525:. It was also argued that the racial gerrymandering hindered the voters from having a blind process of voting. This was a previous problem that discriminated against the minority voters however, the White residents thought it was hindering their voices racially. Then, the residents argued that the state had gone far this time by redrawing the district lines and creating a second district that was dominated by the minorities. Another argument that was made was the "snake-like" structure of the district and how it does not follow the reapportionment guidelines, which led to filling a lawsuit against both the state and federal government for political
342:. After the 1990 census, North Carolina qualified to have a 12th district and drew it in a distinct snake-like manner to create a "majority-minority" Black district. From there, Ruth O. Shaw sued to challenge this proposed plan with the argument that this 12th district was unconstitutional and violated the Fourteenth Amendment under the clause of equal protection. In contrast, Reno, the Attorney General, argued that the district would allow for minority groups to have a voice in elections. In the decision, the court ruled in a 5–4 majority that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of
432:, which granted citizenship and equal rights to all African-Americans. The law of redistricting had to comply with this act for the minority group to have impact in the U.S. government. In addition, any affected American citizen that felt that they are being affected by the Voting Rights Act can file a lawsuit stating that it violates Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act which led rise to the case. However, racial gerrymandering continued past 1965 because it is extremely difficult to prove if districts were drawn on the basis of racial discrimination. This was apparent in
34:
563:
North
Carolina's 12th district was so "bizarre" that the only reasonable explanation was that it had been drawn on the basis of race. The courts also noted that based on the Voting Rights Act, race can be taken into account when redistricting plans are made, but it cannot be the sole factor when drawing a new district because that would violate the fourteenth amendment. Therefore, such redistricting was held unconstitutional since it found intention to segregate voters by race and this segregation cannot be justified under a standard of
469:
specific minority's ability to ever gain a voting majority. The state revised its map and submitted a new plan, this one with three majority-minority districts. The proposed 12th district was 160 miles (260 km) long, winding through the state to connect various areas having in common only a large Black population and cut through five counties which split into three voting districts. The new district was described in
Supreme Court's opinion as "snake-like."
504:. With a 7-1 decision the court ruled in favor of Carey, the respondent. The United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg claimed that the plan violated their constitutional rights because the districts had been assigned solely on a racial basis. The court found that the reapportionment plan was valid under the Constitution as the Fourteenth and the Fifteenth Amendment do not prohibit the use of racial factors in districting and apportionment.
428:, which outlawed these racially discriminatory practices and required government supervision for states that had less than 50 percent of non-White citizens registered to vote. If any state wanted to change any voting rules, they had to receive pre-clearance to ensure no new rule was racist. The Voting Rights Act prohibited many of the tactics that hindered Black voters from getting their voices heard. This was due to the establishment of the
6545:
602:"The difference between constitutional and unconstitutional gerrymanders has nothing to do with whether they are based on assumptions about the groups they affect, but whether their purpose is to enhance the power of the group in control of the districting process at the expense of any minority group, and thereby to strengthen the unequal distribution of electoral power." - Shaw, 509 U.S. at 678
571:"Racial gerrymandering even for remedial purposes, may balkanize us into competing racial factions; it threatens to carry us further from the goal of a political system in which race no longer matters-a goal that the Fourteen and Fifteenth Amendments embody, and to which the Nation continues to aspire." -Shaw, 509 U.S. at 657
541:, which would increase the representation of the minority groups and allow them to have more of a voice when voting. This was to designed to prevent any discrimination by race and North Carolina thought this plan was completely aligned with the request of the General Assembly guidelines. It included that the
394:
is the redrawing of electoral districts to help give a political advantage. Through this process, political parties can draw the boundaries of districts to favor their party's candidate as they allow for extra seats to be won. The census marks when states can redraw their congressional district lines
463:
and redrew its congressional districts to account for the changes in population. This district would be North
Carolina's second "majority-minority" district of majority Black voters. The North Carolina General Assembly submitted the plan to the U.S. Attorney General for preclearance under the Voting
562:
In a 5-4 decision the courts ruled in favor of Shaw (the petitioner), finding that it was, in fact, unlawful to gerrymander on the basis of race. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote the majority opinion in which she explains the court's ruling. In it, she writes that the court found that the shape of
620:
intended to construct limitations on using race to gerrymander districts, it fell short of those expectations. The court's decision left questions unanswered and produced a mixed reaction. Soon after, lawsuits were filed against majority-Black districts in southern states such as
Florida, Georgia,
593:
The dissenting opinions from
Justice Blackmun and Stevens also brought many of the same points as White and they also added that the purpose of the equal protection clause was only to protect those who have been historically discriminated against. Therefore, it should not apply to the White voters
589:
The dissenting opinion by
Justice White held that Shaw failed to present cognizable harm or that for Shaw to bring the case there must have been harm done to them one way or another and that this failed to be presented in court. Additionally, he noted the voting interests of those who brought the
488:
court case which allowed for more representation of the Black (minority) representation in the state of North
Carolina. However, five White residents of North Carolina, opposed against the redrawing because of the oddly shaped district in which they also stated it violated their Equal Protection
468:
which was led by
Attorney General Janet Reno. Attorney General Janet Reno instructed the North Carolina state assembly to add another majority-minority district to comply with the recent amendments to the Voting Rights Act. In 1982, the Voting Rights Act was amended to target the decrease in a
411:
In 1870, following the Civil war and the abolishment of slavery, the 15th amendment was passed, giving all United States citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous conditions of servitude. This amendment ensured the voting rights of
African Americans. However, after its
472:
After the
General Assembly passed legislation creating the second district, a group of White voters in North Carolina, led by Ruth O. Shaw, sued on the grounds that the district was an unconstitutional gerrymander. Shaw's group claimed that drawing districts based on race violated the equal
438:(1986), in which Black citizens of North Carolina argued that all white-majority districts were drawn up so a Black representative wouldn't get elected. In this unanimous decision, it was decided that districts did indeed dilute Black votes and therefore did violate the Voting Rights Act.
719:
differently. For example, a Georgia court ruled that a district of "average appearance" was invalidated, but North Carolina's snake-like shaped district which could be described as irregular was upheld. There are many discrepancies that each judge must take into account when using
399:, districts must be redrawn equally populated. With new technology and tactics of packing and cracking, gerrymandering has become easier through the years but within gerrymandering, limitations exist. Gerrymandering has come before the Supreme Court in multiple cases but in
714:
fails to give criteria for an irregular drawing. It is, therefore, unclear how to prove when a shape is bizarre enough to constitute a clear racial motive, making it hard for courts to decide on rulings. As a result, it is possible for courts to interpret
667:, the state of Texas planned to add additional congressional districts after the 1990 census. These redistricting measures were found to be unconstitutional and in the decision of this case, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor referred back to her opinion from
489:
Rights. This case was unlike others since the Voting Right Act, because it now didn't hinder the redistricting and impediment of the minority groups. Now the claim was whether making a district based on race was racially adequate and fair for everyone.
740:
places a lot of importance on the actual lines drawn, rather than who they contain. This outlook has the potential to disenfranchise minorities, as courts may place more importance on the shape of the district, rather than the underrepresented people.
697:
decision, the justices decided that using racial reasons for redistricting is unconstitutional. Since Georgia's General Assembly used "race for its own sake and not other districting principles," their actions were rendered unconstitutional.
