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686:. While a small proportion of the deaths appeared to have resulted from artillery and tank rounds used against the villages, the foreign press later announced that most of the massacre's victims had been "summarily executed in two separate incidents", and that witnesses affirmed that the Shabiha were the most likely perpetrators. Townspeople described how Shabiha, from Shia/Alawite villages to the south and west of Houla (
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498:, were untouchable and operated with impunity from the local authorities. They gained notoriety in the 1990s for the brutal way they enforced their protection rackets in Latakia and were noted for their cruelty and blind devotion to their leaders. By the mid-1990s, they had gotten out of hand, and President Hafez Assad had his son
690:
and Felleh were named repeatedly), entered the town after shelling of the ground for several hours. According to one eyewitness, the killers had written Shia slogans on their foreheads. The U.N. reported that "entire families were shot in their houses", and video emerged of children with their skulls
596:
are described to wear civilian clothes, trainers and white running shoes and often are taking steroids. A physician explained that "many of the men were recruited from bodybuilding clubs and encouraged to take steroids. They are treated like animals, and manipulated by their bosses to carry out these
486:
that was popular for its smuggling sized trunk and was called the Shabah, were known by the
Alawites in Syria as Alawi ganglords. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, they smuggled food, cigarettes and commodities, subsidized by the government, from Syria into Lebanon and sold them for a massive
618:
describes
Shabiha as "mafia militia smuggling commodities, appliances, drugs and guns between Syria and Lebanon at the behest of Assadâs extended family" and the Telegraph as "a group that suffers from a dangerous cocktail of religious indoctrination, minority paranoia and smuggler roots". The
502:
clamp down on them, which he did successfully. In 2000, when Bashar Assad came to power, they were apparently disbanded, but following the uprising that began in March 2011, the shabiha gangs, which evolved into the shabiha militias, were again approved by Assad's government.
557:
in cars armed with machine guns firing at protesters, and then later of taking up sniper position on rooftops and killing up to 21 people. It was reported by local activists that on 18 and 19 April that the shabiha and security forces killed 21 protesters in Homs.
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observers attempted to enter Al-Qubair to verify the reports, but were fired upon and forced to retreat by Sunni armed militia that had entered the city the day before. Victims were reportedly stabbed and shot by
Shabiha forces loyal to the government of
609:. One militiaman said he was ready to kill women and children to defend his friends, family and president: "Sunni women are giving birth to babies who will fight us in years to come, so we have the right to fight anyone who can hurt us in the future".
702:
for the first time. The U.S., U.K., and eleven other nationsâthe
Netherlands, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, Bulgaria, Canada and Turkeyâjointly expelled Syrian ambassadors and diplomats already 4 days after the massacre took place.
757:, has been quoted as saying that "most Syrians view" the Shabiha as "operating without any known organization or leadership." Sunni and Alawite businessmen who are protecting their own interests in the country are alleged to be paying the groups.
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579:, and attacked civilians in the cities of Banias, Jableh, and Latakia." A month later in June, witnesses and refugees from the northwestern region said that the shabiha have reemerged during the uprising and were being used by the
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654:. Having escaped after five days in captivity, Engel held a Shabiha group responsible for the abduction. Engel's account was however challenged from early on. More than two years later, following further investigation by
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Aron Lund, a
Swedish journalist specializing in Middle East issues, says that post-2011 the term "Shabbiha" is generally used as a generalized, insulting description of an Assad supporter.
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In the coastal region, the group is reportedly led by Fawaz al-Assad and Munzer al-Assad, first cousins of
President Assad. Another source, Mahmoud Merhi, head of the
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and gave their guards the same car; that specific car model was nicknamed Shabah (Ghost) in many Arabic countries which led to its drivers being called
Shabeeh The
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482:, where they allegedly benefited from smuggling through the ports in the area. The shabiha, who were named for the Arabic word for ghost or for the
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were described by locals as having shaved heads, thin beards and white trainers. It was also reported by Syrian locals that some elements in the
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for sectarian attacks against Sunni civilians, murdering protesters, detaining army members of Sunni background and for carrying out the
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militias are discreetly financed by powerful Syrian businessmen, and have often been responsible for the more brutal actions against the
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2299:(Word Document, 9.16 MB, 102 pages, advance edited version), 15 August 2012, containing numerous findings relating to shabiha activities
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In July 2012, a captured alleged shabiha member admitted looting and murder, stating that it was for "money and power". The newspaper
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Another massacre was reported but not investigated by local villagers and activists to have taken place in the Syrian settlement of
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rhetoric. This policy led to large-scale desertions within the army ranks and further defections of officers who began forming a
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in June 2012, claimed that the Houla massacre was instead perpetrated by rebel militias antagonistic to the Syrian government.
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were contemplating plans to clear Sunni Muslim villages from the Alawi northwest in the hopes of creating an easily defendable
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The mercenaries consisted of mostly
Alawite men paid by the regime to eliminate figures of its domestic opposition and alleged
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The word became common in the 1990s, when it was being used to refer to "thugs" who work with the government and often drove
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Qubair is a small farming settlement inside the Sunni Muslim village of
Maarzaf, which lies close to Alawite villages.
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391:. While most Shabiha were members of the Alawi minority, the main common denominator of the groups was loyalty to the
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660:, it however came out that the NBC team "was almost certainly taken by a Sunni criminal element affiliated with the
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https://www.reuters.com/article/world/battered-by-war-syrian-army-creates-its-own-replacement-idUSBRE93K02R/
732:
According to activists, 28 people were killed, many of them women and children. The day after the massacre,
678:
On May 25, 2012, 78 people, including 49 children, were killed in two opposition-controlled villages in the
373:
118:
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death squads upon the demonstrators, ordering them to execute sectarian attacks on the protestors, torture
517:
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360:) is a colloquial and generally derogatory term for various loosely-organised Syrian militias loyal to
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470:'s brother and cousin. They were originally concentrated in the Mediterranean region of Syria around
380:
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383:. The Shabiha were established in the 1980s to smuggle weapons to the Syrian soldiers stationed in
583:
to carry out "a scorched earth campaign burning crops, ransacking houses and shooting randomly."
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526:
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1343:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4112, USA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 270.
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2382:
699:
661:
512:
365:
240:
141:
84:
1639:"Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic"
1382:. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 185.
