800:" saw four Indian Chiefs of the Shawnee Nation, who have been at War with the Virginians this summer (i.e. 1774), but have made peace with them, and they are sending these people to Williamsburg as hostages. They are tall, manly, well-shaped men, of a Copper colour with black hair, quick piercing eyes, and good features. They have rings of silver in their nose and bobs to them which hang over their upper lip. Their ears are cut from the tips two thirds of the way round and the piece extended with brass wire till it touches their shoulders, in this part they hang a thin silver plate, wrought in flourishes about three inches diameter, with plates of silver round their arms and in the hair, which is all cut off except a long lock on the top of the head. They are in white men's dress, except breeches which they refuse to wear, instead of which they have a girdle round them with a piece of cloth drawn through their legs and turned over the girdle, and appears like a short apron before and behind. All the hair is pulled from their eyebrows and eyelashes and their faces painted in different parts with Vermilion. They walk remarkably straight and cut a grotesque appearance in this mixed dress."
1037:
670:
390:
869:. In the Treaty of Camp Charlotte ending the war (1774), Cornstalk and the Shawnee were compelled by the British to recognize the Ohio River as their southern border, which had been established by the Fort Stanwix treaty. By this treaty, the Shawnee ceded all claims to the "hunting grounds" of West Virginia and Kentucky south of the Ohio River. But many other Shawnee leaders refused to recognize this boundary. The Shawnee and most other tribes were highly decentralized, and bands and towns typically made their own decisions about alliances.
1552:
50:
444:
1065:. In August 1810, Tecumseh led 400 armed warriors to confront Harrison in Vincennes. Tecumseh demanded that Harrison nullify the Fort Wayne treaty, threatening to kill the chiefs who had signed it. Harrison refused, saying that the Miami were the owners of the land and could sell it if they so chose. Tecumseh left peacefully but warned Harrison that he would seek an alliance with the British unless the treaty was nullified.
1613:, who reigned by succession in the matrilineal line. For instance, the children of a king would not inherit the position. The sons of his brother, by the mother, or the sons of his sister (and after them, the sons of her daughter) would reign. Women did not inherit such a position directly. Harvey suggested that the Shawnee relied on this system of descent because a woman's sons would always be considered legitimate.
1541:
4674:
1167:
3972:
1194:
1074:
1021:. In the negotiations, Harrison promised large subsidies to the tribes if they would cede lands to the United States. After two weeks of negotiating, the Potawatomi leaders convinced the Miami to accept the treaty as reciprocity, because the Potawatomi had earlier accepted treaties less advantageous to them at the request of the Miami. Finally, the tribes signed the
339:, "šawa (plus -ni, -te) Moderate, Warm. Cp. šawani 'it is moderating...". In one Shawnee tale, "Sawage" (šaawaki) is the deity of the south wind. Jeremiah Curtin translates Sawage as 'it thaws', referring to the warm weather of the south. In an account and a song collected by C. F. Voegelin, šaawaki is attested as the spirit of the South, or the South Wind.
964:
1424:, who fought every effort to force his people to give up their homeland. After the death of Black Hoof, the remaining 400 Ohio Shawnee in Wapaughkonetta and Hog Creek surrendered their land and moved to the Shawnee Reserve in Kansas. This movement was largely under terms negotiated by Joseph Parks (1793–1859). He had been raised in the household of
1130:, hoping to disperse Tecumseh's confederacy. Early the next morning, forces under The Prophet prematurely attacked Harrison's army at the Tippecanoe River near the Wabash. Though outnumbered, Harrison repulsed the attack, forcing the Natives to retreat and abandon Prophetstown. Harrison's men burned the village and returned home.
856:
the land. While they predominated, the
Shawnee and other Native American tribes also hunted there. After the Stanwix treaty, Anglo-Americans began pouring into the Ohio River Valley for settlement, frequently traveling by boats and barges along the Ohio River. Violent incidents between settlers and Indians escalated into
359:, was in decline but still spoken by 200 people. These included more than 100 Absentee Shawnee and 12 Shawnee Tribe speakers. By 2017, Shawnee language advocates, including tribal member George Blanchard, estimated that there were fewer than 100 speakers. Most fluent Shawnee speakers are over the age of 50.
1795:
as the fact that some of these individuals or groups use this claim to exploit
Shawnee culture as a means of gaining opportunities for themselves from a public that is largely unaware of the vast divide that separates our tribal community politically and culturally from those of alleged Shawnee ancestry."
1178:. They were the more conservative and traditional part of the people, as their communities in the Upper Towns were more isolated from European-American settlements. They did not want to assimilate. The Red Sticks rose in resisting the Lower Creek, and the bands became involved in civil war, known as the
1805:
There are currently 36 unestablished
Shawnee “tribes” operating as 501(c)(3) non-profits across the country. Their 501(c)(3) designations allow them to solicit donations and participate in grants meant for Tribal nations. They pose as spokespeople for our ancestors at historic sites, state historical
1703:
Each sept or division had a primary village where the chief of the division lived. This village was usually named after the division. By tradition, each
Shawnee division and clan had certain roles it performed on behalf of the entire tribe. By the time these kinship elements were recorded in writing
1283:
on
January 22, 1813. Some prisoners were taken to Detroit, but Procter left those too injured to travel with an inadequate guard. His Native American allies attacked and killed perhaps as many as 60 wounded Americans, many of whom were Kentucky militiamen. The Americans called the incident the "River
855:
in 1768 extended the colonial boundary to the west, giving
British colonists a claim to lands in what are now the states of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Shawnee did not agree to this treaty: it was negotiated between British officials and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, who claimed sovereignty over
466:
There is a gap in the archaeological record between the most recent Fort
Ancient sites and the oldest sites of the historic Shawnee. The latter were recorded by European (French and English) archaeologists as occupying this area at the time of encounter. Scholars generally accept that similarities in
427:
peoples of this period, they built earthwork mounds as part of their expression of their religious and political structure. Fort
Ancient culture was once thought to have been a regional extension of the Mississippian culture. Scholars now believe that Fort Ancient culture (1000–1650 CE) was descended
2872:
Well, I've always heard 'Teh-cum-theh'—'Teh-cum-theh'—means, in our culture and our belief, at nights when we see a falling star, it means that this panther is jumping from one mountain to another. And as kids, we saw these falling stars, we'd kind of hesitate about being out in the dark, because we
1794:
Tribal
Historic Preservation Office's Cultural Preservation Department wrote that "in our ancestral settlement areas including but not limited to Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, Indiana, Alabama. In these areas, there are a number of people who claim Shawnee ancestry, this is not so much the concern
1311:
on
September 10, 1813. His decisive victory against the British ensured American control of the lake, improved American morale after a series of defeats, and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit. General Harrison launched another invasion of Upper Canada (Ontario), which culminated in the
1291:
in northern Ohio. Native forces defeated the American reinforcements arriving during the siege, but the garrison in the fort held out. The Indians eventually began to disperse, forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return to Canada. Their second offensive in July against Fort Meigs also failed. To improve
1514:, Black Bob's band fled from Kansas and joined the "Absentee Shawnee" in Indian Territory to escape the war. After the Civil War, the Shawnee in Kansas were expelled and forced to move to northeastern Oklahoma. The Shawnee members of the former Lewistown group became known as the "Eastern Shawnee".
