Shanidar Cave - Knowledge (XXG)

425:. He also suffered from a withered right arm which had been fractured in several places. A fracture of the individual's C5 vertebrae is thought to have caused damage to his muscle function (specifically the deltoids and biceps) of the right arm. Shanidar 1 healed, but this caused the loss of his lower arm and hand. This is thought to be either congenital, a result of childhood disease and trauma, or due to an amputation later in his life. The sharp point caused by a distal fracture of the individual's right humerus points towards this theory of amputation. If the arm was amputated, this demonstrates one of the earliest signs of surgery on a living individual. The arm had healed, but the injury may have caused some paralysis down his right side, leading to deformities in his lower legs and feet. Studies show that this individual had suffered from two broken legs. This would have resulted in him walking with a pronounced, painful limp. These findings in Shanidar 1's skeleton propose that he was unlikely to be able to provide for himself in a Neanderthal society. 45: 289:, part of the University of Michigan Expedition to justify the Near East, first explored the site with a sounding in 1951. He returned in 1953, under the auspices of the Directorate General of Antiquities of Iraq and the Smithsonian Institution, for another sounding. The first human body, Mousterian age, possibly Neanderthal, infant, was found. The next season, in 1956–57, conducted soundings at two nearby village sites and continued work at the Shanidar Cave. Three Neanderthal unfossilized skeletons were found at the cave. One was nearly complete (Shanidar I - field catalog no. 504 III), one was fragmentary (Shanidar III - field catalog no. 384 III), and for one only the skull was excavated at that time (Shanidar II - field catalog no. 618 III). Two Neolithic skeletons were also recovered, an infant and female teenager (with grave goods). Frequent use of explosives, up to eight sticks at a time, were employed in these excavations. 465: 409: 293:

former was presumed male and the later female based on size. The badly damaged and scattered remains of one adult Neanderthal male was designated Shanidar V. After the field material had been processed and analyzed more Neanderthal remains were declared. Shanidar 9 was an infant represented only by vertebrae. The remains of Shanidar 9 were discovered in the removal of Shanidar 4 when encasing it in sediment block and transporting it to the Baghdad Museum. Shanidar 8 was an adult with partial fragmentary skeleton. Shanidar 6 and 7 were skull, teeth and partial skeleton, all fragmentary. Shanidar 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 were found as individual burials while the other remains were found in a single compressed block.

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remains after death being that the position of the skull and mandible of Shanidar 1 were not natural. Examinations of other sites will be integral in understanding and analyzing the activity of the remains after death of those found in the Shanidar cave. Additional work is being conducted on the faunal remains found in Layer D at the University of Chicago to analyze butchery activity. Many remains found had cut marks that where caused by flint items which correlates to butchery practices.

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Trinkaus suggested that Shanidar 5 had its cranium deformed intentionally as an infant. However, this implication was overruled due to the fact that the curve was missing after the correction of a misplaced cranium bone fragment. Still, the frontal mid sagittal angle of this individual was very flat at 147º. The cranium shows signs of endocranial hyperostosis where plaques are found in the left and right side of the frontal crest and in the front area of sagittal sinus.

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significant disabilities has also provided the basis for conjecture about Neanderthal social behavior. According to paleoanthropologist Erik Trinkaus, Shanidar 1 must have been aided by others in order to survive his injuries. Due to the chronic effects of trauma, it was unlikely that this individual could independently provide for his family, so his post-injury lifespan may imply that he was kept alive due to his high social status or valuable cultural knowledge.

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the injury with the object still embedded. The angle of the wound rules out self-infliction, but is consistent with an accidental or purposeful stabbing by another individual. Recent research has suggested that the injury may have been caused by a long range projectile. This would be the earliest example of inter-personal or inter-specific violence in the human fossil record and the only such example amongst Neanderthals. The presence of

297: 640:, which is common in the Shanidar microfauna and whose burrowing activity can be observed today". Despite his conclusions that flowers were unlikely to have been deliberately placed, Petitt nevertheless concludes that the Shanidar burials, because they happened over so many years, represent a deliberate mortuary practice by Neanderthals. It has also been suggested that some of the pollen was deposited by nesting solitary bees. 90: 473:

rocks falling from the cave's ceiling, which crushed his skull and bones significantly. The skull had been compressed by about 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in). Much of his bones were missing when discovered, and the left tibia had teeth marks. Scavengers likely disposed of parts of his remains. There is evidence that Shanidar 2 was given a ritual send-off: a small pile of stones with some worked stone points (made out of

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vertebrae, 8 ribs, and miscellaneous other bones. The arrangement of the broken skeletal remains was thought to have been due to animals intervening after death. Radiocarbon results put the date at about 46,000 before the present day. Some years later a small correction to the original cranial reconstruction was found. During the recent excavations more pieces of Shanidar 5 were found

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other lineages from Africa that share this diet and was culturally motivated which may indicate that the Neanderthals in the Shanidar cave may have possibly changed their diet for cultural reasons. In Layer B, dating back to approximately 12,000 years ago, Ralph S. Solecki found numerous snail shells which may indicate the Shanidar maintained this diet for some time.

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Severe changes to the individual's incisors and a flattened capitulum show additional evidence towards Shanidar 1 suffering from a degenerative disease. Additionally, analysis shows that Shanidar 1 likely suffered from profound hearing loss, as his left ear canal was partially blocked and his right ear canal was completely blocked by

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were excavated and discovered in significant amounts and thought to be part of the Shanidar diet. It is unclear whether this diet was caused from cultural change or a change in the environment that lead to changes in previous foods as seen in the analysis of size decrease in goats. However, there are

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This evidence has also led to speculation about Neanderthals' capacity for altruistic behavior and the presence of ethos in the Neanderthal communities. The discovery of stone tools found in proximity to these individuals demonstrates that Neanderthals exhibited the intelligence to make everyday life

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During the course of the individual's life, he had suffered a violent blow to the left side of his face, creating a crushing fracture to his left orbit which would have left him partially or totally blind in one eye. Research by Ján Lietava shows that the individual exhibits "atypically worn teeth".

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Shanidar 3 was a 40- to 50-year-old male, found in the same grave as Shanidar 1 and 2. A wound to the left 9th rib suggests that the individual died of complications from a stab wound by a sharp implement. Bone growth around the wound indicates that Shanidar 3 lived for at least several weeks after

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The cranium of Shanidar 5 was reconstructed by Erik Trinkaus and his colleagues beginning 1976 and was finalized in 1994 after correcting a couple of errors caught in the process. During the process of reconstruction, there were discussions suggesting signs of intentional cranial deformation. Erik

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were found nearby. The jird is known to store large numbers of seeds and flowers at certain points in their burrows and this argument was used in conjunction with the lack of ritual treatment of the rest of the skeletons in the cave to suggest that the Shanidar 4 burial had natural, not cultural,

505:, possibly armed with projectile weapons, in western Asia around the same time has been taken to imply that this injury may have resulted from inter-species conflict. However, spears produced by Neanderthals 300,000-400,000 years BP were likely used as projectiles. Shanidar 3 also suffered from a 480:

Shanidar 2 had a "higher cranial vault", and other skull proportions that did not quite match up to the average Neanderthal skull. This may prove that the Neanderthals of Shanidar had more of a "morphology of anatomically modern humans" than other Neanderthals, or that the group was very diverse.

