729:
prior to the weir being built. All surplus water can be diverted for power generation. The maximum capacity of
Ardnacrusha is approximately 400 m/s, 40 times that which is required to flow down the natural channel (although the power station does not necessarily run at this capacity at all times). For the first few years after the opening of the scheme, water was diverted to the power station only as necessary for the electricity demand at the time, and thus the impact on the river was not initially severe. However, as demand increased, more and more water was diverted, until eventually a situation was reached where, at all times, all available water was diverted for power generation, and the natural channel was permanently reduced to the minimum water flow allowed (except during extreme conditions). In exceptionally wet periods, the flow of water out of Lough Derg is greater than 400 m/s, and it is then necessary for the surplus to be released down the natural channel through Castleconnell. During these brief periods, the Falls of Doonass are temporarily restored to their former glory. How often this occurs depends on seasonal weather patterns: some years there is no increase above the minimum flow at all. This has led to a substantially dried-up riverbed. The most obvious result on the river south of Parteen Villa always being kept at summer levels is the silting of many of the old salmon pools, and the growth of trees and bushes in many parts of the former riverbed, thus significantly altering both the appearance and ecosystem of the river.
415:
772:
contribution to meeting the nation's electricity requirements during that period. By holding these lakes at a higher than natural level, by means of weirs, water accumulated during the wet winter months could be released during much drier periods to maintain supply to the power station. Weirs already existed at
Killaloe and Athlone to control lake levels in Lough Derg and Lough Ree respectively. Upon completion of Ardnacrusha, the weir at Athlone was modified and brought under ESB control, and a new weir built at the mouth of Lough Allen to further regulate water levels (the weir at Killaloe was removed, as Lough Derg's water level is now controlled by Parteen weir itself). In more recent decades Ardnacrusha's significance for electricity production has decreased, and water is no longer stored on the Shannon lakes for electricity generation.
642:
450:, was more cautious. The scheme was published by Siemens in September 1924 and the government appointed a team of experts from Norway and Switzerland to check its viability. It caused considerable political controversy as the cost of £5.2m was a large part of the new state's entire budget in 1925 of £25m and interests in Dublin preferred a more localised solution. But the experts supported the centralised solution which would require a distribution grid all over the country but recommended a two-stage implementation of the power generators. The government accepted this and by April 1925 had introduced the Shannon Electricity Act, 1925 in the
630:
411:, "Frazer's Scheme" proposed a head-race canal ending at Doonass, and was sanctioned by the 1901 "Shannon Water and Electric Power Act". This envisaged a seasonal scheme with a back-up steam turbine to generate electricity in the summer, but the overall cost was considered too great and the Act was shelved. In 1902 SF Dick proposed a sharper fall at Doonass. The British Board of Trade appointed a committee in 1918 which approved proposals by Theodore Stevens and published a report in 1922. This envisaged altering upper lake levels to create extra storage of 10,000 million cubic feet, at a cost of £2.6m.
666:
618:
654:
538:
678:
474:, as chief civil engineer. A completion time limit of three and a half years, with penalty clauses for failure of adherence to this limit, was written into the contract. Around 150 of the skilled workers and engineers on the power station were Germans. A camp was set up for the workers that included living quarters for 750 men and a dining room that seated 600. Initially employment for 700 was provided, whilst at its peak there were 5,200 employed during the construction phase, with this dropping back to 2,500 near completion.
530:
58:
463:
478:
733:
now that
Arnacrusha is producing so small a proportion of ESB's power. For example, increasing the flow of the river to 50 m/s would reduce Ardnacrusha's capacity by 1/10 (flow reduced by 40 m/s), or 8 megawatts; less than 0.3% of ESB's national capacity, whilst increasing the water flow to the natural channel 5-fold. This would have a major beneficial effect on the condition of the river south of O'Briens Bridge.
793:
821:
807:
65:
742:
derelict. Recently, several sections have been cleared, and it is now possible to walk from O'Briens Bridge to Errina lock along the old tow path. As there is no lock at
Parteen weir linking the natural channel to Lough Derg, it is no longer possible for any watercraft to enter, by water, this part of the Shannon.
