522:(1644â1911 A.D.). Older puppeteers estimate that there were at least seventy shadow puppet troupes in the Kaohsiung area alone in the closing years of the Qing. Traditionally, the eight to twelve-inch puppet figures, and the stage scenery and props such as furniture, natural scenery, pagodas, halls, and plants, are all cut from leather. As shadow puppetry is based on light penetrating through a translucent sheet of cloth, the "shadows" are actually silhouettes seen by the audience in profile or face on. Taiwan's shadow plays are accompanied by Chaochow melodies which are often called "priest's melodies" owing to their similarity with the music used by Taoist priests at funerals. A large repertoire of some 300 scripts of the southern school of drama used in shadow puppetry and dating back to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries has been preserved in Taiwan and is considered to be a priceless cultural asset.
1702:
1675:
1783:
797:
1648:
1756:
254:
1137:
1729:
1044:, wherein a dramatic story is told through shadows thrown by puppets and sometimes combined with human characters. Wayang is an ancient form of storytelling that renowned for its elaborate puppets and complex musical styles. The earliest evidence is from the late 1st millennium CE, in medieval-era texts and archeological sites. Around 860 CE an Old Javanese charter issued by Maharaja Sri Lokapala mentions three sorts of performers: atapukan, aringgit, and abanol. Ringgit is described in an 11th-century Javanese poem as a leather shadow figure. Unlike India's shadow plays that incorporated little to no musical performance, Indonesia
379:
1020:
1255:
2691:
in the interstices of time, their artform took root and gradually developed into an indispensable element of rural life in southern Taiwan. The early troupes of shadow puppeteers concentrated in the Tainan, Kaohsiung and
Pingtung areas. According to contemporary shadow-puppet master Chang Tien-pao, his grandfather once told him that in the waning years of the Ching Dynasty (1644â1911), there were forty-odd puppet troupes in Kangshan, and thirty-odd in the single village of Hsialiao, both in Kaohsiung Countyâan astounding popularity.
595:
913:
be false as evidence emerged that shadow puppetry had remained a vigorous rural tradition in central Kerala mountains, most of
Karnataka, northern Andhra Pradesh, parts of Tamil Nadu, Odisha and southern Maharashtra. The Marathi people, particularly of low caste, had preserved and vigorously performed the legends of Hindu epics as a folk tradition. The importance of Marathi artists is evidenced, states Blackburn, from the puppeteers speaking Marathi as their mother tongue in many non-Marathi speaking states of India.
38:
3121:, South Asia Research, Volume 18, Issue 1, pages 1-11, Quote: "If performance is the cultural organisation of behaviour, it is interesting that these cultural forms vary so widely from area to area. To return to south India, tales are told and songs sung throughout the region, but the same is not true for long narrative singing (epic and the like), or for dance, or for drama; even masks, so widespread in Kerala and other parts of south India, are not significant in Tamil culture."
1806:
920:
686:
1848:
473:
1477:
563:
4826:
4836:
1824:
1879:
1360:
1379:
play for the audience. The show would start when the puppet master lit the oil lamp. The show could be introduced by a singer, accompanied by a tambourine player. The background and scenery would sometimes include moving ships, riders moving on horseback, swaying palm trees and even dragons. The sound effects included songs and various voices.
1375:: an unprincipled peasant and his fussy, educated companion. Together with other characters they represented all the major social groups in Ottoman culture. The theatres had an enormous following and would take place in coffee houses and in rich private houses and even performed before the sultan. Every quarter of the city had its own Karagöz.
1392:
2957:"Theatre des Ombres : une compagnie spécialisée dans le théùtre d'ombreset les ombres chinoises, la réalisation de spectacles d'ombres, lesreprésentations de spectacles d'ombre chinoise, atelier et spectacle de théùtre d'ombre, stage de theatre d'ombres, shadow puppets, shadows show, shadowtheater"
2690:
The origins of Taiwan shadow puppetry trace back to the 17th or early 18th
Centuries. When General Koxinga (1624â1662) expelled Dutch occupation forces from Taiwan, growing numbers of settlers crossed the Strait to the island. Among them were shadow puppeteers from Chaochow in Kwangtung Province. And
1382:
Puppets were made to be about 15 inches or 35â40 centimeters high and oiled to make them look translucent. The puppets were made of either horse, water buffalo or calf skin. They had movable limbs and were jointed with waxed thread at the neck, arms, waist and knees and manipulated from rods in their
912:
During the 19th century and early parts of the 20th century of the colonial era, Indologists believed that shadow puppet plays had become extinct in India, though mentioned in its ancient
Sanskrit texts. In the 1930s and thereafter, states Stuart Blackburn, these fears of its extinction were found to
582:
described a kind of shadow play with figures made out of stone, wood, or other materials, presented to prisoners who in all of their life could see nothing more than the shadows on the wall in front of them. This was an imaginative illustration of ideas about (false or limited) the relations between
342:
Cambodian shadow puppets are made of cowhide, and their size are usually quite large, depicting a whole scene, including its background. Unlike their
Javanese counterparts, Cambodian shadow puppets are usually not articulated, rendering the figure's hands unmovable, and are left uncolored, retaining
158:
Shadow play probably developed from "par" shows with narrative scenes painted on a large cloth and the story further related through song. As the shows were mostly performed at night the par was illuminated with an oil lamp or candles. Shadow puppet theatre likely originated in
Central Asia-China or
974:
performance, states
Phyllis Dircks, are "translucent, lusciously multicolored leather figures four to five feet tall, and feature one or two articulated arms". The process of making the puppets is an elaborate ritual, where the artist families in India pray, go into seclusion, produce the required
177:
While shadow play theatre is an Asian invention, hand puppets have a long history in Europe. As
European merchant ships sailed in the search of sea routes to India and China, they helped diffuse popular entertainment arts and cultural practices into Europe. Shadow theatre became popular in France,
173:
According to Martin Banham, there is little mention of indigenous theatrical activity in the Middle East between the 3rd century CE and the 13th century, including the centuries that followed the
Islamic conquest of the region. The shadow puppet play, states Banham, probably came into vogue in the
1378:
The Karagöz theatre consisted of a three sided booth covered with a curtain printed with branches and roses and a white cotton screen by about three feet by four which was inserted in the front. The performance had a three man orchestra who sat at the foot of a small raised stage where they would
198:. The common principle in these innovations were the creative use of light, images and a projection screen. According to Olive Cook, there are many parallels in the development of shadow play and modern cinema, such as their use of music, voice, attempts to introduce colors and mass popularity.
238:
was inspired by shadow puppetry and its art style replicates the traditional shadow play canvas using black props and sepia backgrounds. They visited
Richard Bradshaw to gain more insight into shadow puppetry, to make their game more authentic and to get references for the game's shadow puppet
1115:
behind the cotton screen illuminated by oil lamp or modern halogen lamp, creating visual effects similar to animation. The flat puppet has moveable joints that are animated by hand, using rods connected to the puppet. The handle of the rod is made of carved buffalo horn. On November 7, 2003,
1000:
story. There are regional differences within India in the puppet arts. For example, women play a major role in shadow play theatre in most parts of India, except in Kerala and Maharashtra. Almost everywhere, except Odisha, the puppets are made from tanned deer skin, painted and articulated.
403:(156 BCE â 87 BCE) died and magician Shao-weng promised to raise her spirit. The emperor could see a shadow that looked like her move behind the curtains that the magician had placed around some lit torches. It is often told that the magician used a shadow puppet, but the original text in
165:
shows. These are performed behind a thin screen with flat, jointed puppets made of colorfully painted transparent leather. The puppets are held close to the screen and lit from behind, while hands and arms are manipulated with attached canes and lower legs swinging freely from the knee.
421:
There are two distinct styles of shadow play: Luanzhou (North China) and Sichuan (South China). Within Sichuan, there are two styles: Chuanbei piyingxi (Northern Sichuan) and Chengdu piyingxi. Cities that are included in the Northern Sichuan are Bazhong, Nanchong, and Guangyuan.
