436:
period of time when the fighting was taking place near their home. As the fighting stretched further from Mecca, many soldiers from around Mecca decided that they had done their part and returned home. The constant flow of
British gold and weaponry into the hands of the Sharifian Army was the main driving force behind the Revolt. Many tribes would fight for whoever offered them the most money. Some tribal leaders would agree to fight for the British and accept their payment and weapons and soon afterwards begin fighting for the Ottomans because they offered to pay the tribes more. This fickleness showed that many of the tribes were not interested in Arab unity, the ultimate goal of Sharif Husayn, but rather just wanted to be paid. While this made things more difficult for the Sharifian Army, Faysal's strong negotiating skills won many tribal chieftains over, giving the Hashemites the support they needed to challenge the Ottomans.
395:
regard to Medina. Rather than attack the well-protected
Ottoman army and suffer large casualties, the Arabs surrounded the city and cut it off from access to other Ottoman forces. For much of the war the Ottomans managed to keep the Hijaz Railway open to Medina and, through this, were able to continue to supply their men with weapons, ammunition, and other equipment until near the end of the war. The constant need for supplies in Medina played into the Sharifian strategy which was designed to have the Ottomans station troops along the railway and in Medina, wasting troops and supplies, while the Arabs continued up the coast of the Red Sea.
448:
of Husayn's sons who each now had at least 6,000 irregular forces under their control. The
Sharifian Army consisted of about 4,000 regular forces by the beginning of 1917. The majority of these regular soldiers served under Husayn or ‘Ali. As the revolt continued, Faysal emerged as the most successful of the four brothers and most of the forces fell under his control. The fact that Faysal worked alongside Lawrence of Arabia gave him access to more British intelligence, which is a large part of the reason he was the most successful.
422:. Upon arrival in Aqaba on July 6, 1917, the Sharifian forces brutally massacred about three hundred Ottomans before their superiors could get them under control. Another 150 Ottoman troops were taken prisoner and after a few subsequent small scale attacks by Ottomans, the Arab and British forces solidified control in Aqaba. From this point onwards, the Sharifian Army fought at the side of the British armed forces that were coming from British-occupied Egypt. The well executed
375:
relations with the
Ottomans would end. Rather than wait for a reply, the Arab Revolt was started with an attack on the Hijaz Railway by forces that consisted of members of local Arab tribes and Ottoman defectors. The following day the first shots of the revolt were fired in Mecca and within two days, the Sharifian Army was in control of Mecca. By June 16, the Sharifian Army, with the assistance of the British
82:
297:(governor) of the region, who was responsible for ensuring Ottoman sovereignty over the region. A power struggle existed between the sharif and the vali; the authority to make decisions switched back and forth between the two over time. Overall, this political climate left a large amount of influence in the hands of the sharif, who in the early years of the 20th century was
42:
435:
The
Sharifian Army consisted of about 5,000 regular forces and many thousands of irregular forces. Many of the regular forces were former Arab members of the Ottoman military who defected and joined the Arab Revolt. Irregular forces refer to largely untrained Arabs who joined the revolt for a short
374:
At the beginning of the revolt, the
Sharifian Army consisted of these forces that had been assembled by Husayn and his sons under the guise that they were to fight with the Ottoman forces. After escaping, Faysal wrote a letter stating that if Husayn's demands for greater autonomy were not met their
447:
and rose to become leaders within the
Sharifian Army. The first few months of the revolt were led by ‘Ali and his forces which consisted of about 30,000 men, most of whom were irregular forces who only fought for a short period of time. By September 1916 these 30,000 were divided amongst all four
328:
caused Husayn to emerge from these talks with a strengthened belief in his right to claim both the caliphate and sovereignty over Arab lands in the area. Furthermore, and more importantly, the promises made by the
British to Husayn in the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence of 1915 and 1916 led Husayn to
394:
The
Ottomans decisively won a battle for the first time when the Sharifian Army attacked Medina in October 1916. The Ottoman forces were entrenched in Medina with artillery that the poorly equipped Sharifian Army lacked. The Sharifian forces retreated and were forced to develop a new strategy in
426:
included a small amount of
Sharifian forces who marched into Damascus on October 1, 1918, with their revolt almost complete. The only city still under Ottoman control in the Hijaz was the city of Medina. Although they were cut off from the rest of the Ottoman world, forces inside of Medina