1319:
Tecumseh was killed there, and his death effectively ended the Indigenous alliance with the British in the Detroit region. American control of Lake Erie meant the British could no longer provide essential military supplies to their Native allies, who dropped out of the war. The Americans controlled
1806:
societies, and university campuses causing significant harm to our identity, culture, and reputation. These groups are violating the sacred, ancient places of our ancestors. They perform their ideas of our ceremonies on top of our burial mounds and have stolen our language, customs, and ceremonies.
877:
When the United States declared independence from the British crown in 1776, the Shawnee were divided. They did not support the American rebel cause. Cornstalk led the minority who wished to remain neutral. The Shawnee north of the Ohio River were unhappy about the American settlement of Kentucky.
1207:
These white Americans ... give us fair exchange, their cloth, their guns, their tools, implements, and other things which the Choctaws need but do not make ... They doctored our sick; they clothed our suffering; they fed our hungry ... So in marked contrast with the experience of the Shawnees, it
1142:
shook the Muscogee lands and the Midwestern United States. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe, they agreed that the powerful earthquake had to have spiritual significance. The earthquake and its aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement as the Muscogee and
817:, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy had claimed the Ohio Country as their hunting ground by right of conquest, and treated the Shawnee and Lenape who resettled there as dependent tribes. Some independent Iroquois bands from various tribes also migrated westward, where they became known in Ohio as the
1092:
and, in another incident, Natives seized a boatload of supplies from a group of traders. Harrison summoned Tecumseh to Vincennes to explain the actions of his allies. In August 1811, the two leaders met, with Tecumseh assuring Harrison that the Shawnee intended to remain at peace with the United
731:
By the late 1730s, pressure from colonial expansion produced repeated conflicts. Shawnee communities were also impacted by the fur trade. While they gained arms and European goods, they also traded for rum or brandy, leading to serious social problems related to alcohol abuse by their members.
1061:, a spiritual leader known as The Prophet who called for the tribes to return to their ancestral ways. He began to associate these teachings with the idea of an intertribal alliance. Tecumseh traveled widely, urging warriors to abandon accommodationist chiefs and to join the resistance at
454:
Uncertainty surrounds the fate of the Fort Ancient people. Most likely their society, like the Mississippian culture to the south, was severely disrupted by waves of epidemics from new infectious diseases carried by the first Spanish explorers in the 16th century. After 1525 at
1147:
The Indians were filled with great terror ... the trees and wigwams shook exceedingly; the ice which skirted the margin of the Arkansas river was broken into pieces; and most of the Indians thought that the Great Spirit, angry with the human race, was about to destroy the
1813:
of Bellefontaine Ohio:In 1979 and 1980, the Ohio state legislature held hearings about state recognition of the United Remnant Band. The band filed historical and genealogical documents with the state to support their claim of descent from the historical Shawnee.The
564:
of the Powhatan (also a relative of Opechancanough's family). He said the latter had murdered the former. The Shawnee were "driven from Kentucky in the 1670s by the Iroquois of Pennsylvania and New York, who claimed the Ohio valley as hunting ground to supply its
1658:
or subdivisions, according to kinship. Each clan represented spiritual values and had a recognized role in the overall confederacy. Each name group or clan is found among each of the five divisions, and each Shawnee belongs to a clan or name group.
511:. Later 17th-century Dutch sources also place them in this general location. Accounts by French explorers in the same century usually located the Shawnee along the Ohio River, where the French encountered them on forays from eastern Canada and the
3491:
580:, South Carolina, were contacted by these Shawnee in 1674. They forged a long-lasting alliance. The Savannah River Shawnee were known to the Carolina English as "Savannah Indians". Around the same time, other Shawnee groups migrated to Florida,
4365:
1704:
by European Americans, these strong social traditions were fading. They are poorly understood. Because of the disruption and scattering of the Shawnee people from the 17th century through the 19th century, the roles of the divisions changed.
848:, legally confirming the 1758 border as the limits of British colonization. They reserved the land beyond for Native Americans. But the Crown had difficulty enforcing the boundary, as Anglo-European colonists continued to move westward.
748:, who was under pressure from traders to allow rum and brandy in trade. Unable to protect themselves, in 1745, some 400 Shawnee migrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Illinois, hoping to escape the traders' influence.
471:, and Shawnee oral history linking them to the Fort Ancient peoples, can be used to support the connection from Fort Ancient society and development as the historical Shawnee society. But there is also evidence and oral history linking
3134:
607:, which began in the 1640s. Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy invaded from the east to secure the Ohio Valley for hunting grounds. The Shawnee became known for their widespread settlements, extending from Pennsylvania to
821:. These three tribes—the Shawnee, the Delaware (Lenape), and the Mingo—became closely associated with one another, despite the differences in their languages. The first two spoke Algonquian languages and the third an
1052:
Tecumseh was outraged by the Treaty of Fort Wayne, believing that American Indian land was owned in common by all tribes, an idea advocated in previous years by the Shawnee leader [[Blue Jacket and the Mohawk leader
932:
to form a great fighting force in the Ohio Valley. They led a confederation of warriors of Native American tribes in an effort to expel U.S. settlers from that territory. After being defeated by U.S. forces at the
1780:
276:
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from the Atlantic coast, regarded the Shawnee as their southernmost branch. Along the East Coast, the Algonquian-speaking tribes were historically located mostly in coastal areas, from Quebec to the Carolinas.
1774:
3499:
1532:, was opened the Great Council State Park with the help of the three federally recognized Shawnee tribes: the Shawnee Tribe, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, and the Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma.
720:. Most of the Tuscarora migrated to New York and settled near the Oneida people, becoming the sixth nation of the Iroquois Confederacy; they declared their migration finished in 1722. Also at this time,
860:
in 1774. British diplomats managed to isolate the Shawnee during the conflict: the Iroquois and the Lenape stayed neutral. The Shawnee faced the British colony of Virginia with only a few Mingo allies.
4662:
3402:
865:, royal governor of Virginia, launched a two-pronged invasion into the Ohio Country. The Shawnee chief Cornstalk attacked one wing but fought to a draw in the only major battle of the war, the
569:. In 1671, the colonists Batts and Fallam reported that the Shawnee were contesting control of the Shenandoah Valley with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois) in that year and were losing.
1507:
appropriated $ 64,366 for treaty obligations to the Shawnee, such as annuities, education, and other services. An additional $ 2,000 was appropriated for the Seneca and the Shawnee together.
3349:
2190:
1801:, chief of the Shawnee Tribe, has written: "Groups claiming to be tribal sovereigns has reached a new level of concern for the Shawnee Tribe and other tribal nations." He continues:
3512:
She now considers herself to be a tribal elder with the East of the River Shawnee, a non-federally recognized group that broke off from the United Remnant Band of Shawnee years ago.
4624:
468:
2132:"Shawnee Myth. Story of a Year. Old Sawage and her Grandson." MS 3906, Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives. Myth collected by Jeremiah Curtin. 1850s–1880s.
1892:(Wacanackshina, "White One Who Reclines", 1690–1759), French-Canadian/Shawnee who opposed the sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities and fought on the side of the French in the
366:, but attempts at creating a unified spelling system have been unsuccessful. The Shawnee language has a dictionary, and portions of the Bible have been translated into Shawnee.
5113:
764:
1484:
in Florida. One of these was led by Joseph Parks, who had earlier helped negotiate the cession treaty. He was commissioned as captain. Parks was a major landholder in both
3960:
1765:
under the Davis-Strong Act. Ohio does not recognize any Shawnee tribes or any other state-recognized tribes. Kentucky also has no mechanism for state-recognizing tribes.