1782:
1674:
1701:
174:
Middle East after the Mongol invasions and thereafter it incorporated local innovations by the 16th century. Little mention of shadow play is found in Islamic literature of Iran, but much is found in Turkish and 19th-century Ottoman Empire-influenced territories.
1755:
1647:
2928:
538:
is a shadow theatre that uses leather puppets. The figures are usually moved behind a thin screen. It is not entirely a show of shadows, as the shadow is more of a silhouette. This gives the figures some color on the screen; they are not 100% black and
768:
houses a collection of 70 French shadow puppets, similar to those used in the cabaret Le Chat Noir, together with an original theatre and painted backdrops, as well as two magic lanterns for projecting scenes. So far, the shadow plays identified are
413:
dynasty (960â1127). A 1235 book mentions that the puppets were initially cut out of paper, but later made of colored leather or parchment. The stories were mostly based on history and half fact half fiction, but comedies were also performed.
77:
There are four different types of performances in shadow play: the actors using their bodies as shadows, puppets where the actors hold them as shadows in the daytime, spatial viewing, and viewing the shadows from both sides of the screen.
1395:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1400:
2987:
Lopes, Rui Oliveira. (2016) "A new light on the shadows of heavenly bodies. Indian shadow puppets: from still paintings to motion pictures". Religion and the Arts, vol. 20, no. 1-2, pp. 160-196. DOI: 10.1163/15685292-02001008
1001:
Translucent leather puppets are typical in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, while opaque puppets are typical in Kerala and Odisha. The artist troupes typically carry over a hundred puppets for their performance in rural India.
81:
Shadow play is popular in various cultures, among both children and adults in many countries around the world. More than 20 countries are known to have shadow show troupes. Shadow play is an old tradition and is listed as a
936:
1728:
1401:
1397:
1383:
back and held by the finger of the puppet master. The hide is worked until it is semi-transparent; then it is colored, resulting in colorful projections. Karagöz theatre was also adapted in Egypt and North Africa.
169:
The evidence of shadow puppet theatre is found in both old Chinese and Indian texts. The most significant historical centers of shadow play theatre have been China, Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent.
2895:
605:
Shadow plays started spreading throughout Europe at the end of the 17th century, probably via Italy. It is known that several Italian showmen performed in Germany, France and England during this period.
227:
The Shadow Theatre of Anaphoria (relocated to Australia from California) combines a mixture of reconstructed and original puppets with multiple sources of lights. The company is under the direction of
940:
939:
1862:
941:
409:
gives no reason to believe in a relation to shadow puppetry. Although there are many earlier records of all kinds of puppetry in China, clear mention of Chinese shadow play does not occur until the
1125:
70:. The cut-out shapes of the puppets sometimes include translucent color or other types of detailing. Various effects can be achieved by moving both the puppets and the light source. A talented
4875:
788:
Nowadays, several theatre companies in France are developing the practice of shadow puppets: Le Théùtre des Ombres, Le Théùtre du Petit Miroir, Le Théùtre Les Chaises, and La Loupiote.
476:
Chinese shadow puppetry is a form of theater whereby colorful silhouette figures perform traditional plays against a back-lit cloth screen, accompanied by music.From Kaifeng Prefecture.
877:. Shadow puppet play is also found in pictorial traditions in India, such as temple mural painting, loose-leaf folio paintings, and the narrative paintings. Dance forms such as the
938:
796:
1863:
583:
knowledge, education and a truthful understanding of reality. Plato compared a wall that screens off the people who carry the figures to the kind of partitions used by puppet (
1865:
1608:
uses shadow puppetry to portray several African-American victims of racial violence throughout history, including Sherman Fields (who appears at the beginning of the film),
1193:
and morality tales. There is an educational moral to the plays, which usually portray a battle. Malay shadow plays are sometimes considered one of the earliest examples of
725:
to project backgrounds. Figures were originally cardboard cut-outs, but were replaced with zinc figures since 1887. Various artists took part in the creation, including
613:
imagined a kind of world exhibition that would show all kinds of new inventions and spectacles. In a handwritten document he supposed it should include shadow theatre.
395:
There are several myths and legends about the origins of shadow puppetry in China. The most famous one has it that Chinese shadow puppetry originated when the favorite
2912:
1447:
897:. In many regions, the puppet drama play is performed by itinerant artist families on temporary stages during major temple festivals. Legends from the Hindu epics
679:
mechanisms to automate the show. His nephew took over the show after SĂ©raphin's death in 1800 and it was continued by his heirs until the theatre closed in 1870.
3303:""Wayang puppet theatre", Inscribed in 2008 (3.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (originally proclaimed in 2003)"
3798:
1866:
1396:
253:
1136:
982:
of Kerala uses leather puppets whose images are projected on a backlit screen. The shadows are used to creatively express characters and stories in the
937:
214:
is an Australian shadow puppeteer known for his characters like "Super Kangaroo". Bradshaw's puppetry has been featured in television programs made by
4870:
2942:
383:
1309:
shadow play usually occur at domestic rituals and ceremonies or at commercial and temple fairs but they are starting to occur on Thai television.
3976:
284:
It is performed during sacred temple ceremonies, at private functions, and for the public in Cambodia's villages. The popular plays include the
2916:
1805:
3745:
3735:
3629:
3582:
3554:
3364:
3283:
3253:
3226:
3196:
3169:
3142:
3075:
3035:
2507:
2475:
2439:
2409:
2313:
2286:
2259:
2229:
2199:
2172:
2142:
2051:
2024:
1528:
988:. A complete performance of the epic can take forty-one nights, while an abridged performance lasts as few as seven days. One feature of the
1864:
2864:
1623:
1441:
has also been used to imitate the look of shadow play and silhouette animation. By the 1920s, shadow puppetry had breached the world of
159:
in India in the 1st millennium BCE. By at least around 200 BCE, the figures on cloth seem to have been replaced with puppetry in Indian
2703:
2848:
2801:
220:
2366:
4885:
3759:
3721:
3619:
3524:
3102:
3008:
2644:
2534:
378:
3740:
Fan Pen Chen tr., "Visions for the Masses; Chinese Shadow Plays from Shaanxi and Shanxi", Ithaca: Cornell East Asia Series, (2004)
652:
1169:
means "skin/leather" and refers to the puppets that are made out of leather. There are four types of shadow theaters in Malaysia:
66:
which uses flat articulated cut-out figures (shadow puppets) which are held between a source of light and a translucent screen or
3791:
929:
1454:
Traditional Chinese shadow puppetry was brought to audiences in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s through the efforts of
4794:
1406:
31:
2524:
2874:
2817:
2769:
3482:
1847:
697:
The art was a popular entertainment in Paris during the 19th century, especially in the famous Paris nightclub district of
506:
school of shadow puppet theatre. Commonly known as leather monkey shows or leather shows, the shadow plays were popular in
4371:
4190:
4044:
1328:. Moreover, there are specific types of performances in Thailand that are political than theatrical like which are called
20:
1609:
667:
in front of royalty. In 1784 SĂ©raphin moved to Paris, performing his shows at his permanent theatre in the newly opened
211:
1823:
970:
shadow puppet theatre dates back to the 3rd century BCE, and has attracted patronage ever since. The puppets used in a
194:
According to Stephen Herbert, the popular shadow theatre evolved nonlinearly into projected slides and ultimately into
4860:
3969:
3784:
1080:
means "skin", as the material from which the puppet is made is thin perforated leather sheets made from buffalo skin.
1019:
24:
2970:
885:
literally mean "shadow". The shadow theatre dance drama theatre are usually performed on platform stages attached to
4910:
4905:
4880:
1571:
1516:
714:
382:
This Chinese shadow puppet is illustrative of the ornate detail that goes into the figures. From the collection of
1254:
4625:
610:
1551:
1371:, possibly since the late 14th century. It was centered around the contrasting interaction between the figures
4124:
3302:
594:
2973:. Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT), Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Archived from
4895:
4406:
4273:
4258:
2639:
Ewart, Franzeska G. (1998). Let the Shadows speak: developing children's language through shadow puppetry.
