324:(which still needs to be done); Kibebe (2015) evaluates Schnoebelen as the most rigorous comparison to date. Blench (2010) maintains that Shabo does pattern with the Nilo-Saharan family, and that recent data on Gumuz helped tie the languages together. More recently, Blench (2019) classifies Shabo (Chabu) as a
311:
words side by side with a larger number of words with no obvious external relationships. The tentative grammar so far collected offers few obviously convincing external similarities. On this basis, Fleming (1991) has classified Shabo as Nilo-Saharan and, within Nilo-Saharan, as nearest to
440:
branch shows slight phonological similarity for the first person singular of Proto-Southwest Surmic and the probable ancestor of the Gumuz languages but additional information is lacking and, otherwise, so far it does not seem very approximate.
2138:
316:. Anbessa & Unseth consider it Nilo-Saharan, but present little by way of argument for their position, and no detail on its position within the family. Schnoebelen (2009) in his
244:
2010), but more recent investigation (Kibebe 2015) found none of the grammatical features typical of Nilo-Saharan, and showed that the Nilo-Saharan vocabulary items are loans from
2122:. Nice, 24–29 août 1992. Proceedings, pp. 169–193. Köln: Köppe Verlag. Sep. 2, 1989 (Nilo-Saharan 7), Hamburg: Helmut Buske. pp. 29–38. (Used in this article.)
1995:
2058:
2480:
2175:
4966:
3068:
2143:
236:
in 1977, based on data gathered by missionary Harvey
Hoekstra. A grammar was published in 2015 (Kibebe 2015). Some early treatments classified it as a
2148:
320:
analysis says that Shabo is best treated as an isolate, but does not exclude the possibility of contradicting evidence gained from applying the
226:
61:
5099:
4591:
2072:. Presentation at the 40th Annual Conference on African Linguistics (ACAL 40), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, April 9–11, 2009.
5094:
4481:
4062:
1035:
2473:
2168:
1042:
279:
to more settled agriculture and to working as laborers, many of its speakers are shifting to other neighboring languages, in particular
3563:
971:
4748:
2097:
1945:
4724:
3963:
1016:
890:
3882:
3818:
3061:
994:
807:
173:
4495:
4246:
3737:
1130:
and , are in free variation, as in Majang; Teferra speculatively links this to the traditional practice of removing the lower
2466:
2161:
4608:
3743:
4961:
3568:
3354:
3348:
3272:
896:
4655:
3943:
4971:
4956:
3956:
3714:
3675:
1002:
145:
4730:
3588:
2347:
2325:
4951:
4945:
4003:
3921:
3894:
3598:
2542:
1008:
4517:
3975:
3633:
3593:
3583:
307:
from its immediate neighbors, Majang and
Shakicho, are removed, the wordlists collected show a significant number of
4178:
3773:
3603:
3289:
3054:
2633:
2046:
Schnoebelen, Tyler. 2009. "(Un)classifying Shabo: phylogenetic methods and results". Peter K. Austin, Oliver Bond,
1049:
877:
864:
4736:
4712:
4687:
4660:
4643:
3551:
3122:
1857:
4929:
3653:
3608:
3578:
3077:
2590:
2370:
2308:
1529:
937:
930:
4408:
4240:
3295:
3111:
4976:
4783:
4420:
3302:
3035:
2836:
2826:
2801:
2104:
2085:
2027:
233:
183:
157:
2352:
163:
5089:
3981:
3906:
3309:
3259:
2891:
2387:
904:
882:
870:
4995:
4843:
4638:
4633:
4414:
4367:
3997:
3914:
3573:
3557:
3365:
3266:
3129:
3105:
2901:
2184:
1390:
1386:
1190:
1186:
1171:
1163:
1127:
964:
957:
3331:
5041:
4939:
4628:
4431:
4221:
4210:
4172:
3779:
3753:
3658:
3648:
3247:
3098:
2489:
1101:
1074:
1067:
257:
237:
4742:
4467:
2919:
5016:
4901:
4773:
4581:
4554:
4537:
4505:
4403:
4117:
4042:
3969:
3748:
3725:
3697:
3628:
3539:
3320:
1167:
909:
2068:
1528:"a man saw a dog" ("man dog saw"), but also has many other uses. A similar suffix is found in many
1438:
Much of the verbal morphology is uncertain; there appears to be a 3rd person singular future suffix
793:
780:
767:
725:
701:
688:
675:
659:
635:
622:
609:
570:
557:
544:
508:
4793:
4697:
4597:
4586:
4548:
4527:
4425:
4384:
4159:
4141:
4135:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4009:
3992:
3731:
3397:
3384:
3278:
3228:
3085:
2419:
1927:
978:
214:
4707:
4702:
4692:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4649:
4618:
4613:
4566:
4560:
4511:
4456:
4379:
4263:
4227:
4188:
4130:
3937:
3932:
3643:
3402:
3371:
3337:
3325:
3284:
3159:
2974:
2668:
2620:
2342:
1174:, have long counterparts. Occasionally final vowels are deleted, shortening medial vowels: e.g.
1083:
835:
830:
321:
284:
4804:
4767:
2595:
2214:
2077:
2063:
1915:. 14th Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, Department of African Studies, University of Vienna.