580:"Racial classifications of any sort pose the risk of lasting harm to our society. They reinforce the belief, held by too many for too much of our history, that individuals should be judged by the color of their skin" -Shaw, 509 U.S. at 657
199:
Redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause while bodies doing redistricting must be conscious of race to the extent that they must ensure compliance with the Voting Rights
671:. She noted that under the standard of "strict scrutiny", the districts were irregularly shaped and used race as a deciding factor. The redistricting plans of this case were overturned and the overall decision aligned with that of the
5153:
2815:
4397:
403:, racial gerrymandering refers to Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. Section 2 of this act opposes using discriminatory voting practices in the election process and that in itself prohibits gerrymandering based on race.
597:
Justice Souter noted the arbitrary nature of the strict scrutiny applied in this case. He detailed that the 12th district was ultimately drawn to benefit a minority group hence making the strict scrutiny applied to feel
4365:
4221:
575:
Additionally, it was noted that allowing the 12th district to be drawn in that manner would be setting a dangerous precedent in the American democratic system in which Americans are attempting to reach equality.
3283:
6579:
3489:
3543:
3081:
5177:
2732:
3974:
6584:
3387:
2716:
1487:
4069:
2891:
2249:
522:
474:
429:
4133:
3275:
1943:
921:
908:
889:
870:
851:
832:
813:
794:
775:
756:
328:
179:
162:
145:
83:
356:
was an influential case and received backlash. Some southern states filed against majority-Black districts. This decision played a role in deciding many future cases, including
4964:
4029:
3355:
649:
decision is heavily debated but it is known that it had a lasting impact on how the Voting Rights Act was going to be enforced and the structure of the U.S. political system.
6604:
4852:
6599:
4512:
4381:
3235:
537:
Reno, the Attorney General, argued that the creation of the second district was necessary to follow the request of the General Assembly that required them to abide by the
4149:
3826:
2652:
2292:
884:
6569:
5028:
4317:
4237:
1989:
1688:
4109:
3403:
3190:
2676:
2217:
5446:
3634:
5412:
5185:
4536:
4293:
4141:
3934:
5328:
6594:
2016:
689:, Georgia's racial gerrymandering was questioned to violate the Equal Protection Clause, as it aimed to create a majority-Black district. Justices looked to
4988:
4900:
3527:
2839:
2668:
903:
6574:
3786:
368:. However, the phrasing of irregularly drawn districts has left room for much interpretation, letting judges use their opinions rather than relying on
5012:
4544:
3559:
2882:
6609:
5681:
5618:
5407:
5390:
5287:
2492:
6589:
4825:
3690:
3291:
3158:
500:. A federal District Court dismissed a lawsuit by North Carolina voters on the grounds that they had no claim for relief under a standard set by
517:
Shaw and five other North Carolina residents filed an action against the state, declaring that the state had created an unconstitutional racial
4197:
3371:
3182:
460:
590:
case had not been violated. He also stated that drawing districts on the basis of race could prove to be beneficial for minority communities.
5397:
5348:
3551:
62:
633:
focused on majority-minority districts, trying to answer if race can be used to redistrict districts. Grofman adds that he does not believe
5534:
5441:
5402:
4389:
4373:
4277:
1640:
1512:
1360:
4702:
2460:
6470:
4285:
3395:
637:
to be a game-changer, but he does emphasize that while their consequences might not be as far-reaching, its succeeding cases are. While
465:
339:
6360:
6355:
6330:
6027:
5419:
5358:
5101:
4817:
4742:
4006:
2708:
2692:
2500:
542:
38:
2089:
625:
also does not add or address the criteria needed for creating districts. "Highly irregular" districts were called into question, but
6500:
6435:
6425:
6390:
6380:
6340:
6160:
5385:
5161:
3101:
2751:
2389:
1917:
1895:
3307:
736:, as people, not highways, vote. Despite this, voter rights are being controlled by district shapes in the redistricting process.
6255:
6225:
6195:
6165:
6145:
6080:
6045:
6040:
5894:
5484:
5353:
5343:
4980:
3850:
2009:
412:
enactment, many southern states began implementing new ways to bar African Americans from voting. Some of these methods included
4253:
6445:
6415:
6410:
6335:
6325:
6285:
6260:
6235:
6205:
6175:
6150:
6130:
6110:
6100:
6095:
6085:
6065:
6035:
3730:
3575:
3089:
413:
4245:
2397:
2185:
2153:
1671:
6505:
6475:
6440:
6420:
6375:
6315:
6305:
6280:
6275:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6200:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6007:
5997:
5952:
5942:
5917:
5494:
4956:
4560:
3418:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6495:
6455:
6450:
6395:
6385:
6370:
6365:
6320:
6300:
6230:
6220:
6210:
6190:
6185:
6155:
6135:
6105:
6075:
6070:
5982:
5764:
5734:
5671:
5524:
3202:
2941:
2875:
2412:
5044:
4860:
2620:
2588:
6510:
6485:
6480:
6465:
6460:
6430:
6345:
6310:
6290:
6215:
6180:
6090:
6060:
6050:
5789:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5646:
5429:
5280:
4520:
3958:
3810:
3762:
3503:
3118:
1713:
2137:
6490:
6405:
6400:
6350:
6270:
6265:
6170:
6140:
6055:
6017:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5844:
5834:
5829:
5714:
5564:
5509:
5338:
4844:
4014:
3315:
3166:
2233:
2002:
331:
4694:
1232:
935:
6295:
6002:
5992:
5967:
5957:
5947:
5927:
5799:
5784:
5754:
5704:
5666:
5656:
5651:
5519:
5514:
5462:
5424:
5375:
5363:
4229:
3966:
2436:
1207:
4357:
5977:
5972:
5937:
5902:
5849:
5819:
5809:
5749:
5729:
5699:
5631:
5499:
5467:
5380:
5370:
5333:
5320:
5169:
4576:
4568:
4181:
3602:
3535:
2831:
2452:
1751:"From Shaw v. Reno to Miller v. Johnson: Minority Representation and State Compliance with the Voting Rights Act"
546:
538:
481:
425:
396:
5932:
5839:
5814:
5744:
5724:
5709:
5694:
5477:
5201:
5145:
4309:
3866:
3834:
3259:
3243:
2868:
3465:
2604:
2580:
1869:
141:
118:
2121:
1851:
Maltz, Earl M (Spring 1995). "Political Questions and Representational Politics: A Comment on Shaw v. Reno".
6012:
5854:
5794:
5759:
5719:
5661:
5636:
5489:
5472:
5310:
5273:
5209:
5076:
4774:
4630:
3891:
3818:
3211:
3126:
2113:
347:
3950:
2548:
2404:
1981:
5987:
5962:
5922:
5884:
5879:
5859:
5824:
5804:
5739:
5641:
5581:
5559:
5552:
5547:
5542:
4440:
4189:
2660:
2540:
2516:
2341:
2129:
243:
5020:
4670:
4157:
3331:
2105:
1994:
6549:
5907:
5434:
5129:
4972:
4940:
4528:
4077:
3323:
3025:
2917:
2381:
2349:
2316:
1947:
912:
893:
874:
855:
836:
817:
798:
779:
770:
760:
424:, which stated that one can only vote if their grandfather voted. This changed with the passing of the
183:
166:
149:
75:
4996:
4908:
4766:
4758:
4654:
4552:
2596:
2365:
661:
decision, the Supreme Court reexamined the topic of racial gerrymandering in the other court cases. In
5137:
4301:
2767:
2484:
2420:
2357:
2209:
2177:
2097:
1045:
McCarty, Nolan; Poole, Keith T.; Rosenthal, Howard (2009). "Does Gerrymandering Cause Polarization?".