1628:
1508:
785:. The shadow puppets were presumably created for a tour in France or abroad at the end of the 19th century.
347:
near Siem Reap. Cambodian shadow puppetry is one of the cultural performances staged for tourists alongside
749:
has circa 40 original zinc figures in its collection. Other cabarets would produce their own versions; the
37:
4890:
4774:
4175:
3962:
2043:
The Shadow Puppet Theatre of Malaysia: A Study of Wayang Kulit with Performance Scripts and Puppet Designs
1853:
1372:
4480:
4109:
1878:
1459:
1434:
366:
shadow play involves many puppeteers dancing on the screen, each puppeteer playing one character of the
4523:
4443:
4396:
3928:
3067:
South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
1083:
Performances of shadow puppet theater in Bali are typically at night, lasting until dawn. The complete
4865:
4759:
4455:
4263:
4253:
4165:
4114:
1604:
1559:
1442:
1426:
664:
656:
575:
248:
1455:
445:. The storytellers generally used the art to tell events between various war kingdoms or stories of
362:, in contrast, are much smaller puppets with movable parts; their shows have been more popular. The
4119:
1335:
Performances in Thailand were temporarily suspended in 1960 due to a fire at the national theatre.
761:
690:
682:
In 1775, Ambrogio (also known as Ambroise and Ambrose) staged ambitious shows in Paris and London.
486:
4835:
2673:
1433:. This technique has been kept alive by subsequent animators and is still practised today, though
746:
331:. It is a sacred performance, embodying Khmer beliefs built on the foundations and mythologies of
4735:
4694:
4438:
4433:
4268:
4195:
3807:
3667:
3490:
3462:
3412:
2622:
2575:
2567:
2467:
1992:
1438:
1348:
1340:
1217:
2401:
453:
and moved on sticks are used to tell dramatic versions of traditional fairy tales and myths. In
4642:
4530:
4386:
4381:
3848:
3838:
3755:
3741:
3731:
3717:
3645:
3625:
3578:
3550:
3520:
3454:
3404:
3360:
3354:
3326:"P. L. Amin Sweeney and Akira Goto (ed.) An International Seminar on the Shadow Plays of Asia"
3279:
3273:
3249:
3222:
3216:
3192:
3165:
3159:
3138:
3132:
3098:
3092:
3071:
3065:
3031:
3025:
3004:
2878:
2870:
2844:
2797:
2640:
2614:
2530:
2503:
2471:
2435:
2405:
2309:
2282:
2276:
2255:
2225:
2219:
2195:
2168:
2162:
2138:
2047:
2020:
2014:
1926:
1073:
837:
672:
671:
from 8 September 1784. The performances would adapt to the political changes and survived the
660:
400:
348:
4900:
4714:
4709:
4570:
4560:
4518:
4391:
4180:
3605:
3446:
3396:
3333:
2606:
2559:
1984:
1918:
1231:
1214:
730:
587:) players to hide behind. Apparently, there was no existing form of shadow theatre known in
67:
1320:
performers are more traditional. Performances are normally accompanied by a combination of
4829:
4764:
4662:
4550:
4470:
4416:
4217:
4170:
4009:
3898:
3486:
2656:
1617:
1499:
1496:
1466:
992:
show is that it is a team performance of puppeteers, while other shadow plays such as the
966:
827:
809:
633:
161:
4555:
738:
358:
figures are unlike puppets because they are large and heavy, with no moveable parts. The
178:
Italy, Britain and Germany by the 17th century. In France, shadow play was advertised as
2117:
975:
art work, then celebrate the "metaphorical birth of a puppet" with flowers and incense.
472:
4801:
4686:
4652:
4615:
4475:
4465:
4289:
4231:
4207:
4145:
4004:
3893:
3878:
3858:
3828:
2460:
2394:
1613:
1578:
1422:
1411:
1368:
1158:
865:
832:
814:
754:
710:
685:
588:
466:
458:
195:
91:
2863:
Thomas, Richard; Cate, Philip Dennis; Chapin, Mary Weaver; Coman, Florence E. (2005).
1476:
1189:
are traced back to Southern Thailand's shadow theaters. Stories presented are usually
821:
Shadow puppets are an ancient part of India's culture, particularly regionally as the
562:
4854:
4839:
4811:
4806:
4754:
4749:
4724:
4460:
4202:
4150:
4140:
4014:
3943:
3873:
3863:
3691:
Shadow Ace Shines on the AGT Stage with Unforgettable Audition | Auditions | AGT 2023
3466:
3416:
3064:
Stuart Blackburn (2003). Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond and Margaret Ann Mills (ed.).
2626:
2579:
2329:
1597:
1344:
855:
734:
722:
515:
410:
147:
63:
19:
This article is about shadows cast by puppet figures. For shadows cast by hands, see
3544:
1872:
Short video showing shadow play in Kota Bahru, Malaysia, including behind the scenes
296:
epics, as well as other Hindu myth and legends. The performance is accompanied by a
4779:
4699:
4667:
4647:
4637:
4620:
4605:
4600:
4508:
4426:
4376:
4155:
4039:
4019:
3903:
3823:
1830:
1813:
1792:
1788:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1742:
1734:
1715:
1707:
1688:
1680:
1661:
1653:
1566:
1523:
1153:
1052:
1027:
1023:
1014:
886:
718:
702:
668:
599:
519:
430:
426:
59:
2943:"montmartre-secret.com - Montmartre: Le cabaret du Chat Noir (2) rue Victor Massé"
2869:. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art, Princeton University Press. pp. 37-41.
1944:
3243:
3186:
2998:
2497:
2429:
2303:
2249:
2189:
2132:
2041:
909:
dominate their repertoire. However, the details and the stories vary regionally.
429:, when holidays were marked by the presentation of many shadow plays. During the
4784:
4769:
4740:
4672:
4632:
4610:
4565:
4540:
4535:
4485:
4212:
4160:
4094:
3923:
3918:
3868:
3833:
3818:
3503:
3479:
1906:
1489:
1462:
have perpetuated the medium, sometimes combining the form with Western theatre.
1430:
1289:
1267:
905:
878:
850:
645:
507:
481:
405:
292:
228:
1922:
1562:, has an extensive variety of Chinese shadow puppets in their Asian collection.
343:
the original color of the leather. The main shadow puppet production center is
4744:
4545:
4490:
4411:
4401:
4304:
4294:
4185:
4074:
4064:
4059:
3938:
3908:
3689:
3663:
2563:
1884:
1684:
1657:
1586:
1359:
956:
874:
698:
625:
584:
442:
434:
332:
215:
3458:
3408:
2618:
1930:
636:
for "Chinese shadows") with local modification and embellishment, became the
4789:
4421:
4084:
3888:
3883:
3853:
3843:
3517:
Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert
2911:. edited by Phillip Dennis Cate and Mary Shaw (1996) , excerpted on line as
2552:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2251:
A Photographic Guide to the History of the Shadow Puppet Theatre in the West
1839:
1796:
1773:
1746:
1719:
1692:
1665:
1593:
1481:
1194:
1190:
1041:
842:
676:
598:
Stagehands moving zinc figures behind the screen of the Théatre d'Ombres in
511:
396:
320:
95:
71:
4329:
3434:
3384:
2974:
2594:
1367:
A more bawdy comedy tradition of shadow play was widespread throughout the
3772:
Greek Shadows, an interactive, educational website on Greek shadow-theater
3450:
3400:
2610:
753:
evolved into numerous theatrical productions and had a major influence on
4704:
4575:
4349:
4029:
3999:
3933:
3338:
3325:
3119:
Looking Across the Contextual Divide: Studying Performance in South India
2909:
The Spirit of Montmartre: Cabarets, Humour and the Avant-Garde, 1875-1905
2882:
1711:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1259:
1235:
1202:
1148:
984:
899:
726:
579:
503:
446:
370:, while separate narrators recite the story accompanied by an orchestra.
