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civilians who vehemently opposed the destruction of the city and organized themselves to protect infrastructure facilities within the city. As a result, the nationalist plan of destroying the city and transferring the wealth was not carried out fully as it had planned. The defenders' naval assets also faced great difficulties in that it was forced to fight on the attacker's turf: the inland riverine navigational channels were simply too narrow for the naval vessels to maneuver and they become sitting ducks for the communist's long range shore batteries. After many extraordinarily brave but completely futile engagements by the outgunned nationalist naval assets which resulted in seven nationalist naval vessels damaged, it was painfully obvious that the naval asset must withdraw in the hopeless fights. When the nationalist naval fleet was forced to withdraw on May 23, 1949, the communist's attempt to cut off the defenders' maritime escape route succeeded, and the sea to the east of
Gaoqiao was blockaded by the PLA.
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communist control. The communist's offensive continued during the day with the communist 26th Army took
Dachang and Jiangwan, and the communist 25th Army and the 29th Army took Wusong and Baoshan, while the communist 28th Army and the 33rd Army took Yanghang. At night, the communist 27th Army, 23rd Army and a portion of the 20th Army crossed the Suzhou Creek under the cover of darkness, and regions north of the creek fell into the attackers' hands. The deputy commander of the Shanghai defense, the commander of the Shanghai garrison, General Liu Changyi (刘昌义) was forced to surrender.
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force. To prevent the defenders from transferring large amount of wealth via sea, a pincer movement would be launched from both the east and west, targeting Wusong, so that the defenders' escape route via sea would be cut and the city would be attacked afterward and by isolating the defenders into separate pockets, and then the city would be taken by decimating the isolated defenders.
921:, Jinshanwei (金山卫), Fengxian, Nanhui, Qingpu, Songjiang, threatened the flank of the defenders at Chuansha. The nationalist 51st Army was forced to be redeployed from the city to strengthen the defense of Bailonggang (白龙港), Lin's Family's Pier (Linjia Matou, 林家码头) and other positions at outer defensive zones. Meanwhile, the communist X Corps succeeded in taking
933:, and continued their attack on Yuepu, Yanghang, and Liuhang. However, from their concrete bunkers and with the help of naval and air support, the defenders held on and when the nationalist 99th Division of the 21st Army was redeployed from the city to Yuepu, Yanghang, and Liuhang for reinforcement, the defenders was able to beat back the attackers.
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The campaign had cost the city's defenders heavily. 50,000 defenders including the nationalist commander-in-chief Tang Enbo managed to escape via sea, but the entire 37th Army, the 51st Army and the 5 Traffic Police
Divisions were defeated, while the nationalist 12th Army, 21st Army, 52nd Army, 75th
984:
At the night of May 25, 1949, the communist 31st Army took
Gaoqiao with the help of the communist 30th Army after fierce battle, and by the noon of May 26, 1949, the last defense in Pudong was wiped out. By May 27, 1949, the city had fallen into the communist control. Soon afterward, the communist
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After ten days of fierce fighting, the defenders suffered more than 20,000 casualties and lost all of the positions in the outer defensive perimeters. However, this might not be a bad thing because the defenders were able to concentrate their force in the city. The attacking army was well aware of
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In case of the defenders were successful in transferring materials away from the city, the attackers also prepared large amount of food and coal for the civilian population, and over 5,000 communist civilian cadres were also drafted to take over the administrative functions after the city was taken.