350:
and on the basis that it violated the Fourteenth Amendment because it was drawn solely based on race.
5912:
5689:
5626:
5586:
5121:
4868:
4734:
4718:
4611:
4416:
4349:
4333:
4125:
3858:
3794:
3674:
3511:
3339:
3299:
3251:
2783:
2759:
2508:
2476:
2468:
2169:
2145:
434:
5036:
4646:
4448:
2532:
5052:
5004:
4948:
4884:
4876:
4809:
4726:
4686:
4662:
4325:
4269:
4213:
4205:
3842:
3722:
3706:
3583:
3363:
3347:
3041:
2925:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2268:
2225:
2193:
2161:
2065:
1308:
1174:
865:
846:
751:
549:, even if it meant having a strangely structured district like this one which Reno argued against.
174:
2373:
5591:
5113:
4932:
4924:
4750:
4710:
4595:
4464:
4456:
4424:
4341:
4165:
4117:
4093:
4061:
3982:
3926:
3918:
3770:
3666:
3481:
3150:
3065:
2994:
2905:
2823:
2284:
2201:
2041:
1833:
1825:
1778:
1033:
1025:
967:
421:
4678:
456:
Ruth O. Shaw (appellee) was a white Democratic resident of the 12th district in North Carolina.
5574:
5248:
5240:
5193:
4916:
4790:
4504:
4261:
4101:
4085:
4036:
4022:
3998:
3754:
3738:
3698:
3626:
3567:
3267:
3174:
3110:
3057:
2949:
2860:
2724:
2612:
2556:
2322:
2308:
2276:
2241:
1817:
1770:
1721:
1386:
1182:
992:
959:
827:
789:
677:
459:
After the 1990 census, the North Carolina General Assembly was entitled to a 12th seat in the
364:
235:
215:
157:
4496:
4472:
4053:
3802:
3778:
3642:
3049:
3017:
2965:
2799:
2684:
2428:
2300:
2073:
1963:
1809:
1762:
1587:
1054:
1017:
951:
3910:
3650:
3519:
3073:
3033:
2957:
2847:
2791:
2700:
2444:
2057:
564:
343:
267:
255:
545:
and the federal government that allowed states to find any possible way to comply to the
1954:
1562:
1335:
5569:
5504:
5300:
5060:
4892:
4638:
4603:
4480:
3990:
3746:
3658:
3427:
2933:
2807:
1972:
1087:
915:
896:
877:
858:
839:
820:
801:
526:
518:
391:
386:
247:
231:
186:
169:
152:
782:
6563:
5596:
4782:
4173:
4045:
3714:
3682:
3610:
3473:
3379:
3227:
3142:
2775:
2081:
2049:
2026:
1837:
1058:
1037:
763:
417:
335:
5068:
4432:
3618:
2973:
2572:
2564:
808:
663:
450:
358:
259:
1148:
78:
4318:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville
5606:
5601:
3942:
3219:
3134:
3006:
1615:
1462:
1123:
223:
693:
for guidance as they ruled on the legality of racial gerrymandering. Using the
5296:
4488:
446:
94:
58:
5154:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
1821:
1774:
1725:
1186:
996:
963:
1436:
1336:"How Jim Crow-Era Laws Suppressed the African American Vote for Generations"
90:
5265:
1411:
1287:
1240:
1066:
2816:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1563:"Ruth O. SHAW, et al., Appellants v. Janet RENO, Attorney General, et al"
1537:
1288:"Congressional Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act: A Legal Overview"
1262:
138:
122:
115:
4398:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
1782:
1750:
1067:
Congressional Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act: A Legal Overview
971:
4366:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
4222:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
1829:
1797:
1029:
979:
Blumstein, James F. (1994). "Racial Gerrymandering and Vote Dilution:
706:
There have been controversies and misinterpretations associated with
732:, the phrase "people, not trees of pastures, vote" can be applied to
1766:
955:
3284:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
1813:
1149:"gerrymandering | Definition, Litigation, & Facts | Britannica"
1021:
5269:
5228:
5099:
3889:
3490:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
2992:
2903:
2864:
1998:
33:
3544:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
1689:"Shaw v. Reno [Shaw I] | Case Brief for Law Students"
1538:"United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey"
766: (1964): Earlier Georgia congressional redistricting case
645:
impacted the future of voting rights.The significance of the
936:"Race and Redistricting: Drawing Constitutional Lines after
629:
does not unpack what that means. Later cases that built on
5178:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
3082:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
2733:
Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP
2493:
Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas
1588:"FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions"
1008:: A Constitutional Setback for Minority Representation".
6580:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
3975:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
449:(appellant) was the 78th Attorney General, appointed by
3388:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
2717:
Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission
1208:"Gerrymandering Explained | Brennan Center for Justice"
4070:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
2250:
Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
934:
Aleinikoff, T. Alexander; Issacharoff, Samuel (1993).
284:
O'Connor, joined by Rehnquist, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas
4134:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
3276:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1616:"Shaw v. Reno: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact"
1463:"Shaw v. Reno: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact"
1124:"Shaw v. Reno: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact"
922:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 509
880: (2003): Georgia State Senate redistricting case
492:
An essential case, repeatedly referred to throughout
4965:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
4030:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
3356:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
2461:
Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks
498:
United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburg v. Carey
6026:
5893:
5680:
5617:
5533:
5455:
5319:
4853:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
4836:
4801:
4622:
4587:
4408:
3902:
3594:
3414:
3201:
3100:
3005:
2743:
2333:
2260:
2033:
312:
304:
296:
288:
280:
275:
204:
193:
129:
107:
102:
70:
52:
45:
26:
4513:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
4382:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
3236:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
1641:"Shaw v. Reno Case Summary: What You Need to Know"
1513:"Shaw v. Reno Case Summary: What You Need to Know"
1361:"Shaw v. Reno Case Summary: What You Need to Know"
4150:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
3827:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
2653:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
2293:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
885:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
728:has the ability to disenfranchise minorities. In
641:failed to set clear criteria for gerrymandering,
5029:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
4238:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
4110:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3635:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
2677:Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections
2218:Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris
2090:Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Gen. Assembly of Colorado
1175:"What Is Gerrymandering? And How Does It Work?"
6585:United States electoral redistricting case law
2752:Chappelle v. Greater Baton Rouge Airport Dist.
1798:"Shaw v. Reno and the Future of Voting Rights"
1672:"Shaw et al. v. Reno, Attorney General, et al"
724:as a precedent. In addition to being unclear,
5281:
5186:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
4537:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
4294:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
4142:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
3935:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
2876:
2010:
8:
3404:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
3308:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
3191:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1714:"Court Accepts a Crucial Redistricting Case"
4989:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
4901:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
3528:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
2840:Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill
2669:Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama
904:Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama
6605:African-American history of North Carolina
5288:
5274:
5266:
5225:
5096:
4254:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
3899:
3886:
3787:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
3002:
2989:
2900:
2883:
2869:
2861:
2017:
2003:
1995:
23:
6600:Congressional districts of North Carolina
5013:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
4545:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
3560:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
1896:"The History Of Redistricting In Georgia"
16:1993 US Supreme Court gerrymandering case
4246:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
2398:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
2186:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
2154:Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Water District
6570:United States equal protection case law
4957:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
4826:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
3691:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
3292:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
3159:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1712:Greenhouse, Linda (December 10, 1994).
1079:
681:is another case that was influenced by
464:Rights Act, but it was rejected by the
4198:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
1744:
1742:
1707:
1705:
1670:O'Connor, Sandra Day (June 28, 1993).