446:, which includes demonising Sunni religious beliefs and usage of deriding slogans such as "
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5472:
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5457:
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3212:
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unanimously condemned the massacre, with Russia and China agreeing to a resolution on the
563:
463:
392:
361:
328:
128:
56:
2082:
2057:
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5900:
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profit, while luxury cars, guns and drugs were smuggled in reverse from
Lebanon up the
467:
262:
65:
48:
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5664:
5629:
5584:
5554:
5534:
5489:
5477:
5324:
5101:
3455:
3370:
3005:
1742:
1683:
1584:"Confessions of an Assad 'Shabiha' loyalist: how I raped and killed for ÂŁ300 a month"
1197:. London, UK: Yale University Press. pp. 2, 53â54, 66, 83â84, 86, 131, 199â200.
844:
643:
423:
293:
251:
5594:
5569:
5544:
5539:
5347:
4985:
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1664:
1648:. United Nations Human Rights Council: 1â102. 16 August 2012 – via OHCHR.org.
848:
782:
775:
770:
679:
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split open. Others had been shot or knifed to death, some with their throats cut.
5992:
5674:
5604:
5589:
5564:
2375:
2368:
827:
778:
741:, according to the victim's families. Reports published by the German newspaper
687:
632:
542:
499:
5357:
606:
442:
against Syria's Sunni population is also known to have been employed by Alawi
395:
rather than religion, and in areas such as Aleppo they were primarily Sunni.
5649:
1341:
Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria
858:
718:
537:
Upon the outbreak of the Syrian Revolution in 2011, the regime deployed the
419:
2297:
Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic
368:. As the war has evolved, many groups which had previously been considered
2455:
National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party â Syria Region
774:
and pan-Arab network Al-Arabiya have reported on Shabiha militia stealing
721:
on June 6, 2012, only two weeks after the killings at Houla. According to
5367:
5315:
2265:
1534:
1421:. Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911, USA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 144.
835:
722:
639:
17:
2495:
2157:"Neue Erkenntnisse zu GetĂśteten von Hula; von Rainer Hermann, Damaskus"
1608:
Luke Harding, Julian Borger and agencies in Damascus (15 August 2012).
840:
790:
726:
651:
554:
479:
471:
384:
2002:"Several countries expel Syrian diplomats as EU mulls joint expulsion"
1860:"U.N. observers in Syria visit scene of Houla 'massacre:' state media"
1378:
Lefevre, Raphael (2013). "9: Uprisings in Syria: Revenge on History".
2603:
831:
589:
reported a case in which four sisters were raped by shabiha members.
530:
494:
The shabiha guards, who each had loyalty to different members of the
475:
211:
1141:
27:
Armed militia supporting the Baath Arab and Socialist Party of Syria
2538:
2228:
1417:
A. Shoup, John (2018). "10: Bashar al-Asad's Syria: 2000âPresent".
1043:
Phillips, Christopher (2015). "2: The Arab Spring Comes to Syria".
1018:
Phillips, Christopher (2015). "2: The Arab Spring Comes to Syria".
982:"Insight: Battered by war, Syrian army creates its own replacement"
2598:
2340:
2335:
1313:"Syria: feared militia kills up to 21 people as protests continue"
1195:
The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East
1045:
The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East
1020:
The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East
817:
786:
516:
199:
2176:"Ghosts of Syria:diehard militias who kill in the name of Assad"
1887:"Exclusive dispatch: Assad blamed for massacre of the innocents"
1747:"NBC News Alters Account of Correspondent's Kidnapping in Syria"
1162:"Syrian Thugs Are Assad's Tool in Protest Crackdown, Groups Say"
1107:"Ghosts of Syria:diehard militias who kill in the name of Assad"
854:
821:
683:
462:
in 2012, 'Shabiha mercenaries' were established in the 1980s by
223:
5701:
5431:
4857:
2859:
2839:
Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria
2580:
2542:
2306:
553:. In March 2011, activists reported that Shabiha drove through
410:
are a tool of the government for cracking down on dissent. The
317:
5983:
Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
1069:"Syrian Army Denies Using Heavy Artillery in Tremesh Assault"
2194:"Gangs Of Latakia: The Militiafication Of The Assad Regime"
1946:"U.N. Security Council Issues Condemnation of Syria Attack"
725:, Al-Qubair is a farming settlement inside the village of
5988:
International recognition of the Syrian National Council
1339:
Glynn Williams, Brian (2017). "6: The New War on ISIS".
1047:. London, UK: Yale University Press. pp. 2, 53â54.
1022:. London, UK: Yale University Press. pp. 2, 53â54.
1778:"Most Houla victims killed in summary executions: U.N."
1280:
Michael Peel and Abigail Fielding-Smith (2 June 2012).
6070:
Military units and formations established in the 1980s
1715:"Richard Engel's Kidnapping: A Behind the Scenes Look"
1001:
999:
927:"Al-Assad's inner circle, mostly family, like 'mafia'"
908:
906:
311:
5051:
National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
2058:"Syria UN team 'shot at' near Qubair 'massacre site'"
2223:اŮشبŮŘŘŠ ŮŮŮبŮ٠آ؍اع ŘłŮŘąŮا ŮŮبŮŘšŮŮŮا Ů٠اŮŘłŮ٠اŮŘłŮداإ
1978:. Agence France-Presse. May 29, 2012. Archived from
1610:"Houla killings: UN blames Syria troops and militia"
1251:
Harriet Alexander, and Ruth Sherlock (2 June 2012).
953:"Executions Reported as Syria Civilian Crisis Looms"
364:, used particularly during the initial phase of the
5970:
5954:
5859:
5773:
5712:
5366:
5323:
5314:
5274:
5216:
5188:
5177:
5135:
5079:
5019:
5010:
4944:
4908:
4875:
4868:
4824:
4765:
4726:
4708:
4679:
4650:
4639:
4600:
4546:
4492:
4443:
4331:
4204:
3970:
3751:
3593:
3409:
3265:
3071:
2942:
2872:
2826:
2755:
2734:
2698:
2690:
Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war
2667:
2591:
2490:
2445:
2408:
2348:
1554:"Syria: Shabiha Militia Member Tells It Like It Is"
1229:Hugh Macleod and Annasofie Flamand (15 June 2012).
1160:Razzouk, Nayla; Alexander, Caroline (1 June 2011).
