347:
31:
caused when electrons descend from higher-energy s orbitals of an atom to the lowest available p orbital. The spectral lines include some in the visible light, and they extend into the ultraviolet. The lines get closer and closer together as the frequency increases never exceeding the series limit.
980:
in visible light and ultraviolet that would transmit through air. They noticed that lines for sodium were alternating sharp and diffuse. They were the first to use the term "sharp" for the lines. They classified alkali metal spectral lines into sharp and diffuse categories. In 1890 the lines that
321:
stated his law: "If we subtract the frequency of the fundamental vibration from the convergence frequency of the principal series, we obtain the convergence frequency of the supplementary series". But in the next issue of the journal he realised that
Rydberg had published the idea a few months
189:
The series is caused by transitions to the lowest P state from higher energy S orbitals. One terminology to identify the lines is: 1P-mS But note that 1P just means the lowest P state in an atom and that the modern designation would start at 2P, and is larger for higher atomic numbered atoms.
643:
498:
981:
also appeared in the absorption spectrum were termed the principal series. Rydberg continued the use of sharp and diffuse for the other lines, whereas Kayser and Runge preferred to use the term second subordinate series for the sharp series.
185:
325:
Rydberg
Schuster Law: Using wave numbers, the difference between the sharp and diffuse series limits and principle series limit is the same as the first transition in the principal series.
196:
Since the P state is not the lowest energy level for the alkali atom (the S is) the sharp series will not show up as absorption in a cool gas, however it shows up as emission lines. The
282:
247:
505:
360:
333:
Runge's Law: Using wave numbers the difference between the sharp series limit and fundamental series limit is the same as the first transition in the diffuse series.
48:
32:
The sharp series was important in the development of the understanding of electron shells and subshells in atoms. The sharp series has given the letter
298:
The sharp series used to be called the second subordinate series, with the diffuse series being the first subordinate, both being subordinate to the
1019:
introduced the s, p, d, f notation for subshells in atoms. Others followed this use in the 1930s and the terminology has remained to this day.
1637:
1503:
1428:
207:, where the electron has so much energy it escapes the atom. Even though the series is called sharp, the lines may not be sharp.
1352:
1325:
299:
1658:
1283:
984:
Arno
Bergmann found a fourth series in infrared in 1907, and this became known as Bergmann Series or fundamental series.
995:. This was believed to be the sharp series of hydrogen. In 1915 proof was given that it was actually ionised helium -
1663:
193:
The terms can have different designations, mS for single line systems, mΟ for doublets and ms for triplets.
638:{\displaystyle \nu _{d}=R\left({\frac {Z_{3p}^{2}}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {Z_{nd}^{2}}{n^{2}}}\right)n=4,5,6,...}
493:{\displaystyle \nu _{s}=R\left({\frac {Z_{3p}^{2}}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {Z_{ns}^{2}}{n^{2}}}\right)n=4,5,6,...}
252:
217:
1602:
1387:
1298:
1229:
1188:
1149:
1114:
1074:
1044:
973:
961:
988:
1565:
1546:
1266:
1245:
197:
346:
1633:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1424:
1414:
1013:
found mathematical relations between the wave numbers of emission lines of the alkali metals.
204:
28:
180:{\displaystyle v={\frac {R}{\left^{2}}}-{\frac {R}{\left^{2}}}{\text{ with }}m=2,3,4,5,6,...}
1610:
1538:
1464:
1395:
1354:
Atomic
Transition Probabilities Volume II Sodium Through Calcium A Critical Data Compilation
1327:
Atomic
Transition Probabilities Volume II Sodium Through Calcium A Critical Data Compilation
1306:
1237:
1196:
1157:
1122:
1082:
1010:
350:
1002:
977:
318:
1606:
1391:
1302:
1233:
1192:
1153:
1118:
1078:
1048:
1284:"A Procedure to Obtain the Effective Nuclear Charge from the Atomic Spectrum of Sodium"
1016:
311:
200:
is largest for the S term as the electron penetrates the inner core of electrons more.
37:
1632:. Struktur der Materie in Einzeldarstellungen. Vol. 4. Springer. pp. 55β56.
1378:
Saunders, F. A. (December 1920). "Revision of the Series in the
Spectrum of Calcium".
1652:
1526:
1485:
1361:
1334:
285:
24:
1529:(1983). "The Spectrum of ΞΆ Puppis and the Historical Evolution of Empirical Data".
1249:
969:
211:
647:
when n tends to infinity the diffuse and sharp series end up with the same limit.
992:
965:
1468:
1006:
1420:
1360:. Washington: National Bureau of Standards. pp. 228β229. Archived from
996:
353:
for sodium. Sharp series is due to 3p-mS transitions shown here in purple.