1065:Whitaker, L. Paige (April 13, 2015). "
3552:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
1864:
1862:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1610:
1608:
1047:American Journal of Political Science
63:Attorney General of the United States
21:1993 United States Supreme Court case
7:
4278:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
3419:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
2413:United Jewish Organizations v. Carey
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
57:Ruth O. Shaw, et al., Appellants v.
6595:Gerrymandering in the United States
5045:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
4861:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
4286:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
3396:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
3372:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
3183:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
2621:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
2589:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
1088:"Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993)"
4818:Arlington County Board v. Richards
4743:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
4521:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
4007:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2892:United States Fourteenth Amendment
2027:redistricting in the United States
1802:PS: Political Science and Politics
1069:". Congressional Research Service.
1010:PS: Political Science and Politics
543:Supreme Court of the United States
292:White, joined by Blackmun, Stevens
39:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
6575:United States Supreme Court cases
5162:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
4703:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
2390:City of Richmond v. United States
2138:Hadley v. Junior College District
1950:630 (1993) is available from:
1567:LII / Legal Information Institute
1385:Prokop, Andrew (August 5, 2014).
6543:
4981:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
4390:Fisher v. University of Texas II
3851:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
1387:"What is racial gerrymandering?"
1173:Wines, Michael (June 27, 2019).
1059:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2009.00393.x
420:, that many could not pass, and
32:
6610:Legal history of North Carolina
4695:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
4374:Fisher v. University of Texas I
3731:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
3576:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
3090:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
2501:Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n
1488:"Shaw v. Reno (1993) (article)"
416:, which many could not afford,
6590:1993 in United States case law
4561:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
1437:"Attorney General: Janet Reno"
1295:Congressional Research Service
1:
4230:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
3435:McNeese v. Board of Education
2942:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
2437:City of Rome v. United States
461:U.S. House of Representatives
327:, 509 U.S. 630 (1993), was a
3959:Hirabayashi v. United States
3811:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
3763:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
3504:Owen v. City of Independence
3119:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
93:511; 61 U.S.L.W. 4818; 1993
4845:United States v. Cruikshank
4015:Brown v. Board of Education
3316:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
3167:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
2709:North Carolina v. Covington
2693:North Carolina v. Covington
2453:Escambia County v. McMillan
2234:Tennant v. Jefferson County
496:was the Supreme Court case
395:and in accordance with the
332:United States Supreme Court
144:(E.D.N.C. 1994); reversed,
6626:
3967:Korematsu v. United States
1004:Parker, Frank R. (1995). "
384:
6550:North Carolina portal
6539:
5307:
5235:
5224:
5170:United States v. Morrison
5108:
5095:
4577:United States v. Skrmetti
4569:United States v. Virginia
4182:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
3898:
3885:
3603:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
3536:Gonzaga University v. Doe
3001:
2988:
2912:
2899:
2832:Wittman v. Personhuballah
1922:North Carolina Law Review
1918:"Afterword: Shaw v. Reno"
1796:Grofman, Bernard (1995).
547:Voting Rights Act of 1965
482:Voting Rights Act of 1965
426:Voting Rights Act of 1965
397:Voting Rights Act of 1965
209:
198:
31:
5202:United States v. Georgia
5146:City of Boerne v. Flores
4310:United States v. Fordice
3867:Williams v. Pennsylvania
3835:Washington v. Glucksberg
2605:Lopez v. Monterey County
2581:Lopez v. Monterey County
1894:Bullock III, Charles S.
657:In the aftermath of the
539:Voting Right Act of 1965
475:the Fourteenth Amendment
466:US Department of Justice
5210:Shelby County v. Holder
4775:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
4631:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
3892:Equal Protection Clause
3819:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
3212:United States v. Vuitch
3127:Griswold v. Connecticut
2261:Partisan gerrymandering
2122:Kirkpatrick v. Preisler
2114:Avery v. Midland County
983:in Doctrinal Context".
594:who brought this case.
484:led to the rise of the
348:equal protection clause
5077:Armour v. Indianapolis
4441:Moritz v. Commissioner
3497:Procunier v. Navarette
3415:Civil rights liability
3203:Abortion jurisprudence
2661:Bartlett v. Strickland
2342:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
1749:Rush, Mark E. (1995).
1412:"Thornburg v. Gingles"
604:
582:
573:
5565:Metrolina (Charlotte)
5130:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
4973:Richardson v. Ramirez
4941:Boddie v. Connecticut
4529:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
4358:Johnson v. California
4078:McLaughlin v. Florida
3466:O'Connor v. Donaldson
3026:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
2918:Slaughter-House Cases
2549:United States v. Hays
2405:Beer v. United States
2350:Wright v. Rockefeller
2334:Racial gerrymandering
2317:Rucho v. Common Cause
1212:www.brennancenter.org
771:Wright v. Rockefeller
600:
578:
569:
473:protection clause of
340:racial gerrymandering
89:113 S. Ct. 2816; 125
48:Decided June 28, 1993
46:Argued April 20, 1993
5122:Katzenbach v. Morgan
4869:Breedlove v. Suttles
4719:Graham v. Richardson
4612:Obergefell v. Hodges
4417:Breedlove v. Suttles
4350:Grutter v. Bollinger
4190:Jefferson v. Hackney
3859:Obergefell v. Hodges
3795:Edwards v. Aguillard
3675:Epperson v. Arkansas
3512:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
3447:Jenkins v. McKeithen
3340:Mazurek v. Armstrong
3300:Hodgson v. Minnesota
3260:Bellotti v. Baird II
3252:Colautti v. Franklin
3007:Economic substantive
2541:Johnson v. De Grandy
2517:Voinovich v. Quilter
2469:Thornburg v. Gingles
2130:Wells v. Rockefeller
2025:Case law related to
523:Fourteenth Amendment
435:Thornburg v. Gingles
430:Fourteenth Amendment
334:case in the area of
5447:Tourist attractions
5381:American Revolution
5053:Gregory v. Ashcroft
5021:Mills v. Habluetzel
5005:Zablocki v. Redhail
4949:Eisenstadt v. Baird
4885:Oyama v. California
4877:Skinner v. Oklahoma
4810:Shapiro v. Thompson
4727:Sugarman v. Dougall
4671:Porterfield v. Webb
4663:Terrace v. Thompson
4326:Missouri v. Jenkins
4270:Hunter v. Underwood
4214:Milliken v. Bradley
4206:Norwood v. Harrison
4158:McDaniel v. Barresi
3843:Troxel v. Granville
3723:Mathews v. Eldridge
3707:Taylor v. Louisiana
3584:Connick v. Thompson
3364:Gonzales v. Carhart
3348:Stenberg v. Carhart
3332:Lambert v. Wicklund
3244:Bellotti v. Baird I
3042:Lochner v. New York
2926:Minor v. Happersett
2645:Georgia v. Ashcroft
2637:Easley v. Cromartie
2629:Sinkfield v. Kelley
2269:Gaffney v. Cummings
2162:Gaffney v. Cummings
2106:Burns v. Richardson
2066:Wesberry v. Sanders
1982:Library of Congress
1916:Robinson, Everett.
