629:
109:("New Booklet called Exhortation") by Hakob Shahamirian (or Movses Baghramian, according to some scholars), which preaches the new and revolutionary ideals of constitutional democracy. The work provided a political, rather than religious, explanation for the misfortunes of the Armenian nation and the loss of Armenian statehood and called on Armenians to engage in armed rebellion against their Ottoman and Persian overlords. Shahamir Shahamirian is best remembered today for authoring
193:, who saw their liberal and secular ideas as a threat to the authority of the church and opposed the prospect of Armenians rebelling against Persian and Ottoman rule as too dangerous. In 1776, the Catholicos publicly condemned Movses Baghramian (who was excommunicated and forced into exile) and wrote an admonishing letter to Shahamirian ordering him to close down the Madras printing press and destroy the existing copies of
17:
127:, "A Book called Snare of Glory"), which outlined the social, political and economic order for a future independent Armenian state. The proposed constitution in the work envisioned Armenia as a parliamentary republic with constitutionally guaranteed rights and duties for its citizens and separation of church and state. Article three of the proposed constitution reads:
99:. Shahamirian, his son Hakob, Movses Baghramian, Mikayel Khojajanian and other Armenians in Madras together formed what is known as the Madras group of Armenian intellectuals and founded a printing press there in 1771/72. The writings produced by the Madras group were the first Armenian works to express the ideals of the European
131:
Every human being, whether
Armenian or of some other race, born in Armenia or having migrated there from another country, whether man or woman, shall live in equality and shall be free in all their affairs, and nobody shall have the right to rule over another person, and people's labor shall be paid
226:
as potential vehicles for the liberation of
Armenia from Muslim rule. For this reason, Shahamirian's proposed republican constitution specifies that a member of the old Armenian royal dynasties could be elected leader of the Armenian republic for life; Heraclius was a member of the
681:
648:
76:("Snare of Glory," published under the name of his son Hakob Shahamirian), which contained a proposed constitution for a future independent Armenian republic. He is thus regarded as the author of the first Armenian constitution.
67:
where he became an affluent merchant and an active member of the
Armenian community of Madras. In 1771, Shahamirian and his collaborators founded the first Armenian printing press in Madras. In 1787/88, Shahamirian published
239:. Shahamirian saw Lori as a possible nucleus for the future Armenian republic that he and his allies envisioned. Shahamirian also established contacts with the Russian court and with Archbishop
209:
and send a manuscript copy of it to Simeon. The Madras group ceased its printing activities until
Catholicos Simeon's death in 1780. In 1783, the Madras printing press published Shahamirian's
247:
which made
Georgia a protectorate of Russia, and drafted a proposal according to which an Armenian republic would be established following a Russian campaign in the South Caucasus.
770:
Xač῾atryan, Połos (2002). "Šahamiryannerə ew Mayr At῾oṙ Surb Ēǰmiacinə" [The
Shahamiryans and the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin]. In Ełiazaryan, A.; et al. (eds.).
235:
that once reigned as kings of
Armenia. Heraclius was in contact with Shahamirian and, responding to his overtures, awarded him the title of prince and granted him the region of
705:
672:
854:
170:
was authored primarily by
Shahamir Shahamirian himself, although Hakob likely wrote the first theoretical section of the work. The issue of the authorship of
1488:
1473:
92:, India, which was already home to a prominent Armenian community. He became the wealthiest Armenian in Madras after inheriting his uncle's fortune.
250:
Shahamirian died in 1797. He left his heirs 52 million gold francs and numerous properties, including factories and tobacco plantations in
Malacca.
1483:
615:
594:
562:"Dispersion History and the Polycentric Nation: The Role of Simeon Yerevantsiʼs Girk or koči partavčar in the 18th century National Revival"
1478:
847:
811:
783:
749:
1468:
215:("Booklet of Aim"), which was a proposed communal constitution for the Armenian community of Madras along "republican" lines.
727:
1458:
240:
840:
690:
657:
178:
is more controversial, with scholars disagreeing on whether it was written by Movses
Baghramian or Hakob Shahamirian.
305:
186:
765:. Girkʻ anuaneal Orogaytʻ pʻaṛatsʻ:vasn kalanaworeloy amenayn gorts ankargutʻean (in Armenian). T῾iflis: N. Ałanean.