336:
286:
262:
107:
103:
99:
3577:. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Dorset Press. pp. 124â126.
3549:. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Dorset Press. pp. 124â126.
4729:
4513:
2100:
1996:
1555:
1418:
1305:
and are carried by people in front of the screen compared to behind it.
1298:
1243:
1227:
1096:
800:
713:. Behind a screen on the second floor of the establishment, the artist
450:
438:
324:
297:
139:
2595:"The Heritage of Wang Piying Troupe: Shadow Puppetry in North Sichuan"
2571:
2067:
4657:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4319:
4314:
4069:
4034:
3985:
3776:
2526:
Chinese Shadow Theatre: History, Popular Religion, and Women Warriors
2137:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 434, 526â531, 906, 1114â1115.
2068:"UNESCO - Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee: 13.COM 10.A.7"
1907:"Cultures, the Traditional Shadow Play, and Interactive Media Design"
1543:
1534:
1302:
1239:
1117:
1036:
1010:
882:
870:
860:
804:
617:
499:
344:
328:
183:
143:
135:
131:
87:
43:
1988:
2956:
2354:
74:
can make the figures appear to walk, dance, fight, nod and laugh.
4719:
4580:
4049:
4024:
2752:
1475:
1470:
1390:
1358:
1325:
1312:
There are different kind of performers in Thailand's shadow play.
1210:
1135:
1018:
795:
765:
684:
621:
593:
571:
561:
471:
462:
454:
377:
252:
127:
123:
115:
111:
83:
3664:"Disney's "What A Life!" with the Seki Family and Shadow Puppets"
4054:
3515:
Schneider, Irene (2001). "Ebussuud". In Michael Stolleis (ed.).
2841:
Devices of Wonder: From the World in a Box to Images on a Screen
1835:
1738:
1321:
1316:
performers are more modern in terms of music and dialogue while
1140:
1065:
1061:
316:
312:
119:
3958:
3780:
3272:
Don Rubin; Chua Soo Pong; Ravi Chaturvedi; et al. (2001).
2771:
DrÎle de Pensée, touchant une nouvelle sorte de représentations
1205:
is influenced by and similar to Thai shadow puppets, while the
4079:
3771:
3248:. Harvard University Press. pp. 44â56, 143â145, 352â353.
2929:"Musée d'Orsay - Works in focus: Infantry mounting an assault"
2308:. Taylor & Francis. pp. ivâix, Introduction chapter.
1547:
opens with a shadow puppet play setting the stage for the game
996:
of Indonesia are performed by a single puppeteer for the same
3094:
Gender, Genre, and Power in South Asian Expressive Traditions
3275:
The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Asia/Pacific
3091:
Arjun Appadurai; Frank J. Korom; Margaret Ann Mills (1991).
1126:
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
918:
530:
A number of terms are used to describe the different forms.
110:. It has been an ancient art and a living folk tradition in
2997:
Claus, Peter J.; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003).
1171:
wayang kulit Jawa, wayang kulit Gedek, wayang kulit Melayu,
2550:
Dolby, William (1978). "The Origins of Chinese Puppetry".
2103:, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 62, No. 1 (2003), pp. 25-64
741:
designed circa 50 cut-outs for the very popular 1888 show
616:
French missionaries brought the shadow show from China to
3954:
3332:(7). Japan Society for Southeast Asian Studies: 142â146.
2367:"Projection: First Light â An Interview with Michael Chu"
1429:
as a format, whereby shadow-play-like puppets are filmed
3621:
Shadow Woman: The Extraordinary Career of Pauline Benton
3600:
Ersin Alok, "Karagöz-Hacivat: The Turkish Shadow Play",
3519:(in German) (2nd ed.). MĂŒnchen: Beck. p. 193.
2118:"Observations on the historical development of puppetry"
1622:
In 2023, the performer known as Shadow Ace performed on
441:
alone. The earliest shadow theatre screens were made of
3161:
American Puppetry: Collections, History and Performance
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
1465:
Shadow theatre is still popular in many parts of Asia.
186:
helped build a shadow play theatre in Tiefurt in 1781.
3097:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 379â391.
2839:
Stafford, Barbara; Terpak, Frances (1 February 2002).
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
1223:
with slight differences in the story and performance.
3538:
3536:
307:
is based on the Cambodian version of the Indian epic
218:
as well as the long-running ABC children's TV series
30:"Shadow puppets" redirects here. For other uses, see
2896:"Musée d'Orsay: Le Cabaret du Chat Noir (1881-1897)"
1473:
magician who incorporates it into his performances.
947:
Ramayana legend, with audience response (45 seconds)
721:
back-lit performance area and used a double optical
709:
shows between 1885 and 1896 under the management of
425:
Shadow theatre became quite popular as early as the
182:, while elsewhere they were called "magic lantern".
4685:
4593:
4499:
4364:
4282:
4246:
4239:
4230:
4133:
4102:
4093:
3992:
4876:Audiovisual introductions in the 1st millennium BC
2459:
2393:
640:and struck root in the country. The popularity of
234:Australian company Shadowplay Studios' debut game
3752:Dictionary of Traditional Southeast Asian Theatre
2156:
2154:
1492:shadow puppets and the use of laser-cut objects.
1242:cloth background. They are often associated with
3267:
3265:
3210:
3208:
2913:Henri Riviere: Le Chat noir and 'Shadow Theatre'
2194:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 887â888.
2167:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 241â242.
1488:In the 2010s, performer Tom McDonagh introduced
2423:
2421:
2275:Evelyn K. Moore; Patricia Anne Simpson (2007).
1975:Orr, Inge C. (1974). "Puppet Theatre in Asia".
1209:in the southern Malay peninsula, especially in
469:music forms some of the basis of modern opera.
2278:The Enlightened Eye: Goethe and Visual Culture
311:, an epic story about good and evil involving
3970:
3792:
3568:
3566:
3435:"Popular Workers' Shadow Theatre in Thailand"
3385:"Popular Workers' Shadow Theatre in Thailand"
2843:. Getty Research Institute, U.S. p. 77.
2796:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
2111:
2109:
1238:or, in modern times, a halogen light, onto a
1185:can be traced back to Javanese Shadows while
1072:literally means "shadow" or "imagination" in
480:Chinese shadow puppetry is shown in the 1994
8:
3608:inflight magazine), February 1996, p. 66â69.
3359:. University of Chicago Press. p. 162.
2453:
2451:
717:worked with up to 20 assistants in a large,
3714:An Introduction to Puppets and Puppetmaking
2434:. SEAP Publications. pp. iiiâiv, 2â8.
2243:
2241:
2008:
2006:
1592:Music videos, notably "The Free Design" by
1287:; in the south there is a tradition called
1201:in the northern states of Malaysia such as
4243:
4236:
4099:
3977:
3963:
3955:
3799:
3785:
3777:
3624:. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 158â159.
3504:Karagoz Traditional Turkish Shadow Theatre
3278:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 184â186.
3070:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 543â544.
3003:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 108â110.
2491:
2489:
2487:
2213:
2211:
663:in 1771. He would go on to perform at the
655:first presented his shadow spectacle in a
3337:
3297:
3295:
1107:also perform as male choral singers. The
3730:, Brisbane Dramatic Arts Company (2007)
3596:
3594:
2224:. Oxford University Press. p. 371.
2191:The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre
2164:The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre
2134:The Cambridge Paperback Guide to Theatre
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
1253:
1234:horn handles. Shadows are cast using an
1187:wayang kulit Gedek and wayang kulit Siam
1151:, shadow puppet plays are also known as
1060:shadow play, is particularly popular in
609:In 1675 German polymath and philosopher
502:'s shadow puppetry can be traced to the
36:
2792:Altick, Richard Daniel (January 1978).
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1897:
1640:
1363:Shadow play Karagöz puppets from Turkey
1048:includes an assemble of gamelan music.