4809:
4798:
4778:
4718:
4623:
4603:
4542:
4522:
4233:
4194:
4165:
4153:
4090:
4036:
4014:
3987:
3927:
3900:
3719:
3680:
3670:
3638:
3511:
3437:
3419:
3413:
3315:
3233:
3147:
3116:
2954:
2881:
2871:
2776:
2761:
2733:
2688:
2605:
2523:
2433:
2400:
2337:
2297:
2290:
2115:
2093:
2055:
2023:
1941:
857:
850:
840:
2084:
Tefera
Anbessa and Peter Unseth. 1989. "Toward the classification of Shabo (Mikeyir)." In M.
5026:
4886:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4825:
4819:
4814:
4788:
4681:
4576:
4500:
4438:
4390:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4286:
4270:
4205:
4200:
4183:
4124:
4018:
3950:
3861:
3828:
3806:
3796:
3692:
3664:
3613:
3534:
3518:
3504:
3486:
3479:
3465:
3425:
3407:
3391:
3377:
3199:
3182:
3014:
2766:
2756:
2743:
2683:
2673:
2565:
2555:
2443:
2428:
2407:
2239:
2234:
1933:
1351:
433:
331:
Blench (2017) lists the following similarities among Shabo, Gumuz, and Koman lexical forms.
325:
292:
245:
218:
100:
269:
265:
5021:
4896:
4881:
4850:
4571:
4532:
4397:
4343:
4215:
4077:
3843:
3838:
3703:
3618:
3499:
3492:
3472:
3454:
3359:
3342:
3141:
3019:
2949:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2643:
2580:
2570:
2518:
2438:
2358:
2331:
2284:
2245:
2219:
1355:
1093:
845:
437:
313:
308:
280:
276:
92:
5031:
4891:
4860:
4831:
4462:
4348:
4331:
4281:
4276:
4147:
4084:
3854:
3848:
3768:
3763:
3709:
3686:
3431:
3253:
3193:
3187:
3165:
3153:
2964:
2959:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2914:
2909:
2876:
2846:
2841:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2703:
2693:
2678:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2600:
2585:
2513:
2382:
2317:
2279:
2208:
2047:
1121:
137:
5083:
4915:
4855:
4837:
4353:
4337:
4291:
4048:
3868:
3833:
3823:
3801:
3758:
3623:
3204:
3136:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2934:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2831:
2821:
2786:
2751:
2713:
2628:
2575:
2503:
2393:
2274:
2225:
1521:
811:
317:
3812:
2886:
2638:
2610:
1991:
1222:
1197:
916:
241:
72:
1116:
Consonants in parentheses are not entirely phonemic according to
Teferra (1995):
1841:: I saw the man who came yesterday (lit. "man came yesterday ? saw ?")
1424:
1226:
1029:
150:
2017:
Gerrit
Dimmendaal (to appear) On stable and unstable features in Nilo-Saharan.
1811:(word divisions uncertain): you (pl.) came (lit. "you(pl.) ?:? come-2pl.")
3459:
2038:
1885:
1880:
1420:
1061:
261:
2026:. 1991. "Shabo: presentation of data and preliminary classification", in: M.
3046:
2011:
Roger Blench (2019), 'Chabu and Kadu: two orphan branches of Nilo-Saharan',
2004:
Bender, M. Lionel. 1977. "The Surma
Language Group – A Preliminary Report".
1926:
Blench, Roger (2017). "African
Language Isolates". In Campbell, Lyle (ed.).
1397:
1141:
988:
924:
130:
114:
2052:
Proceedings of
Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory 2
1937:
121:
2560:
2193:
2081:. "Language Isolates in Africa" workshop, December 3, 2010. Lyon, France.
1366:
1145:
951:
304:
288:
222:
191:
179:
50:
2458:
2153:
2550:
2508:
1488:
1131:
187:
1745:: Derbakan does not have a dog (lit. "Derbakan dog poss.? ?:not")
5036:
4934:
2127:
Shabo (Mekeyir). A first discussion of classification and vocabulary.
1358:(Bender 1983). The gender distinctions made are unusual for Africa.
1912:
1964:, Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University doctoral dissertation, p. 161
2265:
2197:
1354:; however, there are also resemblances in the pronouns with the
5055:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
3050:
2462:
2157:
1458:
2144:
Video presentation by Tyler
Schnoebelen on Shabo as an isolate
2114:
Teferra
Anbessa. 1995. "Brief phonology of Shabo (Mekeyir)".
1509:
Plurals are optional; when used, they are formed with a word
328:, noting little evidence for it being part of Nilo-Saharan.
2149:
Shabo basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
1476:
794:
781:
768:
726:
702:
689:
676:
660:
636:
623:
610:
571:
558:
545:
509:
221:
spoken by about 400 former hunter-gatherers in southwestern
2103:
Tefera Anbessa. 1991. "A Sketch of Shabo Grammar". in: M.
1751:: Derbakan has a dog (lit. "Derbakan dog poss.? positive?")
291:
from both these languages, particularly Majang, as well as
2100:(NISA 3). (This was the primary source for this article.)
1237:
Shabo has an unusually complex pronoun system for Africa:
190:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1817:: you (pl.) ate corn (lit. "you(pl.) corn aux? eat-2pl.")
1196:
The language is tonal, but its tonology is unclear. Two
1185:
The syllable structure is (C)V(C); all consonants except
1544:"a man sat on a rock" (lit. "man rock on ? sat").