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X Corps had managed to take Yuepu and the
International Broadcasting Station, and annihilated the defenders stationed at Liuhang. Meanwhile, the communist IX Corps had managed to take Zhoupu (周浦) and Chuansha, and completely annihilated the nationalist 51st Army defending Bailonggang, and isolated
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After the setback, the
Communists adjusted their tactic by adopting small formations to take one bunker at a time, and with the rapid utilization of the experienced gained in fighting against the fortified positions consisted of concrete bunkers, the speed of attack was greatly accelerated. By May
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Under the cover of darkness, the communist 23rd Army and the 27th Army penetrated the city from
Xujiahui and Longhua respectively while the communist 20th Army crossed the Huangpu River at Gaochangmiao (高昌庙) and by the dawn of May 25, 1949, everything south of the Suzhou Creek was firmly under the
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placed posters stating: "Confiscate the properties of the privileged families and bureaucratic capitalists!" on the walls of the building. Administrative function began to return to normal on the third day of the city's capture, with 300 truckloads of political workers and officials entering into
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The assault on the city begun at the night of May 23, 1949 when the communist 29th Army took the high ground in the southern suburb under the cover of darkness, while the communist 28th Army penetrated to Wusong and shelled the pier. On May 24, 1949, the communist 20th Army took Pudong and the
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railway, in order to prevent any foreign intervention that never came. The primary goal of the communists was to take the city with minimal damage to the city and minimal civilian casualties, so that future reconstruction would be easy by utilizing the existing infrastructure and skilled labor
950:
To secure the escape route via sea, the nationalist 75th Army was redeployed from the city to reinforce
Gaoqiao, but after two armies and a division were withdrawn from the city to reinforce the positions of outer defensive perimeters, there was not enough force within the city to suppress the
687:, were defended by a total of 20 divisions (including all of the armored force) belonging to the 21st Army, the 51st Army, the 52nd Army, the 54th Army, the 75th Army and the 123rd Army. The 12th Army and the 35th Army totaled five divisions and the naval and air assets were tasked to defend
1001:
Another mistake committed by the nationalists was strategic in nature: spending too many resources defending a political symbol instead of focusing on evacuating the city and transferring the wealth. Much of the nationalists’ military resources were spent at
Shanghai, leaving other regions
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Army, and the 123rd Army were badly mauled. Total nationalist casualties numbered more than 153,000. In addition to the city, more than 1,370 artillery pieces of various caliber, 1,161 automobiles, 11 naval vessels and 119 tanks and armored vehicles were captured intact.
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already boarded naval ships on May 18, 1949, realized the inevitable and in order to strengthen the defense around the pier at Wusong, ordered the surviving 6th
Division of the nationalist 75th Army at Gaoqiao to withdraw to Yuepu, and the nationalist units north of
699:, in order to secure the escape route via sea. The nationalist force defending the city totaled more than 210,000. The buildings in the city were perfect defending positions which were further boosted by large amount of the concrete bunkers built.
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during the campaign. As a result, not only was the city lost to the communists in a relatively intact state, along with a great portion of its wealth, but many other surrounding regions also fell, enriching the communist forces.
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The Communist entry into Shanghai was warmly received. Communist forces were ordered to disturb the city as little as possible, and soldiers slept on the streets rather than disturb people in their homes. Employees of the
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this situation and adjusted their tactic once again: the 23rd Army of the communist VII Corps and the 25th Army of the communist VIII Corps were assigned to help the communist IX Corps and X Corps to take the city.
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The other prong of the communist pincer movement included the 20th Army, the 27th Army, 30th Army, and the 31st Army of the communist IX Corps and a part of communist Artillery Column. Two armies would attack from
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The campaign began on May 12, 1949, when the planned assaults on the outer defense perimeters of the city had begun. Two days later, the communist IX Corps succeeded in taking regions included
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was tasked to take the city. The communists massed more than 290,000 troops totaled 10 armies to attack the city, while the communist 2nd Field Army under the commander-in-chief
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the nationalist 12th Army at Gaoqiao, while cutting off the links between the nationalist 37 Army at Pudong with other nationalist units via land.
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and badly mauled the defending force, and by June 2, 1949, the campaign had ended with the communist victory completed.
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1215:: A Collection of Military Records and Research Publications of Important Campaigns in the Liberation War
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when the situation permitted, and then attack the city from the east, south and west.
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Records of the Liberation War: The Decisive Battle of Two Kinds of Fates
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The nationalist commander divided the city into two sectors along the
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to withdraw to Wusong, for the preparation to withdraw via sea.