889:, and in some regions these are called
566:An example of shadow puppetry in Greece
3188:Puppets, Masks, and Performing Objects
2917:Australian Centre for the Moving Image
2466:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2400:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1532:opens with a scene from an Indonesian
1076:; it also connotes "spirit". The word
954:
257:Cambodian shadow puppet depicting Sita
3428:
3426:
3378:
3376:
3218:Acting: An International Encyclopedia
3134:Acting: An International Encyclopedia
3027:Acting: An International Encyclopedia
3000:South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia
2016:Acting: An International Encyclopedia
1410:(1926), an animated film directed by
1285:(which used large and steady figures)
628:, causing quite a stir. In time, the
384:The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
7:
1293:(which uses small, movable figures).
1103:(female choral singer). Some of the
1026:shadowplay performance in Semarang,
591:that Socrates/Plato could refer to.
3330:Southeast Asia: History and Culture
3030:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 152, 179â180.
2704:"Plato, Republic, book 7, page 514"
2502:. SEAP Publications. pp. 3â5.
2218:Annette Kuhn; Guy Westwell (2012).
620:in 1767 and put on performances in
3754:, Oxford University Press, (1994)
2818:"Full text of "Les pupazzi noirs""
2768:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1675).
1226:The puppets are made primarily of
273:(literally "large leather hide"),
47:, an Indonesian shadow puppet form
14:
1068:. The term derived from the word
813:, the shadow puppet tradition of
4871:1st-millennium BC establishments
4834:
4825:
4824:
1877:
1860:
1846:
1822:
1804:
1781:
1754:
1727:
1700:
1673:
1646:
1495:It also appears occasionally in
1034:Shadow puppet theatre is called
955:Problems playing this file? See
934:
777:(introduced by Amédée Vignola),
675:. SĂ©raphin developed the use of
449:sources. Today, puppets made of
433:there were 40 to 50 shadow show
90:. It also has a long history in
86:intangible cultural heritage by
3716:, New Burlington Books, (1992)
3670:from the original on 2021-12-12
3575:Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey
3546:Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey
3191:. MIT Press. pp. 146â147.
2866:Toulouse-Lautrec and Montmartre
2529:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
2499:Sbek Thom: Khmer Shadow Theater
2431:Sbek Thom: Khmer Shadow Theater
2355:The Shadow Theatre of Anaphoria
1983:(1). Nanzan University: 69â84.
1791:(Shadow Puppet) Princess Tari,
1514:The children's television show
1458:. Contemporary artists such as
1407:The Adventures of Prince Achmed
1230:and manipulated with sticks or
773:(introduced by Henri RiviĂšre),
457:province, it is accompanied by
417:Shadow play in China is called
32:Shadow puppets (disambiguation)
3618:Hayter-Menzies, Grant (2013).
3221:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 335â336.
2462:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
2396:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre
1585:features shadow puppetry from
1529:The Year of Living Dangerously
705:("The Black Cat") produced 45
689:Part of the collection of the
1:
2046:. McFarland. pp. 61â63.
1297:puppets are normally made of
1124:from Indonesia as one of the
1111:(puppet master) performs the
964:According to Beth Osnes, the
21:Shadowgraphy (performing art)
3666:. YouTube. 12 October 2009.
2281:. Rodopi. pp. 255â256.
2221:A Dictionary of Film Studies
2101:Shadow Theaters of the World
1905:Ăzcan, OÄuzhan (July 2002).
1343:, including filmmakers like
1339:drama has influenced modern
349:Cambodian traditional dances
265:, the shadow play is called
16:Ancient form of storytelling
3433:Dowsey-Magog, Paul (2002).
3383:Dowsey-Magog, Paul (2002).
764:collezione Minici Zotti in
653:François Dominique Séraphin
277:("small leather hide") and
25:Shadowplay (disambiguation)
4929:
3164:. McFarland. p. 110.
3158:Phyllis T. Dircks (2004).
2330:Movement in Two Dimensions
2254:. Read. pp. 352â355.
1923:10.1162/074793602320223262
1517:Bear in the Big Blue House
1445:, through the silent film
1265:
1008:
553:is Chinese shadow theatre.
281:("colored leather hide").
246:
29:
18:
4820:
3814:
3245:Theatre in Southeast Asia
3242:James R. Brandon (2009).
3137:. ABC-CLIO. p. 335.
3117:Stuart Blackburn (1998),
2564:10.1017/S0041977X00057803
2332:, Hutchinson, pages 47-58
2019:. ABC-CLIO. p. 302.
1737:(Shadow Puppet) Princess
611:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
190:Prelude to cinematography
4886:Performing arts in China
3573:Lewis, Raphaela (1988).
3543:Lewis, Raphaela (1988).
2663:Retrieved on 2007-05-26.
2523:Fan Pen Li Chen (2007).
2496:Pech Tum Kravel (1995).
2428:Pech Tum Kravel (1995).
2302:Stephen Herbert (2000).
2116:Rawlings, Keith (1999).
1552:Center for Puppetry Arts
1143:in Malaysian shadow play
546:is paper shadow theatre.
58:, is an ancient form of
4274:Theatre of ancient Rome
2971:"Puppet Forms of India"
2820:. Paris C. Mendel. 1896
2754:Leibniz and the Lantern
2305:A History of Pre-cinema
1817:as seen by the audience
1165:means "theater", while
930:A shadow play in Kerala
236:Projection: First Light
3750:Ghulam-Sarwar Yousof,
3353:Yves Bonnefoy (1993).
2751:Rossell, Deac (2002).
2458:Martin Banham (1995).
2392:Martin Banham (1995).
2248:Max von Boehn (2013).
2188:Martin Banham (1996).
2161:Martin Banham (1996).
2131:Martin Banham (1996).
1977:Asian Folklore Studies
1945:"UNESCO - Shadow play"
1632:to a standing ovation.
1485:
1414:
1364:
1263:
1144:
1031:
923:
818:
694:
602:
567:
477:
387:
258:
126:. It is also known in
48:
23:. For other uses, see
4481:Theatre of the Absurd
3451:10.1353/atj.2002.0002
3439:Asian Theatre Journal
3401:10.1353/atj.2002.0002
3389:Asian Theatre Journal
2708:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2611:10.1353/atj.2018.0012
2599:Asian Theatre Journal
2099:Fan Pen Chen (2003),
1506:The Broadway musical
1479:
1460:Annie Katsura Rollins
1404:
1387:Shadow puppetry today
1362:
1257:
1139:
1022:
922:
799:
783:Le Carneval de Venise
688:
648:fashion of the days.
597:
565:
475:
381:
256:
202:By country and region
40:
4456:Shakespearean comedy
4254:Ancient Greek comedy
3339:10.5512/sea.1977.142
1629:America's Got Talent
1541:The 2004 video game
1443:German Expressionism
1427:silhouette animation
771:La Marche a l'Ă©toile
665:Palace of Versailles
576:allegory of the cave
249:Khmer shadow theatre
3215:Beth Osnes (2001).
3131:Beth Osnes (2001).
3024:Beth Osnes (2001).
2794:The Shows of London
2328:Olive Cook (1963),
2040:Beth Osnes (2010).
2013:Beth Osnes (2001).
1854:Karagöz and Hacivat
1373:Karagöz and Hacivat
1213:, is borrowed from
1183:wayang kulit Melayu
847:charma bahuli natya
762:Museum of Precinema
691:Museo del Precinema
4861:Precursors of film
4444:Comédie larmoyante
4439:Sentimental comedy
4434:Restoration comedy
4397:Commedia dell'arte
4269:Corral de comedias
3808:Precursors of film
3491:Mahidol University
3485:2002-12-25 at the
3324:Miyao, J. (1977).
3185:John Bell (1999).
2739:Light and Movement
2737:David Robinson in
2678:Free China Journal
2593:Rui, Tang (2018).
2373:. 13 February 2018
1486:
1439:computer animation
1417:In the 1910s, the
1415:
1365:
1349:Payut Ngaokrachang
1276:Shadow theatre in
1264:
1175:wayang kulit Siam.