1913:"Shabo and Kadu: two orphan branches of Nilo-Saharan"
1381:"he will not come" ("come not-?"). Negative forms in
436:
and Koman branch as well as three languages from the
1994:, "The Classification of Gumuz and Koman Languages",
1847:: a man sat on a rock (lit. "man rock on aux.? sat")
1823:: I want to drink (lit. "drink ? infin.? want")
1727:: A man boiled water (lit. "man water boiled-caus.")
1151:
Consonant length is found in several words, such as
1144:
consonants are common in languages of the area, but
5009:
4986:
4914:
4758:
4480:
4448:
4366:
4255:
4061:
4028:
3881:
3789:
3533:
3447:
3224:
3175:
3084:
3028:
3007:
2900:
2742:
2619:
2541:
2532:
2496:
2417:
2369:
2307:
2264:
2192:
2092:, 405-18. Nilo-Saharan, 3. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
2040:
Documentation and grammatical description of Chabu.
1977:, Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University, pp. 235, 237
1221:Basic word order is subject–object–verb; there are
432:The comparison with reconstructed languages of the
232:It was first reported to be a separate language by
156:
144:
128:
112:
107:
89:
79:
67:
56:
46:
38:
21:
1975:Documentation and grammatical description of Chabu
1962:Documentation and grammatical description of Chabu
2109:Proceedings of the Fourth Nilo-Saharan Conference
2032:Proceedings of the Fourth Nilo-Saharan Conference
1799:: a woman saw a man (lit. "woman man tense? saw")
1673:efi tʃumtʃum eku dʒita, tuːl eku dʒita, tula dʒit
287:(Mocha); its vocabulary is heavily influenced by
1829:: I want to sit (lit. "sit ? infin.? want")
1427:?) marks the verb in constructions with "want":
1350:The pronouns "I" and "he" have been compared to
1932:. Routledge Language Family series. Routledge.
1687:efi tʃumtʃum eku aŋan, tuːl eku aŋan, tula aŋan
806:The number "iŋki" ("one") has been compared to
2042:Doctoral dissertation, Addis Ababa University.
1446:"he will eat") and a 2nd person plural suffix
1166:, possibly with further distinctions based on
3062:
2474:
2169:
8:
5065:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2019:Nairobi Journal of Languages and Linguistics
2006:Studies in African Linguistics, Supplement 7
1540:Shabo uses postpositions after nouns, e.g.:
1793:: a dog saw a man (lit. "dog man-obj. saw")
1787:: a man saw a dog (lit. "man dog-obj. saw")
1769:: he will not eat (lit. "? eat not ?")
1532:, but there it is specifically accusative.
256:Shabo speakers live in three places in the
4922:
4488:
4372:
4069:
3887:
3544:
3239:
3090:
3069:
3055:
3047:
2538:
2481:
2467:
2459:
2375:
2176:
2162:
2154:
2013:Proceedings of Vienna Nilo-Saharan meeting
240:(Anbessa & Unseth 1989, Fleming 1991,
18:
2120:Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium
1805:: fire burned wood (lit. "fire wood ate")
1162:Teferra tentatively postulates 9 vowels:
2050:, David Nathan & Peter Sells, eds.,
1551:
1239:
824:
443:
333:
1870:
1733:: it is not a stick (lit. "stick not".)
1159:"knee"; however, it is often unstable.
184:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1757:: he will not come (lit. "come not-?")
1876:
1874:
1763:: he will come (lit. "? come ?")
1739:: it is a stick (lit. "stick ?")
1200:are cited by Teferra 1995, including
248:(Dimmendaal to appear, Blench 2019).
7:
1148:consonants are not found in Majang.
1775:: he will eat (lit. "? eat ?")
227:South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region
201:
2090:Topics in Nilo-Saharan linguistics
14:
2001:workshop, Lyons, December 4, 2010
1659:tuːl eku bab, tula bab, tula peej
1645:tuːl eku iŋki, tula iŋki, tula um
1100:
1082:
1073:
1066:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1015:
1007:
1001:
993:
977:
970:
963:
956:
936:
929:
915:
908:
903:
895:
889:
881:
876:
869:
863:
16:Language of southwestern Ethiopia
2139:Red Book of Endangered Languages
1373:after the verb or noun negated:
1781:: two snakes (lit. "snake two")
1561:Borrowed and mixed collocations
1911:Blench, Roger (May 30, 2019).
1:
1670:efi tʃumtʃum eku bab eku iŋki
225:, in the eastern part of the
5100:Endangered language isolates
1973:Kibebe, Tsehay Taye (2015):
1960:Kibebe, Tsehay Taye (2015):
1684:efi tʃumtʃum eku bab eku bab
1193:can occur syllable-finally.
1137:and occasionally alternate.
5095:Language isolates of Africa
2057:(long version, unpublished
1999:Language Isolates in Africa
1839:upa kakaak jaal kaki ye ʔam
1164:/i//ɨ//u//e//ə//o//ɛ//a//ɔ/
5116:
2075:Schnoebelen, Tyler. 2010.
1369:is by adding the particle
5050:
4925:
4491:
4375:
4072:
3890:
3547:
3242:
3093:
3078:Primary language families
2378:
2118:et Franz Rottland, eds.,
2037:Kibebe Tshay Taye. 2015.