741:
The navigable section of water from the southern end of the
Killaloe Canal to World's End, Castleconnell, was linked to Limerick via the lateral Plassey-Errina canal which had six locks. This became redundant with the construction of the new canal to Ardnacrusha, was dewatered and subsequently became
780:
The scheme simplified navigation between
Killaloe and Limerick, as watercraft need to traverse just one double lock at Ardnacrusha. The majority of the Killaloe canal was submerged under the new lake (the 'flooded section') south of Killaloe, allowing direct access to the head-race canal. The ESB is
382:
generator (commissioned in 1934) operating under an average head of 28.5 metres. The scheme originally was designed for six turbines, with four turbines fitted. The 85 MW of generating plant in
Ardnacrusha was adequate to meet the electricity demand of the entire country in the early years. The full
366:
in 1922 at a cost which was equivalent to one fifth of the Irish state's annual budget, the plant enabled an enormous surge in demand for electricity across the country and demonstrated the ability of the new government to develop during a difficult financial period. The plant was constructed by the
732:
When built, Ardnacrusha had the capacity to supply power for the entire country. Currently, it accounts for around 2-3% of the ESB's overall power output. Given the small overall amount of power produced per cubic meter, there is a substantial case for increasing water flow to the natural channel,
728:
Once opened, the great majority of the
Shannon's water was diverted via the head-race canal to the power station. The ESB are required by law to allow 10 cubic meters per second (10 m/s) to flow down the natural channel. This is roughly what the natural flow would be during dry summer periods
709:
fishing. The diverting of water to the power station had a disastrous effect on this, for two main reasons: Initially, there was no fish pass at
Ardnacrusha to allow the salmon to migrate further up the river; this was later rectified. Secondly, the reduction in water flow down the natural channel
714:
instead. The problem continues to this day, and the salmon fishing is no longer comparable with the period up to the 1920s, with stocks reduced by about 90%. The conservation status of the critically other species of native fish have also been hurt by the low water levels, such as the critically
771:
The maximum capacity of
Ardnacrusha is approximately 400 m/s. As this is much greater than is available during summer months, during the early years of operation water was stored in the major lakes on the Shannon, Lough Derg, Lough Ree and Lough Allen because Ardnacrusha provided a significant
745:
Navigation of the Shannon is now by the head-race canal which is 90 m (300 ft) wide. When all turbines are operating, the speed of the water is 1.5 m/s (3.4 mph) which can be challenging in both directions. This leads to the double lock at Ardnacrusha, which will take boats
561:
on 22 July 1929. One of the largest engineering projects of its day, it served as a model for large-scale electrification projects worldwide. Operated by the ESB, it had an immediate impact on the social, economic and industrial development of Ireland. By 1935, it was producing 80 per cent of
493:
and built a 96 km narrow gauge railway from the docks in Limerick to the site to bring in supplies, which included 76 steam locomotives. The government made good the local roads which were in an appalling state. The headrace involved building embankments up to 25m high over a distance of
522:
The construction project was not without controversy. Unskilled labourers were only paid agricultural wages producing strikes, national and governmental debate over wages, conditions, and spending over-runs. Despite this, there was a final cost overrun for Siemens of £150,000.
438:, a large German engineering firm, in late 1922, and his scheme would exploit the full height difference between Lough Allen and the sea. He drew on the analysis of 25 years of flow at the weir at Killaloe published by John Chaloner Smith, an engineer with the
371:, although much of the design was done by Irish engineers and Ireland provided most of the labour force. The scheme involved changes to the flow of the whole river, multiple dams and bridges and the construction of a national power grid.
45:
562:
Ireland's electricity. It continues to supply this power in the 21st century although its contribution is only 2% as of 2017. At the time, it was the largest hydroelectric station in the world, though this was soon superseded by the
641:
781:
responsible for maintaining water levels for navigation throughout the Shannon to between predetermined limits, but they have the right to prioritise levels for electricity generation, should water shortages arise.
383:
output equates to about 332,000 MWh generated on an annual basis. Ardnacrusha generates at 10.5 kilovolts (kV) but this is transformed to 38 kV for local distribution and to 110 kV for long distance transmission.
518:
were installed at the base of the dam which could generate 35MW, more than the entire public supply of the time. In addition a supply network of 110kV power lines was installed to Dublin, Cork and other centres.