1145:
1032:
924:
819:
695:
603:
568:
478:
388:
259:
49:
4911:Puppetry in India
4906:Arts in Indonesia
4881:Theatrical genres
4848:
4847:
4626:Musical comedians
4589:
4588:
4387:Comedy of manners
4382:Comedy of humours
4372:Boulevard theatre
4360:
4359:
4264:Comédie-Italienne
4259:Comédie-Française
4226:
4225:
3952:
3951:
3849:Electrotachyscope
3839:Chronophotography
3746:978-1-885445-21-6
3736:978-0-9804563-0-1
3631:978-0-7735-8909-4
3584:978-0-88029-175-0
3556:978-0-88029-175-0
3366:978-0-226-06456-7
3356:Asian Mythologies
3285:978-0-415-26087-9
3255:978-0-674-02874-6
3228:978-0-87436-795-9
3198:978-0-262-52293-9
3171:978-0-7864-1896-1
3144:978-0-87436-795-9
3077:978-0-415-93919-5
3037:978-0-87436-795-9
2741:, Chapter 1, 1995
2509:978-0-87727-620-3
2477:978-0-521-43437-9
2441:978-0-87727-620-3
2411:978-0-521-43437-9
2371:Puppet Place News
2315:978-0-415-21148-2
2288:978-90-420-2124-2
2261:978-1-4474-8098-3
2231:978-0-19-958726-1
2201:978-0-521-44654-9
2174:978-0-521-44654-9
2144:978-0-521-44654-9
2053:978-0-7864-5792-2
2026:978-0-87436-795-9
1867:
1402:
1091:(puppet master),
990:tholu pava koothu
980:tholu pava koothu
942:
838:Togalu gombeyaata
673:French Revolution
657:hĂŽtel particulier
638:ombres françaises
578:(circa 380 BCE),
401:Emperor Wu of Han
41:A performance of
4918:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4775:Self-referential
4392:Comedy of menace
4244:
4237:
4100:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3778:
3712:Currell, David,
3701:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3615:
3609:
3606:Turkish Airlines
3598:
3589:
3588:
3570:
3561:
3560:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3128:
3122:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3061:
3042:
3041:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2945:. 19 March 2011.
2939:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2680:. 1 January 1986
2670:
2664:
2661:The Shadow show.
2653:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2465:
2455:
2446:
2445:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2097:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1902:
1881:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1826:
1808:
1785:
1764:(Shadow Puppet)
1758:
1731:
1710:(Shadow Puppet)
1704:
1683:(Shadow Puppet)
1677:
1656:(Shadow Puppet)
1650:
1610:Anthony Crawford
1403:
1179:ayang kulit Jawa
1087:troupes include
944:
943:
921:
731:Adolphe Willette
707:Théatre d'ombres
642:ombres chinoises
630:ombres chinoises
518:as early as the
461:music, while in
391:Chinese mainland
212:Richard Bradshaw
180:ombres chinoises
94:, especially in
54:, also known as
4928:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4816:
4681:
4663:Animated sitcom
4585:
4551:Musical theatre
4501:
4495:
4471:Stand-up comedy
4417:One-person show
4407:Improvisational
4356:
4278:
4222:
4176:Science fiction
4129:
4089:
4010:Comedy festival
3988:
3983:
3953:
3948:
3929:Théùtre Optique
3899:Phenakistiscope
3810:
3805:
3768:
3709:
3707:Further reading
3704:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3602:Skylife - Ćubat
3599:
3592:
3585:
3572:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3487:Wayback Machine
3478:
3474:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3078:
3063:
3062:
3045:
3038:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3011:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2654:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2495:
2494:
2485:
2478:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2349:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1989:10.2307/1177504
1974:
1973:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1873:
1870:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1842:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1786:
1777:
1759:
1750:
1732:
1723:
1705:
1696:
1678:
1669:
1651:
1639:
1618:James Byrd, Jr.
1596:and "Twice" by
1502:; for example:
1500:popular culture
1467:Prahlad Acharya
1448:Warning Shadows
1391:
1389:
1357:
1274:
1266:Main articles:
1252:
1134:
1017:
1009:Main articles:
1007:
972:tholu bommalata
967:tholu bommalata
962:
961:
953:
951:
950:
949:
948:
945:
935:
932:
925:
919:
828:Tholu bommalata
810:tholu bommalata
794:
651:French showman
560:
551:ZhĆngguĂł yÄngxĂŹ
528:
498:The origins of
496:
465:, accompanying
437:in the city of
393:
376:
269:, or simply as
251:
245:
209:
204:
192:
162:tholu bommalata
156:
56:shadow puppetry
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4896:Arts in Turkey
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4853:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4832:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4531:Comédie-ballet
4528:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4476:Street theatre
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:Comedic device
4002:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3959:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3894:Phantasmagoria
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Megalethoscope
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3859:Kaiserpanorama
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3829:Camera obscura
3826:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3766:External links
3764:
3763:
3762:
3748:
3738:
3726:Logan, David,
3724:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3681:
3655:
3650:Science Friday
3637:
3630:
3610:
3590:
3583:
3562:
3555:
3532:
3525:
3507:
3495:
3472:
3445:(1): 184â211.
3422:
3395:(1): 184â211.
3372:
3365:
3345:
3316:
3291:
3284:
3261:
3254:
3234:
3227:
3204:
3197:
3177:
3170:
3150:
3143:
3123:
3110:
3103:
3083:
3076:
3043:
3036:
3016:
3009:
2989:
2980:
2977:on 2013-05-15.
2962:
2948:
2934:
2920:
2901:
2887:
2856:
2850:978-0892365906
2849:
2831:
2809:
2803:978-0674807310
2802:
2784:
2760:
2743:
2719:
2695:
2674:"Puppeteering"
2665:
2657:Chinavista.com
2648:
2632:
2585:
2542:
2535:
2515:
2508:
2483:
2476:
2447:
2440:
2417:
2410:
2384:
2358:
2347:
2334:
2321:
2314:
2294:
2287:
2267:
2260:
2237:
2230:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2173:
2150:
2143:
2123:
2105:
2083:
2072:ich.unesco.org
2059:
2052:
2032:
2025:
2002:
1960:
1949:ich.unesco.org
1936:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1614:George Stinney
1602:The 2021 film
1600:
1590:
1579:Disney Channel
1575:
1572:The Karate Kid
1563:
1548:
1539:
1520:
1512:
1469:is one famous
1456:Pauline Benton
1431:frame-by-frame
1423:Lotte Reiniger
1412:Lotte Reiniger
1388:
1385:
1369:Ottoman Empire
1356:
1353:
1330:nang kaanmuang
1251:
1248:
1133:
1130:
1099:players), and
1006:
1003:
952:
946:
933:
928:
927:
926:
917:
916:
915:
866:Tholpavakoothu
833:Andhra Pradesh
815:Andhra Pradesh
793:
790:
760:In Italy, the
755:phantasmagoria
711:Rodolphe Salis
701:. The cabaret
693:, Padua, Italy
644:reflected the
589:ancient Greece
559:
556:
555:
554:
547:
540:
527:
524:
495:
492:
443:mulberry paper
392:
389:
375:
372:
267:Nang Sbek Thom
247:Main article:
244:
241:
208:
205:
203:
200:
196:cinematography
191:
188:
155:
152:
92:Southeast Asia
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4924:
4923:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Arts in Syria
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4831:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Ventriloquism
4805:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Observational
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4571:Opéra comique
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4561:Opéra bouffon
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:Café-chantant
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:Sketch comedy
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Impressionist
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Comedy troupe
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3975:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3945:
3944:Zoopraxiscope
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:Magic lantern
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Kinematoscope
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3788:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3760:967-65-3032-8
3757:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:1-85348-389-3
3719:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3669:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3526:3-406-45957-9
3522:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:Emin Ćenyer:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3104:0-8122-1337-8
3100:
3096:
3095:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3010:0-415-93919-4
3006:
3002:
3001:
2993:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:Chinavista. "
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:1-85856-099-3
2642:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:(1): 97â120.