1809:cu ɗɛpik ibalabiyan-an ɗe
1530:Eastern Sudanic languages
1520:which sometimes mark the
1497:you-PL corn PAST? eat-2PL
1377:"(it is) not (a) stick",
1317:
1286:
1255:
1242:
1126:and , and sometimes also
170:
31:
26:
3895:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
3036:Ethiopian sign languages
1815:subuk maakɛle kak t'a-ɗe
1494:subuk maakɛle kak t'a-ɗe
1435:want") "I want to sit".
1412:"(a) man boiled water".
5062:have no living members.
1891:(subscription required)
1845:upa mana pond ɗɛpik moi
1542:upa mana pond ɗɛpik moi
375:Proto-Common Gumuz *kúá
359:Proto-Common Gumuz *kʷa
5042:Unclassified languages
4996:list of sign languages
3964:Northeastern Tasmanian
1749:dɛrbakan kaal nu yaaŋk
1743:dɛrbakan kaal nu ɗe-be
1396:There appears to be a
1391:Afro-Asiatic languages
456:Proto-Southeast Surmic
453:Proto-Southwest Surmic
172:This article contains
5017:Constructed languages
2490:Languages of Ethiopia
2125:Unseth, Peter. 1984.
1990:Ahland, Colleen, and
1938:10.4324/9781315750026
1642:efi tʃumtʃum eku iŋki
808:Lowland East Cushitic
650:sitalak, silak, subak
277:hunting and gathering
258:Keficho Shekicho Zone
238:Nilo-Saharan language
3564:Binanderean–Goilalan
1656:efi tʃumtʃum eku bab
1500:"You (pl.) ate corn"
1168:advanced tongue root
822:The consonants are:
4846:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
4749:Tequiraca–Canichana
4592:Harákmbut–Katukinan
3355:Northwest Caucasian
3349:Northeast Caucasian
3273:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2078:Shabo is an isolate
1901:Bender 1977, p. 13f
603:*aman, *ana, *min-?
275:As they shift from
215:endangered language
4468:Tarascan/Purépecha
3957:Northern Tasmanian
3715:South Bougainville
3676:North Bougainville
2497:Official languages
2111:Bayreuth, Aug. 30.
2064:Schnoebelen, Tyler
2034:Bayreuth, Aug. 30.
1516:There is a suffix
1385:are widespread in
1170:. Five of these,
322:comparative method
5077:
5076:
5027:Language isolates
5005:
5004:
4910:
4909:
4476:
4475:
4362:
4361:
4057:
4056:
4004:Western Tasmanian
3922:Eastern Tasmanian
3877:
3876:
3599:East Geelvink Bay
3529:
3528:
3220:
3219:
3044:
3043:
3008:Foreign languages
3003:
3002:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2069:Classifying Shabo
2024:Fleming, Harold C
2008:. pp. 11–21.
1997:presented at the
1929:Language Isolates
1889:(18th ed., 2015)
1797:koto upa dɛpik ye
1708:
1707:
1408:"water boiled" →
1348:
1347:
1114:
1113:
804:
803:
430:
429:
378:Proto-Koman *koy
362:Proto-Koman *kup
198:
197:
180:rendering support
176:phonetic symbols.
62:South West Region
5107:
4923:
4877:Huaorani/Waorani
4761:(extant in 2000)
4725:Esmeralda–Yaruro
4496:Andoque–Urequena
4489:
4373:
4179:Plateau Penutian
4070:
4045:(Northern Daly?)
3888:
3774:Northwest Papuan
3738:Trans–New Guinea
3604:East New Britain
3579:Central Solomons
3545:
3290:Great Andamanese
3240:
3091:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3048:
2591:Sebat Bet Gurage
2539:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2376:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2054:. London: SOAS.