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Shanidar 2 was a Neanderthal male around the age of 30 who suffered from slight arthritis, found lying on his right side. It is estimated that Shanidar 2 was 5 feet 2 inches (157 cm) in stature, which places him just below the average height of a male Neanderthal. He was killed by

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During the fourth season, in 1960, a largely complete adult Neanderthal skeleton was recovered (Shanidar IV). Its state was considerably more fragile than the earlier specimens. While extracting it bones of another Neanderthal, possibly two, were noted and tentatively designated Shanidar VI. The

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Investigations were conducted in 2014-2015 under the auspices of the Kurdistan Directorate of Antiquities. The remains found in the Shanidar cave are being reexamined to analyze the mortuary activity of the Neanderthal people who inhabited this area. There are various signs of activity with the

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Based on the healing of his injuries, Shanidar 1 lived with them for a substantial time before his death. Assuming that Neanderthals did perform surgery on Shanidar 1, his recovery demonstrates that their methods were successful in sustaining life. The prolonged survival of an individual with

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Shanidar 1 was an elderly Neanderthal male known as 'Nandy' to his excavators. He was aged between 30 and 45 years. Shanidar 1 had a cranial capacity of 1,600 cm, was around the height of 5 feet 7 inches (170 cm), and displayed severe signs of deformity. He was one of four

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The Shanidar 5 remains were found during the 1960 excavations, in layer D, about 4.5 meters below datum. He was an adult Neanderthal, thought to be male and around 40–50 years of age before death. He was caught in the same rockfall that killed Shanidar 2. Recovered were a cranium, 4 teeth, 1

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Pomeroy, E., Lahr, M. M., Crivellaro, F., Farr, L., Reynolds, T., Hunt, C. O., & Barker, G., "Newly discovered Neanderthal remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan, and their attribution to Shanidar 5.", Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 111, pp. 102-118,

282:, lies at 2,100 feet (640 m) above sea level. The cave entrance is triangular, 82 feet (25 m) wide by 26 feet (7.9 m) high. Its dimensions are, at maximum, 175 feet (53 m) wide, 45 feet (14 m) wide, and 130 feet (40 m) deep. 635:

has stated that the "deliberate placement of flowers has now been convincingly eliminated", noting that "A recent examination of the microfauna from the strata into which the grave was cut suggests that the pollen was deposited by the burrowing rodent

444:(DISH), also known as Forestier's disease. This diagnosis would make Shanidar 1 the oldest hominin specimen clearly presenting this systemic condition. The researchers found these bone growths in multiple places all over the partial skeleton. 1218:

Reynolds, T., et al., "New investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan.", In: Kopanias, K., MacGinnis, J. (Eds.), "The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions", Archaeopress, Oxford, pp. 357–360,

567:(or at least heads of plants) had been part of the grave deposit. Furthermore, a study of the particular flower types suggested that the flowers may have been chosen for their specific medicinal properties. 247:

remains were discovered here in 1953, including Shanidar 1, who survived several injuries, possibly due to care from others in his group, and Shanidar 4, the famed 'flower burial'. Until this discovery,

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Agelarakis, A.; Serpanos, Y. (2002). "Inner Ear Palaeopathological Manifestations, Causative Agents, and Implications Αffecting the Proto-Neolithic Homo sapiens Population of Shanidar Cave, Iraq".

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Churchill, Steven E.; Franciscus, Robert G.; McKean-Peraza, Hilary A.; Daniel, Julie A.; Warren, Brittany R. (August 2009). "Shanidar 3 Neandertal rib puncture wound and paleolithic weaponry".

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Pomeroy, Emma; Hunt, Chris O.; Reynolds, Tim; Abdulmutalb, Dlshad; Asouti, Eleni; Bennett, Paul; Bosch, Marjolein; Burke, Ariane; Farr, Lucy; Foley, Robert; French, Charles (September 2020).

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reasonably complete skeletons from the cave which displayed trauma-related abnormalities, which in his case would have been debilitating to the point of making day-to-day life painful.

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Solecki, R. S., "The Shanidar cave sounding, 1953 season, with notes concerning the discovery of the first Paleolithic skeleton in Iraq.", Sumer, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 229-232. 1953

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easier for themselves, and their cognitive ability may have surpassed basic comprehension to include characteristics such as humility and compassion commonly associated with

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and vegetational history of the site, were analysed eight years after its discovery. In two of the soil samples in particular, whole clumps of pollen were discovered by

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Sissakian, Varoujan K.. “Shanidar Cave - An Interesting Archaeological Site in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq.” UKH Journal of Science and Engineering, 3(2), pp. 1-9 (2019)

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Solecki, R. S., "A Paleolithic site in the zagros Mountains of northern Iraq. Report on a sounding at Shanidar cave. Part 1.", Sumer, vol. 8, no. 2. pp. 127-161, 1952

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Pomeroy, Emma; Bennett, Paul; Hunt, Chris O.; Reynolds, Tim; Farr, Lucy; Frouin, Marine; Holman, James; Lane, Ross; French, Charles; Barker, Graeme (February 2020).

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Pomeroy, Emma; Bennett, Paul; Hunt, Chris O.; Reynolds, Tim; Farr, Lucy; Frouin, Marine; Holman, James; Lane, Ross; French, Charles; Barker, Graeme (February 2020).

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Solecki. R. S., "A Paleolithic site in the Zagros Mountains, northern Iraq; Report on a sounding at Shanidar Cave, Part 2.", Sumer, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 60-93, 1953

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However, recent work has suggested that the pollen was perhaps introduced to the burial by animal action, as several burrows of a gerbil-like rodent known as the

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Solecki, R. S., "Shanidar Cave, a Paleolithic site in northern Iraq, and its relationship to the Stone Age of Iraq.", Sumer, vol. XI, no. 1, pp. 14-38, 1955

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This points to similarities between the two species, Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, but it does not show any inherited "relationships within that species".

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Trinkaus Erik; Stewart, T., "The Shanidar 3 Neanderthal; a fragmentary skeleton from Shanidar Cave, northern Iraq", Sumer, vol. 36, no. 1-2, pp. 9-35, 1980

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Solecki, RALPH S., "Note on a brief archeological reconnaissance of cave sites in the Rowanduz district of Iraq.", Sumer, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 37-44. 1952

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Kabukcu, Ceren, et al., "Cooking in caves: Palaeolithic carbonised plant food remains from Franchthi and Shanidar", Antiquity 97.391, pp. 12-28, 2023

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Cowgill, L; Trinkaus, E; Zeder, M (August 2007). "Shanidar 10: A Middle Paleolithic immature distal lower limb from Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan".

