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308:. By slow degrees, and despite the many difficulties, the community not only retained a good deal of cohesion but did begin to flourish, both economically and culturally. By the mid-1930s there were two Russian schools, as well as a variety of cultural and sporting clubs. There were Russian-language newspapers and a radio station. An important part was also played by the local
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plays the only child of
Russian aristocrats who escaped, during the Russian Revolution, to Shanghai, where she subsequently was born. Her parents died there when she was thirteen; she was the mistress of a gangster at fourteen. Asked how she has come to live in Hong Kong, she replies, "Well, there
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The
Japanese formed a bureau for the Russian emigrees; it provided identification papers necessary to live, work and travel. The Shanghai Russians were left to choose between a Soviet citizenship or to remain stateless by support of the bureau. The stateless Russians were officially favoured by the
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Although free, and relatively secure, conditions for the émigrés were far from ideal. For one thing they were all stateless, as the Soviet government had revoked the citizenship of all political exiles in 1921. The only travel document most of them had was the
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This was made worse by the barriers to employment opportunities, which in this international city required a good command of
English or French as a minimum requirement. There were whole families that depended on wives or daughters who made a living as
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But it was the contribution that
Russian women made to the entertainment industry, dancing and otherwise, that gave the city its exotic reputation, noted in the guidebooks of the day. A fictionalized portrayal of their predicament is presented in the
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the Soviet Union, they were in an even more sensitive situation. To separate the anti-Soviet
Russians from the Soviet Russians, the former were ordered to wear a badge with the colours of the Czar — later a white numbered disk of aluminium.
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regime, but in reality, they were not trusted and were exposed to a great risk of being arrested as spies for the Soviet Union. They were also often enlisted in the army for work along the border with the Soviet Union. After 1941, when
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The
Shanghai Russians survived through the difficult days of the Japanese occupation, but left in the end with the advance of the Communists. They were forced to flee, first to a
293:(hired dancing partners). A survey by the League of Nations in 1935 reportedly found that some 22% of Shanghai Russian women between 16 and 45 years of age were engaging in
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factory, and subsequently a restaurant. The municipal government terminated the lease of the cathedral to the restaurant in 2004. The building became a bookshop in 2019.
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Some did find professional work, teaching music or French. Other women took work as dressmakers, shop assistants and hairdressers. Many men became career soldiers of the
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244:, a large number gravitated towards Shanghai, a freeport at the time, requiring no visa or work-permit for entry. For this same reason it was later to become a
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145:. By 1937 an estimated up to 25,000 Russians lived in the city; they formed the largest European group there by far. Most of them had come from the
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and
Shanghai, the Russian tea merchants started to settle in the commercial capital of China. About 350 Russian citizens resided within the
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statue, funded by public subscription and unveiled on the centenary of the poet's death, was smashed by the
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was opened in 1896. The old building of the consulate, still occupied by the
Russian diplomats, ranks among
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The bulk of the
Russian exile community relocated to Shanghai from Vladivostok following the fall of the
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In the late 19th century, the
Russian imperial government was shifting the focus of its investment to
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over the following years. Barred by both distance and money from joining established communities in
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362:) achieved a dominance over the city's foreign-run orchestra. The most famous Russian singer,
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Transcending the Borders of Countries, Languages, and Disciplines in Russian Émigré Culture
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A group of Russian émigrés arriving in Shanghai. A photograph from the newspaper
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http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/n46669/n48081/n48088/u22ai127179.html
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477:. The Russian monuments of Shanghai did not escape the ravages of the
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354:), contributing to the development of the local Western-style
554:"Russian Noon: A Look at White Émigré Life in 1930s Shanghai"
232:, attracted by the booming economy of Shanghai, moved to the
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in 1966. It was subsequently restored in 1987. The Orthodox
686:
Shanghai: The Rise and Fall of a Decadent City, 1842–1949
661:
Port of Last Resort: The Diaspora Communities of Shanghai
598:
Flamm, Christoph; Marti, Roland; Raev, Ada, eds. (2018).
574:
Port of Last Resort: The Diaspora Communities of Shanghai
532:
Newham, Fraser (2005). "The White Russians of Shanghai".
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had maintained a presence as late as the autumn of 1922.
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Many exiles set up restaurants in the district known as
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was another war, another revolution — so here we are."
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Expatriates in the Shanghai International Settlement
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577:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
201:in 1905. In order to protect their interests, the
304:, the only professional/standing unit within the
671:Empire Made Me: An Englishman Adrift in Shanghai
449:Russian Orthodox Church in Shanghai around 1948
772:
106:
8:
642:The Status of the Russian Emigrants in China
536:. Vol. 55, no. 12. pp. 20–27.
281:they did not have the benefits conferred by
752:Link to St Nicholas of Shanghai with photos
224:'s squadron alone brought several thousand
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813:
779:
765:
757:
113:
99:
31:
647:The American Journal of International Law
366:, relocated from Paris to Shanghai; and
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15:
695:Website of the Russian Club in Shanghai
552:Kamalakaran, Ajay (18 September 2015).
524:
39:
547:
545:
543:
1276:Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states
7:
673:. Allen Lane/Penguin Books, 2003.