1333:. Washington: National Bureau of Standards. pp. 39β41. Archived from
1593:
William B. Jensen (2007). "The Origin of the S, p, d, f
Orbital Labels".
952:
Magnesium has a sharp series of triplets and a sharp series of singlets.
1550:
1310:
944:
Calcium has a sharp series of triplets and a sharp series of singlets.
1614:
1453:"XXXIV. On the structure of the line-spectra of the chemical elements"
1105:
Saunders, F. A. (1915). "Some Recent
Discoveries in Spectrum Series".
1065:
Saunders, F. A. (1915). "Some Recent
Discoveries in Spectrum Series".
1542:
1241:
1201:
1176:
1140:
Rydberg, J. R. (1897). "The New Series in the
Spectrum of Hydrogen".
314:
limit. In the late 1800s these two were termed supplementary series.
1452:
1217:
288:, with a constant spacing between the two parts of the double line.
1399:
1161:
1126:
1086:
968:
set out to systematically measure spectra of elements from groups
345:
1416:
Lines Of Light: The Sources Of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930
920:
A sharp series of triplet lines is designated by series letter
1218:"On a New Law Connecting the Periods of Molecular Vibrations"
1177:"On a New Law Connecting the Periods of Molecular Vibrations"
928:. The sharp series of singlet lines has series letter
1480:
1478:
1351:
Wiese, W.; Smith, M. W.; Miles, B. M. (October 1969).
1324:
Wiese, W.; Smith, M. W.; Miles, B. M. (October 1969).
508:
502:
The sodium diffuse series has wave numbers given by:
363:
255:
220:
51:
1630:
Linienspektren und Periodisches System der Elemente
1037:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
637:
492:
276:
241:
179:
1282:Sala, O.; K. Araki; L. K. Noda (September 1999).
991:found a new series of lines in the spectrum of
337:This difference is the lowest D level energy.
8:
1495:The Historical Development of Quantum Theory
1035:Fowler, A. (1924). "The Origin of Spectra".
357:The sharp series has wave numbers given by:
1531:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences
310:The sharp series limit is the same as the
1200:
589:
579:
571:
565:
554:
544:
536:
530:
513:
507:
444:
434:
426:
420:
409:
399:
391:
385:
368:
362:
263:
254:
228:
219:
127:
119:
94:
83:
58:
50:
1413:Brand, John Charles Drury (1995-10-01).
1271:. Krishna Prakashan Media. p. 2.59.
1060:
1058:
795:
649:
284:. This causes the spectral lines to be
203:The limit for the series corresponds to
1027:
1588:
1586:
1261:
1259:
329:This difference is the lowest P level.
43:The sharp series has a limit given by
1175:Schuster, Arthur (31 December 1986).
1100:
1098:
1096:
7:
1564:Mebton, Thomas E. (25 March 1915).
1268:Atomic, Molecular and Laser Physics
1216:Schuster, Arthur (7 January 1987).
1566:"On the Origin of the 4686 Series"
14:
277:{\displaystyle 2P_{\frac {1}{2}}}
242:{\displaystyle 2P_{\frac {3}{2}}}
16:Series of lines in atomic spectra
1498:. Springer. pp. 165β166.
1:
1595:Journal of Chemical Education
1451:Rydberg, J. R. (April 1890).
1291:Journal of Chemical Education
1680:
1570:Philosophical Transactions
1469:10.1080/14786449008619945
1380:The Astrophysical Journal
798:
652:
1628:Hund, Friedrich (1927).
960:At Cambridge University
799:potassium sharp series
214:the P terms are split
1457:Philosophical Magazine
1367:on September 24, 2015.
1340:on September 24, 2015.
639:
494:
354:
306:Laws for alkali metals
278:
243:
181:
1659:Emission spectroscopy
1142:Astrophysical Journal
1107:Astrophysical Journal
1067:Astrophysical Journal
640:
495:
349:
279:
244:
182:
653:sodium sharp series
506:
361:
253:
218:
49:
1607:2007JChEd..84..757J
1392:1920ApJ....52..265S
1303:1999JChEd..76.1269S
1234:1897Natur..55..223S
1193:1896Natur..55..200S
1154:1897ApJ.....6..233R
1119:1915ApJ....41..323S
1079:1915ApJ....41..323S
1049:1924JRASC..18..373F
989:Edward C. Pickering
584:
549:
439:
404:
1490:Rechenberg, Helmut
1311:10.1021/ed076p1269
635:
567:
532:
490:
422:
387:
355:
274:
239:
198:Rydberg correction
177:
1615:10.1021/ed084p757
1423:. pp. 123β.
1187:(1418): 200β201.