578:
They have thrown on their shoulders the not easy task of breaking what is in reality an enormous inferiority complex and the Shannon Scheme is one - and probably the most vital - of their methods of doing
2094:
414:
996:
584:
Within three years the demand for electricity in Ireland had expanded so much that stage 2 was initiated. Instead of the planned three extra penstocks, only one was used but it used a new 30 MW
1412:
1170:
443:
1084:
526:
The site attracted a huge number of sightseers, transported by excursion trains from all parts of Ireland. By 1929 it reckoned that 250,000 spectators had been guided over the works.
355:'s largest river hydroelectric scheme and is operated on a purpose built headrace connected to the River Shannon. The plant includes fish ladders so that returning fish, such as
693:
The opening of the scheme had, and continues to have, a significant environmental effect on the part of the Shannon bypassed by the head-race canal, from Parteen Villa north of
677:
1621:
314:
1319:
665:
2089:
1626:
604:
653:
948:
1514:
1405:
1101:
588:
with seven blades which produces high efficiency on the relatively small head and therefore increased the capacity of the station to 75 MW by 1933. In 1937, the
2099:
1631:
1398:
57:
992:
1509:
431:
1237:
970:
629:
1162:
470:
In 1925 Siemens started the works with Dr. McLaughlin as managing director and Professor Frank Sharman Rishworth, who took a leave of absence from
1674:
1081:
617:
221:
554:(ESB) was established and took control of the scheme and electricity supply and generation generally. McLaughlin became the managing director.
1351:
1213:
1029:
908:
758:
management programme following the discovery of a reduced eel population. This scheme ensures safe passage for young eels past Ardnacrusha.
1035:
608:
1256:
746:
32.2 m (106 ft) long and 6.1 m (20 ft) wide. The two locks have a combined drop of up to 34 m (112 ft).
2068:
1140:
834:
1525:
1326:
889:
The electrification of the Irish Free state : the Shannon scheme : report of the experts appointed by the government
1105:
952:
514: cu yd) of rock. Four major bridges were built and nine rivers diverted as well as numerous streams. Three large
1421:
1380:
1455:
1057:
423:
1667:
1600:
1585:
1286:
705:
and the Falls of Doonass was in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries world-famous for fishing, particularly
537:
1566:
1530:
1503:
1930:
1991:
1787:
1595:
1561:
1519:
471:
2053:
1812:
1556:
551:
418:
Siemens-Bauunion plant and machinery being unloaded at Limerick docks for Shannon hydro-electric scheme, 1925
1945:
1605:
1551:
1498:
826:
529:
1546:
2104:
2043:
2036:
1832:
1660:
1234:
439:
2048:
1960:
1873:
1858:
1853:
1590:
1540:
966:
589:
400:
647:
types of transmission towers used. Most of them were manufactured in Germany and transported to ireland
494:
10 km and many unforeseen geological problems were encountered. 7.6 million cubic metres (9.9
1493:
392:
1691:
1574:
1355:
84:
1385:
887:
462:
1986:
1782:
905:
363:
283:
694:
2011:
1352:"ESB's Fishery Role - Fisheries - Sustainability & Environment - Electricity Supply Board"
1209:
1025:
1019:
873:
The Electrification of the Irish Free State: The Shannon Scheme Developed by Siemens-Schuckert
435:
368:
1741:
1726:
1716:
1643:
1253:
1201:
477:
427:
340:
328:
253:
104:
2058:
2031:
2026:
2021:
1935:
1909:
1751:
1721:
1260:
1241:
1088:
912:
570:
515:
375:
603:
In 2002, on the 75th anniversary of the plant, its historic status was recognised by the
993:"Seanad Éireann - Volume 6 - 14 December 1925 - Debate - Shannon Electrification Scheme"
1950:
1914:
1711:
1535:
1471:
798:
597:
585:
447:
379:
296:
263:
201:
1136:
434:
with a proposal for a much more ambitious project. McLaughlin had started working for
2083:
2063:
2016:
1883:
1837:
1822:
1736:
1731:
1683:
1476:
1460:
711:
702:
408:
332:
302:
273:
173:
1390:
1194:"Eels and People in Ireland: From Mythology to International Eel Stock Conservation"
1888:
1878:
1863:
1772:
1746:
1706:
812:
593:
404:
348:
94:
1652:
1163:"Milestones:Shannon Scheme for the Electrification of the Irish Free State, 1929"
2006:
1955:
1807:
1466:
1205:
820:
504: cu yd) of soil had to be moved and 1.2 million cubic metres (1.6
344:
924:
North Munster Antiquarian Journal 1987, vol.29, essay by Paul Duffy, pp. 68–92.