649:, vol. 28, 1934, pp. 562–565.
571:Ristaino, Marcia Reynders (2001).
314:John of Shanghai and San Francisco
14:
1300:Chinese people of Russian descent
604:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
246:refuge for Jews fleeing the Nazis
234:Shanghai International Settlement
199:Shanghai International Settlement
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214:Provisional Priamurye Government
1320:Russian-Jewish diaspora in Asia
1305:Russian-Chinese culture by city
382:, had formerly danced with the
346:(around the Avenue Joffre, now
228:from Vladivostok in 1922. Many
416:During the Japanese occupation
1:
704:Russian Community in Shanghai
358:. Russian musicians (such as
277:. Unlike other foreigners in
656:, Berkeley/Los Angeles 1995.
654:Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937
411:Pushkin monument in Shanghai
473:; however, many settled in
151:the support of the Japanese
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817:Central and Eastern Europe
659:Marcia Reynders Ristaino,
506:, written and directed by
441:After the Second World War
312:under the guidance of St.
1272:
614:– via Google Books.
587:– via Google Books.
503:A Countess from Hong Kong
500:In the 1967 British film
302:Shanghai Russian Regiment
22:Russian Consulate-General
1315:White Russian emigration
336:The Russians in Shanghai
306:Shanghai Volunteer Corps
129:, a sizable part of the
465:and then mainly to the
310:Russian Orthodox Church
222:Oskar Victorovich Stark
171:Chinese Eastern Railway
1325:Jewish Chinese history
491:Church of St. Nicholas
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706:, by A. Khisamutdinov
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41:Ethnicity in Shanghai
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1153:United Arab Emirates
639:Anatol M. Kontenev,
424:Pushkin bust in 1937
372:Vladimir Tretchikoff
216:at the close of the
209:'s minor landmarks.
479:Cultural Revolution
364:Alexander Vertinsky
348:Middle Huaihai Road
283:extraterritoriality
259:, 23 February 1930.
257:Shankhaiskaya zarya
169:. It developed the
35:Part of a series on
652:Frederic Wakeman,
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426:
413:
401:The White Countess
370:was seen on tour.
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191:Liaodong Peninsula
30:
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953:
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611:978-1-5275-0535-3
457:on the island of
380:George Gontcharov
352:French Concession
325:Vladimir Zhiganov
275:League of Nations
264:Living conditions
218:Russian Civil War
203:Russian consulate
127:Shanghai Russians
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1274:Related topics:
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795:Russian diaspora
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368:Fyodor Chaliapin
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297:to some extent.
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147:Russian Far East
133:, flourished in
131:Russian diaspora
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230:Harbin Russians
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1142:Russian Jews
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933:Other states
893:Turkmenistan
871:Central Asia
730:China portal
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692:(in Russian)
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455:refugee camp
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431:Nazi Germany
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295:prostitution
291:taxi dancers
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175:Heilongjiang
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141:between the
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26:Suzhou Creek
1243:Switzerland
1097:Afghanistan
1081:Philippines
1033:Albazinians
463:Philippines
396:James Ivory
328: [
195:Vladivostok
187:Port Arthur
183:Vladivostok
58: [
1294:Categories
1090:South Asia
919:Azerbaijan
898:Uzbekistan
888:Tajikistan
883:Kyrgyzstan
878:Kazakhstan
519:References
487:Red Guards
220:. Admiral
161:Background
143:World Wars
1264:Australia
1121:West Asia
1043:Hong Kong
1021:East Asia
1005:Venezuela
985:Guatemala
965:Argentina
862:Lithuania
475:Hong Kong
471:Australia
404:(2005).
350:, in the
334:'s album
173:first in
1217:Svalbard
1183:Bulgaria
1112:Pakistan
1048:Shanghai
958:Americas
907:Caucasus
207:the Bund
177:linking
135:Shanghai
82:Russians
72:Japanese
1257:Oceania
1223:Romania
1203:Germany
1188:Croatia
1178:Belgium
1173:Austria
1148:Lebanon
1000:Uruguay
945:Moldova
940:Finland
924:Georgia
914:Armenia
852:Estonia
834:Ukraine
824:Belarus
807:or the
802:Former
483:Pushkin
461:in the
459:Tubabao
434:invaded
384:Bolshoi
189:on the
77:Koreans
67:Uyghurs
1238:Sweden
1228:Serbia
1213:Norway
1208:Greece
1198:France
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1038:Harbin
990:Mexico
975:Canada
970:Brazil
857:Latvia
829:Poland
677:
608:
581:
481:. The
388:Moscow
338:(1936)
242:Berlin
179:Harbin
155:Whites
153:, the
1233:Spain
1107:Nepal
1102:India
1065:Korea
1060:Japan
1028:China
980:Chile
645:, in
398:film
332:]
279:China
238:Paris
139:China
62:]
1278:and
1133:Iran
1014:Asia
809:USSR
675:ISBN
606:ISBN
579:ISBN
469:and
240:and
125:The
87:Jews
20:The
386:in
181:to
24:by
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542:^
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330:ru
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