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The paleopathological evidence, indicators of stress of the Shanidar Proto-Neolithic and the Ganj Dareh early Neolithic human skeletal collections

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Stringer, C. B., & Trinkaus, E., "The shanidar Neanderthal crania.", Aspects of human evolution, Taylor and Francis, London, pp. 129-165, 1981

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layer (layer B) and a Holocene Neolithic layer (layer A), accompanied by various stone tools and animal remains. The cave also contains two later

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Akazawa, T., "Preliminary notes on the Middle Palaeolithic assemblage from the Shanidar Cave.", Sumer, vol. 31, no. 1–2, pp. 3–10, 1975

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Reynolds, T., et al., "New investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan", Project Gallery, Antiquity, vol. 89, iss. 348. December 2015

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in his foot resulting from a fracture or sprain, which would have resulted in painful, limited movement. The skeleton is on display at the

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Chech, M., Groves, C. P., Thorne, A., & Trinkaus, E., "A new reconstruction of the Shanidar 5 cranium.", Paléorient, pp 143-146, 1999

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The skeleton of Shanidar 4, an adult male aged 30–45 years, was discovered by Solecki in 1960, positioned on his left side in a partial

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confirm that bony growths in his ear canals would have resulted in extensive hearing loss. These bony growths support a diagnosis of

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Agelarakis A., "Proto Neolithic Human Skeletal Remains in the Zawi-Chemi Layer in Shanidar Cave", Sumer XL:1-2, pp. 7–16, (1987–88)

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In February 2020, researchers announced the discovery of more Neanderthal remains, which dated back to more than 70,000 years ago.

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Reynolds, Tim, et al. "Shanidar cave and the Baradostian, a Zagros Aurignacian industry." L'anthropologie 122.5, pp. 737-748, 2018

396:, although casts remain at the Smithsonian. In 2006, while sorting a collection of faunal bones from the site at the Smithsonian, 7100: 5306: 3198: 3180: 456:. These individuals may have exhibited empathy or attached abstract meaning to life that caused them to want to help Shanidar 1. 2142:

Antón, S.C. (1997), Endocranial hyperostosis in Sangiran 2, Gibraltar 1, and Shanidar 5. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 102: 111-122.

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cemeteries, one of which dates back about 10,600 BCE and contains 35 individuals, and is considered by Solecki to belong to the

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Solecki, R. S., "Three adult Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar cave, northern Iraq", Sumer, vol. 17, no. 1-2, pp. 71-96, 1961

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Crubézy, Eric; Trinkaus, Erik (December 1992). "Shanidar 1: A case of hyperostotic disease (DISH) in the middle paleolithic".

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Solecki, R. S., "The 1956-1957 season at Shanidar, Iraq, a preliminary statement.", Sumer, vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 104-108, 1958

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Leroi-Gourhan, A., "The flowers found with Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal burial in Iraq.", Science, vol. 190, pp. 562-64, 1975

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Lietava, Ján (1988). "A Differential Diagnostics of the Right Shoulder Girdle Deformity in the Shanidar I Neanderthal".

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Agelarakis, A (1993). "The Shanidar Cave Proto-Neolithic Human Population: Aspects of Demography and Paleopathology".

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Trinkaus, E., "An inventory of the Neanderthal remains from Shanidar Cave.", Sumer, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 9-33, 1977

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Stewart, T. D. (1977). "The Neanderthal Skeletal Remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraq: A Summary of Findings to Date".

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Stewart, T. D. (1977). "The Neanderthal Skeletal Remains from Shanidar Cave, Iraq: A Summary of Findings to Date".

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Sommer, Jeffrey D. (April 1999). "The Shanidar IV 'Flower Burial': a Re-evaluation of Neanderthal Burial Ritual".

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Solecki, R. S., "Prehistory in Shanidar Valley, northern Iraq.", Science, vol. 139, pp. 179–93, 1963

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For many years, Shanidar 4 was thought to provide strong evidence for a Neanderthal burial ritual. Routine

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Stewart, T. D., "First views of the restored Shanidar I skull.", Sumer, vol. 14, no. #1-2, pp 90-96, 1958

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Solecki, R. S., "Two Neanderthal skeletons from Shanidar Cave.", Sumer, vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 59-60, 1957

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Stringer, C. B.; Trinkaus, E. (1981). "The Shanidar Neanderthal Crania.". In Stringer, Chris (ed.).

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Solecki, Ralph S. (28 November 1975). "Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq".

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Trinkaus, E, "The Shanidar 5 Neanderthal skeleton.", Sumer, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 35-41, 1977

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Hunt, Chris O.; Pomeroy, Emma; Reynolds, Tim; Tilby, Emily; Barker, Graeme (November 2023).

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Lietava, Jan (January 1992). "Medicinal plants in a Middle Paleolithic grave Shanidar IV?".

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Trinkaus, Erik; Zimmerman, M. R. (January 1982). "Trauma among the Shanidar Neandertals".

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Solecki, R. S., "The 1956 season at Shanidar.", Sumer, vol. 13, no. 1-2, pp. 165-171, 1957

1019: 763: 754: 632: 564: 321: 317: 296: 212: 7188: 7045: 5919: 4819: 4654: 3959: 3721: 3553: 3328: 2967: 308:, dating from around 65,000–35,000 years ago. These individuals were uncovered amongst a 2010: 1807: 1751: 1317: 477:) were found on top of his grave. Also, there had been a large fire by the burial site. 7214: 7145: 7035: 6779: 6774: 6616: 6601: 6580: 6422: 6189: 6179: 6134: 6044: 5976: 5835: 5720: 5357: 5178: 5085: 5054: 5044: 4972: 4874: 4844: 4814: 4711: 4696: 4679: 4659: 4649: 4569: 4443: 4335: 4063: 4053: 4038: 3944: 3919: 3873: 3825: 3746: 3645: 3348: 2938: 2798: 2530: 2206: 2143: 2099: 1768: 1735: 1363: 886: 541: 506: 2191:"Division of Anthropology: New Anthropological Discoveries at Shanidar, Northern Iraq" 2084:"Division of Anthropology: New Anthropological Discoveries at Shanidar, Northern Iraq" 599:

were represented in the pollen samples, all of which have been traditionally used, as

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in addition to the usual pollen found throughout the site, suggesting that entire

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discovered leg and foot bones from a tenth Neanderthal, now known as Shanidar 10.

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in Europe, were the only individuals known for purposeful, ritualistic burials.