1463:
1118:
740:(1997). "Modern Armenian Literature and Intellectual History from 1700 to 1915". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
699:
666:
1383:
219:
1320:
1238:
1228:
1163:
607:
From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian Merchants from New Julfa
1408:
1398:
1310:
1300:
1148:
1128:
586:
158:
were published under the name of Shahamir Shahamirian's son and collaborator Hakob (who died in 1774 in
1071:
1066:
561:
1388:
1373:
1290:
1218:
1028:
144:
dates it to 1773, but scholars have concluded that it must have been published later in 1787/88. Both
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582:
Early Modernity and Mobility: Port Cities and Printers Across the Armenian Diaspora, 1512–1800
232:
120:
96:
28:
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for in accordance with the type of work performed, as laid down in Armenian legislation.
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271:
223:
113:
71:
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1003:
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236:
201:, or else face excommunication. Shahamirian was forced to suppress the first part of
778:] (in Armenian). Erewan: HH GAA "Gitut῾yun" hratarakč῾ut῾yun. pp. 111–123.
16:
1168:
998:
190:
159:
760:
717:
605:
580:
895:
719:
The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Eighteenth Century to Modern Times
566:
1418:
1081:
85:
56:
36:
1008:
95:
One of Shahamirian's closest collaborators and sources of influence was
84:
Shahamir Shahamirian was born in 1723 in the Armenian-populated town of
1076:
905:
803:
Le piège de l'orgueil: Un projet républicain en Orient au XVIIIe siècle
636:
Armenian-Russian-Georgian Relations on the Second Half of XVIII Century
89:
48:
44:
832:
1046:
993:
948:
890:
103:. One of the first works published by the Madras printing press was
642:(in Armenian). S. Ējmiacin: Mayr Atoṙ S. Ējmiacni hratarakč῾ut῾yun.
408:
381:
88:
in Iran. In the 1740s, he went to join his father Sultan David in
64:
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15:
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525:
60:
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243:, the spiritual head of the Russian Armenians. He welcomed the
762:
Orogayt῾ p῾aṙac῾: vasn kalanaworeloy amenayn gorc ankargut῾ean
631:
Hay-ṙus-vrac῾akan p῾oxharaberut῾yunnerə ŽƏ. dari erkrord kesin
512:
510:
181:
The activities of Shahamirian and the Madras group outraged
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69:
694:(in Armenian). Vol. 8. Erewan. pp. 417–418.
986:
806:. AsieS (in French). Paris: Presses de l’Inalco.
742:The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times
661:(in Armenian). Vol. 8. Erewan. p. 647.
129:
309:
277:
259:
848:
8:
610:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1339:
1261:
1100:
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871:
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841:
833:
704:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
671:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
543:
531:
450:
438:
351:
722:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
274:") - 1773 (actually published in 1788-89)
516:
501:
489:
477:
465:
396:
366:
423:
331:
298:
697:
664:
218:Shahamirian and his collaborators saw
772:Hay grakanut῾yunə ew k῾ristoneut῾yunə
7:
800:Batwagan Toufanian, Satenig (2018).
776:Armenian literature and Christianity
267:Girk’ anvanyal vorogayt’ p’ar’ats’
14:
1489:People from the Madras Presidency
1474:18th-century Iranian philosophers
162:), but scholars now believe that
39:writer, philosopher, and wealthy
35:; 1723–1797) was an 18th-century
20:Portrait of Shahamir Shahamirian
691:Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran
658:Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran
604:Aslanian, Sebouh David (2011).
579:Aslanian, Sebouh David (2023).
901:Ara the Beautiful and Shamiram
1:
197:Nor tetrak vor kochi hordorak
174:Nor tetrak vor kochi hordorak
154:Nor tetrak vor kochi hordorak
114:Girk anvanyal Vorogayt Parats
106:Nor tetrak vor kochi hordorak
1484:Merchants from British India
716:; et al., eds. (2005).
261:Գիրք անուանեալ որոգայթ փառաց
125:Գիրք անուանեալ Որոգայթ Փառաց
1479:Businesspeople from Isfahan
744:. Vol. II. Macmillan.
284:
266:
211:
204:
196:
173:
165:
153:
146:
139:
112:
105:
70:
1505:
1384:Yeremia Chelebi Keomurjian
1119:Hovhannes Draskhanakerttsi
759:Šahamirean, Hakob (1913).
288:, "Booklet of Aim") - 1783
1349:
1338:
1271:
1260:
1110:
1099:
982:
971:
934:
923:
881:
870:
560:Aslanian, Sebouh (2002).
480:, pp. 71–72, n. 156.
310:
285:Tetrak vor koch’i nshavak
278:
260:
124:
32:
212:Tetrak vor kochi nshavak
680:Grigoryan, G. (1982b).
647:Grigoryan, G. (1982a).