844:
erupted in 1763, following Britain's defeat of France and takeover of its territory east of the Mississippi River in North America. Later that year, the Crown issued the
1830:, and Ohio attorney general's office spokesperson Leo Jennings said: "The resolution has no force of law in the state Ohio.… It was basically a ceremonial resolution."
432:(100 BCE–500 CE). The people in those earlier centuries also built mounds as part of their social, political and religious system. Among their monuments were earthwork
5123:
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4003:
190:
1606:
kinship systems. In that alternative, children were considered born to the mother's family and clan, and inheritance and property was passed through the female line.
1235:
and other powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and oppression of the white man, as snow before the summer sun ... Sleep not longer, O
941:
the next year. They were forced to cede large parts of their homeland to the new United States. Other Shawnee groups rejected this treaty, migrating independently to
1972:(c. 1768–1813), Shawnee leader, with his brother Tenskwatawa attempted to unite tribes west of the Appalachians against the expansion of European-American settlement
5093:
463:, the village's house sizes became smaller and fewer. Evidence shows that the people changed from their previously "horticulture-centered, sedentary way of life".
404:
culture of the Ohio region, although this is not universally accepted. The Shawnee may have entered the area at a later time and occupied the Fort Ancient sites.
661:
for trade among numerous tribes. They became leaders among the tribes, initiating and sustaining intertribal resistance to European and Euro-American expansion.
1577:
283:
1126:. Harrison assembled a small force of army regulars and militia to combat the Native forces. On November 6, 1811, Harrison led this army of about 1,000 men to
1784:
1284:
Raisin Massacre". The defeat ended Harrison's campaign against Detroit, and the phrase "Remember the River Raisin!" became a rallying cry for the Americans.
1845:(Meshemethequater, 1690–1758), a respected warrior known for participating in peace conferences that prevented war between English settlers and the Shawnees
1521:
during the war; others say this is because they were the last group to leave their Ohio homelands). The latter group appeared to be regarded as part of the
1500:. In Shawnee, Kansas, a Shawnee cemetery was started in the 1830s and remained in use until the 1870s. Parks was among the most prominent men buried there.
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5088:
5078:
5073:
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503:
Europeans reported encountering the Shawnee over a wide geographic area. One of the earliest mentions of the Shawnee may be a 1614 Dutch map showing some
5103:
5068:
4678:
998:. However, many American Indian leaders in the region accepted the Greenville terms, and for the next ten years local intertribal resistance to American
5108:
4877:
4470:
1810:
832:(also known as "Braddock's War") as allies of the French, the Shawnee switched sides in 1758. They made formal peace with the British colonies at the
1623:(Principal Place), Chalahgawtha, Chalaka, Chalakatha; The Principal division of "Tschillicothi", appointed by the 1st Lead Illini or man Kwikullay.
5083:
4485:
2557:
1143:
other Native American tribes believed it was a sign that the Shawnee must be supported and that Tecumseh had prophesied such an event and sign.
3953:
1525:
Nation by the United States. They were also known as the "Cherokee Shawnee" and were settled on some of the Cherokee land in Indian Territory.
882:
reports that most Shawnees allied with the British against the Americans, hoping to be able to expel the settlers from west of the mountains.
5118:
4370:
3999:
3281:
2787:
2706:
2504:
2150:
Transcribed by Bruno Neti about 1951 from Shawnee Song cylinders collected by C. F. Voegelin and now in the Archives of Traditional Music at
1264:
1088:
appeared. During the next year, tensions between American colonists and Native Americans rose quickly. Four settlers were murdered along the
1139:
681:
war chief, to represent them to the Pennsylvania provincial council. About 1727, Carondawana and his wife, a prominent interpreter known as
4897:
4136:
1268:
1036:
669:
4817:
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system, by which descent and inheritance went through paternal lines. This was different from many of the Native American tribes, who had
228:. In the early 18th century, they mostly concentrated in eastern Pennsylvania but dispersed again later that century across Pennsylvania,
4690:
3307:
3353:
1947:(d. ca. 1748), chief of the western Pennsylvania Shawnee who campaigned against the unrestricted sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities
1115:, and many others that the comet of March 1811 had signaled his coming. He also said that the people would see a sign proving that the
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3014:
2567:
2433:
1989:
1062:
951:
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1681:(Rounded-feet name group)—represents carnivorous animals such as the dog, wolf, or those with paws that are ball-shaped or "rounded"
1582:
1545:
288:
181:
4162:
1745:
divisions. Petakineeθiiwomhsoomi (Rabbit name group) represents a gentle and peaceful nature, that stands alone as the Tail or last
3465:
1857:(Catahecassa, 1740–1831), respected Shawnee chief who believed his people needed to adapt to European-American culture to survive
862:
407:
Fort Ancient culture flourished from c. 1000 to c. 1650 CE among a people who predominantly inhabited lands on both sides of the
3938:
3678:
Edmunds, R. David. "Forgotten Allies: The Loyal Shawnees and the War of 1812" in David Curtis Skaggs and Larry L. Nelson, eds.,
3815:
1417:. In July 1831, the Lewistown group of Seneca–Shawnee departed for the Indian Territory (in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma).
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2652:
2593:
3246:
2019:
585:
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as a tribe independent of the Cherokee Nation. They received this action by a Congressional bill and are now known as the "
5063:
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1886:(Waweyapiersenwaw, "Blue Jacket", 1743–1810), leader in the Northwest Indian War and important early supporter of Tecumseh
1383:
852:
694:
1932:("Captain Johnny", d. c. 1808), principal civil chief of the Shawnees in the Ohio Country during the Northwest Indian War
4455:
4424:
4380:
1041:
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from North Carolina, who were also Iroquoian speaking and distant relations, to resettle in the vicinity of what is now
708:
of Virginia, where the Shawnee predominated in the northern part of the valley. They were claimed as tributaries by the
482:(or Delaware) of the East Coast mid-Atlantic region, who were also Algonquian speaking, to be their "grandfathers". The
1096:
Afterward, Tecumseh traveled to the Southeast on a mission to recruit allies against the United States from among the "
1025:
on September 30, 1809, thereby selling the United States more than 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km), chiefly along the
4852:
4727:
4475:
4177:
4172:
2853:
1822:
passed a "Joint Resolution to recognize the Shawnee Nation United Remnant Band", as adopted by the Ohio Senate, 113th
1819:
1459:
1022:
617:
1517:
The former Kansas Shawnee became known as the "Loyal Shawnee" (some say this is because of their allegiance with the
914:
2862:
4787:
4737:
4450:
4182:
1918:
1877:
1868:
1518:
1497:
1432:
1371:. They were joined by Shawnee pushed out of Kansas (see below), who shared their traditionalist views and beliefs.
886:
845:
837:
717:
596:) as "the single nation to fear, being spread out over Carolina and Virginia in the direction of the Mississippi."
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389:
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2777:
2475:
The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path, Volume 1
1848:
1827:
1467:
1345:
1293:
979:
760:
745:
648:
384:
123:
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3403:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
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4822:
4571:
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1693:(Raccoon name group)—represents animals having paws which can rip and tear, such as those of a raccoon and bear
991:
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752:
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724:(an Iroquois nation) and Lenape war parties from the north often fought pitched battles with pursuing bands of
566:
31:
3083:
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1480:
In the mid-1830s, two companies of Shawnee soldiers were recruited into United States service to fight in the
1208:
will be seen that the whites and Indians in this section are living on friendly and mutually beneficial terms.