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1055:, 1st Edition, Social Scientific Literary Publishing House in
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25:
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Heroic Division and Iron Horse: Records of the Liberation War
1239:, 1st Edition, Military Scientific Publishing House in
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153,000 (included those who surrendered and defected)
1217:, 1st Edition, Central Literary Publishing House in
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The PLA 3rd Field Army under the commander-in-chief
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34,000 (8,000 killed; 24,122 wounded; 1,951 missing)
968:and Hongqiao. The nationalist commander-in-chief,
1118:Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
1112:Literary and Historical Research Committee of the
1074:, 1st Edition, Chinese Youth Publishing House in
655:in 1949 and provided around a third of the total
53:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
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1189:History of the Chinese People's Liberation War
964:communist 27th Army took the train station at
1270:
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8:
1606:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
1191:, 1st Edition, Archives Publishing House in
615:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
553:was a series of battles fought between the
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663:Defending force: the nationalist strategy
635:Learn how and when to remove this message
84:Learn how and when to remove this message
1795:
1172:Literature and Art Publishing House in
1040:History of the People's Liberation Army
703:Attacking force: the communist strategy
1164:Wang, Xingsheng, and Zhang, Jingshan,
456:Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)
7:
691:, with emphasis on regions included
613:adding citations to reliable sources
1051:Zhu, Zongzhen and Wang, Chaoguang,
118:People's Liberation Army troops on
21:Battle of Shanghai (disambiguation)
1150:Party History Publishing House in
985:25th Army launched its assault on
647:With a population of six million,
14:
1805:"CHINA: The Communists Have Come"
1839:Battles of the Chinese Civil War
1746:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
1430:
1417:
1398:
1382:
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1364:
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1030:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
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421:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
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1735:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
884:The 25th Army of the VIII Corps
249:Nanking-Shanghai Garrison Corps
1231:Tang, Yilu and Bi, Jianzhong,
881:The 23rd Army of the VII Corps
824:Republic of China Armed Forces
711:and deputy commander-in-chief
444:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
16:1949 Chinese military campaign
1:
1775:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
1750:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
1342:Constitutional ROC Government
1128:People's Publishing House in
1097:People's Publishing House in
1072:History of the Liberation War
902:The 31st Army of the IX Corps
899:The 30th Army of the IX Corps
890:The 27th Army of the IX Corps
878:The 20th Army of the IX Corps
528:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
1849:Military history of Shanghai
1764:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
1500:Chinese Communist Revolution
905:The 33rd Army of the X Corps
896:The 29th Army of the X Corps
893:The 28th Army of the X Corps
887:The 26th Army of the X Corps
1360:Republic of China on Taiwan
1328:National Revolutionary Army
1296:Principal belligerents and
1035:National Revolutionary Army
569:in the latter stage of the
134:May 12, 1949 – June 2, 1949
122:, Shanghai, on May 23, 1949
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1572:Fujian People's Government
1438:People's Republic of China
863:5 Traffic Police Divisions
18:
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1292:
1237:in Chinese Liberation War
561:(CCP) for the control of
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1423:People's Liberation Army
1235:People's Liberation Army
1170:People's Liberation Army
869:People's Liberation Army
651:was the largest city in
261:People's Liberation Army
39:This article includes a
1562:Chinese Soviet Republic
1538:Autumn Harvest Uprising
730:and Dongxiang (东乡) via
659:of China by that time.
559:Chinese Communist Party
434:Autumn Harvest Uprising
428:First Phase (1927–1937)
68:more precise citations.
1760:Hainan Island campaign
1639:Double Tenth Agreement
1635:Chongqing Negotiations
1552:Encirclement campaigns
1166:Chinese Liberation War
1053:Liberation War History
857:The 1st Naval District
683:, and Golden Mountain
565:, the largest city in
439:Encirclement campaigns
268:Commanders and leaders
185:Republic of China Army
1649:Jiaochangkou Incident
1243:, 1993 – 1997,
1017:Central Bank of China
538:Cross-strait conflict
359:Casualties and losses
908:The Artillery Column
609:improve this section
19:For other uses, see
1803:TIME (1949-06-06).