1978:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1878:
1827:moopa git inɗeet
1821:wo ka git inɗeet
1725:upa mawo hoop-ka
1713:Sample sentences
1552:
1490:
1478:
1460:
1429:moopa git inɗeet
1410:upa mawo hoop-ka
1352:Surmic languages
1240:
1192:
1188:
1173:
1165:
1129:
1104:
1086:
1077:
1070:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1019:
1011:
1005:
997:
981:
974:
967:
960:
940:
933:
919:
912:
907:
899:
893:
885:
880:
873:
867:
825:
800:
796:
787:
783:
774:
770:
732:
728:
708:
704:
695:
691:
682:
678:
666:
662:
642:
638:
629:
625:
616:
612:
577:
573:
564:
560:
551:
547:
515:
511:
444:
334:
326:language isolate
246:Surmic languages
219:language isolate
203:
166:
140:
124:
117:
101:Language isolate
95:
19:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5046:
5032:Mixed languages
5001:
4982:
4917:
4906:
4760:
4754:
4609:Katembri–Taruma
4483:
4472:
4444:
4358:
4251:
4064:
4053:
4024:
3873:
3785:
3744:Turama–Kikorian
3654:Lower Mamberamo
3609:East Strickland
3537:
3525:
3443:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3171:
3080:
3075:
3045:
3040:
3024:
2999:
2896:
2827:Kachama-Ganjule
2802:Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
2738:
2615:
2534:
2528:
2492:
2487:
2457:
2448:
2413:
2371:Eastern Sudanic
2365:
2309:Central Sudanic
2303:
2260:
2200:
2188:
2182:
2135:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1858:Shabo word list
1854:
1715:
1550:
1538:
1507:
1502:
1492:
1481:
1470:
1462:
1364:
1356:Gumuz languages
1299:sitalak, silak
1235:
1219:
1214:
1172:/a//e//i//o//u/
820:
790:
777:
764:
722:
698:
685:
672:
656:
632:
619:
606:
567:
554:
541:
505:
301:
254:
205:(or preferably
178:Without proper
162:
136:
120:
113:
103:
96:
93:Language family
91:
85:400 (2000)
82:
81:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
5113:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5090:Shabo language
5082:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4957:Indo-Pakistani
4954:
4949:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4840:
4835:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4656:Piaroa–Saliban
4653:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4423:
4421:Tequistlatecan
4418:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4067:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3944:Marrku–Wurrugu
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3903:
3898:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3303:Hurro-Urartian
3299:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3237:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3029:Sign languages
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2892:Zayse-Zergulla
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2202:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2134:
2133:External links
2131:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2116:Robert Nicolaï
2112:
2101:
2082:
2073:
2061:
2048:Monik Charette
2044:
2035:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1946:
1918:
1903:
1894:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1785:upa kaan-ik ye
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:: water boiled
1714:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1537:
1534:
1526:upa kaan-ik ye
1506:
1503:
1482:
1471:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1363:
1360:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1204:"kill" versus
1139:
1138:
1135:
1124:
1122:free variation
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1012:
998:
991:
985:
984:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
948:
947:
945:
943:
941:
934:
927:
921:
920:
913:
901:
886:
874:
860:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
819:
816:
802:
801:
788:
775:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
720:
717:
714:
710:
709:
696:
683:
670:
667:
654:
651:
648:
644:
643:
630:
617:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
578:
565:
552:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
503:
500:
496:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
470:
469:
466:
465:Southern Gumuz
463:
462:Northern Gumuz
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
428:
427:
421:
415:
406:
402:
401:
395:
389:
384:
380:
379:
376:
373:
368:
364:
363:
360:
357:
352:
348:
347:
344:
341:
338:
303:Once the many
300:
299:Classification
297:
253:
250:
209:; also called
196:
195:
182:, you may see
168:
167:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
134:
126:
125:
118:
110:
109:
108:Language codes
105:
104:
99:
97:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
76:
69:
65:
64:
58:
54:
53:
48:
47:Native to
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5112:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5008:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:Original Thai
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4913:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4731:Hibito–Cholón
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4479:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4247:Yuman–Cochimí
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3982:Southern Daly
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:Darwin Region
3904:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Demta–Sentani
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3310:Indo-European
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:Austroasiatic
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Kacipo-Balesi
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:Eastern Jebel
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:Mangbutu–Lese
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2326:Bongo–Bagirmi
2323:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:border region
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2107:(ed.), 1991,
2106:
2105:Lionel Bender
2102:
2099:
2098:3-87118-927-8
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:Lionel Bender
2083:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:(ed.), 1991,
2029:
2028:Lionel Bender
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1947:9781138821057
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1919:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:gom c'uwa t'a
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:kaan upa-k ye
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1536:Postpositions
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:direct object
1519:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1225:rather than
1224:
1223:postpositions
1216:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:minimal pairs
1194:
1183:
1182:"crocodile".
1181:
1177:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
990:
987:
986:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
892:
887:
884:
879:
875:
872:
866:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:
823:
817:
815:
813:
809:
798:
797:
789:
785:
784:
776:
772:
771:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
721:
718:
715:
712:
711:
706:
705:
697:
693:
692:
684:
680:
679:
671:
668:
664:
663:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
640:
639:
631:
627:
626:
618:
614:
613:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
574:
566:
562:
561:
553:
549:
548:
540:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
504:
501:
498:
497:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
442:
439:
435:
426:
422:
420:
417:Yaso dialect
416:
414:
410:
407:
404:
403:
400:
396:
394:
391:Guba dialect
390:
388:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
366:
365:
361:
358:
356:
353:
350:
349:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
306:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Lionel Bender
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
175:
169:
165:
161:
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
133:
132:
127:
123:
119:
116:
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
41:
39:Pronunciation
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
5066:
5059:
5058:Families in
4993:
4944:
4842:
4830:
4680:
4648:
4639:Pano-Tacanan
4596:
4559:
4547:
4518:Arutani–Sape
4510:
4455:
4437:
4430:
4415:Oto-Manguean
4413:
4396:
4389:
4336:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4269:
4262:
4239:
4232:
4220:
4193:
4171:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4083:
4076:
4035:
4002:
3998:Western Daly
3976:Pama–Nyungan
3974:
3962:
3955:
3942:
3920:
3915:Eastern Daly
3913:
3905:
3860:
3736:
3724:
3702:
3685:
3663:
3634:Kaure–Kosare
3594:Doso–Turumsa
3584:Chimbu–Wahgi
3574:Bulaka River
3558:Austronesian
3556:
3517:
3510:
3491:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3366:Sino-Tibetan
3364:
3347:
3330:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3277:
3267:Austronesian
3265:
3258:
3246:
3210:
3192:
3130:Nilo-Saharan
3128:
3121:
3106:Austronesian
3104:
3097:
2984:
2902:Nilo-Saharan
2543:Ethiosemitic
2406:
2399:
2392:
2357:
2324:
2316:
2296:
2289:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2224:
2207:
2185:Nilo-Saharan
2126:
2119:
2108:
2089:
2076:
2067:
2051:
2039:
2031:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1992:Roger Blench
1985:Bibliography
1974:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1928:
1921:
1906:
1897:
1884:
1860:(Wiktionary)
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1773:inɗage t'a-g
1772:
1767:tin-ta be-ge
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1628:efi tʃumtʃum
1600:bab eku iŋki
1541:
1539:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1513:afterwards.