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2536:9780773531970
2532:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2388:
2385:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:Design Issues
1908:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1887:shadow puppet
1886:
1880:
1875:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1795:Collections,
1794:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1772:Collections,
1771:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1745:Collections,
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1718:Collections,
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1695:, before 1914
1694:
1691:Collections,
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1668:, before 1914
1667:
1664:Collections,
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1598:Little Dragon
1595:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:The Lion King
1505:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:cel animation
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1345:Cherd Songsri
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:, a style of
1055:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
976:
973:
969:
968:
960:
958:
931:
914:
910:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
895:Koothambalams
892:
891:Koothu Madams
888:
887:Hindu temples
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
862:
858:
857:
856:Ravana chhaya
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
834:
830:
829:
824:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
791:
789:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
747:Musée d'Orsay
744:
740:
736:
735:Albert Robida
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Henri RiviĂšre
712:
708:
704:
700:
692:
687:
683:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
607:
601:
596:
592:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
564:
557:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:
531:
525:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
493:
491:
489:
488:
483:
474:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
420:
415:
412:
411:Northern Song
408:
407:
402:
398:
390:
385:
380:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
294:
289:
288:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
255:
250:
242:
240:
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
222:
217:
213:
206:
201:
199:
197:
189:
187:
185:
181:
175:
171:
167:
164:
163:
153:
151:
149:
148:United States
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
79:
75:
73:
69:
65:
64:entertainment
61:
57:
53:
46:
45:
39:
33:
26:
22:
4668:Black sitcom
4648:Mockumentary
4556:Opéra bouffe
4524:Café-théùtre
4509:Ballad opera
4450:
4427:Harlequinade
4377:Comedy-drama
4156:Mockumentary
4040:Impersonator
4020:Comic timing
3913:
3904:Praxinoscope
3824:Anorthoscope
3751:
3727:
3713:
3695:, retrieved
3690:
3684:
3672:. Retrieved
3658:
3649:
3640:
3620:
3613:
3601:
3574:
3545:
3516:
3510:
3498:
3475:
3442:
3438:
3392:
3388:
3355:
3348:
3329:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3274:
3244:
3237:
3217:
3187:
3180:
3160:
3153:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3093:
3086:
3066:
3026:
3019:
2999:
2992:
2983:
2975:the original
2965:
2951:
2937:
2923:
2908:
2904:
2890:
2865:
2859:
2840:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2812:
2793:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2770:
2763:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2711:. Retrieved
2707:
2698:
2689:
2682:. Retrieved
2677:
2668:
2660:
2651:
2635:
2605:(1): 53â69.
2602:
2598:
2588:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2525:
2518:
2498:
2461:
2430:
2395:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2324:
2304:
2297:
2277:
2270:
2250:
2220:
2190:
2183:
2163:
2133:
2126:
2075:. Retrieved
2071:
2062:
2042:
2035:
2015:
1980:
1976:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1917:(3): 18â26.
1914:
1910:
1900:
1831:Wayang kulit
1829:
1814:Wayang kulit
1811:
1793:Tropenmuseum
1789:Wayang Kulit
1770:Tropenmuseum
1766:Yudhishthira
1762:Wayang Kulit
1743:Tropenmuseum
1735:Wayang Kulit
1716:Tropenmuseum
1708:Wayang Kulit
1689:Tropenmuseum
1681:Wayang Kulit
1662:Tropenmuseum
1654:Wayang Kulit
1627:
1603:
1582:
1570:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1515:
1507:
1494:
1487:
1464:
1453:
1446:
1416:
1405:
1381:
1377:
1366:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1318:Nang booraan
1317:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1258:
1225:
1221:wayang kulit
1220:
1207:wayang kulit
1206:
1199:wayang kulit
1198:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:wayang kulit
1152:
1146:
1122:wayang kulit
1121:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1085:wayang kulit
1084:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1057:
1053:Wayang kulit
1051:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1028:Central Java
1024:Wayang kulit
1015:Wayang kulit
997:
993:
989:
983:
979:
977:
971:
965:
963:
911:
904:
898:
894:
890:
864:
854:
846:
836:
826:
822:
820:
808:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
759:
750:
742:
739:Caran d'Ache
719:oxy-hydrogen
706:
703:Le Chat noir
696:
681:
669:Palais-Royal
650:
641:
637:
629:
615:
608:
604:
600:Le Chat Noir
569:
550:
543:
535:
529:
520:Qing dynasty
497:
485:
479:
431:Ming dynasty
427:Song dynasty
424:
418:
416:
404:
394:
367:
363:
359:
355:
353:
341:
308:
304:
302:
291:
285:
283:
278:
274:
270:
266:
260:
239:characters.
235:
233:
226:
219:
210:
193:
179:
176:
172:
168:
160:
157:
80:
76:
60:storytelling
55:
51:
50:
42:
4866:Shadow play
4736:Documentary
4732:(dry humor)
4695:Alternative
4673:Teen sitcom
4566:Opera buffa
4541:Light music
4536:Comedy club
4486:Tragicomedy
4451:Shadow play
3924:Thaumatrope
3919:Stereoscope
3914:Shadow play
3869:Kinetoscope
3834:Chromatrope
3819:Alethoscope
2684:28 December
1812:Indonesian
1799:before 1934
1776:before 1914
1749:before 1983
1722:before 1933
1583:What a Life
1538:shadow play
1341:Thai cinema
1307:Nang talung
1290:nang talung
1268:Nang talung
1120:designated
906:Mahabharata
851:Maharashtra
823:keelu bomme
646:chinoiserie
526:Terminology
482:Zhang Yimou
406:Book of Han
300:orchestra.
293:Mahabharata
229:Kraig Grady
221:Play School
52:Shadow play
4855:Categories
4643:Television
4546:Music hall
4491:Vaudeville
4412:Macchietta
4402:Double act
4311:Indonesia
4305:Mo lei tau
4301:Hong Kong
4295:Xiangsheng
4166:Remarriage
4075:Visual gag
4065:Punch line
4060:Prank call
3939:Zograscope
3909:Raree show
3697:2023-06-11
3646:"Dark Art"
3309:10 October
2875:0691123373
2777:26 January
2713:2022-03-14
2341:Logan, D,
2077:2019-12-17
1954:2023-12-23
1893:References
1885:Karagiozis
1834:puppet in
1685:Gatot Kaca
1658:Kumbakarna
1587:Sunny Seki
1425:pioneered
1314:Nang samai
1280:is called
1218:Indonesian
957:media help
875:Tamil Nadu
779:L'Ăge d'or
699:Montmartre
661:Versailles
626:Marseilles
585:marionette
360:Sbek Touch
333:Brahmanism
275:Sbek Touch
216:Jim Henson
146:, and the
4790:Slapstick
4715:Christian
4710:Character
4687:Subgenres
4502:and dance
4422:Pantomime
4208:Slapstick
4181:Screwball
4085:Word play
3889:Peep show
3884:Mutoscope
3854:Flip book
3844:Cosmorama
3674:1 January
3467:161444140
3459:1527-2109
3417:161444140
3409:1527-2109
2824:13 August
2627:165900356
2619:1527-2109
2580:194042455
1931:0747-9360
1840:Indonesia
1797:Indonesia
1774:Indonesia
1747:Indonesia
1720:Indonesia
1693:Indonesia
1666:Indonesia
1642:Galleries
1624:season 18
1594:Stereolab
1482:puppeteer
1421:animator
1195:animation
1042:Indonesia
1005:Indonesia
843:Karnataka
775:Le Sphinx
677:clockwork
544:zhÄyÄngxĂŹ
512:Kaohsiung
467:Huanglong
419:piyingxi.