1940:
1893:
1868:
1777:
1193:
788:
710:
encouraged more fish to either migrate towards the head-race canal, or to the
563:
17:
236:
223:
1450:
1445:
806:
158:
1293:
611:, who marked the facility as an Engineering Milestone of the 20th century.
351:
approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) from the Limerick border. It is
1827:
698:
396:
289:
374:
The generating plant at Ardnacrusha is composed of three vertical-shaft
44:
1996:
1817:
1792:
1687:
1435:
558:
490:
451:
352:
2001:
1802:
1797:
1579:
1192:
McCarthy, T. Kieran (2014), Tsukamoto, Katsumi; Kuroki, Mari (eds.),
754:
A trap and transport scheme is in force on the Shannon as part of an
706:
486:
356:
683:
Electrical substation from 1929 with original gantry tower in front
1981:
1767:
1440:
938:
The Engineers Journal, Engineers Ireland, Volume 58, November 2004
536:
528:
476:
461:
413:
1320:"Shannon International River Basin District Eel Management Plan"
1656:
1394:
1200:, Humanity and the Sea, Tokyo: Springer Japan, pp. 13–40,
755:
1102:"Ardnacrusha Power Station, BALLYKEELAUN, Ardnacrusha, CLARE"
1126:
North Munster Antiquarian Journal 1987, vol.29, p. 74.
466:
Diver involved in survey work for the Shannon Scheme, 1925
701:
city. This length of river, especially that running past
378:
generators (commissioned in 1929) and one vertical-shaft
967:"Ardnacrusha - Dam hard job - Sunday Mirror, 4 Aug 2002"
2095:
Hydroelectric power stations in the Republic of Ireland
27:
Electricity generation project in County Clare, Ireland
1381:
Electricity Supply Board - background on establishment
1235:
Are Ireland’s large hydroelectric schemes sustainable?
391:
The first plan to harness the Shannon's power between
485:
Siemens had to import a vast array of machinery from
359:, can climb the river safely past the power station.
64:
1974:
1923:
1902:
1846:
1760:
1699:
1614:
1486:
1428:
295:
282:
272:
262:
252:
215:
210:
200:
195:
187:
179:
169:
164:
154:
136:
118:
110:
100:
90:
80:
72:
Location of Shannon hydroelectric scheme in Ireland
37:
573:was highly impressed with the result, commenting:
1082:The Building of the Shannon Hydro-Electric Scheme
671:Typical 38 kV transmission tower for two circuits
605:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1104:. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage.
853:The Industrial Resources of Ireland, Dublin 1844
659:Typical 38 kV transmission tower for one circuit
206:10,400 square kilometres (4,000 sq mi)
1668:
1406:
1271:
1269:
8:
1526:Dublin Waste-to-Energy (Poolbeg Incinerator)
557:The Shannon Scheme was officially opened at
481:Canteen workers on the Shannon Scheme, 1928
442:. McGilligan was enthusiastic although the
1675:
1661:
1653:
1622:High-voltage transmission links in Ireland
1413:
1399:
1391:
43:
34:
1627:Power stations in the Republic of Ireland
1318:Shannon Regional Fisheries Board (2008).
1275:The Shannon Navigation, Ruth Delany, 2007
331:in the 1920s to harness the power of the
2090:Buildings and structures in County Clare
566:, which commenced construction in 1930.
1292:. Inland Waterways News. Archived from
846:
613:
600:was constructed, adding another 35 MW.
1108:from the original on 24 September 2021
533:Ardnacrusha Power Station Construction
430:'s Minister for Industry and Commerce
1632:Wind farms in the Republic of Ireland
973:from the original on 26 February 2011
934:
932:
930:
719:Effects on the bypassed river channel
7:
2100:Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
999:from the original on 6 November 2016
1143:from the original on 18 August 2016
609:American Society of Civil Engineers
2069:All crossings of the River Shannon
862:Report on Water Power, Dublin 1922
444:President of the Executive Council
25:
1422:Electricity generation in Ireland
1173:from the original on 6 March 2012
1038:from the original on 27 June 2014
422:At the end of 1923, the engineer
1058:"Ardnacrusha Generating Station"
835:River Shannon to Dublin pipeline
819:
805:
791:
750:Shannon Eel Management Programme
676:
664:
652:
640:
628:
616:
63:
56:
1965:
1487:Electricity generating stations
1024:. Thomas Telford. p. 272.