293:, there were few competing political influences among the urban elite. The tribal chieftains served as intermediaries between their tribes and the sharif but rarely challenged his authority. The sharif's lone political rival was the Ottoman
536:, played a prominent role in King Faysal's Iraq. Nuri al-Said and Ja’far al-Askari both served terms as prime minister. Officers from the Sharifian Army continued to play an important role in Iraqi politics until the
337:. Although the British could not promise a few districts that they had already pledged to give the French, the pieces seemed to be falling into place for Sharif Husayn, and he prepared to launch the
865:
516:. The British left Husayn in control of the Hijaz and, since Faysal was deposed by the French from his Kingdom of Syria in 1920, helped Faysal come to power in Iraq, becoming
414:(commonly referred to as “Lawrence of Arabia”) to help Faysal lead his forces. Lawrence's plan was to make the Ottomans think that the Arabs were planning on attacking
875:
443:
and his brother-in-law Ja’far al-Askari, who had previously been a Colonel in the Ottoman Army, joined the Sharifian Army because of their strong belief in
363:. In exchange for the troops, Husayn wanted greater autonomy, but the Ottoman authorities would not concede it. Ottoman officials were holding Husayn's son
227:
215:
508:
to create a Jewish state in the region. While the question of Palestine was never resolved, in Cairo, in 1921, the British decided to name Husayn's son
329:
think that if he were to lead a successful revolt against the Ottomans, the British would help him establish an Arab Caliphate encompassing most of the
885:
880:
476:. The country that received the mandate was responsible for guiding the new state formed by the mandate to its independence. The British received the
403:
195:
537:
355:
In early June 1916, the Ottoman government was putting pressure on Sharif Husayn to supply Hijazi troops and to issue a call for jihad from
532:
in 1931. Many other officers from the Sharifian Army, including Nuri al-Said, Jafar al-Askari, Jamil al-Midfai, Ali Jawdat al-Aiyubi, and
501:
383:. By the end of the summer, the Arab forces under the control of Sharif Husayn had managed to overtake coastal cities as far north as
325:
890:
800:
R. H. Lieshout. “'Keeping Better Educated Moslems Busy': Sir Reginald Wingate and the Origins of the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence.”
744:
Goldstein, E. “British Peace Aims and the Eastern Question: the Political Intelligence Department and the Eastern Committee, 1918.”
485:
367:
and told Husayn that if he ever wanted to see his son again, he must send the troops. On June 9, 1916, the Ottomans sent Faysal to
250:
219:
199:
97:
807:
Teitelbaum, Joshua. “Sharif Husayn ibn Ali and the Hashemite vision of the post-Ottoman order: from chieftaincy to suzerainty.”
786:
Martin, Thomas. “Anglo–French Imperial Relations in the Arab World: Intelligence Liaison and Nationalist Disorder, 1920–1939.”
481:
298:
845:
324:, which was currently held by the family of the rulers of the Ottoman Empire. The British support that was pledged in the
231:
364:
870:
473:
371:
to get the armed forces that Husayn had been organizing, but when he arrived, he escaped with his brother ‘Ali.
737:
423:
407:
317:
661:
427:
continued to resist Sharifian forces until their lack of supplies forced them to surrender in January 1919.
143:
513:
411:
604:
489:
461:
304:
Dissatisfied with his limited power, Sharif Husayn began discussions with tribal leaders in the region,
242:
439:
The army was divided into four groups led by Sharif Husayn's sons, ‘Ali, ‘Abdullah, Faysal, and Zayd.
206:, who was proclaimed "Sultan of the Arabs" in 1916, led the Sharifian Army in a rebellion against the
860:
509:
496:
complicated things in the region because rather than including Palestine within the land promised to
541:
505:
493:
477:
457:
320:. Husayn knew that many Muslims believed that the Sharif of Mecca was the rightful claimant to the
235:
469:
465:
330:
309:
139:
517:
444:
305:
246:
203:
87:
553:
183:
171:
159:
840:
718:
Eldar, D. “France in Syria: the abolition of the Sharifian government, April–July 1920.”
488:. These mandates and their maps closely followed the divisions presented in the secret
732:
558:
528:
ousted Husayn from the Hijaz and he lived the remainder of his life in exile, dying in
290:
241:. Once there, members of the Sharifian Army set up a short-lived monarchy known as the
207:
622:
In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: the McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and its Interpretations
609:
Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz Under Ottoman Control, 1840–1908
854:
525:
497:
835:
520:. Sharif Husayn continued to rule the Hijaz and on March 23, 1924, declared himself
440:
398:
As the British and Sharifian forces sought a way to overtake the Ottoman forces at
472:
decided that the lands of the Ottoman Empire would be divided by a newly created
533:
418:
by creating a few diversions, including the destruction of a railroad bridge in
360:
350:
338:
191:
135:
51:
277:
are located), power was strongly centralized in the hands of the family of the
376:
286:
214:
under an independent government. Aided both financially and militarily by the
17:
388:
321:
765:
Johnson, Maxwell. “The Arab Bureau and the Arab Revolt: Yanbu' to Aqaba.”
624:, 1914–1939. Cambridge, New York : Cambridge University Press, 1976.