677:
Some Shawnee occupied areas in central Pennsylvania. Long without a chief, in 1714 they asked Carondawana, an
744:
trader, opposed the sale of alcohol in their communities. This resulted in a conflict with colonial Governor
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Based on historical accounts and later archaeology, John E. Kleber describes Shawnee towns by the following:
3432:
2873:
thought there were actually panthers out there walking around. So that's what his name meant: Teh-cum-theh.
1779:
Dozens of unrecognized organizations self-identify as having Shawnee ancestry. These organizations are not
1551:
1340:". They were joined in the migration by some Delaware (Lenape). Although they were closely allied with the
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2725:
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held his council there. Several other Shawnee villages were located in the northern Shenandoah Valley: at
589:
1758:
1450:
During 1833, only Black Bob's band of Shawnee resisted removal. They settled in northeastern Kansas near
4541:
3914:
3112:
2164:
1893:
1823:
1815:
1609:
According to mid-19th century historian Henry Harvey, the Shawnee were ruled by kings, whom they called
1170:
The New Madrid earthquake was interpreted by the Muscogee as a reason to support the Shawnee resistance.
1127:
1097:
829:
424:
4559:
4535:
1864:
857:
1651:
The war chiefs were also hereditary. They descended from their maternal line in the Kispoko division.
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speculates that the Shawnee migrations of the middle to late 17th century were probably driven by the
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4595:
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4577:
4553:
4523:
4495:
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2756:
Colin G. Calloway, "'We Have Always Been the Frontier': The American Revolution in Shawnee Country,"
1959:
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1798:
1375:
1313:
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1123:
995:
938:
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910:
772:
612:
356:
198:
1938:(Spemica Lawba, "High Horn", c. 1776–1812), noted scout and interpreter on American side during the
1528:
On June 7, 2024, on the site of the Shawnee town "Old Chillicothe" along U.S. 68 in Xenia Township,
1300:. After they were repulsed with serious losses, the British and Tecumseh ended their Ohio campaign.
553:'s expedition in 1650, wrote that in Opechancanough's day, there had been a falling-out between the
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A Shawnee town might have from forty to one hundred bark-covered houses similar in construction to
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According to one English colonial legend, some Shawnee were descended from a party sent by Chief
487:
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249:
3442:. No. 11, Vol. 25. Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma. November 2010. p. 15
1707:
Today the United States government recognizes three Shawnee tribes, all of which are located in
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49:
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3722:
3704:
3683:
3669:
3654:
3639:
3631:
3617:
3582:
3048:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2783:
2702:
2698:
2648:
2609:
2589:
2563:
2500:
2494:
2429:
2423:
2402:
2301:
2280:
2272:
1914:
1654:
A 1935 study noted that the Shawnee had five septs, and that they were also divided among six
1410:
1368:
1356:
1006:
983:
946:
906:
879:
792:
705:
644:
626:
546:
456:
398:
205:
61:
3318:
5058:
5032:
5027:
5022:
4962:
4947:
4942:
4912:
4907:
4887:
4732:
4529:
4075:
3222:
3190:
1954:
1791:
1570:". Today, most members of the three federally recognized Shawnee tribes reside in Oklahoma.
1414:
1379:
1337:
1256:
1243:... Will not the bones of our dead be plowed up, and their graves turned into plowed fields?
1014:
841:
833:
713:
652:
512:
472:
352:
265:
194:
158:
110:
3018:
2337:
787:
to join the people further west, which they did the following year. The community known as
5017:
4997:
4922:
4807:
4752:
4722:
4397:
4277:
4025:
3987:
3933:
3904:
3250:
2866:
2023:
1489:
1463:
1391:
902:
690:
686:
252:
to areas west of the Mississippi River; these lands would eventually become the states of
241:
143:
982:
to oppose American expansion in Native American lands. The resulting conflict was called
3146:
3089:
3043:
2779:
Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy
2624:
Not to be confused with the nearby French Margaret's Town; see John Franklin Meginness,
1838:
Shawnee people from the 20th and 21st centuries are listed under their specific tribes.
1363:
fully compensated the Shawnee for their improvements and crops. They were forced out to
1186:
when open conflict broke out between American soldiers and the Red Sticks of the Creek.
783:
sent messengers to those still in the Shenandoah Valley, suggesting that they cross the
549:. The party was led by his son, Sheewa-a-nee. Edward Bland, an explorer who accompanied
248:. In the 19th century, the U.S. federal government forcibly removed them under the 1830
5037:
4992:
4987:
4917:
4882:
4118:
3909:
3851:
2606:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670–1717
1889:
1880:(Chiungalla, 1729–1779), Shawnee chief of the Chillicothe division of the Shawnee tribe
1603:
1599:
1451:
1436:
1360:
1355:
of the Shawnee from the new republic. But in appreciation of their earlier neutrality,
1352:
1297:
1089:
894:
737:
728:
from Virginia, who would overtake them in the Shawnee-inhabited regions of the Valley.
725:
682:
573:
538:
508:
2450:
2362:
1470:
was built nearby to minister to the tribe. About 200 of the Ohio Shawnee followed the
5052:
4862:
4832:
4827:
4712:
4517:
4465:
4313:
4242:
4212:
3694:
3616:, vol. 15, ed. Bruce Trigger. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978: 622–35.
3492:"What does it mean to be a Native American tribe? In Ohio, the answer is complicated"
2691:
1935:
1929:
1587:
1567:
1556:
1395:
1333:
909:
against the colonists in that area. Some colonists called this group of Cherokee the
768:
721:
678:
657:
542:
530:
447:
437:
420:
293:
229:
1540:
1351:
Texas achieved independence from Mexico under American leaders. It decided to force
1193:
4977:
4812:
4802:
4319:
4297:
4236:
4230:
4056:
4050:
4019:
3995:
2425:
The View from Madisonville: Protohistoric Western Fort Ancient Interaction Patterns
2394:
1963:
1923:
1620:
1562:
In the late 20th century, the "Loyal" or "Cherokee" Shawnee began a movement to be
1481:
1455:
1444:
1280:
1252:
1166:
1116:
1054:
1026:
929:
780:
776:
639:
557:
550:
433:
401:
363:
225:
135:
93:
3742:
Gathering Together: The Shawnee People through Diaspora and Nationhood, 1600–1870.
3226:
2052:
1737:
The Shawnee Tribe, formerly considered part of the Cherokee Nation, mostly of the
1328:
The Shawnee in Missouri migrated from the United States south into Mexico, in the
3719:
Shawnee!: The Ceremonialism of a Native Indian Tribe and its Cultural Background.