279:
229:
187:
179:
163:
153:
134:
124:
107:
97:
44:
32:
2083:"New 'massacre' reported in Syria's Hama province"
1807:"Syria crisis: Most Houla victims 'were executed'"
1552:Macleod, Hugh; Flamand, Annasofie (15 June 2012).
1510:"Syrian men promise to marry women who were raped"
1976:"US hopes Syria massacre sparks change in Russia"
458:According to defectors privately interviewed by
6060:Pro-government factions of the Syrian civil war
4248:Syrian Liberation FrontâTahrir al-Sham conflict
4159:Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
2742:International reactions to the Syrian civil war
2131:"Opposition claim Syrian government 'massacre'"
2052:
2050:
1129:"Syrian MP killed publicly by FSA firing squad"
1071:. ABC News Radio. July 16, 2012. Archived from
2659:Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017âpresent)
2105:"New Syria 'Massacre' Claims Emerge From Hama"
1380:Ashes of Hama: The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
623:report published in August 2012 condemned the
2554:
2318:
2262:Syrian Conflagration. The Civil War 2011â2013
1771:
1769:
1767:
1660:"Houla massacre: UN blames Syria and militia"
8:
3401:Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (DecâJan)
2798:2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria
2685:Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war
2227:Hala Jaber; George Arbuthnott (5 May 2013).
1483:"Syria forces storm border town â witnesses"
1306:
1304:
1302:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
813:List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War
5941:Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
3181:Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012â2013)
2747:Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
1457:"Syria's President ends state of emergency"
491:and into Syria's state controlled economy.
345:
5936:First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
5709:
5698:
5428:
5320:
5185:
5016:
4885:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party â Syria Region
4872:
4865:
4854:
4647:
4084:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (AprâMay)
3845:East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (AprâMay)
2869:
2856:
2588:
2577:
2561:
2547:
2539:
2325:
2311:
2303:
2229:"Syrians loot Roman treasures to buy guns"
1646:Human Rights Council: Twenty-first Session
1253:"The Shabiha: Inside Assad's death squads"
976:
974:
761:Accusation of looting and outside analysis
29:
6075:Paramilitary organizations based in Syria
5816:International demonstrations and protests
3922:September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack
3218:Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012âFeb 2013)
879:
877:
875:
682:of Syria, a cluster of villages north of
664:," rather than by a loyalist Shia group.
521:Berri clan militiamen, considered to be "
5962:Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany
5046:Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
1834:"The searing grief of Houla's Survivors"
1688:"Richard Engel of NBC Is Freed in Syria"
1485:. Euronews. 19 June 2011. Archived from
3026:Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)
2793:US intervention in the Syrian civil war
2107:. Sky News. 7 June 2012. Archived from
1919:"UN condemns Syria over Houla massacre"
1275:
1273:
1246:
1244:
871:
4430:Northwestern offensive (Dec 19âMar 20)
3708:Northwestern Syria offensive (OctâNov)
1434:
1395:
1356:
1005:
912:
5931:Idlib demilitarization (2018âpresent)
4718:April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike
4538:Tahrir al-ShamâJunud al-Sham conflict
4278:Southern Damascus offensive (AprâMay)
4243:Southern Damascus offensive (JanâFeb)
4154:Northwestern campaign (Oct 17âFeb 18)
4144:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17âMar 18)
2525:Syria and weapons of mass destruction
1282:"Shoes Give Clue to Houla Assailants"
1231:"Inside Syria's shabiha death squads"
886:"The Structure of Syria's Repression"
327:
7:
5056:Syrian Revolution General Commission
4796:January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
3575:Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
2778:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
312:
6013:Syrian civil war in popular culture
5906:UN Security Council Resolution 2118
3835:Northern Aleppo offensive (MarâJun)
3525:Northern Aleppo offensive (FebâJul)
3508:First Battle of the Shaer gas field
2290:United Nations Human Rights Council
1776:Nebehay, Stephanie (May 29, 2012).
412:Syrian Observatory for Human Rights
5916:2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
5107:Authenticity and Development Front
4781:2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
4776:December 2011 Turkish border clash
4567:Ahrar al-ShamâLevant Front clashes
4024:Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
3937:Western al-Bab offensive (OctâNov)
3795:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (FebâMar)
3063:December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres
2834:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
2788:Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria
2675:Casualties of the Syrian civil war
2460:Air Force Intelligence Directorate
2174:Peter Kellier (pn) (1 June 2012).
1944:MacFarquhar, Neil (May 27, 2012).
1885:Cockburn, Patrick (May 27, 2012).
1745:; Karam Shoumali (15 April 2015).
1713:Jamie Dettmer (22 December 2012).
1686:; Sebnem Arsu (18 December 2012),
1311:Adrian Blomfield (27 March 2011).
755:Arab Organization for Human Rights
707:Alleged role in Al-Qubair massacre
635:civilians, including 41 children.
25:
4806:Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
4747:Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
4700:April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike
4268:Northern Homs offensive (AprâMay)
4253:Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
3994:Wadi Barada offensive (2016â2017)
3860:May Jableh & Tartous bombings
3810:February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
3775:Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
3728:East Aleppo offensive (2015â2016)
3115:Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)
2783:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
2482:Military Intelligence Directorate
2035:from the original on May 31, 2012
2008:from the original on May 30, 2012
1956:from the original on May 24, 2013
1925:from the original on May 29, 2012
1899:from the original on May 26, 2012
1866:from the original on May 27, 2012
1840:from the original on May 31, 2012
1813:from the original on May 30, 2012
1787:from the original on May 30, 2012
925:Dougherty, Jill (9 August 2012).
6034:
6033:
5750:2017 Northern regional elections
5382:Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
4993:RussiaâSyriaâIranâIraq coalition
4508:Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
4405:Turkish offensive into northeast
4385:Northwestern offensive (AprâAug)
4273:Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
3942:Khan al-Shih offensive (OctâNov)
3785:January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
3053:Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush
2934:2010s in Syria political history
2680:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
2465:General Intelligence Directorate
2334:
2268:: Helion & Company Limited.
1668:. 15 August 2012. Archived from
438:, including possible massacres.