220:Heraclius II of Georgia
1469:Political philosophers
1164:Nerses IV the Gracious
134:
21:
1149:Aristakes Lastivertsi
1129:Movses Kaghankatvatsi
682:"Šahahmiryan Šahamir"
587:Yale University Press
468:, p. 66, n. 143.
279:Տետրակ որ կոչի նշաւակ
19:
1459:Writers from Isfahan
1424:Shahamir Shahamirian
1344:XVII—XVIII centuries
1321:Grigoris Aghtamartsi
1239:Khachatur Kecharetsi
1229:Kostandin Yerznkatsi
1209:Mekhitar of Ayrivank
1194:Sempad the Constable
1124:Ukhtanes of Sebastia
1042:David the Invincible
1014:Faustus of Byzantium
906:Artashes and Satenik
686:Hambarjumyan, Viktor
653:Hambarjumyan, Viktor
409:Hacikyan et al. 2005
382:Hacikyan et al. 2005
306:Reformed orthography
245:Treaty of Georgievsk
25:Shahamir Shahamirian
1409:Esai Hasan-Jalalian
1399:Khachatur Erzrumtsi
1204:Hovhannes Erznkatsi
1154:Hovhannes Imastaser
864:Armenian literature
534:, pp. 138–139.
183:Simeon I of Yerevan
1311:Arakel Baghishetsi
1301:Hovanes Tlkurantsi
1189:Kirakos of Gandzak
828:Armenians in India
649:"Orogayt῾ P῾aṙac῾"
384:, p. 8, n. 8.
311:Շահամիր Շահամիրյան
229:Bagrationi dynasty
136:The title page of
33:Շահամիր Շահամիրեան
22:
1464:Persian Armenians
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1414:Simeon Yerevantsi
1334:
1333:
1306:Thomas of Metsoph
1256:
1255:
1249:Terter Yerevantsi
1224:Hayton of Corycus
1174:Nerses of Lambron
1159:Matthew of Edessa
1095:
1094:
1072:Stepanos Syunetsi
1067:John III of Odzun
1052:Komitas Aghtsetsi
1037:
1036:
1019:Movses Khorenatsi
967:
966:
919:
918:
714:Hacikyan, Agop J.
700:cite encyclopedia
667:cite encyclopedia
626:Ch῾obanyan, Pavel
617:978-0-520-26687-2
596:978-0-300-24753-4
519:, pp. 74–75.
492:, pp. 69–71.
399:, pp. 64–66.
231:, related to the
97:Movses Baghramian
1496:
1394:Naghash Hovnatan
1389:Zakaria Sarkavag
1379:Zakaria Aguletsi
1374:Stepanos Lehatsi
1369:Arakel of Tabriz
1340:
1291:Grigor Khlatetsi
1281:Gregory of Tatev
1266:XV—XVI centuries
1262:
1234:Gregory of Akner
1219:Gevorg Skevratsi
1214:Stephen Orbelian
1184:Vardan Areveltsi
1144:Grigor Magistros
1139:Stepanos Asoghik
1134:Gregory of Narek
1101:
1029:Hovhan Mandakuni
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973:
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911:David of Sassoun
876:Epic and legends
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1316:Mkrtich Naghash
1296:Arakel Syunetsi
1286:Mateos Jugaetsi
1276:John of Vorotan
1267:
1252:
1179:Vardan Aygektsi
1106:
1105:X—XIV centuries
1091:
1057:John Mamikonean
1033:
1024:Ghazar Parpetsi
978:
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794:Further reading
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205:Vorogayt Parats
185:, the Armenian
166:Vorogayt Parats
147:Vorogayt Parats
140:Vorogayt Parats
82:
72:Vorogayt Parats
12:
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1359:Simeon Lehatsi
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1354:Nerses Mokatsi
1350:
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1062:Davtak Kertogh
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977:V—IX centuries
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546:, p. 111.
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455:
453:, p. 142.
443:
428:
426:, p. 146.
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411:, p. 147.
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371:
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272:Snare of Glory
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224:Russian Empire
81:
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63:, he moved to
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785:5-8080-0015-7
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729:0814332218
321:References
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187:Catholicos
326:Citations
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80:Biography
57:New Julfa
1009:Yeghishe
939:Sharakan
822:See also
628:(2006).
567:Bazmavēp
121:Armenian
41:merchant
37:Armenian
29:Armenian
1077:Ghevond
959:Horovel
688:(ed.).
655:(ed.).
160:Malacca
49:Chennai
1047:Sebeos
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949:Hayren
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1199:Frik
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