gaming IPO Flops"
8:
1897:"Shanda Interactive Net Fell 58% in Last Q4"
849:
847:
845:
392:in May 2004, raising $ 152 million with the
19:
1315:
1313:
1096:"Top 10 biggest IPOs by game manufacturers"
570:company at $ 2.3 billion. According to the
578:2014-onwards: Shanda Group investment firm
28:Shanda Interactive Entertainment Limited (
18:
1806:"Baidu beaten in landmark copyright case"
1510:"Motorola to carry Shanda wireless games"
1450:"Shanda shake-up delivers boost to sales"
1417:"Shanda profit hit by free-to-play model"
595:. After acquiring a 9.9 percent stake in
361:and sued, reaching a settlement in 2009.
2153:Video game companies established in 1999
1157:"Shanda buys large stake in Sina portal"
655:As of 2018, Shanda Group has offices in
261:Shanda Interactive Entertainment Limited
2173:Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
1349:"China's richest get gloriously richer"
1062:Chatterjee, Soham (November 22, 2011).
701:
2040:Jamerson, Joshua (December 19, 2016).
1738:. press.idoican.com.cn. Archived from
2178:Chinese companies established in 1999
998:Sayantani, Ghosh (October 17, 2011).
796:Vasagar, Jeevan (December 26, 2016).
546:2009-2013: Spinoffs and privatization
7:
1842:Barboza, David (February 15, 2012).
923:
921:
919:
1321:"China's Shanda buys stake in Sina"
1230:Fair, Stephan (November 28, 2005).
388:. Shanda Interactive listed on the
1681:Farrar, Lara (February 15, 2009).
1650:Xiang, Tracey (January 27, 2015).
1448:Dickie, Mure (February 13, 2007).
1415:Dickie, Mure (February 28, 2006).
1291:"Shanda to sell 40% of Sina stake"
1195:Flannery, Russell (May 23, 2005).
43:Shèngdà Hùdòng Yúlè Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
14:
2158:Video game companies of Singapore
2012:McLannahan, Ben (June 20, 2016).
1870:Boog, Jason (February 23, 2010).
1784:. China Tech News.com. 2009-12-23
1582:Cifaldi, Frank (April 22, 2009).
897:"In Search of China's Bill Gates"
296:1999-2003: Start in online gaming
239:investment firm. With offices in
2163:Video game development companies
1999:"China's five richest investors"
1921:Yang, Joyce (October 17, 2011).
1615:Takahashi, Dean (July 3, 2008).
1258:Logan, Michael (April 6, 2004).
1033:Rege, Alyssa (August 17, 2017).
895:Roth, Daniel (October 4, 2004).
827:. Earthtimes.org. Archived from
2183:1999 establishments in Shanghai
365:2004-2005: IPO and acquisitions
969:"Shanda Entertainment History"
685:List of asset management firms
647:technology and neuroscience."
408:Shanda purchased about 20% of
42:
1:
1289:Dao, Wen (November 8, 2006).
690:List of venture capital firms
637:large development in Shanghai
433:2005-2007: Free-to-play model
1734:Zhang, Leijie (2009-12-28).
521:2008-2009: Shanda Literature
329:licensing the game from the
16:Chinese video game developer
2127:Felda Hardymon, Ann Lemon,
2199:
1487:. SOHU.com. Archived from
353:, developing its own game
299:
1197:"House of Flying Fingers"
33:
2068:Shanda (June 22, 2022).
1479:Tang, Jun (2007-02-13).
1265:South China Morning Post
854:Lv, Jiayu (2009-04-26).
601:Community Health Systems
2130:Harvard Business School
2070:"Shanda Fund Portfolio"
2047:The Wall Street Journal
1039:Beckers Hospital Review
394:initial public offering
314:. With headquarters in
761:"Shanda Group Pte Ltd"
2168:Video game publishers
422:Universal Music Group
457:would be forever be
1389:. December 15, 2005
1386:The Financial Times
1329:. February 21, 2005
1165:. February 21, 2005
420:and partnered with
355:The World of Legend
310:, Chrissy Luo, and
266:The World of Legend
206:Number of employees
133:Number of locations
21:
2132:case no. 9-805-091
1849:The New York Times
1532:. February 9, 2007
2108:. 15 August 2017.
402:convertible notes
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721:. Archived from
711:
564:Tencent Holdings
455:Legend of Mir II
439:Legend of Mir II
325:Legend of Mir II
222:
44:
35:
22:
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2019:Financial Times
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1104:. June 17, 2014
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645:virtual reality
580:
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523:
489:World of Legend
475:World of Legend
435:
414:internet portal
374:World of Legend
370:Legend of Mir 2
367:
351:Legend of Mir 2
304:
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65:Investment firm
17:
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736:"Contacts"
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