267:
256:
245:
234:
216:
204:
192:
112:
64:
5946:Syrian Constitutional Committee
5292:International Freedom Battalion
4890:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
4288:Deir ez-Zor offensive (MayâJun)
4238:Rif Dimashq offensive (FebâApr)
4184:Battle of Deir ez-Zor (SepâNov)
4039:East Aleppo offensive (JanâApr)
4014:Deir ez-Zor offensive (JanâFeb)
4004:Desert campaign (Dec 16âApr 17)
3870:Rif Dimashq offensive (JunâOct)
3850:Rif Dimashq offensive (AprâMay)
3790:Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
3658:Battle of Nasib Border Crossing
3540:Rif Dimashq offensive (AugâNov)
3386:Rif Dimashq offensive (SepâNov)
3317:Rif Dimashq offensive (MarâAug)
3186:Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)
3021:Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011â2014)
2996:June Jisr ash-Shughur operation
2514:Military Security Shield Forces
376:and other paramilitary groups.
4801:Assassination of Andrei Karlov
4671:May 2018 IsraelâIran incidents
4370:ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
4114:Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
3917:September Deir ez-Zor air raid
3907:Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)
3865:Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)
3855:Northern Raqqa offensive (May)
3743:Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown
2477:Political Security Directorate
2200:. 30 July 2013. Archived from
2029:"Executions reported in Syria"
1832:Thomson, Alex (May 30, 2012).
1237:. Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd.
1193:Phillips, Christopher (2015).
1105:Kellier, Peter (31 May 2012).
525:", after their capture by the
466:and Namir al-Assad, President
1:
5745:2017 Northern local elections
5735:2015 Northern local elections
5097:National Front for Liberation
5034:Local Coordination Committees
4582:Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
4420:Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
4064:Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
3361:Khan al-Assal chemical attack
3157:18 July 2012 Damascus bombing
2971:Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb
2756:Specific groups and countries
2433:Syrian Special Mission Forces
2428:Syrian Public Security Police
6008:2015 European migrant crisis
5282:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
4174:Euphrates Crossing offensive
3668:Western al-Hasakah offensive
3628:Eastern al-Hasakah offensive
3496:Qalamoun offensive (JunâAug)
3252:Quneitra Governorate clashes
2991:Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh
2919:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
2668:Effects and ongoing concerns
2004:. Al Arabiya. May 29, 2012.
1921:. Al Jazeera. May 27, 2012.
1862:. Al Arabiya. May 26, 2012.
884:Ahed Al Hendi (3 May 2011).
545:demonstrators and engage in
414:has stated that some of the
389:Syrian occupation of Lebanon
318:
5896:U.S.âRussia peace proposals
5851:Syrian government reactions
5841:Status of the Golan Heights
5836:Sectarianism and minorities
5760:2020 parliamentary election
5740:2016 parliamentary election
5725:2012 parliamentary election
5660:Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
5560:Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
5407:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
5266:Northern Democratic Brigade
5122:Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
5117:Revolutionary Commando Army
4998:Popular Mobilization Forces
4786:2012 Turkish border clashes
4375:DĂŞrik prison escape attempt
3780:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
3733:2015â2016 Latakia offensive
3703:Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)
3698:Palmyra offensive (JulâAug)
3585:Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)
3570:Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
3346:Bayda and Baniyas massacres
2654:Sectarianism and minorities
2629:Syrian government reactions
1508:Gul Tuysuz (21 June 2011).
694:The fifteen nations of the
454:Before the Syrian civil war
6101:
5891:Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
5765:2021 presidential election
5730:2014 presidential election
4976:medical facility targeting
4832:Deir ez-Zor missile strike
4791:2013 ReyhanlÄą car bombings
4710:Jordanian border incidents
4355:Idlib inter-rebel conflict
4293:As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
4169:Eastern campaign (SepâDec)
3957:Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
3927:Aleppo offensive (SepâOct)
3897:Operation Euphrates Shield
3825:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
3713:Aleppo offensive (OctâDec)
3638:Battle of Sarrin (JunâJul)
3633:Battle of Sarrin (MarâApr)
3580:Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
3429:First Inter-rebel conflict
3391:Aleppo offensive (OctâDec)
3300:Raqqa campaign (2012â2013)
3203:Battle of Maarrat al-Numan
1809:. BBC News. May 29, 2012.
710:
671:
646:and his five crew members
631:which killed at least 108
510:
448:There is no God but Bashar
372:were amalgamated into the
285:Battle of Aleppo (2012â16)
6029:
5708:
5697:
5438:
5427:
5353:Group of the One and Only
5333:Military activity of ISIL
5226:People's Protection Units
5208:Smaller political parties
5179:Autonomous Administration
4936:Palestine Liberation Army
4864:
4853:
4469:Idlib Governorate clashes
4395:Hass refugee camp bombing
4283:Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
4119:Jobar offensive (JunâAug)
4094:Maskanah Plains offensive
4089:Desert campaign (MayâJul)
4019:Daraa offensive (FebâJun)
3491:Second siege of Wadi Deif
3486:Kafr Zita chemical attack
3451:Daraa offensive (FebâMay)
3322:Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
3058:Idlib Governorate clashes
3043:Daraa Governorate clashes
3011:Jabal al-Zawiya operation
2868:
2855:
2587:
2576:
2522:
2163:(in German). 7 June 2012.
38:
37:
5343:Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
5287:Kurdistan Workers' Party
5231:Women's Protection Units
5203:Kurdish National Council
4652:Israel and Golan Heights
4523:Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
4365:Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
4124:Quneitra offensive (Jun)
4079:April Turkish airstrikes
4054:Hama offensive (MarâApr)
3887:Southern Aleppo campaign
3830:Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
3723:Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)
3693:Quneitra offensive (Jun)
3623:Southern Syria Offensive
3257:Talbiseh bakery massacre
3208:First siege of Wadi Deif
3198:Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz
3095:January al-Midan bombing
2827:Agreements and dialogues
2808:Syrian Democratic Forces
2418:Law enforcement in Syria
2390:Syrian Air Defense Force
1616:. London. Archived from
1463:. Reuters. 21 April 2011
1441:: CS1 maint: location (
1402:: CS1 maint: location (
1363:: CS1 maint: location (
1113:. London. Archived from
984:. Reuters. 21 April 2013
781:and selling them on the
573:Fourth Armoured Division
422:. Strongly loyal to the
6085:Syrian civil war crimes
6065:Guerrilla organizations
5821:International reactions
5806:Human rights violations
5297:Sinjar Resistance Units
5256:Syriac Military Council
5246:Army of Revolutionaries
5181:of North and East Syria
5041:Syrian National Council
4895:Arab Socialist Movement
4816:Operation Spring Shield
4757:Qalamoun (JulâAug 2017)
4737:Lebanese border clashes
4631:Northern border clashes
4592:Northwest clashes (Dec)
4572:Jabal al-BishrÄŤ clashes
4474:Kafr-Takharim airstrike
4323:Northern border clashes
4044:March Damascus bombings
4009:Idlib clashes (JanâMar)
3962:Palmyra offensive (Dec)
3840:Palmyra offensive (Mar)
3673:Palmyra offensive (May)
3518:Battle of Tabqa Airbase
3513:Eastern Syria offensive
3396:Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
2397:National Defence Forces
2085:. BBC News. 7 June 2012
2060:. BBC News. 7 June 2012
1952:. (part 1 of article).