415:
282:
238:
703:
Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule, 1920–1925 The Sharifian Solution.
419:
294:
793:
McKale, D. M. “Germany and the Arab question in the First World War.”
772:
Karsh, E., et al. “Myth in the Desert, or Not the Great Arab Revolt.”
646:
Parnell, Charles L., CDR USN "Lawrence of Arabia's Debt to Seapower"
529:
521:
380:
368:
334:
278:
274:
266:
111:
41:
399:
384:
356:
313:
270:
262:
223:
211:
107:
47:
751:
H. A. R. Gibb. “Review of The Independent Arab by Hubert Young.”
779:
Leach, H. “Lawrence's Strategy and Tactics in the Arab Revolt.”
468:
on July 24, 1920, and ousted him from the country. In 1920, the
115:
816:
Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T.E. Lawrence
762:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1997.
760:
The Making of Iraq: 1900–1963: Capital, Power, and Ideology
725:
Eldar, D. “French policy towards Husayn, Sharif of Mecca.”
611:. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1984.
131:
121:
103:
93:
75:
67:
59:
29:
688:Lawrence, T.E. “The Howeitat and their Chiefs”.
582:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. Pp. 255.
595:. Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002. Pp. 255
460:at the end of the Arab Revolt, Faysal set up a
767:Society for Military History. Military Affairs
8:
866:Military units and formations of World War I
484:(Iraq) mandates and the French received the
281:. Members of this family, as descendants of
222:'s forces gradually moved north through the
500:as part of the Arab kingdom because of the
359:in support of the Ottoman participation in
46:Soldiers of the Sharifian Army in northern
635:Memories of a Turkish Statesman- 1913–1919
512:as the emir in the newly created state of
804:, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Jun., 1984), p 453–463.
783:(London) v. 37 no. 3 (Nov 2006) p 337–41.
769:, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Dec., 1982), p 194–201.
648:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
464:and ruled there until the French won the
755:, Vol. 12, No. 3 (May, 1933), p 425–426.
790:, Dec 2006, Vol. 17 Issue 4, p 771–798.
571:
333:stretching as far north as present-day
876:Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
210:with the ultimate goal of uniting the
26:
289:in English. Unlike many areas of the
196:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I
7:
811:v. 34 no. 1 (January 1998) p 103–22.
190:) was the military force behind the
187:
175:
163:
677:The Arab Movements in World War I.
25:
379:, captured the important port of
886:Military history of Saudi Arabia
881:Arab nationalist militant groups
593:History of World War I, Volume 1
591:Marshall Cavendish Corporation.
580:History of World War I, Volume 1
578:Marshall Cavendish Corporation.
269:where the Muslim holy cities of
80:
40:
666:Doubleday, Doran, and Co. 1935.
748:v. 23 (October 1987) p 419–36.
402:, the British decided to send
1:
776:v. 33 (April 1997) p 267–312.
502:Husayn-McMahon Correspondence
326:Husayn-McMahon Correspondence
846:Campaigns: Arabian Peninsula
825:Gorgias Press. London, 1933.
797:v. 29 (April 1993) p 236–53.
722:v. 29 (July 1993) p 487–504.
486:Mandate of Syria and Lebanon
232:Egyptian Expeditionary Force
729:v. 26 (July 1990) p 329–50.
907:
836:History of the Arab Revolt
788:Diplomacy & Statecraft
348:
226:and, fought alongside the
891:Pan-Arabist organizations
705:London: Frank Cass, 2003.
50:carrying the Flag of the
39:
34:
738:A Peace to End All Peace
524:. In that same year the
194:which was a part of the
662:Seven Pillars of Wisdom
637:. New York: Arno, 1973.
265:(the western region of
144:Saudi Conquest of Hejaz
809:Middle Eastern Studies
802:The Historical Journal
795:Middle Eastern Studies
774:Middle Eastern Studies
746:Middle Eastern Studies
727:Middle Eastern Studies
720:Middle Eastern Studies
200:Sharif Hussein Ibn Ali
823:The Independent Arab.
753:International Affairs
490:Sykes-Picot Agreement
261:For centuries in the
243:Arab Kingdom of Syria
166:), also known as the
387:and as far south as
741:. Avon Books. 1989.
679:London: Cass, 1993.
605:Ochsenwald, William
542:Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr
494:Balfour Declaration
458:capture of Damascus
675:Tauber, Eliezer.
504:, the British had
308:, and the British
818:. Atheneum. 1990.
690:The Arab Bulletin
470:League of Nations
466:Franco-Syrian War
424:Battle of Megiddo
331:Arabian Peninsula
310:High Commissioner
306:Arab nationalists
149:
148:
140:Al-Khurma Dispute
16:(Redirected from
898:
871:Politics of Iraq
821:Young, Hubert.