913:
912:
789:
788:
595:
560:
450:
415:
271:
236:
205:electron emission
130:
125:
89:
29:emission spectrum
1671:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1543:10.2307/27757527
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1463:(179): 331β337.
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1332:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1242:10.1038/055223a0
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:10.1038/055200a0
1172:
1166:
1165:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1032:
1011:Johannes Rydberg
796:
650:
644:
642:
641:
636:
601:
597:
596:
594:
593:
583:
578:
566:
561:
559:
558:
548:
543:
531:
518:
517:
499:
497:
496:
491:
456:
452:
451:
449:
448:
438:
433:
421:
416:
414:
413:
403:
398:
386:
373:
372:
351:Grotrian diagram
300:principal series
283:
281:
280:
275:
273:
272:
264:
248:
246:
245:
240:
238:
237:
229:
186:
184:
183:
178:
131:
129: with
128:
126:
124:
123:
118:
114:
95:
90:
88:
87:
82:
78:
59:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1003:Heinrich Kayser
958:
950:
942:
918:
916:Alkaline earths
810:wavelength 2 Γ
807:wavelength 1 Γ
794:
664:wavelength 2 Γ
661:wavelength 1 Γ
585:
550:
529:
525:
509:
504:
503:
440:
405:
384:
380:
364:
359:
358:
344:
319:Arthur Schuster
308:
296:
259:
251:
250:
224:
216:
215:
104:
100:
99:
68:
64:
63:
47:
46:
23:is a series of
17:
12:
11:
5:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1664:Atomic physics
1661:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1620:
1601:(5): 757β758.
1582:
1556:
1537:(1): 123β145.
1527:Robotti, Nadia
1518:
1504:
1492:(2001-01-01).
1486:Mehra, Jagdish
1474:
1443:
1429:
1405:
1400:10.1086/142578
1370:
1343:
1316:
1274:
1255:
1208:
1167:
1162:10.1086/140393
1132:
1127:10.1086/142175
1092:
1087:10.1086/142175
1054:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1017:Friedrich Hund
962:George Liveing
957:
954:
949:
946:
941:
938:
917:
914:
911:
910:
907:
904:
900:
899:
896:
893:
889:
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
845:
844:
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
827:
823:
822:
819:
816:
812:
811:
808:
805:
801:
800:
793:
790:
787:
786:
783:
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
754:
753:
750:
747:
743:
742:
739:
736:
732:
731:
728:
725:
721:
720:
717:
714:
710:
709:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
677:
676:
673:
670:
666:
665:
662:
659:
655:
654:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
600:
592:
588:
582:
577:
574:
570:
564:
557:
553:
547:
542:
539:
535:
528:
524:
521:
516:
512:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
455:
447:
443:
437:
432:
429:
425:
419:
412:
408:
402:
397:
394:
390:
383:
379:
376:
371:
367:
343:
340:
339:
338:
331:
330:
312:diffuse series
307:
304:
295:
292:
270:
267:
262:
258:
235:
232:
227:
223:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
122:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
98:
93:
86:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
62:
57:
54:
38:atomic orbital
27:in the atomic
25:spectral lines
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1676:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1641:
1639:9783709156568
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1507:
1505:9780387951744
1501:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1432:
1430:9782884491624
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:(1419): 223.
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
982:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
955:
953:
947:
945:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
915:
908:
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
868:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
825:
824:
820:
817:
814:
813:
809:
806:
803:
802:
797:
791:
784:
781:
778:
777:
773:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
755:
751:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
733:
729:
726:
723:
722:
718:
715:
712:
711:
707:
704:
701:
700:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
668:
667:
663:
660:
657:
656:
651:
648:
645:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
598:
590:
586:
580:
575:
572:
568:
562:
555:
551:
545:
540:
537:
533:
526:
522:
519:
514:
510:
500:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
453:
445:
441:
435:
430:
427:
423:
417:
410:
406:
400:
395:
392:
388:
381:
377:
374:
369:
365:
352:
348:
341:
336:
335:
334:
328:
327:
326:
323:
320:
315:
313:
305:
303:
301:
293:
291:
289:
287:
268:
265:
260:
256:
233:
230:
225:
221:
213:
212:alkali metals
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
191:
187:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
120:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
96:
91:
84:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
60:
55:
52:
44:
41:
40:or subshell.
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1629:
1623:
1598:
1594:
1573:. Retrieved
1569:
1559:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1494:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1415:
1408:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1362:the original
1353:
1346:
1335:the original
1326:
1319:
1294:
1290:
1277:
1267:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1110:
1106:
1070:
1066:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1015:
1001:
986:
983:
959:
951:
943:
933:
932:and formula
929:
925:
924:and formula
921:
919:
646:
501:
356:
332:
324:
316:
309:
297:
290:
209:
202:
195:
192:
188:
45:
42:
33:
21:sharp series
20:
18:
1575:30 December
1511:30 December
1436:30 December
1297:(9): 1269.