5998:Syrian detainee report
5884:UN supervision mission
5874:Friends of Syria Group
5796:Damaged heritage sites
5198:Democratic Union Party
5150:Jordanian intervention
5071:Syrian Patriotic Group
4900:Syrian Communist Party
4811:2020 Balyun airstrikes
4666:February 2018 incident
4313:Qamishli clashes (Sep)
4228:Operation Olive Branch
4069:Shayrat missile strike
3902:Aleppo summer campaign
3892:Battle of al-Rai (Aug)
3805:February Homs bombings
3663:Battle of Yarmouk Camp
3653:Second Battle of Idlib
3366:Khan al-Assal massacre
3329:Ghouta chemical attack
2711:Early insurgency phase
2161:Frankfurter Allgemeine
1167:Bloomberg Businessweek
803:National Defence Force
534:
374:National Defence Force
6003:Syrian media coverage
5879:Kofi Annan peace plan
5302:ĂzĂŽdxan Women's Units
5251:SDF military councils
4981:military intervention
4954:Hezbollah involvement
4909:Military and militias
4752:North Lebanon clashes
4513:Missile strikes (Jan)
4400:Missile strikes (Aug)
4318:Missile strikes (Sep)
4263:Missile strikes (Apr)
4258:Douma chemical attack
4109:Daraa offensive (Jun)
3800:Al-Shaddadi offensive
3738:Tishrin Dam offensive
3618:Daraa Offensive (Jan)
3613:Air Force An-26 crash
3555:Daraa offensive (Oct)
3439:Deir ez-Zor offensive
3305:Battle of Raqqa (Mar)
3105:First Battle of Idlib
2929:Human rights in Syria
2803:Kurdish Area in Syria
2619:Background and causes
2470:Internal Branch - 251
1560:. PBS. Archived from
929:. CNN. Archived from
696:U.N. Security Council
520:
496:extended Assad family
440:Psychological warfare
400:Mercedes-Benz S-Class
170:Pro-Syrian government
77:(Latakia leader)
5911:Geneva II conference
5869:Arab League monitors
5846:Spillover in Lebanon
5755:2018 local elections
5720:2011 local elections
5500:Fahd Jassem al-Freij
5261:Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
5087:Syrian National Army
5061:Syrian Support Group
4587:Operation Claw-Sword
4562:Battle of al-Hasakah
4308:As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
4149:Hama offensive (Sep)
3999:January Azaz bombing
3912:5 September bombings
3683:Tell Abyad offensive
3481:Battle of Al-Malihah
3381:Battle of Tell Abyad
3376:Battle of Ras al-Ayn
3127:May Battle of Rastan
2924:Damascus Declaration
2768:Russian intervention
2726:Syrian peace process
2716:2012â2013 escalation
2699:Phases and processes
2639:Inter-rebel conflict
2624:Syrian peace process
2423:Ministry of Interior
1419:The History of Syria
1117:on 5 September 2013.
1075:on November 26, 2012
70:(Aleppo leader)
5801:Foreign involvement
5680:Abdurrahman Mustafa
5635:Yassin al-Haj Saleh
5600:Abdul Halim Khaddam
5112:Army of Free Tribes
5080:Opposition militias
4971:Russian involvement
4959:Iranian involvement
4916:Syrian Armed Forces
4695:Operation al-Shabah
4661:March 2017 incident
4380:Tell Rifaat clashes
4196:Beit Jinn offensive
4189:Abu Kamal offensive
4129:Idlib clashes (Jul)
4099:East Hama offensive
3820:Battle of Tel Abyad
3560:Al-Safira offensive
3550:Homs school bombing
3339:Battle of al-Qusayr
3334:Al-Qusayr offensive
3137:Battle of al-Haffah
3110:Battle of al-Qusayr
2986:May Talkalakh siege
2894:Corrective Movement
2773:Turkish involvement
2763:Russian involvement
2363:Syrian Armed Forces
2358:Ministry of Defense
2204:on October 13, 2013
1982:on October 29, 2012
1535:"With both barrels"
1514:The Washington Post
1461:Buenos Aires Herald
1318:The Daily Telegraph
1286:The Financial Times
1174:on October 22, 2013
957:Wall Street Journal
586:The Washington Post
551:resistance movement
329:[ĘabËbiËħa]
183:5,000â10,000 (2011)
146:Berri clan militias
6080:Axis of Resistance
5620:Ali Mahmoud Othman
5066:Adopt a Revolution
5029:National Coalition
5021:Interim government
4621:Damascus airstrike
4528:US airstrike (Jun)
4518:US airstrike (Feb)
4484:Deir ez-Zor ambush
4425:Qah missile strike
4303:As-Suwayda attacks
4298:Southern offensive
4139:Qalamoun (JulâAug)
4049:Al-Jinah airstrike
3815:Khanasir offensive
3535:Quneitra offensive
3295:Damascus offensive
3290:Battle of Shadadeh
3152:Battle of Damascus
3142:Al-Qubeir massacre
3120:Battle of Taftanaz
3031:Battle of Zabadani
2509:Popular Committees
1950:The New York Times
1836:. Channel 4 News.