3574:
3559:
3240:
3173:
2928:
2641:
2582:
2265:
2013:
712:
or Six Nations of the Iroquois to the north. The Iroquois had helped some of the
4511:
4260:
4206:
4095:
4085:
4035:
3147:"Text of S. 3019 (106th): Shawnee Tribe Status Act of 2000 (Introduced version)"
2298:
Shawnee!: The Ceremonialism of a Native Indian Tribe and its Cultural Background
1975:
1944:
1939:
1883:
1626:
1493:
1474:
1183:
1058:
890:
814:
604:
600:
491:
56:
2141:
C. F. Voegelin, fieldwork notebook XII, "Big Sacred Lizard"; fieldwork 1933–34.
1962:(Wapatha, 1664–1750), chief of Pekowi band, signed several peace treaties with
751:
Prior to 1754, the Shawnee had a headquarters at Shawnee Springs at modern-day
592:, writing in his journal in 1699, describes the Shawnee (or as he spells them,
4777:
4413:
4393:
4385:
4107:
4045:
3834:
3698:
1854:
1842:
1425:
1421:
1387:
1329:
1240:
1202:
1175:
1010:
913:, because they lived along that river at the time of what became known as the
408:
1978:("The Open Door", 1775–1836), Shawnee prophet and younger brother of Tecumseh
1851:(Wawahchepaehai or Wawahchepaekar), 19th-century leader and war chief in Ohio
1749:
As of 2008, there were 7,584 enrolled Shawnee, with most living in Oklahoma.
4218:
4071:
2478:, New York: Putnam's sons, 1911, esp. chap. IV, "The Shawnees", pp. 119–160.
2322:
The Study of Shawnee Myth in an Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Perspective
1950:
1908:
1687:(Horse name group)—represents herbivorous animals such as the horse and deer
1179:
1108:
986:. The two principal adversaries in the conflict, Chief Tecumseh and General
756:
526:
460:
139:
3668:. Originally published 1984. 2nd edition, New York: Pearson Longman, 2006.
2401:. Vol. 6 : North America. Springer Publishing. pp. 175–184.
2324:, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1975.
2216:
1073:
949:, where they settled along Apple Creek. The French called their settlement
533:, perhaps sixty to ninety feet long, where public deliberations took place.
2857:
2241:
4747:
4682:
4673:
4254:
4224:
4039:
2849:
1969:
1898:
1708:
1522:
1348:, their chief John Linney remained neutral during the 1839 Cherokee War.
1341:
1272:
1236:
1112:
999:
975:
967:
942:
898:
741:
608:
581:
523:
416:
335:
does not mean "south" in Shawnee, but "moderate, warm (of weather)": See
269:
253:
233:
221:
217:
213:
85:
4366:
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
3682:, pp. 337–51. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001.
3597:
1953:(1720–1786), sister of Cornstalk, helped compile the dictionary for the
1715:
The Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, consisting mainly of
1100:". His name Tekoomsē meant "Shooting Star" or "Panther Across The Sky".
1057:. In response, Tecumseh began to expand on the teachings of his brother
17:
4872:
3433:"Tribal Historic Preservation Office, Cultural Preservation Department"
2761:
1902:
1638:
1632:
1471:
1267:. He set out to retake the city, which was defended by British Colonel
1232:
1228:
1104:
963:
245:
237:
97:
3263:
2397:, eds. (2003). "Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 6: North America".
1405:
of 1825, Shawnee and Seneca people agreed to exchange land in western
584:, Pennsylvania, and other regions south and east of the Ohio country.
486:
nations of present-day Canada, who extended to the interior along the
5012:
4842:
4101:
4081:
4029:
3195:
History of the Shawnee Indians: From the Year 1681 to 1854, Inclusive
3175:
History of the Shawnee Indians: From the Year 1681 to 1854, Inclusive
2628:(rev. ed., Williamsport, PA, 1889), 1:94. Ostonwakin is also spelled
2530:, 1937, pp. 15–16; this account also appears in T.K. Cartmell's 1909
1818:
held hearings and heard testimony from numerous groups. In 1980, the
1644:
1440:
1378:, ceding their remaining lands in exchange for three reservations in
1220:
479:
257:
30:
This article is about the American Indian group. For other uses, see
3897:
2956:(Greenville, Texas: 1899), 310 ff., quoted in "Survival Strategies""
921:. But they were never a separate tribe, as some accounts suggested.
3700:
Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence
2626:
Otzinachson: A History of the West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna
2165:"maalaakwahi ke'neemepe: Shawnee Language Immersion Program (SLIP)"
1616:
The five divisions, or septs, of the tribe were commonly known as:
1174:
The Muscogee who joined Tecumseh's confederation were known as the
4792:
4717:
4091:
4061:
1775:
List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
1655:
1550:
1539:
1165:
1072:
1035:
818:
668:
442:
388:
261:
2741:
2644:
Worlds the Shawnees Made: Migration and Violence in Early America
2119:
1938–40. "Shawnee Stems and the Jacob P. Dunn Miami Dictionary."
1435:
in 1825, the 1,400 Missouri Shawnee were forcibly relocated from
3971:
3926:
3213:
Voegellin, C.F.; Voegelin, E. W. (1935). "Shawnee Name Groups".
2123:
Volume 1, No. 8, Part III, p. 318 (October, 1939). Indianapolis.
1917:(1773–1810), French-Canadian/Shawnee who served as scout on the
1439:, along the west bank of the Mississippi River, to southeastern
1406:
1275:
and his forces. A detachment of Harrison's army was defeated at
412:
308:. Individuals and singular Shawnee tribes may be referred to as
209:
89:
4644:
3942:
3884:
2738:
Which Native American Tribes Allied Themselves with the French?
1826:, Regular Session, Am. Sub. H.J.R. No. 8, 1979–1980. This is a
1477:
and had joined their Kansas brothers and sisters here in 1826.
3850:
3562:
George Mercer Papers: Relating to the Ohio Company of Virginia
3334:
Ohio in any event does not officially recognize Indian tribes.
1966:
before leading his people to the Ohio River Valley in ca. 1727
795:) on the Ohio River increased to around 1,200 people by 1750.
2664:
Legends of the Skyline Drive and the Great Valley of Virginia
2528:
Legends of the Skyline Drive and the Great Valley of Virginia
1641:, Mequachake, Machachee, Maguck, Mackachack, etc.; Mackochee
164:
2093:"Shawnee Names and Migrations in Kentucky and West Virginia"
1192:
3878:
3352:. National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from
1699:(Rabbit name group)—represents a gentle and peaceful nature
173:
3797:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
1188:
161:
3872:
2782:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 201–03.
1911:(Hokolesqua, 1720–1777), led the Shawnee in Dunmore's War
572:
Sometime before 1670, a group of Shawnee migrated to the
3466:"Appreciating and Protecting Federal Native Recognition"
3015:"Kentucky: National Guard History eMuseum – War of 1812"
397:
Some scholars believe that the Shawnee descend from the
3530:
The Ohio Historical Society, retrieved October 10, 2006
3135:
Ohio Department of National Resources website 6/10/2024
1598:
Before contact with Europeans, the Shawnee tribe had a
840:) as their mutual border. This peace lasted only until
673:
1715 map showing the land of the "Chaouanons" (Shawnee)
323:
Algonquian languages have words similar to the archaic
2954:
History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians
2121:
Indiana Historical Society Prehistory Research Series
1757:
The state of Alabama recognizes an organization, the
1730:
The Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, mostly of the
182:
170:
3197:. Cincinnati: Ephraim Morgan & Sons. p. 18.
3178:. Cincinnati: Ephraim Morgan & Sons. p. 18.
3064:"Treaty with the Shawnee, 1825, Article 5, Page 264"
2300:, p. 1. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1981.
1428:
and had been a leading interpreter for the Shawnee.
212:. In the 17th century, they dispersed through Ohio,
191:
Native American people of the Northeastern Woodlands
4896:
4689:
4617:
4504:
4443:
4406:
4358:
4306:
4270:
4199:
4153:
4135:
4010:
3680:
The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814
3315:
Capital University Law Review 237 (2003) (excerpts)
3088:Society, Kansas State Historical (March 27, 2019).