397:concubine
364:Sbek Thom
356:Sbek Thom
321:Lakshmana
305:Sbek Thom
271:Sbek Thom
207:Australia
96:Indonesia
72:puppeteer
4830:Category
4765:Physical
4576:Operetta
4350:Sarugaku
4218:Thriller
4110:American
4030:Humorist
4000:Comedian
3934:Zoetrope
3728:Puppetry
3668:Archived
3483:Archived
3480:Nang Yai
3305:. UNESCO
2883:56632116
2377:16 April
2343:Puppetry
1712:Wibisana
1605:Candyman
1295:Nang yai
1283:nang yai
1278:Thailand
1272:Nang yai
1260:Nang yai
1250:Thailand
1236:oil lamp
1215:Javanese
1203:Kelantan
1191:mythical
1149:Malaysia
1132:Malaysia
1074:Javanese
998:Ramayana
985:Ramayana
903:and the
900:Ramayana
743:L'Epopée
727:Steinlen
580:Socrates
536:pĂyÄngxĂŹ
516:Pingtung
504:Chaochow
447:Buddhist
368:Ramayana
337:Buddhism
309:Ramayana
287:Ramayana
279:Sbek Por
263:Cambodia
243:Cambodia
108:Cambodia
104:Thailand
100:Malaysia
4901:Shadows
4802:Surreal
4730:Deadpan
4616:Hip hop
4514:Cabaret
4240:Country
4232:Theatre
4196:Mexican
4191:Italian
4171:Romance
4146:Fantasy
4125:Italian
4115:British
4103:Country
1997:1177504
1637:Gallery
1560:Georgia
1556:Atlanta
1497:western
1480:Shadow
1299:cowhide
1246:music.
1244:gamelan
1232:buffalo
1228:leather
1097:gamelan
817:, India
801:Hanuman
723:lantern
487:To Live
459:Daoqing
451:leather
439:Beijing
435:troupes
325:Hanuman
298:pinpeat
154:History
140:Germany
4840:Portal
4812:Zombie
4795:Topics
4755:Insult
4750:Horror
4725:Cringe
4658:Sitcom
4621:Parody
4345:Rakugo
4340:Owarai
4335:Manzai
4330:KyĆgen
4326:Japan
4320:Ludruk
4315:Lenong
4247:Europe
4213:Stoner
4203:Silent
4161:Parody
4151:Horror
4141:Action
4120:French
4070:Satire
4035:Humour
3993:Topics
3986:Comedy
3758:
3744:
3734:
3720:
3628:
3581:
3553:
3523:
3465:
3457:
3415:
3407:
3363:
3282:
3252:
3225:
3195:
3168:
3141:
3101:
3074:
3034:
3007:
2881:
2873:
2847:
2800:
2643:
2625:
2617:
2578:
2572:615625
2570:
2533:
2506:
2474:
2438:
2408:
2345:, p.13
2312:
2285:
2258:
2228:
2198:
2171:
2141:
2050:
2023:
1995:
1929:
1739:Shinta
1616:, and
1544:Sudeki
1535:wayang
1484:, 2006
1471:Indian
1419:German
1355:Turkey
1326:chants
1303:rattan
1240:cotton
1197:. The
1163:wayang
1118:UNESCO
1113:wayang
1109:dalang
1105:nayaga
1101:sinden
1093:nayaga
1089:dalang
1070:wayang
1058:wayang
1046:wayang
1037:wayang
1011:Wayang
994:wayang
883:Odisha
871:Kerala
863:, the
861:Odisha
853:, the
845:, the
835:, the
805:Ravana
751:ombres
634:French
618:France
558:Europe
549:äžćœćœ±æ,
539:white.
514:, and
508:Tainan
500:Taiwan
494:Taiwan
345:Roluos
329:Ravana
184:Goethe
144:France
136:Greece
132:Turkey
106:, and
88:UNESCO
84:Syrian
44:wayang
4780:Shock
4720:Clown
4700:Black
4653:Roast
4638:Radio
4633:Novel
4606:Album
4601:Music
4594:Media
4581:Revue
4500:Music
4365:Genre
4290:China
4134:Genre
4050:Irony
4025:Farce
3489:from
3463:S2CID
3413:S2CID
2623:S2CID
2576:S2CID
2568:JSTOR
1993:JSTOR
1581:show
1569:film
1526:film
1322:songs
1211:Johor
1167:kulit
1159:Malay
1157:. In
1078:kulit
879:Chhau
792:India
766:Padua
622:Paris
572:Plato
542:çșžćœ±æ,
534:çźćœ±æ,
484:film
463:Jilin
455:Gansu
374:China
128:Egypt
124:Nepal
116:India
112:China
68:scrim
4785:Sick
4770:Prop
4741:High
4705:Blue
4611:Rock
4466:Spex
4283:Asia
4095:Film
4055:Joke
3756:ISBN
3742:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3718:ISBN
3676:2014
3626:ISBN
3579:ISBN
3551:ISBN
3521:ISBN
3455:ISSN
3405:ISSN
3361:ISBN
3311:2014
3280:ISBN
3250:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3166:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3072:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2879:OCLC
2871:ISBN
2845:ISBN
2826:2012
2798:ISBN
2779:2017
2686:2021
2641:ISBN
2615:ISSN
2531:ISBN
2504:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2379:2018
2310:ISBN
2283:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2048:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1927:ISSN
1836:Bali
1577:The
1567:2010
1565:The
1550:The
1524:1983
1522:The
1437:and
1347:and
1337:Nang
1324:and
1301:and
1270:and
1181:and
1173:and
1141:Rama
1066:Bali
1064:and
1062:Java
1013:and
978:The
873:and
825:and
803:and
781:and
733:and
624:and
354:The
335:and
327:and
317:Sita
313:Rama
303:The
290:and
122:and
120:Iran
62:and
4745:low
4186:Sex
4080:Wit
3447:doi
3397:doi
3334:doi
2659:."
2607:doi
2560:doi
2468:155
2402:153
1985:doi
1919:doi
1626:of
1554:in
1490:3-D
1147:In
1040:in
893:or
881:of
869:in
859:in
849:in
841:in
831:of
807:in
659:in
574:'s
570:In
399:of
261:In
4857::
4743:/
3648:.
3593:^
3565:^
3535:^
3461:.
3453:.
3443:19
3441:.
3437:.
3425:^
3411:.
3403:.
3393:19
3391:.
3387:.
3375:^
3328:.
3294:^
3264:^
3207:^
3046:^
2915:,
2877:.
2722:^
2706:.
2688:.
2676:.
2621:.
2613:.
2603:35
2601:.
2597:.
2574:.
2566:.
2556:41
2554:.
2486:^
2470:.
2450:^
2420:^
2404:.
2369:.
2240:^
2210:^
2153:^
2108:^
2086:^
2070:.
2005:^
1991:.
1981:10
1979:.
1963:^
1947:.
1925:.
1915:18
1913:.
1909:.
1838:,
1768:,
1741:,
1714:,
1687:,
1660:,
1612:,
1558:,
1451:.
1351:.
1332:.
1161:,
1128:.
757:.
745:.
737:.
729:,
510:,
490:.
351:.
339:.
323:,
319:,
315:,
231:.
224:.
150:.
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
118:,
114:,
102:,
98:,
3978:e
3971:t
3964:v
3800:e
3793:t
3786:v
3678:.
3652:.
3634:.
3604:(
3587:.
3559:.
3529:.
3493:.
3469:.
3449::
3419:.
3399::
3369:.
3342:.
3336::
3313:.
3288:.
3258:.
3231:.
3201:.
3174:.
3147:.
3107:.
3080:.
3040:.
3013:.
2959:.
2931:.
2898:.
2885:.
2853:.
2828:.
2806:.
2781:.
2757:.
2716:.
2629:.
2609::
2582:.
2562::
2539:.
2512:.
2480:.
2444:.
2414:.
2381:.
2318:.
2291:.
2264:.
2234:.
2204:.
2177:.
2147:.
2120:.
2080:.
2056:.
2029:.
1999:.
1987::
1957:.
1933:.
1921::
1589:.
1177:W
1095:(
1030:.
959:.
632:(
386:.
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