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Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain World Heritage Site

1759: 667: 7353: 7095: 7060: 6869: 6804: 6714: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6548: 6540: 6484: 6479: 6443: 6220: 6114: 5893: 5331: 5316: 5286: 5219: 5029: 5019: 4982: 4957: 4952: 4484: 4474: 4058: 4048: 3929: 3803: 3771: 3653: 3486: 2873: 2693: 2485: 2290:"New Neanderthal remains associated with the 'flower burial' at Shanidar Cave" 2158:"New Neanderthal remains associated with the 'flower burial' at Shanidar Cave" 2018: 1944: 853: 704: 608: 489: 354: 309: 249: 2380:

Solecki, R. S., "Shanidar, the first flower people.", New York: Knopf, 1971

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http://bot.gov.krd/erbil-province-mirgasor/history-and-heritage/shanidar-cave

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T. D. Stewart, Shanidar Skeletons IV and VI, Sumer, vol. 19, pp. 8–26, 1963

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Understanding Humans: Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

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Shanidar Cave | Unbelievable Kurdistan – Official Tourism Site of Kurdistan

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Overall these excavations found the remains of seven adult and two infants

2443: 2306: 2289: 2174: 2157: 1908: 1549: 392:. The others (Shanidar 1, 2, and 4–8) were kept in Iraq and may have been 7160: 7120: 6693: 6596: 6094: 6054: 5944: 5609: 5326: 4977: 4427: 4294: 4197: 3878: 3558: 3398: 3393: 3380: 2923: 2863: 2828: 2818: 2490: 1589:

T. D. Stewart, The Skull of Shanidar II, Sumer, vol. 17, pp. 97–106, 1961

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Ralph S. Solecki; Rose L. Solecki & Anagnostis P. Agelarakis (2004).

743: 600: 279: 2453:"Skeletons and a whole lot of flowers: Was this a Neanderthal cemetery?" 2068: 2036: 1873: 1514: 17: 6464: 6069: 5782: 5450: 5224: 3830: 3669: 2928: 2495: 2251: 1261: 1244: 1208:

http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/464cfb49-659e-46da-8c5a-3089e5f79f40

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The first nine (Shanidar 1–9) were unearthed between 1957 and 1961 by

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CHECH, Mario; GROVES, Colin P.; THORNE, Alan; TRINKAUS, Erik (1999).

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Skeletal remains of Shanidar II, c. 60,000 to 45,000 BCE. Iraq Museum

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Shanidar I's skull and skeleton, c. 60,000 to 45,000 BCE. Iraq Museum

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Erik Trinkaus, The Shanidar Neanderthals, Academic Press, 1983,

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Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin World Heritage Site

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Milks, Annemieke; Parker, David; Pope, Matt (25 January 2019).

2560: 2331:(1954). "Shanidar cave: a paleolithic site in northern Iraq". 328:. Also, in 2018, Shanidar-11 and Shanidar-12 were discovered. 3915:

Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura World Heritage Site

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layer which also contained hundreds of stone tools including

615:. This led to the idea that the man could possibly have had 1643:. The Smithsonian Institution. 2013-02-14. Archived from 1133:

Milestones in Archaeology: A Chronological Encyclopedia

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Populated places established in the 11th millennium BC

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The ten Neanderthals at the site were found within a

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https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199701)102:1

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Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews

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The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