2831:
2829:
2270:, p. 31. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2004.
1926:(d. ca. 1755), significant leader and Shawnee chief
1573:The three federally recognized Shawnee tribes are:
167:
129:
117:
104:
78:
68:
3091:Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society
2690:
2556:McWilliams, Richebourg; Iberville, Pierre (1991).
1005:In September 1809, Harrison, then governor of the
970:, by Benson Lossing in 1848 based on 1808 drawing.
588:, founder of New Orleans and the French colony of
3528:Ohio Memory: An Online Scrapbook of Ohio History.
2608:, p. 55. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
1861:Black Snake (Peteusha) and Big Snake (Shemanetoo)
1292:Indian morale, Procter and Tecumseh attempted to
1122:As Tecumseh traveled, both sides readied for the
4004:History of Native Americans in the United States
2532:Shenandoah Valley Pioneers and Their Descendants
990:, had both been junior participants in the 1794
27:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
3653:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.
3630:Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984.
3094:. The Kansas State Historical Society. p.
2726:Transcript of the Journal of Nicholas Cresswell
2385:
2383:
1320:the area during the remainder of the conflict.
1259:to the British during the War of 1812, General
1145:
798:
2852:, so describes the meaning of the name in the
2217:"Shawnee language, alphabet and pronunciation"
974:In the early 19th century, the Shawnee leader
937:in 1794, most of the Shawnee bands signed the
529:. Each village usually had a meeting house or
4656:
3954:
3751:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2004.
3614:Northeast: Handbook of North American Indians
3308:"Indian Gambling in Ohio: What are the Odds?"
3066:. Oklahoma State University. November 7, 1825
2499:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 815.
2488:
2486:
2484:
2452:Tennessee Encyclopedia of Culture and History
2428:. University of Michigan Press. p. 203.
1769:Unrecognized groups who claim Shawnee descent
1578:Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
1431:Missouri joined the Union in 1821. After the
1303:On Lake Erie, the American commander Captain
284:Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma
8:
3666:Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership
2562:. University of Alabama Press. p. 175.
2526:Carrie Hunter Willis and Etta Belle Walker,
1409:with the United States for land west of the
1398:people who had migrated west from New York.
1017:, and Miami representatives to a meeting at
836:, which recognized the Allegheny Ridge (the
828:After taking part in the first phase of the
275:Today, Shawnee people are enrolled in three
42:
5114:Native Americans in the American Revolution
4338:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands
3744:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
3721:Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1981.
3550:, 2 November 2007, accessed 11 January 2014
3490:Filby, Max; King, Danae (October 9, 2023).
3208:
3206:
3204:
3038:
3036:
2898:. Rochester, Indiana: Christian Book Press.
1675:(Turtle name group)—represents aquatic life
1367:. The Shawnee settled close to present-day
1040:Portrait of William Henry Harrison, as the
240:, and Illinois, with a small group joining
4663:
4649:
4641:
3961:
3947:
3939:
3459:
3457:
3401:Indian Affairs Bureau (January 12, 2023).
2771:
2769:
1420:The main body of Shawnee in Ohio followed
1394:, Ohio. They shared these lands with some
978:gained renown for organizing his namesake
48:
41:
4471:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
3377:"Shawnee reclaim the great Serpent Mound"
3286:National Conference of State Legislatures
2987:The Portable North American Indian Reader
1811:United Remnant Band of the Shawnee Nation
1374:In 1817, the Ohio Shawnee had signed the
208:homeland was likely centered in southern
3242:Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial
2752:
2750:
2015:Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial
1669:(Turkey name group)—represents bird life
1503:In the 1853 Indian Appropriations Bill,
962:
689:, on the west bank at the confluence of
5124:Native American tribes in West Virginia
4486:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum
3564:. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1954.
3538:
3536:
3344:
3342:
2801:
2799:
2002:
1905:war chief and older brother of Tecumseh
1401:In a series of treaties, including the
958:
5094:Native American tribes in Pennsylvania
3375:Pember, Mary Annette (June 21, 2021).
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
475:-speaking nations to the Ohio Valley.
4000:Native Americans in the United States
3861:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911.
3544:"Tribal question a matter of dollars"
2587:, University Press of Kentucky, 1977.
2332:
2330:
2008:
2006:
1901:(Chiuxca, "Black Stump", 1760–1792),
1635:, Kispokotha, Kishpoko, Kishpokotha;
1162:Tribal involvement in the War of 1812
1077:The Great Comet of 1811, as drawn by
331:) meaning "south". However, the stem
312:and the collective Shawnee people as
7:
3795:Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees
3017:. Kynghistory.ky.gov. Archived from
2693:The Shawnees and the War for America
2086:
2084:
2082:
2012:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.
928:, the Shawnee collaborated with the
924:After the Revolution and during the
79:Regions with significant populations
4625:Native American place names in Ohio
3923:, Central Michigan State University
3867:Federally recognized Shawnee tribes
3628:Star Woman and Other Shawnee Tales.
3053:. Retrieved February 21, 2010.
2677:A History of the Valley of Virginia
732:Several Shawnee communities in the
60:(1775–1836), ca. 1820, portrait by
5099:Native American tribes in Virginia
5089:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
5079:Native American tribes in Missouri
5074:Native American tribes in Kentucky
4978:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
3873:Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
3703:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3612:Callender, Charles. "Shawnee", in
3153:. Civic Impulse. September 7, 2000
2859:We Shall Remain: Tecumseh's Vision
2844:George Blanchard, Governor of the
1990:Battle of Tippecanoe Outdoor Drama
1287:In May 1813, Procter and Tecumseh
959:Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812
615:. Among their known villages were
279:, all headquartered in Oklahoma:
25:
5104:Native American tribes in Alabama
5069:Native American tribes in Indiana
3879:Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
1583:Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
1546:Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
994:. Tecumseh did not sign the 1795
411:in areas of present-day southern
393:Fort Ancient Monongahela cultures
347:The Shawnee language is known as
304:Shawnee has also been written as
289:Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
5109:Native American tribes in Kansas
4672:
4359:Prehistoric communities or sites
3970:
2927:Jones, Charile (November 1987).
1069:Great Comet of 1811 and Tekoomsē
755:. The father of the later chief
704:settlers began to arrive in the
264:. Finally, they were removed to
157:
2981:Turner III, Frederick (1978) .
2896:A Sketchbook of Indiana History
2545:The Discoverie of New Brittaine
1296:, a small American post on the
1201:Portraits of the Choctaw chief
545:of 1618–1644, to settle in the
362:The language is written in the
5084:Native American tribes in Ohio
3098:– via Internet Archive.
2744:, accessed September 23, 2011.
775:. In 1753, the Shawnee on the
1:
3579:, DIANE Publishing Inc., 2007
3227:10.1525/aa.1935.37.4.02a00070
3042: Lipscomb, Carol A.:
2422:Drooker, Penelope B. (1997).
2191:"Shawnee Language Collection"
2076:Callender, "Shawnee," 623–24.
695:West Branch Susquehanna River
5119:Prehistoric cultures in Ohio
4456:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)
4371:Archaeological sites in Ohio
3840:Resources in other libraries
3239:Oklahoma Indian Commission.
3124:. March 15, 1853. p. 3.