762:Effects upriver from the scheme
327:was a major development by the
268:28.5–33 m (94–108 ft)
949:"Shannon Hydroelectric Scheme"
1:
906:Shannon Electricity Act, 1925
886:Bourgquist, Waldemar (1925).
440:Commissioners of Public Works
399:was published in 1844 by Sir
1966:Headrace canal (Ardnacrusha)
1456:Northern Ireland Electricity
362:Completed within 7 years of
325:Shannon hydroelectric Scheme
38:Shannon hydroelectric scheme
1386:Clare Library - Ardnacrusha
1285:Duffy, Paul (Winter 2004).
1206:10.1007/978-4-431-54529-3_2
1167:IEEE Global History Network
592:hydroelectric plant on the
343:power station located near
2121:
1063:. Electricity Supply Board
875:. Siemens-Schuckert. 1924.
689:Environmental consequences
607:, in partnership with the
1640:
1429:Companies / organisations
1254:ESB Power stations output
697:to about a mile north of
472:University College Galway
308:
211:Ardnacrusha Power Station
51:
42:
1813:Lanesborough-Ballyleague
1137:"Shannon Scheme Project"
1087:25 February 2007 at the
552:Electricity Supply Board
180:Height (foundation)
142: (95 years ago)
124: (99 years ago)
1018:Cox, Ronald C. (1998).
827:Renewable energy portal
724:Reduction in water flow
337:Ardnacrusha power plant
284:Installed capacity
119:Construction began
951:. ASCE. Archived from
911:14 August 2009 at the
542:
534:
482:
467:
419:
297:Annual generation
183:30 metres (98 ft)
1931:Shannon–Erne Waterway
1259:17 April 2009 at the
590:Poulaphouca Reservoir
540:
532:
480:
465:
417:
1287:"Deeply Challenging"
1240:23 June 2016 at the
1091:Clare County Library
546:Electrifying Ireland
237:52.70556°N 8.61278°W
1332:on 14 December 2013
1139:. Siemens Ireland.
955:on 31 October 2013.
541:Construction of dam
426:approached the new
407:'s 1896 project at
335:. Its product, the
233: /
202:Catchment area
32:Dam in County Clare
2007:Termonbarry Bridge
1783:Carrick-on-Shannon
915:Irish Statute Book
623:Canal construction
543:
535:
483:
468:
432:Patrick McGilligan
420:
364:Irish independence
242:52.70556; -8.61278
188:Width (crest)
2077:
2076:
2044:University Bridge
2038:The Living Bridge
2012:N6 Athlone bypass
1847:Major tributaries
1650:
1649:
1215:978-4-431-54529-3
1031:978-0-7277-2627-8
436:Siemens-Schuckert
424:Thomas McLaughlin
369:Siemens-Schuckert
321:
320:
165:Dam and spillways
137:Opening date
16:(Redirected from
2112:
1992:Jamestown Bridge
1941:River Suck canal
1677:
1670:
1663:
1654:
1644:Northern Ireland
1515:Cathaleen's Fall
1415:
1408:
1401:
1392:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1358:on 4 August 2014
1354:. Archived from
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1331:
1325:. Archived from
1324:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1251:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
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1159:
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1152:
1150:
1148:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
963:
957:
956:
945:
939:
936:
925:
922:
916:
903:
897:
896:
894:
883:
877:
876:
869:
863:
860:
854:
851:
829:
824:
823:
815:
810:
809:
801:
796:
795:
794:
715:endangered eel.