1853:Rutgers Law Journal
985:Rutgers Law Journal
944:Michigan Law Review
866:Georgia v. Ashcroft
847:Easley v. Cromartie
752:Wesberry v. Sanders
422:grandfather clauses
244:Sandra Day O'Connor
175:Easley v. Cromartie
5114:Civil Rights Cases
5102:Enforcement Clause
4933:Oregon v. Mitchell
4925:Williams v. Rhodes
4751:Nyquist v. Mauclet
4711:Hernandez v. Texas
4596:Bowers v. Hardwick
4588:Sexual orientation
4465:Stanton v. Stanton
4457:Geduldig v. Aiello
4425:Goesaert v. Cleary
4342:Gratz v. Bollinger
4166:Palmer v. Thompson
4118:Hunter v. Erickson
4094:Loving v. Virginia
4062:Anderson v. Martin
3983:Shelley v. Kraemer
3927:Plessy v. Ferguson
3919:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
3771:Kolender v. Lawson
3667:Loving v. Virginia
3482:Imbler v. Pachtman
3459:Wood v. Strickland
3324:Leavitt v. Jane L.
3151:Bowers v. Hardwick
3066:Buchanan v. Warley
2995:Due Process Clause
2906:Citizenship Clause
2824:Shapiro v. McManus
2382:Whitcomb v. Chavis
2285:Vieth v. Jubelirer
2202:Karcher v. Daggett
2042:Colegrove v. Green
1903:Georgia Law Review
1718:The New York Times
1443:. October 23, 2014
1179:The New York Times
1153:www.britannica.com
220:Associate Justices
6557:
6556:
5420:North Carolinians
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5249:Trump v. Anderson
5241:Gold Clause Cases
5220:
5219:
5194:Tennessee v. Lane
5091:
5090:
5087:
5086:
4997:Trimble v. Gordon
4917:Levy v. Louisiana
4909:Rinaldi v. Yeager
4791:Bernal v. Fainter
4767:Ambach v. Norwick
4759:Foley v. Connelie
4655:Crane v. New York
4553:Lehr v. Robertson
4505:Caban v. Mohammed
4262:Palmore v. Sidoti
4102:Lee v. Washington
4086:Reitman v. Mulkey
4037:Gebhart v. Belton
4023:Briggs v. Elliott
3999:Sweatt v. Painter
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3755:Parratt v. Taylor
3739:Duren v. Missouri
3699:Arnett v. Kennedy
3627:Powell v. Alabama
3568:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
3453:Scheuer v. Rhodes
3268:H. L. v. Matheson
3175:Lawrence v. Texas
3111:Meyer v. Nebraska
3058:Coppage v. Kansas
2984:
2983:
2950:Perez v. Brownell
2858:
2857:
2725:Allen v. Milligan
2613:Hunt v. Cromartie
2597:Abrams v. Johnson
2557:Miller v. Johnson
2366:Connor v. Johnson
2323:Lamone v. Benisek
2309:Benisek v. Lamone
2277:Davis v. Bandemer
2242:Evenwel v. Abbott
1297:. April 13, 2015.
828:Hunt v. Cromartie
790:Miller v. Johnson
687:Miller v. Johnson
678:Miller v. Johnson
451:President Clinton
365:Miller v. Johnson
320:
319:
216:William Rehnquist
158:Hunt v. Cromartie
6617:
6548:
6547:
6546:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5267:
5226:
5138:Dellmuth v. Muth
5097:
4497:Parham v. Hughes
4473:Edwards v. Healy
4302:Freeman v. Pitts
4057:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
4054:Browder v. Gayle
3900:
3887:
3803:Turner v. Safley
3779:Hudson v. Palmer
3643:NAACP v. Alabama
3102:Right to privacy
3050:Muller v. Oregon
3018:Mugler v. Kansas
3003:
2990:
2966:Rogers v. Bellei
2901:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2862:
2800:Lance v. Coffman
2768:Quinn v. Millsap
2685:Cooper v. Harris
2485:Chisom v. Roemer
2429:Mobile v. Bolden
2421:Wise v. Lipscomb
2358:Turner v. Fouche
2301:Gill v. Whitford
2210:Brown v. Thomson
2178:Chapman v. Meier
2098:Fortson v. Toomb
2074:Reynolds v. Sims
2034:Equal population
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1926:
1925:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1874:Oxford Reference
1866:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1334:Evans, Farrell.
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1309:"15th Amendment"
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1263:"Gerrymandering"
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1239:. Archived from
1233:"Gerrymandering"
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1120:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1084:
1062:
1041:
1000:
975:
675:case. Likewise,
558:Majority opinion
205:Court membership
36:
35:
24:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6544:
6542:
6535:
6022:
5889:
5676:
5613:
5529:
5451:
5315:
5303:
5294:
5264:
5255:
5231:
5216:
5104:
5083:
4832:
4797:
4735:In re Griffiths
4679:Webb v. O'Brien
4618:
4583:
4404:
4334:Texas v. Lesage
4126:Hadnott v. Amos
3911:Pace v. Alabama
3894:
3873:
3651:Hoyt v. Florida
3590:
3520:Felder v. Casey
3416:
3410:
3197:
3096:
3074:Adams v. Tanner
3034:Holden v. Hardy
3008:
2997:
2980:
2958:Afroyim v. Rusk
2908:
2895:
2889:
2859:
2854:
2848:Moore v. Harper
2792:Lance v. Dennis
2784:Branch v. Smith
2760:Upham v. Seamon
2739:
2701:Abbott v. Perez
2509:Growe v. Emison
2477:Clark v. Roemer
2445:Rogers v. Lodge
2329:
2256:
2170:White v. Weiser
2146:Mahan v. Howell
2058:Gray v. Sanders
2029:
2023:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1767:10.2307/3330692
1748:
1747:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1441:www.justice.gov
1435:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1243:on May 24, 2022
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1044:
1003:
978:
956:10.2307/1289796
933:
930:
928:Further reading
747:
730:Reynold v. Sims
704:
655:
621:and Louisiana.
614:
609:
587:
565:strict scrutiny
560:
555:
535:
515:
510:
444:
409:
389:
383:
378:
344:strict scrutiny
268:Clarence Thomas
258:
256:Anthony Kennedy
246:
236:John P. Stevens
234:
98:
47:
41:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6623:
6621:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6562:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6008:Southern Pines
6005:
6000:
5998:Roanoke Rapids
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5953:Kings Mountain
5950:
5945:
5943:Hendersonville
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5918:Elizabeth City
5915:
5910:
5905:
5899:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5686:
5684:
5682:Smaller cities
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5619:Largest cities
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5570:Piedmont Triad
5567:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5485:Climate change
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:North Carolina
5295:
5293:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5245:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5073:
5065:
5061:Vacco v. Quill
5057:
5049:
5041:
5037:Clark v. Jeter
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4893:Oyler v. Boles
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4647:Heim v. McCall
4643:
4639:Truax v. Raich
4635:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4604:Romer v. Evans
4600:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4573:
4565:
4557:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4525:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4493:
4485:
4481:Craig v. Boren
4477:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4449:Kahn v. Shevin
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4394:
4386:
4378:
4370:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4114:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3991:Perez v. Sharp
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3951:Smith v. Texas
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3747:Parham v. J.R.
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3659:Oyler v. Boles
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3441:Pierson v. Ray
3438:
3432:
3428:Monroe v. Pape
3423:
3421:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3187:
3179:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3139:
3131:
3123:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3013:
3011:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2934:Elk v. Wilkins
2930:
2922:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2808:Perry v. Perez
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2533:Holder v. Hall
2529:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:Google Scholar
1987:
1934:
1933:External links
1931:
1928:
1927:
1908:
1886:
1870:"Shaw v. Hunt"
1858:
1843:
1814:10.2307/420577
1788:
1761:(3): 155–172.