2697:. New York: Viking. p.
2091:Mahr, August C. (May 1960).
1647:, Pekuwe, Piqua, Pekowitha.
1336:. They became known as the "
268:, which became the state of
4476:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum
4178:Two Mile Square Reservation
4173:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation
2950:Sherman, William Tecumseh.
2100:The Ohio Journal of Science
1820:113th Ohio General Assembly
1781:federally recognized tribes
643:at the site of present-day
586:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville
576:area. The English based in
478:The Shawnee considered the
277:federally recognized tribes
272:in the early 20th century.
5140:
4451:Flint Ridge State Memorial
4183:Upper Sandusky Reservation
3921:Treaty of Fort Meigs, 1817
3524:"American Indians in Ohio"
3249:February 11, 2009, at the
2449:Clark, Jerry. "Shawnees".
2399:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
2042:Callender, "Shawnee," 623.
2022:February 11, 2009, at the
1919:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1869:American Revolutionary War
1772:
1498:Methodist Episcopal Church
1265:U.S. Army of the Northwest
1182:. This became part of the
1138:On December 11, 1811, the
718:Martinsburg, West Virginia
655:. Their language became a
378:
29:
3981:
3932:January 16, 2016, at the
3903:January 11, 2013, at the
3885:Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma
3835:Resources in your library
3440:The Absentee Shawnee News
3350:"State Recognized Tribes"
3282:"State Recognized Tribes"
2989:. Penguin Book. pp.
2929:"Sharing Choctaw History"
2776:Owens, Robert M. (2007).
2758:American Indian Quarterly
2559:Iberville's Gulf Journals
2496:The Kentucky Encyclopedia
2338:"Fort Ancient Earthworks"
1828:congratulatory resolution
1662:The six group names are:
1594:Social and kinship groups
1468:Shawnee Methodist Mission
1263:was given command of the
761:Moorefield, West Virginia
649:Old Shawneetown, Illinois
507:located just east of the
385:Proto-Algonquian language
134:
122:
109:
83:
73:
47:
4572:Battle of Fallen Timbers
4548:Treaty of Camp Charlotte
4461:Fort Hill State Memorial
4163:Blanchard's Fork Reserve
3976:Native Americans in Ohio
3774:. New York: Holt, 1997.
2689:Calloway, Colin (2007).
2675:Joseph Doddridge, 1850,
2493:Kleber, John E. (1992).
2473:Charles Augustus Hanna,
2367:www.ancientohiotrail.org
1834:Notable historic Shawnee
992:Battle of Fallen Timbers
952:Le Grand Village Sauvage
935:Battle of Fallen Timbers
867:Battle of Point Pleasant
753:Cross Junction, Virginia
734:Province of Pennsylvania
100:, and surrounding states
32:Shawnee (disambiguation)
4943:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
4630:Indian removals in Ohio
4491:SunWatch Indian Village
4481:New Indian Ridge Museum
4430:Thunderbird (mythology)
4191:Indian removals in Ohio
3858:Encyclopædia Britannica
3577:Indians in Pennsylvania
3215:American Anthropologist
2962:. University of Houston
2894:Funk, Arville (1983) .
2646:, UNC Press Books, 2014
1785:state-recognized tribes
1212:Sharing Choctaw History
917:, during and after the
467:material culture, art,
4679:Native American tribes
4566:Siege of Fort Recovery
4168:Moravian Indian Grants
3915:"Shawnee Indian Tribe"
3910:Shawnee Indian Mission
3189:Harvey, Henry (1855).
3172:Harvey, Henry (1855).
3113:"Indian Appropriation"
2875:
2846:Absentee Shawnee Tribe
2760:(1992) 16#1 pp 39–52.
2320:Schutz, Noel W., Jr.:
1808:
1763:state-recognized tribe
1753:State-recognized tribe
1559:
1548:
1261:William Henry Harrison
1197:
1171:
1159:
1081:
1049:
1042:Congressional delegate
988:William Henry Harrison
971:
915:Cherokee–American wars
853:Treaty of Fort Stanwix
805:— from the Journal of
802:
674:
535:
451:
394:
4542:Yellow Creek massacre
3496:The Columbus Dispatch
3324:on September 27, 2007
3100:Joseph Parks Shawnee.
2870:
2391:Peregrine, Peter Neal
1894:French and Indian War
1816:Ohio General Assembly
1803:
1773:Further information:
1697:Petakineeθiiwomhsoomi
1554:
1543:
1316:on October 5, 1813.
1294:storm Fort Stephenson
1217:---------------------
1196:
1169:
1140:New Madrid earthquake
1134:New Madrid earthquake
1128:Prophetstown, Indiana
1098:Five Civilized Tribes
1076:
1039:
966:
830:French and Indian War
672:
520:
446:
440:in present-day Ohio.
425:Mississippian culture
392:
379:Further information:
130:Related ethnic groups
55:The Shawnee Prophet,
5064:Algonquian ethnonyms
4973:Mescalero-Chiricahua
4728:Cheyenne and Arapaho
4608:Treaty of St. Mary's
4602:Treaty of Fort Meigs
4596:Treaty of Brownstown
4584:Treaty of Grouseland
4578:Treaty of Greenville
4554:Northwest Indian War
4524:Raid on Pickawillany
4496:Zane Shawnee Caverns
4425:Petroglyphs in Ohio
4381:Petroglyphs in Ohio
4326:Glacial Kame culture
4307:Prehistoric cultures
4271:Historic communities
4145:Algonquian languages
3749:Ohio's First Peoples
3747:O'Donnell, James H.
3575:Paul A. W. Wallace,
3502:on November 27, 2023
3356:on September 1, 2022
2983:"Poetry and Oratory"
2865:May 4, 2012, at the
2342:Ohio History Central
2268:Ohio's First Peoples
2266:O'Donnell, James H.
1960:Opessa Straight Tail
1873:Northwest Indian War
1679:Petekoθiteewomhsoomi
1564:federally recognized
1496:and a member of the
1376:Treaty of Fort Meigs
1314:Battle of the Thames
1312:U.S. victory at the
1257:surrender of Detroit
1219:Where today are the
1210:—Pushmataha, 1811 –
1205:(left) and Tecumseh.
1124:Battle of Tippecanoe
1023:Treaty of Fort Wayne
996:Treaty of Greenville
939:Treaty of Greenville
926:Northwest Indian War
885:War leaders such as
846:Proclamation of 1763
773:Cumberland, Maryland
543:Powhatan Confederacy
124:Indigenous religions
4343:Monongahela culture
4293:Muskingum (village)
4155:Former reservations
4127:Western Confederacy
3992:Northwest Territory
3664:Edmunds, R. David.
3651:The Shawnee Prophet
3649:Edmunds, R. David.
2742:Teachinghistory.org
2722:Library of Congress
2197:. December 18, 2017
2169:www.shawnee-nsn.gov
2154:. Sheet 8, Song 38.
2053:"Algonquian, Algic"
1759:Piqua Shawnee Tribe
1536:Federal recognition
1530:Greene County, Ohio
1433:Treaty of St. Louis
1403:Treaty of Lewistown
1309:Battle of Lake Erie
1305:Oliver Hazard Perry
1289:besieged Fort Meigs
1155:The American Indian
1086:Great Comet of 1811
1079:William Henry Smyth
1046:Northwest Territory
919:American Revolution
873:American Revolution
337:Charles F. Voegelin
199:Algonquian language
44:
4743:Citizen Potawatomi
4560:St. Clair's defeat
4536:Lord Dunmore's War
4435:Underwater panther
4351:(Late Prehistoric)
4349:Whittlesey culture
4322:(Late Prehistoric)
4283:Lenape settlements
3984:Prehistory of Ohio
3917:, Access Genealogy
3887:, official website
3881:, official website
3875:, official website
3626:Clifton, James A.