1148:: 233β236.
1113:: 323β327.
1043:: 373β380.
966:James Dewar
804:transition
658:transition
1653:Categories
1386:(5): 265.
1023:References
1007:Carl Runge
1421:CRC Press
997:helium II
948:Magnesium
792:Potassium
563:−
511:ν
418:−
366:ν
322:earlier.
92:−
36:to the s
1551:27757527
993:ΞΆ Puppis
987:In 1896
821:12432.2
818:12522.1
763:4249.41
760:4252.52
752:4287.84
749:4291.01
741:4341.49
738:4344.74
730:4419.89
727:4423.35
719:4541.63
716:4545.19
708:4747.94
705:4751.82
697:5153.40
694:5158.84
686:6154.23
683:6160.75
675:11381.5
672:11403.8
317:In 1896
286:doublets
1603:Bibcode
1388:Bibcode
1299:Bibcode
1250:4054702
1230:Bibcode
1189:Bibcode
1150:Bibcode
1115:Bibcode
1075:Bibcode
1073:: 323.
1045:Bibcode
956:History
940:Calcium
909:4741.6
906:4754.6
903:4P-13S
898:4786.9
895:4800.2
892:4P-12S
887:4850.0
884:4863.6
881:4P-11S
876:4942.0
873:4956.1
870:4P-10S
865:5084.3
862:5099.2
854:5323.4
851:5339.8
843:5782.4
840:5801.8
832:6911.1
829:6933.8
785:4198.0
782:4201.0
779:3P-14S
774:4220.2
771:4223.2
768:3P-13S
757:3P-12S
746:3P-11S
735:3P-10S
1636:
1549:
1502:
1427:
1248:
1222:Nature
1181:Nature
859:4P-9S
848:4P-8S
837:4P-7S
826:4P-6S
815:4P-5S
724:3P-9S
713:3P-8S
702:3P-7S
691:3P-6S
680:3P-5S
669:3P-4S
342:Sodium
1547:JSTOR
1459:. 5.
1365:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1338:(PDF)
1331:(PDF)
1287:(PDF)
1246:S2CID
934:1P-mS
926:1p-ms
294:Names
1634:ISBN
1577:2013
1513:2013
1500:ISBN
1438:2013
1425:ISBN
1009:and
976:and
964:and
249:and
19:The
1611:doi
1539:doi
1465:doi
1396:doi
1307:doi
1238:doi
1197:doi
1158:doi
1123:doi
1083:doi
978:III
210:In
1655::
1609:.
1599:84
1597:.
1585:^
1568:.
1545:.
1535:14
1533:.
1488:;
1477:^
1461:29
1455:.
1419:.
1394:.
1384:52
1382:.
1305:.
1295:76
1293:.
1289:.
1258:^
1244:.
1236:.
1226:55
1224:.
1220:.
1195:.
1185:55
1183:.
1179:.
1156:.
1144:.
1121:.
1111:41
1109:.
1095:^
1081:.
1071:41
1069:.
1057:^
1041:18
1039:.
1005:,
999:.
974:II
972:,
936:.
302:.
1642:.
1617:.
1613::
1605::
1579:.
1553:.
1541::
1515:.
1471:.
1467::
1440:.
1402:.
1398::
1390::
1313:.
1309::
1301::
1252:.
1240::
1232::
1205:.
1199::
1191::
1164:.
1160::
1152::
1146:6
1129:.
1125::
1117::
1089:.
1085::
1077::
1051:.
1047::
970:I
930:S
922:s
633:.
630:.
627:.
624:,
621:6
618:,
615:5
612:,
609:4
606:=
603:n
599:)
591:2
587:n
581:2
576:d
573:n
569:Z
556:2
552:3
546:2
541:p
538:3
534:Z
527:(
523:R
520:=
515:d
488:.
485:.
482:.
479:,
476:6
473:,
470:5
467:,
464:4
461:=
458:n
454:)
446:2
442:n
436:2
431:s
428:n
424:Z
411:2
407:3
401:2
396:p
393:3
389:Z
382:(
378:R
375:=
370:s
269:2
266:1
261:P
257:2
234:2
231:3
226:P
222:2
175:.
172:.
169:.
166:,
163:6
160:,
157:5
154:,
151:4
148:,
145:3
142:,
139:2
136:=
133:m
121:2
116:]
112:s
109:+
106:m
102:[
97:R
85:2
80:]
76:p
73:+
70:2
66:[
61:R
56:=
53:v
34:s
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