1510:
1508:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1444:inɗage t'a-g
1443:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1387:Nilo-Saharan
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1349:
1262:tiŋŋ, ta, ti
1236:
1227:prepositions
1220:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1120:and are in
1115:
1030:Approximants
821:
810:"tneki" and
805:
792:
779:
766:
724:
700:
687:
674:
658:
634:
621:
608:
569:
556:
543:
507:
476:tiŋŋ, ta, ti
431:
424:
418:
412:
408:
398:
392:
386:
370:
354:
330:
318:phylogenetic
302:
274:
255:
252:Demographics
231:
210:
206:
200:
199:
171:
158:Linguasphere
129:
32:
4952:Germanosign
4856:Mura-Pirahã
4737:Lule–Vilela
4713:Bora-Witoto
4688:Uru–Chipaya
4661:Ticuna–Yuri
4644:Peba–Yaguan
4629:Nambikwaran
4432:Uto-Aztecan
4368:Mesoamerica
4222:Uto-Aztecan
4211:Tsimshianic
4173:Palaihnihan
4043:Malak-Malak
3780:Papuan Gulf
3754:West Papuan
3659:Lower Sepik
3649:Lakes Plain
3552:Arai–Samaia
3540:the Pacific
3248:Afroasiatic
3123:Niger–Congo
3099:Afroasiatic
2817:Hamer-Banna
1835:: they came
1761:inɗigi am-k
1614:bab eku bab
1425:subjunctive
1415:A particle
1318:3rd person
1287:2nd person
1256:1st person
594:jiŋŋ, jaŋfu
521:*ai; *aina?
459:Proto-Koman
217:and likely
186:instead of
5084:Categories
4946:Francosign
4794:Chiquitano
4774:Alacalufan
4582:Guaicuruan
4555:Chapacuran
4538:Cahuapanan
4506:Araucanian
4409:Mixe–Zoque
4404:Misumalpan
4118:Comecrudan
3970:Nyulnyulan
3749:Upper Yuat
3726:Torricelli
3698:Senu River
3629:Foja Range
3535:New Guinea
3460:Burushaski
3321:Kartvelian
3296:Hmong–Mien
3112:Khoe–Kwadi
1886:Ethnologue
1865:References
1755:ʔam be-gea
1690:tula aŋan
1676:tula dʒit
1421:infinitive
1379:ʔam be-gea
989:Fricatives
925:Implosives
502:kukk, kuŋg
262:Anderaccha
4977:Tanzanian
4918:languages
4815:Hodï/Joti
4759:Isolates
4698:Yanomaman
4634:Otomákoan
4598:Jirajaran
4587:Guajiboan
4549:Catacaoan
4528:Barbacoan
4457:Cuitlatec
4426:Totonacan
4385:Jicaquean
4264:Chimariko
4160:Muskogean
4142:Kalapuyan
4136:Iroquoian
4111:Chumashan
4104:Chinookan
4097:Chimakuan
4015:Yangmanic
4010:Worrorran
3993:Wagaydyic
3883:Australia
3732:Trans-Fly
3398:Yeniseian
3385:Tyrsenian
3279:Dravidian
2975:Nyangatom
2920:Daatsʼiin
2872:Shekkacho
2669:Daasanach
2535:languages
2420:Astaboran
2353:Moru–Madi
1719:mawo hoop
1662:tula pej
1406:mawo hoop
1398:causative
1142:Implosive
952:Ejectives
818:Phonology
468:Daats'in
305:loanwords
289:loanwords
285:Shekkacho
164:05-PEA-aa
131:Glottolog
115:ISO 639-3
68:Ethnicity
5010:See also
4987:Isolates
4962:Japanese
4902:Yuracaré
4784:Candoshi
4743:Macro-Jê
4708:Zaparoan
4703:Zamucoan
4693:Witotoan
4676:Tucanoan
4671:Tiniguan
4666:Timotean
4650:Quechuan
4619:Matacoan
4614:Mascoian
4604:Jivaroan
4567:Chibchan
4561:Charruan
4512:Arawakan
4449:Isolates
4380:Chibchan
4256:Isolates
4228:Wakashan
4189:Salishan
4131:Eskaleut
4037:Giimbiyu
4029:Isolates
3938:Jarrakan
3933:Iwaidjan
3790:Isolates
3644:Kutubuan
3512:Sumerian
3448:Isolates
3403:Yukaghir
3372:Tungusic
3338:Mongolic
3326:Koreanic
3285:Eskaleut
3176:Isolates
3160:Ubangian
2882:Wolaitta
2762:Bambassi
2734:Xamtanga
2689:Kambaata
2621:Cushitic
2606:Tigrinya
2533:Regional
2524:Tigrinya
2343:Mangbetu
2194:Ethiopia
2187:branches
2066:. 2009.