1751:The New York Times
1693:The New York Times
1620:on 29 October 2022
1489:on 8 December 2012
933:on August 10, 2012
808:Popular Committees
768:British newspaper
713:Al-Qubeir massacre
657:The New York Times
638:In December 2012,
567:reported that the
535:
158:Counter-insurgency
99:Dates of operation
6047:
6046:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
5978:Exclusive mandate
5955:War crimes trials
5926:2016 Geneva talks
5693:
5692:
5685:Fadlallah al-Haji
5640:Bouthaina Shaaban
5423:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5310:
5309:
5241:Al-Sanadid Forces
5236:Anti-Terror Units
5173:
5172:
5006:
5005:
4921:Syrian Resistance
4877:Politics of Syria
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4616:Al-Sukhnah attack
4577:Jarqli airstrikes
4459:COVID-19 pandemic
4415:November bombings
4233:Battle of Khasham
4179:Mayadin offensive
4164:Battle of Harasta
4034:Palmyra offensive
3718:Al-Hawl offensive
3678:Qamishli bombings
3476:Latakia Offensive
3434:Battle of Markada
3247:Battle of Darayya
3223:Battle of Darayya
3147:Battle of Tremseh
2966:Syrian Revolution
2899:Islamist uprising
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2706:Syrian revolution
2649:Cities and towns
2536:
2535:
2275:978-1-910294-10-9
1428:978-1-4408-5834-5
1389:978-0-19-933062-1
1350:978-0-8122-4867-8
527:al-Tawhid Brigade
404:Syrian opposition
332:; also romanized
299:
298:
290:Battle of Tremseh
81:Mohammed al-Assad
16:(Redirected from
6092:
6037:
6036:
5811:Humanitarian aid
5791:Chemical weapons
5786:Cities and towns
5710:
5699:
5655:Fadwa Souleimane
5645:Abdulbaset Sieda
5625:Ibrahim Qashoush
5615:Ali Habib Mahmud
5525:Hamza al-Khateeb
5520:Kamal al-Labwani
5510:Haitham al-Maleh
5505:Suheil al-Hassan
5443:Ammar Abdulhamid
5429:
5402:Malhama Tactical
5387:Caucasus Emirate
5321:
5186:
5092:Free Syrian Army
5017:
4873:
4866:
4855:
4648:
4605:
4551:
4497:
4479:Ayn Issa clashes
4448:
4336:
4209:
4134:Central campaign
4029:Qaboun offensive
3975:
3952:Battle of al-Bab
3875:Manbij offensive
3756:
3598:
3461:Al-Otaiba ambush
3414:
3285:Battle of Safira
3270:
3240:Halfaya massacre
3191:Darayya massacre
3174:Siege of Base 46
3169:Battle of Anadan
3164:Battle of Aleppo
3100:Battle of Rastan
3076:
3048:Battle of Rastan
3016:Siege of Latakia
2981:Siege of Baniyas
2947:
2904:Latakia protests
2870:
2857:
2609:Syrian civil war
2589:
2578:
2570:Syrian civil war
2563:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2383:Syrian Air Force
2378:
2371:
2339:
2338:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2279:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2233:The Syrian Times
2220:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1773:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1586:. Archived from
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1432:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1308:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1170:. Archived from
1157:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1015:
1009:
1003:
994:
993:
991:
989:
978:
969:
968:
966:
964:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
922:
916:
910:
901:
900:
898:
896:
881:
859:Stalinist Soviet
700:Syrian Civil War
662:Free Syrian Army
513:Syrian Civil War
507:Syrian Civil War
406:stated that the
381:fifth-columnists
366:Syrian Civil War
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
331:
326:
321:
315:
314:
308:Levantine Arabic
287:
280:Battles and wars
272:
271:
270:
261:
260:
259:
250:
249:
248:
241:Free Syrian Army
239:
238:
222:
220:
219:
210:
208:
207:
198:
196:
195:
142:al-Assad's group
117:
116:
115:
100:
93:
92:(Qardaha leader)
89:
78:
71:
68:
54:Mundhir al-Assad
40:
30:
21:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6017:
5966:
5950:
5855:
5769:
5704:
5689:
5670:Razan Zaitouneh
5575:Burhan Ghalioun
5550:Ammar al-Qurabi
5458:al-Assad family
5448:Ali al-Abdallah
5434:
5411:
5397:Junud al-Makhdi
5392:Ajnad al-Kavkaz
5362:
5306:
5270:
5212:
5190:DFNS Government
5180:
5169:
5145:US intervention
5137:Foreign support
5131:
5075:
5002:
4964:Liwa Fatemiyoun
4946:Foreign support
4940:
4931:al-Quds Brigade
4904:
4860:
4837:
4820:
4761:
4742:Battle of Sidon
4722:
4704:
4675:
4635:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4104:Battle of Raqqa
4059:Battle of Tabqa
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3932:Dabiq offensive
3880:Tokhar massacre
3765:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3688:KobanĂŽ massacre
3648:Idlib Offensive
3643:Battle of Bosra
3603:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3545:Siege of KobanĂŽ
3501:Battle of Arsal
3466:Idlib offensive
3446:Battle of Morek
3419:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3312:Daraa offensive
3275:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3213:Battle of Harem
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3036:Battle of Douma
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2909:Damascus Spring
2864:
2843:
2822:
2818:U.S. task force
2813:Rojava conflict
2751:
2730:
2694:
2663:
2583:
2572:
2567:
2537:
2532:
2518:
2486:
2441:
2410:Law enforcement
2404:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2344:
2343:security forces
2333:
2331:
2286:
2276:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2111:on June 7, 2012
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:The Independent
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1720:The Daily Beast
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1672:on 25 May 2022.
1658:
1657:
1653:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1564:on July 6, 2012
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:. 16 June 2012.