152: 142: 124: 116: 1238: 1236: 2393:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1565:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1300:Campana, Douglas V.; Crabtree, Pam (2019-06-01). 2486:"The Neanderthals That Taught Us About Humanity" 2195:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 2088:Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 2037:"A New Reconstruction of the Shanidar 5 Cranium" 2375:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.139.3551.179 1966:Pettitt, Paul (2002). "The Neanderthal dead". 1838:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.190.4214.562 1789: 1787: 438:French National Centre for Scientific Research 3258: 2576: 2357:The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave 1180:The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave 975: 973: 971: 8: 2333:Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution 928:"ئەشکەوتی شانەدەر.. شوێنێکی مێژوویی جیهانیی" 388:. The skeleton of Shanidar 3 is held at the 30: 6980: 6967: 6308: 6291: 5756: 5743: 4910: 4897: 3318: 3305: 3273:Prehistoric cave sites, rock shelters and 3265: 3251: 3243: 2991: 2744: 2583: 2569: 2561: 1603:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 129–165. 1306:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 555:analysis in an attempt to reconstruct the 29: 27:Iraqi- Kurdish site of Neanderthal remains 2424:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2305: 2173: 1767: 1530:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1452: 1434: 1260: 6040:Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site 2853: 1675:. US: Academic Press. pp. 414–415. 488: 442:diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis 335: 2509: 898: 2459:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1496: 1494: 1492: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 428:More recent analysis of Shanidar 1 by 2451:Weule, Genevieve (18 February 2020). 1694: 1692: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1631: 1629: 1353: 1351: 96: 68: 7: 2355:; Anagnostis P. Agelarakis (2004). 821:Shanidar and contemporary cultures 551:from around the body, gathered for 216: 199: 2359:. Texas A&M University Press. 2207:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1961.tb01403.x 2100:10.1111/j.2164-0947.1961.tb01403.x 1852:(1998). "Shanidar et ses fleurs". 515:National Museum of Natural History 495:National Museum of Natural History 436:and Dr. Sébastien Villotte of the 25: 4428:Mala Balanica and Velika Balanica 3591:Vézère Valley World Heritage Site 3386:Neolithic flint mines of Spiennes 1999:Journal of Archaeological Science 1389:"Around the Mall: From the Attic" 1387:Py-Lieberman, Beth (March 2004). 369:and bones from animals including 2548: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2146:<111::AID-AJPA9>3.0.CO;2-3 1933:Cambridge Archaeological Journal 982:"The Skeletons of Shanidar Cave" 666: 650: 536:skull, dated to 80,000–60,000 BP 95: 88: 67: 60: 43: 2494:. January 16, 2020 – via 2227:Agelarakis, Anagnostis (1989). 2189:Solecki, Ralph S. (June 1961). 2082:Solecki, Ralph S. (June 1961). 872:List of human evolution fossils 524:Shanidar 4, the "flower burial" 312:layer (layer D), overlaid by a 1185:Texas A&M University Press 882:Neanderthals in Southwest Asia 623:to the Shanidar Neanderthals. 316:layer (layer C), a Mesolithic 1: 822: 394:lost during the 2003 invasion 49:The entrance to Shanidar Cave 7385:Archaeological sites in Iraq 7380:History of Erbil Governorate 2730:Southwest Asian Neanderthals 2471:Smithsonian Shanidar 3 pages 1901:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90023-k 1889:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1816:10.1126/science.190.4217.880 1713:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.05.010 1445:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.04.003 1326:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.03.024 980:Edwards, Owen (March 2010). 4616:Other caves with decoration 3698:Other caves with decoration 3620:Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil 3296:Caves containing pictograms 877:List of Neanderthal fossils 507:degenerative joint disorder 274:mile (800 m) from the 207: 7436: 4600:Other World Heritage Sites 3687:Other World Heritage Sites 3286:Paleoanthropological sites 3120:Neanderthal genome project 1760:10.1038/s41598-018-37904-w 1701:Journal of Human Evolution 1637:"Neanderthal (Shanidar 3)" 1601:Aspects of Human Evolution 1423:Journal of Human Evolution 7336: 6979: 6966: 6307: 6290: 5755: 5742: 4909: 4896: 3317: 3304: 3281: 3125:In Search of Lost Genomes 2764:Intermediate (250–130 ka) 2019:10.1016/j.jas.2023.105822 1945:10.1017/S0959774300015249 1673:The Shanidar Neanderthals 1482:Lewis, R. Barry., et al. 1360:The Shanidar Neanderthals 1136:. ABC-CLIO. p. 454. 54: 42: 35: 7264:Northern Mariana Islands 3213:The Neanderthal Parallax 2849:Krapina Neanderthal site 2809:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 2201:(8 Series II): 690–699. 2094:(8 Series II): 690–699. 493:Skeleton of Shanidar 3, 300:Inside the Shanidar Cave 2436:10.1002/ajpa.1330570108 2337:Smithsonian Institution 2053:10.3406/paleo.1999.4692 1866:10.3406/paleo.1998.4679 1671:Trinkaus, Eric (1983). 1542:10.1002/ajpa.1330890402 1358:Trinkaus, Erik (1983). 390:Smithsonian Institution 174:36.831593°N 44.221083°E 76:location in Middle East 5788:Manyana Rock Paintings 3839:La Chapelle-aux-Saints 2725:Gibraltar Neanderthals 1980:10.3828/BFARM.2002.1.4 1850:Leroi-Gourhan, Arlette 537: 497: 469: 413: 375:spur-thighed tortoises 341: 301: 6351:Actun Tunichil Muknal 2633:Homo neanderthalensis 2307:10.15184/aqy.2019.207 2175:10.15184/aqy.2019.207 561:Arlette Leroi-Gourhan 531: 511:Hall of Human Origins 492: 467: 430:Washington University 411: 340:Shanidar Cave in 2020 339: 299: 252:, the earliest known 117:Alternative name 79:Show map of Near East 5925:Ifri N'Amr Ou Moussa 4865:Red Lady of Paviland 3757:Mayrières supérieure 3059:Contemporary species 2986:Fossils with claimed 2834:Saccopastore 1 and 2 2627:Homo heidelbergensis 2339:. pp. 389–425. 1130:Murray, Tim (2007). 867:List of fossil sites 826: 50,000~40,000 818:class=notpageimage| 619:, perhaps acting as 581:St Barnaby's thistle 179:36.831593; 44.221083 104:Shanidar Cave (Iraq) 7405:Neanderthal fossils 6740:Colorado Millennial 5378:Shiraho Saonetabaru 4182:Bukuroshja e Fjetur 3231:Prehistoric Autopsy 3176:The Ugly Little Boy 3163:The Neanderthal Man 2771:Saccopastore skulls 2709:Levallois technique 2011:2023JArSc.159j5822H 1808:1975Sci...190..880S 1752:2019NatSR...9..820M 1318:2019JArSR..25....7C 956:on 12 November 2021 613:anti-inflammatories 503:early-modern humans 386:Columbia University 349:Neanderthal remains 314:Baradostian culture 221:archaeological site 170: / 32: 6558:Dominican Republic 6319:Cueva de las Manos 5215:Huto and Kamarband 4625:Barranc del Migdia 4511:Caves in Cantabria 3935:Hohlenstein-Stadel 3742:Grotte de Gabillou 3727:La Chaire a Calvin 3187:Dance of the Tiger 3181:Neanderthal Planet 3146:The Quest for Fire 3115:Neanderthal Museum 2997:H. heidelbergensis 2988:Neanderthal traits 2252:10.1007/bf02438114 1740:Scientific Reports 1486:. Wadsworth, 2013. 