1602:Second United Front
1522:Nanjing–Wuhan split
1470:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
1319:National Government
1233:History of Chinese
721:political commissar
1542:Guangzhou Uprising
1480:First United Front
533:China–Burma border
41:list of references
1834:Conflicts in 1949
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1704:Liaoshen campaign
1686:Yu Zisan Incident
1653:Peiping rape case
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1534:Nanchang uprising
1530:Little Long March
1518:Shanghai massacre
1308:Nationalist Party
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1205:Liu Wusheng,
1204:
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1201:7-80019-338-1
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1100:
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1081:
1077:
1073:
1070:Zhang, Ping,
1069:
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1065:7-80149-207-2
1062:
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854:The 35th Army
853:
851:The 12th Army
850:
847:
845:The 75th Army
844:
842:The 54th Army
841:
839:The 52nd Army
838:
836:The 51st Army
835:
833:The 21st Army
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724:Deng Xiaoping
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491:Yangtze River
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74:November 2020
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1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1798:
1792:
1739:
1728:
1697:
1674:
1526:715 Incident
1363:
1232:
1206:
1188:
1165:
1143:
1142:Li, Zuomin,
1121:
1099:Shijiazhuang
1090:
1071:
1052:
1013:
1000:
996:
983:
979:
975:Suzhou Creek
962:
953:
949:
946:Second stage
935:
916:
866:
821:
812:
802:and east of
772:
741:
706:
666:
646:
631:
622:
607:Please help
595:
555:nationalists
550:
548:
495:
464:
419:
312:Chou Tse-jou
172:Belligerents
120:Nanjing Road
80:
71:
60:Please help
52:
1490:Canton Coup
1089:Jie, Lifu,
959:Third stage
913:First stage
867:Attackers:
822:Defenders:
717:Liu Bocheng
297:Liu Changyi
288:Liu Yuzhang
66:introducing
1828:Categories
1814:2024-09-14
1673:Operation
1582:Long March
1046:References
726:massed at
463:Operation
449:Long March
228:123rd Army
1771:1950–1958
1710:1948–1949
1675:Beleaguer
1669:1945–1949
1659:1945–1947
1598:1937–1946
1578:1934–1936
1568:1933–1934
1558:1931–1934
1548:1930–1934
1496:1927–1949
1455:Post-1945
1298:campaigns
970:Tang Enbo
939:communist
806:, taking
800:Songjiang
782:, toward
744:28th Army
596:does not
517:Aftermath
506:Guningtou
465:Beleaguer
321:Fang Chih
279:Tang Enbo
242:35th Army
235:12th Army
221:75th Army
214:54th Army
207:52nd Army
200:51st Army
193:21st Army
161:Communist
1742:Incident
1740:Amethyst
1731:Incident
1700:incident
1451:Pre-1945
1388:Red Army
1221:, 1993,
1195:, 1992,
1176:, 2001,
1154:, 2004,
1132:, 1987,
1101:, 1990,
1078:, 1987,
1059:, 2000,
1024:See also
966:Xujiahui
792:Chuansha
784:Fengxian
748:Changshu
732:Zhejiang
649:Shanghai
625:May 2023
563:Shanghai
557:and the
523:Xinjiang
496:Shanghai
476:Liaoshen
346:Strength
146:Shanghai
141:Location
104:Part of
1698:Kiangya
1241:Beijing
1219:Beijing
1213:Beijing
1193:Beijing
1174:Beijing
1152:Beijing
1076:Beijing
1057:Beijing
1008:Wenzhou
993:Outcome
927:Kunshan
923:Taicang
804:Jiaxing
780:Wujiang
764:Jiading
760:Taicang
756:Kunshan
754:toward
736:Jiangxi
709:Chen Yi
697:Gaoqiao
685:Jinshan
681:Jiaxing
677:Kunshan
673:Taicang
617:removed
602:sources
577:Prelude
511:Wanshan
486:Pingjin
481:Huaihai
354:290,000
351:210,000
331:Chen Yi
163:victory
62:improve
1435:
1247:
1225:
1209:Yan'an
1199:
1180:
1158:
1136:
1105:
1086:(pbk.)
1082:
1063:
1004:Ningbo
919:Pinghu
808:Qingpu
796:Pudong
788:Nanhui
776:Nanxun
762:, and
752:Suzhou
728:Jinhua
693:Wusong
689:Pudong
501:Hainan
299:
157:Result
1207:From
1184:(set)
1130:Hefei
1126:Anhui
1114:Anhui
1109:(set)
1095:Hebei
1067:(set)
931:Liuhe
713:Su Yu
653:China
567:China
340:Su Yu
47:, or
1809:TIME
1756:1950
1724:1949
1692:1948
1682:1947
1645:1946
1631:1945
1613:1944
1588:1936
1506:1927
1486:1926
1476:1924
1466:1923
1412:etc.
1245:ISBN
1223:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1061:ISBN
1006:and
778:and
750:and
719:and
600:any
598:cite
549:The
131:Date
1696:SS
1211:to
657:GDP
611:by
1830::
1807:.
1425:)
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1817:.
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605:.
396:e
389:t
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23:.
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