1533:
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1518:
1516:
1507:
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1502:
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1411:
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1372:
1355:
1351:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1310:
1309:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1228:
1227:
1212:
1205:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1159:
1158:
1147:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1004:
997:
987:
985:
980:
979:
972:
962:
960:
959:. 1 August 2012
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
924:
923:
919:
911:
904:
894:
892:
890:Foreign Affairs
883:
882:
873:
868:
799:
763:
751:
739:Bashar al-Assad
715:
709:
676:
670:
597:murders". Many
564:Foreign Affairs
515:
509:
464:Rifaat al-Assad
456:
426:and containing
357:
354:
351:
348:
324:
292:
288:
283:
268:
266:
265:
257:
255:
254:
246:
244:
243:
233:
217:
215:
214:
205:
203:
202:
193:
191:
172:
149:
129:Al-Assad family
113:
111:
98:
91:
85:
79:
76:
72:
69:
59:
57:Numeir al-Assad
55:
53:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6098:
6096:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6052:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5971:Related topics
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5901:39th G8 summit
5898:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5876:
5871:
5865:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
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5803:
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5788:
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5777:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5768:
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5762:
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5752:
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5732:
5727:
5722:
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5714:
5706:
5705:
5702:
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5690:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5610:Bassma Kodmani
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5580:Razan Ghazzawi
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5530:Tal al-Mallohi
5527:
5522:
5517:
5515:Moaz al-Khatib
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5495:Anwar al-Bunni
5492:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5483:Hafez Makhlouf
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5455:
5453:Adnan al-Aroor
5450:
5445:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5425:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5377:Tahrir al-Sham
5373:
5371:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5329:
5327:
5318:
5312:
5311:
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5307:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
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5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5192:
5183:
5175:
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5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
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5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
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5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
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5089:
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5076:
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5073:
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5058:
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5037:
5036:
5025:
5023:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4690:Akashat ambush
4686:
4684:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4645:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
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4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
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4556:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4360:Manbij bombing
4357:
4351:
4349:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
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4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:Aleppo bombing
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3947:Raqqa campaign
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3530:Hama Offensive
3527:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3471:Battle of Hosn
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3425:
3423:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:Hatla massacre
3353:
3351:Hama offensive
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3235:Hama offensive
3232:
3230:Aqrab massacre
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3132:Houla massacre
3129:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Siege of Daraa
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Qamishli riots
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2853:
2852:
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2848:
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2844:
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2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
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2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2735:World reaction
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2592:Main overviews
2585:
2584:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2488:
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2485:
2484:
2479:
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2472:
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2457:
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2439:
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2437:
2436:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2400:
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2379:
2372:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2285:
2284:External links
2282:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2215:
2198:Eurasia Review
2185:
2166:
2148:
2135:Deutsche Welle
2122:
2096:
2074:
2046:
2031:. Al Jazeera.
2019:
1993:
1967:
1936:
1910:
1877:
1851:
1824:
1798:
1763:
1741:Ravi Somaiya;
1733:
1705:
1675:
1651:
1630:
1600:
1575:
1544:
1526:
1500:
1474:
1448:
1427:
1409:
1388:
1370:
1349:
1331:
1298:
1269:
1240:
1210:
1203:
1185:
1145:
1134:
1120:
1097:
1086:
1060:
1053:
1035:
1028:
1010:
995:
970:
944:
917:
902:
870:
869:
867:
864:
863:
862:
852:
838:
834:equivalent in
825:
815:
810:
805:
798:
795:
762:
759:
750:
747:
711:Main article:
708:
705:
674:Houla massacre
672:Main article:
669:
668:Houla massacre
666:
629:Houla massacre
621:United Nations
577:Maher al-Assad
511:Main article:
508:
505:
468:Hafez al-Assad
455:
452:
297:
296:
281:
277:
276:
263:Al-Nusra Front
231:
227:
226:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
167:
161:
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155:
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138:
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132:
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121:
109:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
52:Fawaz al-Assad
49:Maher al-Assad
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6097:
6086:
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6078:
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5989:
5986:
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5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5861:Peace process
5858:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
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5809:
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5799:
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5715:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5683:
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5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5665:Yaser Tabbara
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5630:Dawoud Rajiha
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:Ghassan Hitto
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5555:Suheir Atassi
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5535:Fida al-Sayed
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5490:Riad al-Asaad
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:Rami Makhlouf
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
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5430:
5426:
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5380:
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5349:
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5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5325:Islamic State
5322:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
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5285:
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5280:
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5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Army of Glory
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5069:
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5018:
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5009:
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4991:
4987:
4984:
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4779:
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4755:
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4550:
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4536:
4534:
4533:Daraa clashes
4531:
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4516:
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4509:
4506:
4505:
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4496:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:Afrin bombing
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4435:US airstrikes
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:June bombings
4388:
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4378:
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4000:
3997:
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3991:
3989:
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3808:
3806:
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3651:
3649:
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3610:
3608:
3606:
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3597:
3592:
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3583:
3581:
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3568:
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3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Maan massacre
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
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3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Adra massacre
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
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3323:
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3310:
3306:
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3298:
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3258:
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3250:
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3209:
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3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Siege of Homs
3004:
3002:
3001:Siege of Hama
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
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2660:
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2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:Belligerents
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2298:
2295:
2294:Report of the
2291:
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2271:
2267:
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2255:
2254:
2250:
2234:
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2199:
2195:
2189:
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2177:
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2167:
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2158:
2152:
2149:
2137:. 7 June 2012
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2100:
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2071:
2059:
2053:
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2030:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
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1748:
1744:
1743:C. J. Chivers
1737:
1734:
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1716:
1709:
1706:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1684:Brian Stelter
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1655:
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1590:on 2012-07-20
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1548:
1545:
1540:
1539:The Economist
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1258:
1257:The Telegraph
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1029:9780300217179
1025:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1008:, p. 21.
1007:
1006:Cooper (2015)
1002:
1000:
996:
983:
977:
975:
971:
958:
954:
948:
945:
932:
928:
921:
918:
915:, p. 20.