1262:10.1002/evan.21854 1018:2021-11-12 at the 708:Mousterian culture 538: 498: 470: 414: 342: 302: 7390:Neanderthal sites 7362: 7361: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7327: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6475:Piedras del Tunjo 6407:Toca da Tira Peia 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5733: 4892: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4528:Hornos de la Peña 3240: 3239: 3079:Homo floresiensis 3054: 3053: 2981: 2980: 2819:La Quina 5 and 18 2740:Notable specimens 2718:Regional variants 2366:978-1-58544-272-0 2353:Solecki, Ralph S. 2329:Solecki, Ralph S. 1802:(4217): 880–881. 1610:978-0-85066-209-2 1373:978-0-12-700550-8 1007:"Shanidar Cave." 638:Meriones persicus 577:bachelor's button 233:Erbil Governorate 205: 189: 188: 129:Erbil Governorate 16:(Redirected from 7427: 7281:Papua New Guinea 6981: 6968: 6920:Stanfield-Worley 6895:Rockhouse Cliffs 6309: 6292: 6160:Howieson's Poort 5857:Enkapune Ya Muto 5757: 5744: 5210:Eshkaft-e Siahoo 4911: 4898: 4665:Peñas de Cabrera 3965:Kleine Feldhofer 3925:Geissenklösterle 3777:Roc-aux-Sorciers 3319: 3306: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3244: 3194:Earth's Children 3110:Excavation sites 3006:Bontnewydd tooth 2992: 2907:range (50–40 ka) 2748:Archaic (430 ka) 2745: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2499: 2460: 2447: 2408: 2370: 2348: 2319: 2309: 2276: 2263: 2234: 2211: 2210: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2153: 2147: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2032: 2023: 2022: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1846: 1840: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1791: 1782: 1781: 1771: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1668: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1633: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1498: 1487: 1480: 1467: 1466: 1456: 1438: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1399:. Archived from 1384: 1378: 1377: 1355: 1346: 1345: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1264: 1240: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1198: 1187:. pp. 3–5. 1174: 1168: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1147: 1127: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1109: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1005: 999: 998: 996: 994: 977: 966: 965: 963: 961: 952:. Archived from 946: 940: 939: 937: 935: 924: 918: 917: 915: 913: 903: 849:Diets discovered 827: 824: 812: 810: 801: 799: 792: 790: 777: 775: 768: 766: 759: 757: 750: 748: 739: 737: 728: 726: 713: 711: 700: 698: 691: 689: 682: 680: 671: 670: 662: 660: 659:50,000~40,000 BP 654: 565:flowering plants 519:Washington, D.C. 384:and a team from 326:Natufian culture 273: 272: 268: 237:Kurdistan Region 229:Zagros Mountains 225:Bradost Mountain 218: 210: 204:romanized: 203: 201: 200:ئەشکەوتی شانەدەر 185: 184: 182: 181: 180: 175: 171: 168: 167: 166: 163: 147:Zagros Mountains 133:Kurdistan Region 108: 107:Show map of Iraq 99: 98: 92: 80: 71: 70: 64: 47: 37:ئەشکەوتی شانەدەر 33: 21: 7435: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7395:Quaternary Asia 7365: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7324: 7308: 7292: 7276: 7258: 7237: 7219: 7203: 7175: 7091:Mackintosh 90/1 7011:Beginner's Luck 6975: 6954: 6770:Dutchess Quarry 6710:Arnold Research 6698: 6682: 6641: 6585: 6569: 6553: 6535: 6494: 6453: 6432: 6411: 6365: 6361:Midnight Terror 6339: 6323: 6303: 6278: 6262: 6241: 6225: 6199: 6028: 6002: 5986: 5965: 5949: 5940:Kelif el Boroud 5903: 5882: 5866: 5845: 5824: 5808: 5792: 5771: 5751: 5730: 5709: 5688: 5662: 5650: 5624: 5593: 5557: 5539: 5523: 5507: 5491: 5475: 5429: 5408: 5392: 5341: 5260: 5239: 5183: 5152: 5106: 5090: 5064: 5003: 4987: 4941: 4925: 4905: 4884: 4783: 4767: 4746: 4645:los Murciélagos 4593:Roca dels Moros 4489: 4458: 4432: 4401: 4372:Chertovy Vorota 4355: 4324: 4273: 4252: 4236: 4224:North Macedonia 4218: 4202: 4186: 4170: 4152: 4089: 4068: 4007: 3979: 3903: 3666:Abri du Poisson 3631:Les Combarelles 3579: 3563: 3522: 3506: 3465: 3429: 3408: 3404:Trou de l'Abîme 3353: 3313: 3300: 3277: 3271: 3241: 3236: 3218: 3157:The Grisly Folk 3137:Popular culture 3131: 3098: 3050: 3041:Peștera cu Oase 3025: 2987: 2977: 2958:Saint-Césaire 1 2906: 2897: 2791: 2785: 2759: 2734: 2713: 2699:Châtelperronian 2682:Tool traditions 2677: 2665:Admixture with 2638: 2621:Homo antecessor 2594: 2589: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2537: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2511: 2503: 2484: 2481:Wayback Machine 2467: 2450: 2421: 2390: 2367: 2351: 2327: 2287: 2269:Human Evolution 2266: 2240:Human Evolution 2237: 2226: 2220: 2218:Further reading 2215: 2214: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2034: 2033: 2026: 1992: 1991: 1987: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1683: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1500: 1499: 1490: 1481: 1470: 1436:10.1.1.531.4107 1420: 1419: 1415: 1406: 1404: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1202: 1195: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1144: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1020:Wayback Machine 1006: 1002: 992: 990: 979: 978: 969: 959: 957: 948: 947: 943: 933: 931: 926: 925: 921: 911: 909: 907:"Shanidar Cave" 905: 904: 900: 895: 863: 851: 843: 830: 829: 828: 825: 820: 814: 813: 808: 806: 804: 802: 797: 795: 793: 786: 782: 780: 778: 773: 771: 769: 764: 762: 760: 755: 753: 751: 746: 744: 742: 740: 735: 733: 731: 729: 722: 718: 716: 714: 705: 703: 701: 696: 694: 692: 687: 685: 683: 678: 676: 674: 672: 665: 663: 658: 656: 646: 633:Paul B. Pettitt 617:shamanic powers 526: 487: 462: 406: 351: 334: 322:proto-Neolithic 285:Anthropologist 278:river and near 270: 266: 265: 262: 208:Eşkewtî Şaneder 178: 176: 172: 169: 164: 161: 159: 157: 156: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 100: 83: 82: 81: 78: 77: 74: 73: 72: 50: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7433: 7431: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7415:Natufian sites 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7367: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7268: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7245: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7211: 7209: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7006:Beeton Shelter 7003: 6998: 6993: 6987: 6985: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6678:T'uqu T'uquyuq 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6305: 6304: 6295: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6180:Pinnacle Point 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5982:The White Lady 5979: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5753: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5503:Khoit Tsenkher 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4815:Creswell Crags 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4795:Aveline's Hole 4791: 4789: 4788:United Kingdom 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4737:Santa Catalina 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4532:Monte Castillo 4529: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4413:Hadži-Prodan's 4409: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4169: 