814:Wilson, Jeremy.
706:
701:Paris, Timothy.
699:
693:
692:. 24 July 1917.
686:
680:
673:
667:
659:Lawrence, T. E.
657:
651:
644:
638:
631:
625:
620:Kedourie, Elie.
618:
612:
602:
596:
589:
583:
576:
518:Faisal I of Iraq
462:Kingdom in Syria
445:Arab nationalism
204:Kingdom of Hejaz
189:
177:
165:
88:Kingdom of Hejaz
86:
84:
83:
44:
27:
21:
906:
905:
901:
900:
899:
897:
896:
895:
851:
850:
832:
715:
713:Further reading
710:
709:
700:
696:
687:
683:
674:
670:
658:
654:
645:
641:
633:Pasha, Djemal.
632:
628:
619:
615:
603:
599:
590:
586:
577:
573:
568:
554:Sharif of Mecca
550:
540:led by Colonel
454:
433:
353:
347:
259:
152:
142:
138:
126:
114:
110:
98:Hussein Bin Ali
81:
79:
55:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
904:
902:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
853:
852:
849:
848:
843:
838:
831:
830:External links
828:
827:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
758:Haj, Samira.
756:
749:
742:
733:Fromkin, David
730:
723:
714:
711:
708:
707:
694:
681:
668:
652:
650:. August 1979.
639:
626:
613:
597:
584:
570:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:Jordanian Army
556:
549:
546:
474:mandate system
456:Following the
453:
450:
432:
429:
412:T. E. Lawrence
349:Main article:
346:
343:
291:Ottoman Empire
285:, were called
258:
255:
208:Ottoman Empire
156:Sharifian Army
150:
147:
146:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
32:
31:
30:Sharifian Army
24:
18:Sharifian army
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
903:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
829:
824:
820:
817:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:
781:Asian Affairs
778:
775:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
740:
739:
734:
731:
728:
724:
721:
717:
716:
712:
704:
698:
695:
691:
685:
682:
678:
672:
669:
665:
663:
656:
653:
649:
643:
640:
636:
630:
627:
623:
617:
614:
610:
606:
601:
598:
594:
588:
585:
581:
575:
572:
565:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Sharif Husayn
495:
492:of 1916. The
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
451:
449:
446:
442:
437:
430:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
323:
319:
318:Henry McMahon
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
299:Sharif Husayn
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
251:Sharif Husayn
248:
244:
240:
237:
234:, eventually
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:الجيش الحجازي
185:
181:
173:
169:
164:الجيش الشريفي
161:
157:
151:Military unit
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
35:الجيش الشريفي
33:
28:
19:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
736:
726:
719:
702:
697:
689:
684:
676:
671:
660:
655:
647:
642:
634:
629:
621:
616:
608:
600:
592:
587:
579:
574:
455:
441:Nuri al-Said
438:
434:
397:
393:
373:
354:
303:
260:
230:-controlled
179:
176:الجيش العربي
167:
155:
153:
104:Headquarters
861:Arab Revolt
841:Arab Revolt
561:- Successor
534:Jamal Baban
514:Transjordan
482:Mesopotamia
478:Palestinian
361:World War I
351:Arab Revolt
339:Arab Revolt
249:, a son of
212:Arab people
192:Arab Revolt
180:Hejazi Army
136:Arab Revolt
132:Engagements
127:Hejazi Army
122:Nickname(s)
52:Arab Revolt
855:Categories
566:References
377:Royal Navy
345:The revolt
287:Hashemites
257:Background
178:), or the
125:Arab Army
94:Allegiance
538:1963 coup
452:Aftermath
389:Qunfudhah
322:caliphate
236:capturing
168:Arab Army
68:Disbanded
63:1916–1925
548:See also
510:Abdullah
506:promised
416:Damascus
283:Muhammad
239:Damascus
420:Baalbek
408:Colonel
406:(later
404:Captain
245:led by
228:British
216:British
202:of the
76:Country
530:Jordan
526:Saudis
522:Caliph
431:Forces
381:Jeddah
369:Medina
365:Faysal
335:Turkey
316:, Sir
279:sharif
275:Medina
267:Arabia
247:Faisal
220:Husayn
184:Arabic
172:Arabic
160:Arabic
112:Jeddah
85:
60:Active
400:Aqaba
385:Yanbu
357:Mecca
314:Egypt
271:Mecca
263:Hijaz
224:Hejaz
108:Mecca
48:Yanbu
480:and
295:vali
273:and
154:The
116:Taif
71:1925
735:.
607:.
312:in
857::
544:.
410:)
391:.
341:.
301:.
253:.
218:,
198:.
186::
174::
162::
664:.
182:(
170:(
158:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