680:
668:
656:
644:
632:
620:
516:Parsons turbines
510:
509:
500:
499:
428:Irish Free State
329:Irish Free State
317:
248:
247:
245:
244:
243:
238:
234:
231:
230:
229:
226:
150:
148:
143:
132:
130:
125:
67:
66:
60:
47:
35:
21:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2059:Limerick Tunnel
2032:Killaloe Bridge
2027:Portumna bridge
2022:Banagher bridge
1975:Major crossings
1970:
1936:Jamestown Canal
1919:
1910:Shannon Estuary
1898:
1842:
1756:
1695:
1681:
1651:
1646:
1642:(NI) indicates
1636:
1610:
1570:(decomissioned)
1482:
1424:
1419:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1302:
1300:
1299:on 3 March 2016
1296:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1261:Wayback Machine
1252:
1248:
1242:Wayback Machine
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1198:Eels and Humans
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1089:Wayback Machine
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1002:
1000:
991:
990:
986:
976:
974:
965:
964:
960:
947:
946:
942:
937:
928:
923:
919:
913:Wayback Machine
904:
900:
892:
885:
884:
880:
871:
870:
866:
861:
857:
852:
848:
843:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
792:
790:
787:
778:
769:
764:
752:
739:
726:
721:
695:O'Briens Bridge
691:
684:
681:
672:
669:
660:
657:
648:
645:
636:
635:Head-race canal
633:
624:
621:
571:Financial Times
548:
507:
505:
497:
495:
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1504:Ballylumford
1360:. Retrieved
1356:the original
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1336:11 September
1334:. Retrieved
1327:the original
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1303:15 September
1301:. Retrieved
1294:the original
1280:
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1244:, ecofact.ie
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258:Conventional
95:County Clare
29:
1961:Grand Canal
1956:Royal Canal
1946:Boyle canal
1808:Tarmonbarry
1761:Settlements
1596:Tawnaghmore
1562:Poulaphouca
1520:Coolkeeragh
1499:Ardnacrusha
1467:SSE Thermal
569:The London
401:Robert Kane
345:Ardnacrusha
240: /
216:Coordinates
114:Operational
2084:Categories
1903:Flows into
1778:Drumshanbo
1557:Moneypoint
1536:Inniscarra
1042:3 November
1003:6 November
977:7 December
841:References
776:Navigation
737:Navigation
564:Hoover Dam
393:Lough Derg
387:Background
225:52°42′20″N
1788:Jamestown
1742:Tipperary
1727:Westmeath
1717:Roscommon
1606:Whitegate
1552:Lough Ree
1451:Iberdrola
1446:ESB Group
1362:1 January
228:8°36′46″W
196:Reservoir
159:ESB Group
1833:Killaloe
1828:Banagher
1752:Limerick
1722:Longford
1700:Counties
1257:Archived
1238:Archived
1221:12 April
1177:2 August
1171:Archived
1169:. IEEE.
1141:Archived
1106:Archived
1085:Archived
1067:9 August
1036:Archived
997:Archived
971:Archived
909:Archived
785:See also
767:Flooding
699:Limerick
397:Limerick
274:Turbines
170:Impounds
155:Owner(s)
91:Location
1884:Mulkear
1818:Athlone
1793:Drumsna
1712:Leitrim
1688:Ireland
1591:Tarbert
1567:Poolbeg
1547:Leixlip
1541:Kilroot
1436:EirGrid
1021:Ireland
491:Hamburg
353:Ireland
347:within
339:, is a
310:Website
145: (
127: (
101:Purpose
85:Ireland
81:Country
1889:Nenagh
1879:Maigue
1864:Brosna
1803:Roosky
1798:Dromod
1737:Galway
1732:Offaly
1580:SeaGen
1494:Aghada
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707:salmon
487:Bremen
357:salmon
111:Status
1859:Boyle
1854:Abbey
1768:Dowra
1747:Clare
1707:Cavan
1692:Basin
1615:Lists
1575:Rhode
1441:Ervia
1330:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
1297:(PDF)
1290:(PDF)
1112:2 May
1061:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
105:Power
1894:Suck
1874:Inny
1869:Deel
1582:(NI)
1543:(NI)
1522:(NI)
1506:(NI)
1479:(NI)
1463:(NI)
1364:2014
1338:2014
1305:2014
1223:2022
1210:ISBN
1179:2011
1149:2014
1114:2023
1069:2023
1044:2016
1026:ISBN
1005:2016
979:2007
489:and
452:Dáil
395:and
323:The
301:332
254:Type
191:100m
147:1929
140:1929
129:1925
122:1925
1202:doi
756:eel
596:in
579:it.
315:ESB
303:GWh
288:86
2086::
1686:,
1268:^
1208:,
1196:,
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290:MW
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1181:.
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1071:.
1046:.
1007:.
981:.
895:.
512:^
506:×
502:^
496:×
278:4
149:)
131:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