1738:
1701:
1680:
1657:
1632:
1604:
1579:
1554:
1529:
1504:
1479:
1454:
1428:
1403:
1377:
1352:
1326:
1315:. May 11, 2021
1300:
1279:
1254:
1224:
1199:
1165:
1140:
1104:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1053:(3): 666–680.
1042:
1022:10.2307/420580
1001:
976:
950:(3): 588–651.
929:
926:
925:
924:
919:
900:
881:
862:
843:
824:
805:
786:
767:
746:
743:
703:
700:
654:
651:
613:
610:
608:
605:
586:
583:
559:
556:
554:
551:
534:
531:
527:gerrymandering
521:violating the
519:gerrymandering
514:
511:
509:
506:
443:
440:
418:literacy tests
408:
405:
392:Gerrymandering
387:Gerrymandering
385:Main article:
382:
381:Gerrymandering
379:
377:
374:
318:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
294:
293:
290:
286:
285:
282:
278:
277:
273:
272:
271:
270:
248:Antonin Scalia
232:Harry Blackmun
221:
218:
213:
207:
206:
202:
201:
196:
195:
191:
190:
131:
127:
126:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
88:
72:
68:
67:
54:
53:Full case name
50:
49:
43:
42:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6622:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6552:
6551:
6538:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5983:Morehead City
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5765:Holly Springs
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:Fuquay-Varina
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5672:Winston‑Salem
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5597:Crystal Coast
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5286:
5284:
5279:
5277:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5234:
5227:
5223:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5094:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:Plyler v. Doe
4780:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:Frick v. Webb
4684:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4174:Coit v. Green
4171:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:Lucy v. Adams
4043:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:Goss v. Lopez
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:In re Winship
3680:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:Zucht v. King
3608:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:Paul v. Davis
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3380:Azar v. Garza
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:Doe v. Bolton
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:Doe v. Bolton
3140:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:Utah v. Evans
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:Cox v. Larios
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:Ball v. James
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2082:Davis v. Mann
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:Baker v. Carr
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:
932:
931:
927:
923:
920:
917:
914:
910:
906:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
887:
886:
882:
879:
876:
872:
868:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
849:
848:
844:
841:
838:
834:
830:
829:
825:
822:
819:
815:
811:
810:
806:
803:
800:
796:
793:
791:
787:
784:
781:
777:
773:
772:
768:
765:
762:
758:
754:
753:
749:
748:
744:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
713:
709:
702:Controversies
701:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:
674:
670:
666:
665:
660:
653:Related cases
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
611:
606:
603:
599:
598:unreasonable.
595:
591:
584:
581:
577:
572:
568:
566:
557:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
512:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
487:
483:
478:
476:
470:
467:
462:
457:
454:
452:
448:
441:
439:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:Voting rights
406:
404:
402:
398:
393:
388:
380:
375:
373:
371:
367:
366:
361:
360:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:redistricting
333:
330:
326:
325:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:Case opinions
274:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:Chief Justice
211:
210:
208:
203:
197:
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
176:
172: (1999);
171:
168:
164:
160:
159:
155: (1996);
154:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
64:
60:
55:
51:
44:
40:
30:
25:
19:
6541:
6471:Transylvania
5790:Kernersville
5780:Jacksonville
5775:Indian Trail
5770:Huntersville
5647:Fayetteville
5553:High Country
5495:Demographics
5376:colonial era
5309:
5247:
5239:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5075:
5069:Bush v. Gore
5067:
5059:
5051:
5043:
5035:
5027:
5019:
5011:
5003:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4971:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4789:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4610:
4602:
4594:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4439:
4433:Reed v. Reed
4431:
4423:
4415:
4396:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4052:
4044:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3619:Buck v. Bell
3617:
3609:
3601:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3426:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
2974:Saenz v. Roe
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2573:Bush v. Vera
2571:
2565:Shaw v. Hunt
2563:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2531:
2525:Shaw v. Reno
2524:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2374:Ely v. Klahr
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
1940:Shaw v. Reno
1939:
1921:
1911:
1902:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1852:
1846:
1808:(1): 27–36.
1805:
1801:
1791:
1758:
1754:
1729:. Retrieved
1717:
1692:. Retrieved
1683:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1619:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1492:Khan Academy
1491:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1312:
1303:
1294:
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1236:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:
1202:
1190:. Retrieved
1178:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1050:
1046:
1016:(1): 47–50.
1013:
1009:
1006:Shaw v. Reno
1005:
988:
984:
981:Shaw v. Reno
980:
947:
943:
938:Shaw v. Reno
937:
902:
883:
864:
845:
826:
809:Bush v. Vera
807:
788:
769:
750:
738:Shaw v. Reno
737:
733:
729:
725:
722:Shaw v. Reno
721:
716:
711:
708:Shaw v. Reno
707:
705:
695:Shaw v. Reno
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
672:
669:Shaw v. Reno
668:
664:Bush v. Vera
662:
659:Shaw v. Reno
658:
656:
647:Shaw v. Reno
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
601:
596:
592:
588:
579:
574:
570:
561:
536:
516:
501:
497:
494:Shaw v. Reno
493:
491:
486:Shaw v. Reno
485:
479:
471:
458:
455:
445:
433:
410:
400:
390:
369:
363:
359:Bush v. Vera
357:
354:Shaw v. Reno
353:
352:
324:Shaw v. Reno
323:
322:
321:
263:
260:David Souter
251:
239:
227:
189: (2001).
173:
156:
135:Shaw v. Hunt
134:
112:Shaw v. Barr
111:
103:Case history
82:
56:
27:Shaw v. Reno
18:
6361:Northampton
6356:New Hanover
6331:Mecklenburg
6018:Winterville
5895:Major towns
5875:Wake Forest
5870:Thomasville
5865:Statesville
5845:Rocky Mount
5835:Morrisville
5830:Mooresville
5715:Chapel Hill
5607:Outer Banks
5602:Inner Banks
5525:LGBT rights
5386:War of 1812
5359:state parks
3994:(Cal. 1948)
3943:Lum v. Rice
3220:Roe v. Wade
3135:Roe v. Wade
3009:due process
1267:Ballotpedia
918: (2015)
899: (2006)
861: (2001)
842: (1999)
823: (1996)
804: (1995)
785: (1964)
224:Byron White
133:On remand,
6564:Categories
6501:Washington
6436:Rutherford
6426:Rockingham
6391:Perquimans
6381:Pasquotank
6341:Montgomery
6161:Cumberland
6003:Smithfield
5993:Reidsville
5968:Lewisville
5958:Laurinburg
5948:Hope Mills
5928:Harrisburg
5800:Knightdale
5785:Kannapolis
5755:Greenville
5705:Burlington
5667:Wilmington
5657:High Point
5652:Greensboro
5430:government
5403:newspapers
5398:Mass media
5349:reserviors
4489:Orr v. Orr
1924:: 761–763.
1855:: 711–722.