914:
913:Cooper (2015)
909:
907:
903:
891:
887:
880:
878:
876:
872:
865:
860:
857:, historical
856:
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649:
648:were abducted
645:
644:Richard Engel
641:
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481:
477:
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424:Assad dynasty
421:
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252:Ahrar al-Sham
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36:
31:
19:
5921:Vienna talks
5595:Randa Kassis
5570:Farid Ghadry
5545:Khaled Khoja
5540:Riad al-Turk
5348:Liwa al-Aqsa
5218:SDF militias
5160:Saudi Arabia
4986:Wagner Group
4859:Belligerents
4641:
4602:
4548:
4494:
4445:
4410:Barisha raid
4333:
4206:
3972:
3753:
3595:
3411:
3267:
3073:
2944:
2874:
2503:
2492:Paramilitary
2447:Intelligence
2261:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2218:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2197:
2188:
2179:
2169:
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2151:
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2134:
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2109:the original
2099:
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2077:
2069:
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2037:. Retrieved
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1949:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1890:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1780:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1718:
1708:
1697:, retrieved
1691:
1678:
1670:the original
1665:The Guardian
1663:
1654:
1645:
1633:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:the original
1614:The Guardian
1613:
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1588:the original
1578:
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1562:the original
1557:
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1316:
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1285:
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1172:the original
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1073:the original
1063:
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1019:
1013:
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961:. Retrieved
956:
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935:. Retrieved
931:the original
920:
893:. Retrieved
889:
783:black market
771:Sunday Times
769:
767:
764:
752:
731:
716:
693:
680:Houla Region
677:
655:
637:
624:
615:Toronto Star
613:
611:
602:
598:
593:
591:
584:
581:Assad regime
568:
562:
560:
538:
536:
522:
493:
489:Bekaa Valley
459:
457:
447:
443:
431:
415:
407:
397:
393:Assad family
378:
369:
362:Assad family
340:
339:
334:
333:
316:
302:
301:
300:
174:Anti-Sunnism
103:1980s â 2012
86:
5993:Syria Files
5675:Rami Jarrah
5605:Michel Kilo
5590:Salim Idris
5565:Aref Dalila
5338:DokumacÄąlar
5127:Grey Wolves
4626:Hama attack
2376:Syrian Navy
2369:Syrian Army
2258:Cooper, Tom
2251:Works cited
1262:14 December
1235:Global Star
1142:word origin
828:Kadyrovites
779:antiquities
571:joined the
533:, July 2012
500:Basil Assad
420:mercenaries
387:during the
108:Merged into
74:Ayman Jaber
61:Zaino Berri
6054:Categories
5781:Casualties
5370:and allies
5358:Liwa Dawud
5012:Opposition
4825:Elsewhere:
3565:Idlib Raid
2875:Background
2721:Ceasefires
2225:â quoting
2027:agencies.
1895:. London.
1756:8 December
1726:8 December
1699:8 December
1624:2013-09-03
1594:2012-08-10
988:31 October
866:References
861:equivalent
851:equivalent
824:equivalent
749:Leadership
607:rump state
547:anti-Sunni
436:opposition
430:factions,
428:anti-Sunni
325:pronounced
125:Allegiance
5826:Massacres
5713:Elections
5650:Riad Seif
5316:Islamists
4642:Spillover
2889:1966 coup
2884:1963 coup
2644:Spillover
2614:Timeline
2582:Overviews
2182:. London.
1437:cite book
1398:cite book
1359:cite book
1079:August 9,
937:18 August
719:Al-Qubair
642:reporter
575:, led by
313:Ř´ŮبŮŮŮŘŮŘŠ
230:Opponents
6039:Category
5831:Refugees
5368:al-Qaeda
2862:Timeline
2529:Chemical
2350:Military
2266:Solihull
2260:(2015).
2180:Guardian
2033:Archived
2006:Archived
1954:Archived
1923:Archived
1897:Archived
1864:Archived
1838:Archived
1811:Archived
1785:Archived
1558:NewsHour
1111:Guardian
836:Chechnya
797:See also
723:BBC News
640:NBC News
561:In May,
460:The Star
341:Shabbiha
335:Shabeeha
165:Ideology
135:Group(s)
18:Shabeeha
5703:Related
5275:Support
4926:PFLP-GC
4728:Lebanon
4608:Jan-Dec
4554:JanâDec
4500:JanâDec
4451:JanâDec
4347:SepâDec
4343:MayâAug
4339:JanâApr
4220:SepâDec
4216:MayâAug
4212:JanâApr
3986:SepâDec
3982:MayâAug
3978:JanâApr
3767:SepâDec
3763:MayâAug
3759:JanâApr
3605:AugâDec
3601:JanâJul
3421:AugâDec
3417:JanâJul
3277:MayâDec
3273:JanâApr
3087:SepâDec
3083:MayâAug
3079:JanâApr
2958:SepâDec
2954:MayâAug
2950:JanâApr
2504:Shabiha
2496:militia
2238:26 June
2208:30 July
2039:May 30,
2012:May 29,
1986:May 29,
1960:May 27,
1929:May 27,
1903:May 27,
1870:May 26,
1844:May 30,
1817:May 29,
1791:May 29,
1781:Reuters
841:Gestapo
832:Russian
822:Iranian
791:Lebanon
727:Maarzaf
652:Latakia
625:shabiha
603:Shabiha
599:shabiha
594:shabiha
569:shabiha
555:Latakia
539:Shabiha
523:Shabiha
480:Tartous
472:Latakia
444:Shabiha
432:shabiha
416:shabiha
408:shabiha
385:Lebanon
370:shabiha
349:
319:ŠabbčḼa
303:Shabiha
154:Motives
87:†
45:Leaders
33:Shabiha
5774:Issues
5473:Rifaat
5463:Bashar
5433:People
5165:Turkey
4834:(Iran)
4767:Turkey
2604:Rojava
2341:Syrian
2272:
2141:7 June
2115:7 June
2089:7 June
2064:7 June
1568:6 July
1519:30 May
1493:30 May
1467:30 May
1425:
1386:
1347:
1324:30 May
1291:2 June
1201:
1178:29 May
1051:
1026:
963:26 May
895:30 May
734:UNSMIS
531:Aleppo
476:Banias
355:ghosts
221:
212:Russia
209:
197:
188:Allies
83:
63:
5468:Maher
5155:Qatar
4869:Syria
2599:Syria
1642:(PDF)
818:Basij
787:Syria
776:Roman
633:Sunni
543:Sunni
200:Syria
39:شبŮŘŘŠ
4681:Iraq
4603:2023
4549:2022
4495:2021
4446:2020
4334:2019
4207:2018
3973:2017
3754:2016
3596:2015
3412:2014
3268:2013
3074:2012
2945:2011
2270:ISBN
2240:2013
2210:2013
2143:2012
2117:2012
2091:2012
2066:2012
2041:2012
2014:2012
1988:2012
1962:2012
1931:2012
1905:2012
1872:2012
1846:2012
1819:2012
1793:2012
1758:2015
1728:2015
1701:2015
1570:2012
1521:2012
1495:2012
1469:2012
1443:link
1423:ISBN
1404:link
1384:ISBN
1365:link
1345:ISBN
1326:2012
1293:2012
1264:2014
1199:ISBN
1180:2012
1081:2018
1049:ISBN
1024:ISBN
990:2015
965:2013
939:2012
897:2012
855:NKVD
849:Nazi
843:and
789:and
688:Kabu
684:Homs
592:The
478:and
418:are
346:lit.
274:ISIL
224:Iran
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