1852:See also
1833:abiyaŋge
1779:paar bap
1648:tula um
1558:Original
1367:Negation
1245:Singular
1233:Pronouns
1208:"meat".
1155:"goat",
1146:ejective
1132:incisors
858:Plosives
836:Alveolar
831:Bilabial
814:"inik".
653:*aggitta
647:you, pl.
597:*aggetta
586:jáárʔám
538:ji, oŋŋa
499:you, sg.
479:*anɛɛtta
223:Ethiopia
213:) is an
192:Help:IPA
138:shab1252
60:Eastern
51:Ethiopia
5060:italics
5037:Pidgins
5022:Creoles
4972:Swedish
4940:Chinese
4887:Urarina
4872:Puinave
4826:Itonama
4820:Irantxe
4789:Chimane
4719:Chimuan
4624:Nadahup
4543:Cariban
4523:Aymaran
4484:America
4326:Waikuri
4319:Tonkawa
4312:Timucua
4305:Takelma
4298:Siuslaw
4287:Kutenai
4271:Esselen
4234:Wintuan
4195:Shastan
4166:Na-Dene
4154:Maiduan
4091:Caddoan
4065:America
4019:Wagiman
4017:(incl.
3988:Tangkic
3928:Garawan
3901:Bunuban
3862:Tambora
3829:Maybrat
3797:Abinomn
3720:Teberan
3681:Pauwasi
3671:Mairasi
3639:Kiwaian
3519:Tambora
3505:Shompen
3487:Kusunda
3480:Kenaboi
3466:Elamite
3438:Siangic
3420:Kho-Bwa
3414:Hrusish
3332:Kra–Dai
3316:Japonic
3225:Eurasia
3200:Sandawe
3183:Bangime
3148:Songhay
3015:English
2842:Koorete
2767:Basketo
2757:Anfillo
2684:Hadiyya
2674:Dirasha
2556:Argobba
2551:Amharic
2509:Amharic
2434:Nyimang
2401:Nilotic
2362: ?
2334: ?
2321: ?
2298:Songhay
2291:Saharan
2257: ?
2249: ?
2229: ?
2088:(ed.),
1737:ma gumu
1731:gumu be
1564:Majang
1548:Numbers
1524:, e.g.
1465:maakɛle
1400:suffix
1375:gumu be
1296:tʃitʃak
1251:Plural
1212:Grammar
1134:of men.
851:Glottal
841:Palatal
758:*ramman
535:he, she
447:Meaning
293:Amharic
211:Mikeyir
188:Unicode
33:Mikeyir
4935:BANZSL
4897:Yamana
4882:Trumai
4851:Movima
4805:Fulniô
4768:Aikanã
4682:Tupian
4577:Chonan
4501:Arauan
4439:Xincan
4391:Lencan
4344:Yokuts
4241:Yukian
4206:Tanoan
4201:Siouan
4184:Pomoan
4125:Coosan
3951:Mirndi
3844:Porome
3839:Pawaia
3693:Senagi
3665:Madang
3614:Eleman
3569:Border
3500:Nihali
3493:Minoan
3473:Hattic
3455:Basque
3426:Mijiic
3408:Digaro
3392:Uralic
3378:Turkic
3229:Europe
3086:Africa
3020:Arabic
2950:Majang
2744:Omotic
2729:Tsamai
2724:Somali
2719:Sidamo
2709:Qimant
2699:Libido
2644:Arbore
2596:Siltʼe
2581:Mesqan
2571:Harari
2566:Gurage
2519:Somali
2444:Temein
2429:Nubian
2408:Surmic
2359:Sinyar
2268:region
2246:Ongota
2240:Kunama
2235:Kuliak
2096:
1944:
1555:Number
1484:t'a-ɗe
1442:(e.g.
1431:("sit
1344:otala
1327:otʃtʃa
1321:masc.
1313:subak
1290:masc.
1282:jaŋfu
1259:masc.
1217:Syntax
1094:Trills
1062:Nasals
755:*ramma
741:metáam
719:*koɗoi
434:Surmic
425:kʰaala
397:Kwama
367:breast
346:Koman
281:Majang
268:, and
242:Blench
75:(2000)
57:Region
4892:Warao
4861:Nukak
4832:Kunza
4810:Guató
4799:Cofán
4779:Camsá
4572:Choco
4533:Boran
4482:South
4463:Huave
4398:Mayan
4349:Yuchi
4332:Washo
4282:Karuk
4277:Haida
4216:Utian
4148:Keres
4085:Alsea
4078:Algic
4063:North
3855:Taiap
3849:Sulka
3704:Sepik
3619:Engan
3360:Ongan
3343:Nivkh
3211:Shabo
3194:Jalaa
3188:Hadza
3142:Mande
2985:Shabo
2980:Opuuo
2965:Mursi
2960:Murle
2955:Meʼen
2945:Kwegu
2940:Kwama
2925:Gumuz
2915:Berta
2910:Anuak
2887:Yemsa
2877:Sheko
2847:Maale
2812:Gayil
2807:Ganza
2797:Dorze
2782:Chara
2772:Bench
2704:Oromo
2694:Konso
2679:Gedeo
2664:Burji
2659:Bussa
2654:Baiso
2649:Awngi
2634:Alaba
2601:Soddo
2586:Muher
2561:Geʽez
2514:Oromo
2338:Lendu
2332:Kresh
2318:Birri
2285:Maban
2275:Furan
2266:Sahel
2254:Shabo
2220:Koman
2215:Bʼaga
2209:Berta
2198:Sudan
1881:Shabo
1704:arin
1698:babif
1634:tuːl
1620:aŋan
1606:dʒit
1603:dʒita
1578:umuŋ
1511:yɛɛro
1505:Nouns
1454:subuk
1362:Verbs
1335:fem.