1092:Justia Law
1074:References
447:Janet Reno
414:poll taxes
376:Background
346:under the
130:Subsequent
95:U.S. LEXIS
59:Janet Reno
6256:Henderson
6226:Granville
6196:Edgecombe
6166:Currituck
6146:Cleveland
6081:Brunswick
6046:Alleghany
6041:Alexander
5978:Morganton
5973:Lumberton
5938:Henderson
5903:Albemarle
5850:Salisbury
5820:Mint Hill
5810:Lexington
5750:Goldsboro
5730:Cornelius
5700:Asheville
5632:Charlotte
5592:Cape Fear
5587:Sandhills
5548:Foothills
5510:Elections
5505:Education
5391:Civil War
5339:Geography
5314:(capital)
4802:Residency
1838:153675110
1822:1049-0965
1775:0048-5950
1726:0362-4331
1620:ThoughtCo
1467:ThoughtCo
1187:0362-4331
1128:ThoughtCo
1038:153583115
997:0277-318X
964:0026-2234
607:Aftermath
508:Arguments
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
6446:Scotland
6416:Richmond
6411:Randolph
6336:Mitchell
6326:McDowell
6286:Johnston
6261:Hertford
6236:Guilford
6206:Franklin
6176:Davidson
6151:Columbus
6131:Cherokee
6111:Carteret
6101:Caldwell
6096:Cabarrus
6086:Buncombe
6066:Beaufort
6036:Alamance
6028:Counties
5933:Havelock
5840:New Bern
5815:Matthews
5745:Gastonia
5725:Clemmons
5710:Carrboro
5695:Asheboro
5575:Triangle
5560:Piedmont
5520:Gun laws
5515:Gambling
5463:Abortion
5425:Politics
5364:wildlife
4623:Alienage
2894:case law
1938:Text of
1237:FairVote
745:See also
585:Dissents
553:Decision
329:landmark
300:Blackmun
281:Majority
139:F. Supp.
123:E.D.N.C.
116:F. Supp.
6506:Watauga
6476:Tyrrell
6441:Sampson
6421:Robeson
6376:Pamlico
6316:Madison
6306:Lincoln
6281:Jackson
6276:Iredell
6251:Haywood
6246:Harnett
6241:Halifax
6201:Forsyth
6126:Chatham
6121:Catawba
6116:Caswell
6013:Tarboro
5855:Sanford
5795:Kinston
5760:Hickory
5720:Clayton
5662:Raleigh
5637:Concord
5582:Eastern
5543:Western
5535:Regions
5500:Economy
5468:Culture
5456:Society
5442:Symbols
5371:History
5334:Climate
5311:Raleigh
4018:(1954)
1964:Findlaw
1955:Cornell
1905:: 1077.
1783:3330692
1755:Publius
1694:May 25,
1650:May 25,
1645:Findlaw
1625:May 25,
1597:May 25,
1592:Findlaw
1572:May 25,
1517:Findlaw
1472:May 11,
1365:Findlaw
1340:HISTORY
1313:HISTORY
1097:May 25,
991:: 517.
972:1289796
313:Dissent
308:Stevens
305:Dissent
297:Dissent
289:Dissent
194:Holding
6531:Yancey
6526:Yadkin
6521:Wilson
6516:Wilkes
6496:Warren
6456:Stokes
6451:Stanly
6396:Person
6386:Pender
6371:Orange
6366:Onslow
6321:Martin
6301:Lenoir
6231:Greene
6221:Graham
6211:Gaston
6191:Durham
6186:Duplin
6156:Craven
6136:Chowan
6106:Camden
6076:Bladen
6071:Bertie
5988:Newton
5963:Lenoir
5923:Graham
5885:Wilson
5880:Waxhaw
5860:Shelby
5825:Monroe
5805:Leland
5740:Garner
5642:Durham
5478:sports
5354:rivers
5321:Topics
5252:(2024)
5244:(1935)
5213:(2013)
5205:(2006)
5197:(2004)
5189:(2003)
5181:(2001)
5173:(2000)
5165:(2000)
5157:(1999)
5149:(1997)
5141:(1989)
5133:(1976)
5125:(1966)
5117:(1883)
5080:(2012)
5072:(2000)
5064:(1997)
5056:(1991)
5048:(1988)
5040:(1988)
5032:(1985)
5024:(1982)
5016:(1979)
5008:(1978)
5000:(1977)
4992:(1976)
4984:(1974)
4976:(1974)
4968:(1973)
4960:(1973)
4952:(1972)
4944:(1971)
4936:(1970)
4928:(1968)
4920:(1968)
4912:(1966)
4904:(1966)
4896:(1962)
4888:(1948)
4880:(1942)
4872:(1937)
4864:(1928)
4856:(1886)
4848:(1876)
4829:(1985)
4821:(1977)
4813:(1969)
4794:(1984)
4786:(1982)
4778:(1982)
4770:(1979)
4762:(1978)
4754:(1977)
4746:(1976)
4738:(1973)
4730:(1973)
4722:(1971)
4714:(1954)
4706:(1948)
4698:(1927)
4690:(1923)
4682:(1923)
4674:(1923)
4666:(1923)
4658:(1915)
4650:(1915)
4642:(1915)
4634:(1914)
4615:(2015)
4607:(1996)
4599:(1986)
4580:(2024)
4572:(1996)
4564:(1994)
4556:(1983)
4548:(1982)
4540:(1981)
4532:(1981)
4524:(1980)
4516:(1979)
4508:(1979)
4500:(1979)
4492:(1979)
4484:(1976)
4476:(1975)
4468:(1975)
4460:(1974)
4452:(1974)
4444:(1972)
4436:(1971)
4428:(1948)
4420:(1937)
4401:(2023)
4393:(2016)
4385:(2014)
4377:(2013)
4369:(2007)
4361:(2005)
4353:(2003)
4345:(2003)
4337:(1999)
4329:(1995)
4321:(1993)
4313:(1992)
4305:(1992)
4297:(1991)
4289:(1989)
4281:(1986)
4273:(1985)
4265:(1984)
4257:(1982)
4249:(1982)
4241:(1978)
4233:(1977)
4225:(1977)
4217:(1974)
4209:(1973)
4201:(1973)
4193:(1972)
4185:(1971)
4177:(1971)
4169:(1971)
4161:(1971)
4153:(1971)
4145:(1969)
4137:(1969)
4129:(1969)
4121:(1969)
4113:(1968)
4105:(1968)
4097:(1967)
4089:(1967)
4081:(1964)
4073:(1964)
4065:(1964)
4049:(1955)
4010:(1950)
4002:(1950)
3986:(1948)
3978:(1948)
3970:(1944)
3962:(1943)
3954:(1940)
3946:(1927)
3938:(1899)
3930:(1896)
3922:(1886)
3914:(1883)
3870:(2016)
3862:(2015)
3854:(2009)
3846:(2000)
3838:(1997)
3830:(1990)
3822:(1989)
3814:(1989)
3806:(1987)
3798:(1987)
3790:(1985)
3782:(1984)
3774:(1983)
3766:(1982)
3758:(1981)
3750:(1979)
3742:(1979)
3734:(1977)
3726:(1976)
3718:(1975)
3710:(1975)
3702:(1974)
3694:(1974)
3686:(1971)
3678:(1968)
3670:(1967)
3662:(1962)
3654:(1961)
3646:(1958)
3638:(1950)
3630:(1932)
3622:(1927)
3614:(1922)
3606:(1905)
3587:(2011)
3579:(2010)
3571:(2009)
3563:(2009)
3555:(2005)
3547:(2003)
3539:(2002)
3531:(1989)
3523:(1988)
3515:(1982)
3507:(1980)