4168: 4162: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3650:Laugerie-Haute 3648: 3646:Laugerie-Basse 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3627:Abri Chadourne 3625: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3527:Czech Republic 3524: 3523: 3521: 3520: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3497:Romuald's Cave 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3291:Cave paintings 3288: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3275:cave paintings 3272: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3170:The Inheritors 3166: 3159: 3154: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3117: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2941: 2939:Sidrón remains 2936: 2926: 2921: 2910: 2908: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2876: 2871: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2806: 2799:La Ferrassie 1 2795: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2636: 2604: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2501: 2500: 2473: 2466: 2465:External links 2463: 2462: 2461: 2448: 2419: 2409: 2399:(2): 121–165. 2388: 2386:978-0394445113 2378: 2371: 2365: 2349: 2325: 2320: 2300:(373): 11–26. 2285: 2280: 2277: 2264: 2246:(4): 235–253. 2235: 2224: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2181: 2168:(373): 11–26. 2148: 2135: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2074: 2047:(2): 143–146. 2024: 1985: 1968:Before Farming 1958: 1939:(1): 127–129. 1923: 1914: 1895:(3): 263–266. 1879: 1841: 1829: 1783: 1726: 1707:(2): 163–178. 1688: 1682:978-0127005508 1681: 1658: 1625: 1616: 1609: 1591: 1582: 1571:(2): 121–165. 1555: 1536:(4): 411–420. 1520: 1509:(3): 183–196. 1488: 1468: 1429:(2): 213–223. 1413: 1393:Found and Lost 1379: 1372: 1364:Academic Press 1347: 1292: 1255:(5): 263–279. 1232: 1221: 1211: 1200: 1194:978-1585442720 1193: 1169: 1158: 1149: 1143:978-1576071861 1142: 1122: 1113: 1104: 1095: 1086: 1077: 1068: 1059: 1050: 1041: 1032: 1023: 1000: 967: 941: 919: 897: 896: 894: 891: 890: 889: 887:Paleopathology 884: 879: 874: 869: 862: 859: 850: 847: 842: 839: 816: 815: 803: 794: 779: 770: 761: 752: 741: 730: 715: 702: 693: 684: 673: 664: 655: 649: 648: 647: 645: 642: 589:grape hyacinth 542:fetal position 525: 522: 486: 483: 461: 458: 405: 402: 350: 347: 333: 330: 261: 258: 187: 186: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 103: 94: 93: 87: 86: 85: 84: 75: 66: 65: 59: 58: 57: 56: 55: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7432: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7375:Caves of Iraq 7373: 7372: 7370: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7349:Cave painting 7347: 7345: 7344:List of caves 7342: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7225:New Caledonia 7222: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7131:New Guinea II 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7106:Mannalargenna 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6875:On Your Knees 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6800:Hidden Valley 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703:United States 6701: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6622:Guilá Naquitz 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:Dzibilchaltún 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6387:Pedra Pintada 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6301:South America 6298: 6293: 6289: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6165:Klasies River 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140:Byneskranskop 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5930:Ifri Oudadane 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5899:Uan Muhuggiag 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5605:Batadombalena 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461:Ras Baalbek I 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297:Nahal Me'arot 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4881: 4880:Windmill Hill 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4825:Heathery Burn 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4560:Tito Bustillo 4558: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4541:Las Chimeneas 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4367:Akhshtyrskaya 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4315:Pego do Diabo 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4106:Arene Candide 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3993:Devil's Tower 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3767:Pair-non-Pair 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3752:Le Mas-d'Azil 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3702:Arcy-sur-Cure 3700: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3641:Font-de-Gaume 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3609:Abri Castanet 3608: 3607: 3606:Castel Merle 3605: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223:Documentaries 3221: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3046:Lagar Velho 1 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2974: 2973:Mezmaiskaya 1 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2914:Neanderthal 1 2912: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2859:Teshik-Tash 1 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2776:Ehringsdorf 9 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2703:controversial 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2417:0-12-700550-1 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1647:on 2016-03-04 1646: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Anthropologie 1497: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1417: 1414: 1403:on 2006-11-29 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 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403: 401: 399: 398:Melinda Zeder 395: 391: 387: 383: 382:Ralph Solecki 378: 376: 372: 368: 364: 363:side-scrapers 360: 356: 348: 346: 338: 331: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 298: 294: 290: 288: 287:Ralph Solecki 283: 281: 277: 259: 257: 255: 251: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 227:, within the 226: 222: 217:كَهَف شانِدَر 214: 209: 197: 193: 192:Shanidar Cave 183: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 130: 127: 123: 120:Shanadar Cave 119: 115: 91: 63: 53: 46: 41: 34: 31:Shanidar Cave 19: 7400:Neanderthals 7156:Wargata Mina 7116:Murrawijinie 7051:Eagles Reach 7046:Devil's Lair 6950:Wilson Butte 6735:Cherry Creek 6725:Bull Thistle 6470:Chiribiquete 6428:Charlie Lake 6356:Barton Creek 6170:Melkhoutboom 6110:Sterkfontein 6100:Plovers Lake 6033:South Africa 5935:Jebel Irhoud 5920:Ifri N'Ammar 5655:Turkmenistan 5620:Hunugalagala 5404:Iraq ed-Dubb 5255: 5169:Jeriji Saléh 4830:High Pasture 4387:Shulgan-Tash 4310:Pedra Furada 4131: 3970:Lichtenstein 3960:Brillenhöhle 3889:Le Regourdou 3849:La Ferrassie 3844:Combe Grenal 3787:Trois Frères 3722:Fontéchevade 3675:La Madeleine 3329:Drachenhöhle 3229: 3211: 3204: 3192: 3185: 3168: 3161: 3144: 3123: 3093:Homo sapiens 3091: 3084: 3077: 3067:Homo erectus 3065: 3032:Homo sapiens 3030: 2995: 2968:Fontéchevade 2854:Shanidar 1-4 2844:Mt. Circeo 1 2839:Altamura man 2666: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2615:Homo erectus 2613: 2609:Homo habilis 2607: 2555:Paleontology 2489: 2477:Ghostarchive 2475:Archived at 2456: 2430:(1): 61–76. 