1330:odda
1310:sijak
1304:fem.
1273:fem.
1268:jiŋŋ
1176:deego
1157:kutti
1153:walla
846:Velar
799:]
791:[
786:]
778:[
773:]
765:[
761:*suk-
744:mité
738:metáa
731:]
723:[
707:]
699:[
694:]
686:[
681:]
673:[
665:]
657:[
641:]
633:[
628:]
620:[
615:]
607:[
600:*agge
576:]
568:[
563:]
555:[
550:]
542:[
530:ámam
518:*iɲɲV
514:]
506:[
485:*akʰa
482:*aɲɲe
450:Shabo
438:Gumuz
423:Komo
399:kwaap
393:k’əla
387:kulbe
371:kowan
343:Gumuz
340:Shabo
337:Gloss
314:Koman
309:Koman
270:Kaabo
266:Gecha
207:Chabu
202:Shabo
151:Shabo
73:Shabo
27:Chabu
22:Shabo
5067:bold
4994:See
4930:Arab
4916:Sign
4867:Páez
4844:Maku
4838:Leco
4354:Zuni
4338:Yana
4292:Seri
4049:Tiwi
3869:Wiru
3834:Mpur
3824:Kuot
3807:Anêm
3802:Abun
3769:Yuat
3764:Yawa
3710:Skou
3687:Ramu
3538:and
3432:Miju
3254:Ainu
3234:Asia
3232:and
3205:Laal
3166:Kadu
3154:Ijaw
3117:Kx'a
2995:Uduk
2990:Suri
2970:Nuer
2935:Komo
2867:Seze
2862:Oyda
2857:Nayi
2852:Melo
2837:Karo
2832:Kafa
2822:Hozo
2792:Dizi
2787:Dime
2777:Boro
2752:Aari
2714:Saho
2629:Afar
2576:Inor
2504:Afar
2439:Tama
2394:Nara
2383:Daju
2280:Kadu
2226:Gule
2094:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1701:arin
1617:aŋan
1592:pej
1572:iŋki
1487:eat-
1477:PAST
1468:corn
1457:you-
1389:and
1341:ojja
1338:oŋŋa
1307:kuŋg
1293:kukk
1265:antʃ
1248:Dual
1191:/tʼ/
1189:and
1187:/pʼ/
812:Saho
716:iŋki
669:*uma
494:áɗa
409:ukʰa
383:horn
351:head
283:and
71:600
3819:Kol
3813:Ata
3759:Yam
3624:Fas
3137:Tuu
2639:Ale
2611:Zay
1934:doi
1883:at
1586:bab
1518:-ka
1489:2PL
1473:kak
1448:-ɗe
1440:-g-
1433:git
1417:git
1402:-ka
1279:ann
1180:deg
1178:or
972:tʃʼ
894:) (
752:bab
749:two
735:*ɗe
713:one
583:áŋa
580:áχó
527:áam
524:áma
491:ára
488:áɗa
419:oka
413:oxa
405:sun
355:ƙoy
174:IPA
146:ELP
122:sbf
5086::
4021:)?
1940:.
1873:^
1695:10
1459:PL
1423:?
1404::
1393:.
1371:be
1324:ji
1276:ta
1229:.
1206:hà
1202:há
1128:,,
1020:)
1009:sʼ
1006:)
979:kʼ
965:tʼ
958:pʼ
900:)
897:dʒ
891:tʃ
868:)
591:we
411:,
295:.
272:.
264:,
260::
229:.
42:,
5069:.
4979:?
4863:?
4822:?
4801:?
4770:?
4751:?
4745:?
4739:?
4733:?
4727:?
4721:?
4715:?
3984:?
3947:?
3910:?
3897:?
3864:?
3857:?
3851:?
3815:?
3809:?
3782:?
3776:?
3521:?
3507:?
3495:?
3482:?
3440:?
3434:?
3428:?
3422:?
3416:?
3410:?
3236:)
3227:(
3213:?
3207:?
3168:?
3162:?
3156:?
3150:?
3144:?
3133:?
3070:e
3063:t
3056:v
2482:e
2475:t
2468:v
2422:"
2418:"
2196:-
2177:e
2170:t
2163:v
2060:)
1950:.
1936::
1681:9
1667:8
1653:7
1639:6
1631:–
1625:5
1611:4
1597:3
1589:–
1583:2
1575:–
1569:1
1479:?
1419:(
1383:b
1102:r
1084:ŋ
1075:n
1068:m
1050:j
1043:l
1036:w
1017:ʃ
1014:(
1003:s
1000:(
995:f
938:ɗ
931:ɓ
917:ʔ
910:ɡ
905:k
888:(
883:d
878:t
871:b
865:p
862:(
795:?
782:?
769:?
727:?
703:?
690:?
677:?
661:?
637:?
624:?
611:?
572:?
559:?
546:?
510:?
473:I
194:.
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