3499:(1978)
3493:(1978)
3485:(1976)
3477:(1976)
3469:(1975)
3461:(1975)
3455:(1974)
3449:(1969)
3443:(1967)
3437:(1963)
3431:(1961)
3417:under
3407:(2022)
3399:(2020)
3391:(2019)
3383:(2018)
3375:(2016)
3367:(2007)
3359:(2006)
3351:(2000)
3343:(1997)
3335:(1997)
3327:(1996)
3319:(1992)
3311:(1990)
3303:(1990)
3295:(1989)
3287:(1986)
3279:(1983)
3271:(1981)
3263:(1979)
3255:(1979)
3247:(1976)
3239:(1976)
3231:(1973)
3223:(1973)
3215:(1971)
3194:(2022)
3186:(2016)
3178:(2003)
3170:(1992)
3162:(1989)
3154:(1986)
3146:(1973)
3138:(1973)
3130:(1965)
3122:(1925)
3114:(1923)
3093:(1937)
3085:(1931)
3077:(1917)
3069:(1917)
3061:(1915)
3053:(1908)
3045:(1905)
3037:(1898)
3029:(1897)
3021:(1887)
2977:(1999)
2969:(1971)
2961:(1967)
2953:(1958)
2945:(1898)
2937:(1884)
2929:(1875)
2921:(1873)
2851:(2023)
2843:(2019)
2835:(2016)
2827:(2015)
2819:(2015)
2811:(2012)
2803:(2007)
2795:(2006)
2787:(2003)
2779:(2002)
2771:(1989)
2763:(1982)
2755:(1977)
2736:(2024)
2728:(2023)
2720:(2022)
2712:(2018)
2704:(2018)
2696:(2017)
2688:(2017)
2680:(2017)
2672:(2015)
2664:(2009)
2656:(2006)
2648:(2003)
2640:(2001)
2632:(2000)
2624:(2000)
2616:(1999)
2608:(1999)
2600:(1997)
2592:(1997)
2584:(1996)
2576:(1996)
2568:(1996)
2560:(1995)
2552:(1995)
2544:(1994)
2536:(1994)
2528:(1993)
2520:(1993)
2512:(1993)
2504:(1992)
2496:(1991)
2488:(1991)
2480:(1991)
2472:(1986)
2464:(1984)
2456:(1984)
2448:(1982)
2440:(1980)
2432:(1980)
2424:(1978)
2416:(1977)
2408:(1976)
2393:(1975)
2385:(1971)
2377:(1971)
2369:(1971)
2361:(1970)
2353:(1964)
2345:(1960)
2326:(2019)
2312:(2018)
2304:(2018)
2296:(2006)
2288:(2004)
2280:(1986)
2272:(1973)
2253:(2016)
2245:(2016)
2237:(2012)
2229:(2004)
2221:(1989)
2213:(1983)
2205:(1983)
2197:(1981)
2189:(1976)
2181:(1975)
2173:(1973)
2165:(1973)
2157:(1973)
2149:(1973)
2141:(1970)
2133:(1969)
2125:(1969)
2117:(1968)
2109:(1966)
2101:(1965)
2093:(1964)
2085:(1964)
2077:(1964)
2069:(1964)
2061:(1963)
2053:(1962)
2045:(1946)
1985:
1979:
1976:
1973:Justia
1970:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1879:May 4,
1836:
1830:420577
1828:
1820:
1781:
1773:
1731:May 4,
1724:
1547:May 4,
1522:May 4,
1497:May 9,
1447:May 4,
1421:May 4,
1396:May 4,
1370:May 9,
1345:May 4,
1319:May 4,
1272:May 1,
1247:May 1,
1217:May 1,
1192:May 1,
1185:
1158:May 1,
1133:May 4,
1036:
1030:420580
1028:
995:
970:
962:
616:While
612:Impact
316:Souter
266:
264:·
262:
254:
252:·
250:
242:
240:·
238:
230:
228:·
226:
178:,
161:,
137:, 861
114:, 808
65:et al.
6511:Wayne
6486:Vance
6481:Union
6466:Swain
6461:Surry
6431:Rowan
6346:Moore
6311:Macon
6291:Jones
6216:Gates
6181:Davie
6091:Burke
6061:Avery
6051:Anson
5908:Boone
5490:Crime
5473:music
5408:radio
5344:lakes
5329:Index
5297:State
5230:Other
4837:Other
3595:Other
2744:Other
1946:
1899:(PDF)
1834:S2CID
1826:JSTOR
1779:JSTOR
1675:(PDF)
1291:(PDF)
1034:S2CID
1026:JSTOR
968:JSTOR
911:
892:
873:
854:
835:
816:
797:
778:
759:
685:. In
502:Carey
182:
165:
148:
125:1992)
108:Prior
6491:Wake
6406:Polk
6401:Pitt
6351:Nash
6271:Hyde
6266:Hoke
6171:Dare
6141:Clay
6056:Ashe
5913:Eden
5690:Apex
5627:Cary
3903:Race
1948:U.S.
1881:2022
1818:ISSN
1771:ISSN
1733:2022
1722:ISSN
1696:2022
1652:2022
1627:2022
1599:2022
1574:2022
1549:2022
1542:Oyez
1524:2022
1499:2022
1474:2022
1449:2022
1423:2022
1416:Oyez
1398:2022
1372:2022
1347:2022
1321:2022
1274:2022
1249:2022
1219:2022
1194:2022
1183:ISSN
1160:2022
1135:2022
1099:2022
993:ISSN
960:ISSN
913:U.S.
894:U.S.
875:U.S.
856:U.S.
837:U.S.
818:U.S.
799:U.S.
780:U.S.
761:U.S.
734:Shaw
726:Shaw
717:Shaw
712:Shaw
691:Shaw
683:Shaw
673:Shaw
643:Shaw
639:Shaw
635:Shaw
631:Shaw
627:Shaw
623:Shaw
618:Shaw
533:Reno
513:Shaw
480:The
442:Case
401:Shaw
370:Shaw
362:and
338:and
200:Act.
184:U.S.
167:U.S.
150:U.S.
97:4406
84:more
76:U.S.
74:509
6296:Lee
5435:law
5299:of
4409:Sex
1944:509
1810:doi
1763:doi
1391:Vox
1055:doi
1018:doi
952:doi
916:___
909:575
897:399
890:548
878:461
871:539
859:234
852:532
840:541
833:526
821:952
814:517
802:900
795:515
776:376
757:376
187:234
180:532
170:541
163:526
153:899
146:517
142:408
119:461
79:630
6566::
5413:TV
2320:/
1942:,
1920:.
1901:.
1872:.
1861:^
1832:.
1824:.
1816:.
1806:28
1804:.
1800:.
1777:.
1769:.
1759:25
1757:.
1753:.
1741:^
1720:.
1716:.
1704:^
1660:^
1643:.
1618:.
1607:^
1590:.
1565:.
1540:.
1515:.
1490:.
1465:.
1439:.
1414:.
1389:.
1363:.
1338:.
1311:.
1293:.
1265:.
1235:.
1210:.
1181:.
1177:.
1151:.
1126:.
1107:^
1090:.
1051:53
1049:.
1032:.
1024:.
1014:28
1012:.
989:26
987:.
966:.
958:.
948:92
946:.
942:.
907:,
888:,
869:,
850:,
831:,
812:,
783:52
774:,
755:,
710:.
529:.
477:.
453:.
372:.
61:,
5289:e
5282:t
5275:v
2884:e
2877:t
2870:v
2018:e
2011:t
2004:v
1883:.
1840:.
1812::
1785:.
1765::
1735:.
1698:.
1677:.
1654:.
1629:.
1601:.
1576:.
1551:.
1526:.
1501:.
1476:.
1451:.
1425:.
1400:.
1374:.
1349:.
1323:.
1276:.
1251:.
1221:.
1196:.
1162:.
1137:.
1101:.
1061:.
1057::
1040:.
1020::
999:.
974:.
954::
940:"
792:,
764:1
567:.
121:(
87:)
81:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.