2427: 2423: 2396: 2392: 2356: 2332: 2297: 2293: 2272: 2268: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2138: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2091: 2087: 2077: 2044: 2040: 2002: 1998: 1988: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1917: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1860:(2): 79–88. 1857: 1853: 1844: 1832: 1799: 1795: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1704: 1700: 1672: 1649:. Retrieved 1645:the original 1640: 1619: 1600: 1594: 1585: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1506: 1502: 1483: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1405:. Retrieved 1401:the original 1392: 1382: 1359: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1252: 1248: 1224: 1214: 1203: 1179: 1172: 1161: 1152: 1132: 1125: 1116: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1080: 1071: 1062: 1053: 1044: 1035: 1026: 1008: 1003: 991:. Retrieved 985: 958:. Retrieved 954:the original 944: 932:. Retrieved 930:(in Kurdish) 922: 910:. Retrieved 901: 852: 844: 835: 831: 796: 784: 783: 720: 719: 707: 706: 637: 628:Persian jird 625: 621:medicine man 549:soil samples 546: 539: 499: 479: 471: 454:Homo sapiens 453: 450: 446: 427: 419: 415: 379: 352: 343: 306:Neanderthals 303: 291: 284: 263: 253: 239:in northern 191: 190: 7242:New Zealand 7066:Gwion Gwion 6935:Trail Creek 6860:Meadowcroft 6820:Last Supper 6750:Daugherty's 6612:Las Flechas 6397:Rei do Mato 6121:Other caves 6105:Rising Star 6080:Makapansgat 6045:Bolt's Farm 5862:Njoro River 5705:Teshik-Tash 5700:Obi-Rakhmat 5684:Yarımburgaz 5584:Lapuz Lapuz 5562:Philippines 5471:Nachcharini 5466:Ras El Kelb 5425:Tam Pa Ling 5420:Tham An Mah 5302:Nahal Hemar 5050:Zhoukoudian 5025:Guanyindong 4999:Laang Spean 4921:Darra-e Kur 4914:Afghanistan 4860:Portbraddon 4850:Marble Arch 4763:Wildkirchli 4751:Switzerland 4687:Other caves 4660:Ojo Guareña 4640:Maltravieso 4635:Los Casares 4610:Siega Verde 4575:Los Aviones 4570:Santimamiñe 4544:Las Monedas 4537:El Castillo 4444:Čertova pec 4392:Mezmaiskaya 4300:Lagar Velho 4232:Cocev Kamen 4111:Balzi Rossi 3951:Other caves 3940:Sirgenstein 3869:Le Moustier 3859:Fontbrégoua 3819:Bonne-Femme 3799:Other caves 3518:Aetokremnos 3461:Utroba Cave 3367:Claminforge 3364:Belle-Roche 3206:Neanderthal 3086:Homo naledi 3021:Azykhantrop 2963:Le Moustier 2944:Gibraltar 1 2924:Spy 1 and 2 2904:radiocarbon 2792:(130–50 ka) 2592:Neanderthal 1397:Smithsonian 987:Smithsonian 960:19 December 950:"كهف شاندر" 934:19 December 912:19 December 854:Land snails 723:Aurignacian 609:astringents 534:Neanderthal 332:Recent work 260:Archaeology 250:Cro-Magnons 245:Neanderthal 177: / 153:Coordinates 7410:Mousterian 7369:Categories 7354:Speleology 7171:Wellington 7126:Naracoorte 7111:Mudgegonga 7096:Madjedbebe 7061:Gabarnmung 7001:Ballawinne 6991:Abrakurrie 6890:Pictograph 6668:Qillqatani 6663:Pikimachay 6658:Guitarrero 6653:Chivateros 6632:Oxtotitlán 6485:Tequendama 6195:Wonderwerk 6175:Nelson Bay 6155:Elands Bay 6115:Swartkrans 6060:Gladysvale 6007:Somaliland 5954:Mozambique 5894:Haua Fteah 5693:Uzbekistan 5358:Minatogawa 5353:Kosegasawa 5307:Nahal Oren 5251:Hazar Merd 5220:Qaleh Bozi 5205:Do-Ashkaft 5102:Satsurblia 5069:East Timor 4946:Azerbaijan 4835:Kendrick's 4800:Bontnewydd 4722:Don Gaspar 4675:Praileaitz 4630:Las Caldas 4548:La Pasiega 4475:Divje Babe 4397:Okladnikov 4382:Ignatievka 4305:Pala Pinta 4214:Għar Dalam 4191:Luxembourg 4166:St Brelade 4148:Villabruna 4059:Stravomyti 4049:Megalakkos 4034:Eileithyia 4019:Alepotrypa 3930:Hohle Fels 3816:Balauzière 3772:Pech Merle 3680:Rouffignac 3654:La Micoque 3636:Cro-Magnon 3595:Bara Bahau 3539:Býčí skála 3487:Vela Spila 3446:Devetashka 3441:Bacho Kiro 2781:Altamura 1 2694:Mousterian 2673:Extinction 2667:H. sapiens 2041:Paléorient 2005:: 105822. 1854:Paléorient 1746:(1): 820. 1651:17 October 1454:10088/6082 1407:2008-03-07 993:17 October 841:Shanidar Z 765:Bacho Kiro 756:Okladnikov 644:Shanidar 5 605:stimulants 573:cornflower 485:Shanidar 3 460:Shanidar 2 432:Professor 404:Shanidar 1 371:wild goats 355:Mousterian 310:Mousterian 264:The site, 254:H. sapiens 165:44°13′16″E 162:36°49′54″N 7320:Nanumanga 7304:Falemauga 7215:Makauwahi 6984:Australia 6940:Trinchera 6815:La Grange 6785:Gatecliff 6780:Franktown 6775:Fort Rock 6755:Dry Creek 6673:Toquepala 6637:Sac Actun 6627:Ox Bel Ha 6617:Frightful 6602:Coxcatlan 6581:Long Mile 6335:Quadiriki 6312:Argentina 6150:Diepkloof 6135:Boomplaas 6090:Minnaar's 6075:Kromdraai 6024:Laas Geel 6019:Dhaymoole 6014:Dhambalin 5977:Apollo 11 5878:Liphofung 5804:Shum Laka 5767:Gueldaman 5721:Con Moong 5598:Sri Lanka 5545:Palestine 5519:Padah-Lin 5456:Ksar Akil 5388:Yamashita 5373:Pinza-Abu 5179:Pettakere 5174:Liang Bua 5157:Indonesia 5143:Pahargarh 5128:Bhimbetka 5086:Lene Hara 5076:Jerimalai 5055:Zengpiyan 5045:Yuchanyan 4845:Long Hole 4742:del Valle 4717:dels Bous 4670:la Pileta 4605:Atapuerca 4520:Covalanas 4418:Pešturina 4346:Muierilor 4336:Coliboaia 4248:Svarthola 4064:Theopetra 4054:Petralona 4039:Franchthi 4029:Asphendou 3985:Gibraltar 3955:Baumann's 3945:Vogelherd 3920:Bockstein 3899:Vallonnet 3894:Rochereil 3884:Raymonden 3874:Noisetier 3826:Bruniquel 3747:Marsoulas 3737:Lombrives 3732:La Marche 3658:La Mouthe 3624:Abri Audi 3602:Cap Blanc 3544:Koněprusy 3534:Amatérská 3502:Veternica 3451:Kozarnika 3425:Ledenjača 3349:Tischofer 3339:Lurgrotte 3073:Denisovan 3011:Atapuerca 2689:Acheulean 2655:Behaviour 2600:Ancestors 2316:212762342 2294:Antiquity 2233:(Thesis). 2162:Antiquity 2061:0153-9345 1953:162496872 1431:CiteSeerX 1342:193111252 1334:2352-409X 1287:220488644 1271:1060-1538 807:Bhimbetka 631:origins. 601:diuretics 597:hollyhock 593:horsetail 532:Shanidar 423:exostoses 276:Great Zab 7161:Warratyi 7146:Tarragal 7136:Nunamira 7121:Murujuga 7086:Kutikina 7081:Koonalda 7076:Koongine 7036:Cliefden 7031:Cave Bay 6930:Tomaquag 6915:Sisyphus 6845:Mantle's 6835:Lovelock 6830:LoDaisKa 6810:Humboldt 6694:Werehpai 6687:Suriname 6597:Chan Hol 6516:Centella 6506:Ambrosio 6458:Colombia 6423:Bluefish 6267:Zimbabwe 6204:Tanzania 6190:Stadsaal 6095:Motsetsi 6065:Gondolin 6055:Drimolen 6050:Cooper's 5945:Taforalt 5915:Hercules 5841:Swimmers 5813:DR Congo 5797:Cameroon 5776:Botswana 5646:Tham Lod 5636:Pha Taem 5629:Thailand 5610:Belilena 5528:Pakistan 5496:Mongolia 5480:Malaysia 5441:Antelias 5383:Tobayama 5337:Zuttiyeh 5256:Shanidar 5118:Ambadevi 5035:Tianyuan 5015:Baishiya 4992:Cambodia 4732:El Mirón 4727:Guanches 4702:Armintxe 4620:Bacinete 4565:Altxerri 4554:El Pendo 4524:La Garma 4506:Altamira 4463:Slovenia 4454:Jasovská 4437:Slovakia 4423:Risovača 4377:Denisova 4341:Cuciulat 4295:Furninha 4290:Escoural 4278:Portugal 4269:Paradise 4264:Obłazowa 4198:Loschbur 4138:Paglicci 4121:Corbeddu 4003:Vanguard 3998:Gorham's 3879:La Quina 3822:Bouillon 3809:Aurignac 3613:Reverdit 3598:Bernifal 3477:Grapčeva 3434:Bulgaria 3394:Scladina 3381:Naulette 3344:Salzofen 3103:Research 2874:Tabun C1 2864:Kebara 2 2829:Scladina 2755:Miguelón 2660:Genetics 2491:PBS Eons 2479:and the 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