3121:The New York Times
2152:Indiana University
1865:Lord Dunmore's War
1673:Kkahkileewomhsoomi
1560:
1549:
1512:American Civil War
1486:Westport, Missouri
1456:Kansas (Kaw) River
1365:Arkansas Territory
1198:
1172:
1153:Roger L. Nichols,
1103:Tecumseh told the
1082:
1050:
1031:Vincennes, Indiana
972:
858:Lord Dunmore's War
807:Nicholas Cresswell
675:
635:Sylacauga, Alabama
488:St. Lawrence River
452:
395:
381:Algonquian peoples
375:Precontact history
250:Indian Removal Act
193:. Their language,
5046:
5045:
4968:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
4708:Alabama-Quassarte
4638:
4637:
4590:Treaty of Detroit
4334:(Middle Woodland)
4288:Lower Shawneetown
3816:Library resources
3790:(1999 paperback).
3717:Howard, James H.
3548:Los Angeles Times
3306:Watson, Blake A.
3049:Handbook of Texas
2789:978-0-8061-3842-8
2736:Gevinson, Alan. "
2708:978-0-670-03862-6
2506:978-0-8131-2883-2
2296:Howard, James H.
2117:Voegelin, Carl F.
1915:George Drouillard
1411:Mississippi River
1369:Shawnee, Oklahoma
1249:
1248:
1007:Indiana Territory
947:Mississippi River
907:Chickamauga Creek
793:Lower Shawneetown
706:Shenandoah Valley
702:European American
645:Chillicothe, Ohio
633:near what is now
627:Lower Shawneetown
547:Shenandoah Valley
357:Algonquian family
349:saawanwaatoweewe.
149:
148:
62:Charles Bird King
16:(Redirected from
5131:
4898:Tribal languages
4878:United Keetoowah
4808:Muscogee (Creek)
4768:Fort Sill Apache
4703:Absentee Shawnee
4677:
4676:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4642:
4316:(Early Woodland)
4200:Historic figures
3975:
3974:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3940:
3862:
3854:
3772:Tecumseh: A Life
3740:Lakomäki, Sami.
3714:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3572:
3566:
3560:Mulkearn, Lois.
3557:
3551:
3542:Lazarus, David.
3540:
3531:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3498:. Archived from
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3437:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3407:Federal Register
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3317:. Archived from
3312:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3268:aiac.state.al.us
3260:
3254:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3210:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3060:
3054:
3040:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3021:on March 2, 2009
3011:
3005:
3004:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2924:
2918:
2917:Langguth, p. 167
2915:
2909:
2908:Langguth, p. 169
2906:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2884:Langguth, p. 168
2882:
2876:
2842:
2836:
2835:Langguth, p. 166
2833:
2824:
2823:Langguth, p. 165
2821:
2815:
2814:Langguth, p. 164
2812:
2806:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2773:
2764:
2754:
2745:
2734:
2728:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2696:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2642:Stephen Warren,
2639:
2633:
2622:
2616:
2602:
2596:
2583:Jerry E. Clark,
2580:
2574:
2573:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2490:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2334:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2294:
2288:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2195:Sam Noble Museum
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2088:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2027:
2010:
1955:Shawnee language
1824:General Assembly
1792:Absentee Shawnee
1691:θepatiiwomhsoomi
1492:. He was also a
1415:Indian Territory
1338:Absentee Shawnee
1271:, together with
1245:—Tecumseh, 1811
1223:? Where are the
1189:
1157:
1015:Eel River people
901:along the lower
834:Treaty of Easton
809:
714:Tuscarora people
653:Suwanee, Georgia
513:Illinois Country
430:Hopewell culture
353:Shawnee language
266:Indian Territory
186:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
69:Total population
52:
45:
21:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5042:
4900:
4892:
4763:Eastern Shawnee
4753:Delaware Nation
4694:
4692:
4685:
4671:
4669:
4639:
4634:
4613:
4500:
4439:
4402:
4398:Wilderness Road
4354:
4345:(Late Woodland)
4302:
4278:Hell Town, Ohio
4266:
4195:
4149:
4131:
4012:Historic tribes
4006:
3988:History of Ohio
3977:
3969:
3967:
3934:Wayback Machine
3905:Wayback Machine
3898:Shawnee History
3894:
3892:Shawnee history
3869:
3852:"Shawnee"
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3711:
3695:Langguth, A. J.
3693:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3592:
3573:
3569:
3558:
3554:
3541:
3534:
3522:
3518:
3505:
3503:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3251:Wayback Machine
3238:
3234:
3212:
3211:
3202:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3044:Shawnee Indians
3041:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2960:Digital History
2952:"H.B. Cushman,
2949:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2867:Wayback Machine
2843:
2839:
2834:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2755:
2748:
2735:
2731:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2640:
2636:
2623:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2295:
2291:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2171:. April 6, 2023
2163:
2162:
2158:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2030:
2024:Wayback Machine
2011:
2004:
1999:
1985:
1836:
1777:
1771:
1755:
1685:Mseewiwomhsoomi
1596:
1538:
1490:Shawnee, Kansas
1443:, close to the
1413:in what became
1326:
1244:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1199:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1136:
1071:
961:
903:Tennessee River
875:
813:Ever since the
811:
804:
691:Loyalsock Creek
667:
625:(also known as
541:, ruler of the
501:
490:and around the
450:, Peebles, Ohio
387:
377:
372:
345:
302:
242:Muscogee people
184:
160:
156:
84:United States (
64:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5137:
5135:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4901:(still spoken)
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4818:Otoe-Missouria
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4758:Delaware Tribe
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4687:
4686:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:Mounds in Ohio
4417:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4376:Mounds in Ohio
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4023:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3907:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:External links
3808:
3807:
3806:
3793:Sugden, John.
3791:
3770:Sugden, John.
3768:
3745:
3738:
3715:
3709:
3691:
3676:
3662:
3647:
3624:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3590:
3567:
3552:
3532:
3516:
3482:
3453:
3424:
3393:
3367:
3338:
3298:
3273:
3255:
3232:
3221:(4): 617–635.
3200:
3181:
3164:
3138:
3127:
3104:
3077:
3055:
3032:
3006:
2999:
2973:
2942:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2886:
2877:
2837:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2795:
2788:
2765:
2746:
2729:
2714:
2707:
2681:
2668:
2656:
2634:
2617:
2604:Gallay, Alan.
2597:
2575:
2569:978-0817305390
2568:
2548:
2543:Edward Bland,
2536:
2519:
2505:
2480:
2465:
2441:
2435:978-0915703425
2434:
2414:
2407:
2379:
2363:"Fort Ancient"
2354:
2326:
2313:
2289:
2258:
2233:
2208:
2182:
2156:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2109:
2078:
2069:
2044:
2028:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1890:Peter Chartier
1887:
1881:
1875:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1835:
1832:
1770:
1767:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1728:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1667:Pellewomhsoomi
1649:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1537:
1534:
1454:and along the
1437:Cape Girardeau
1380:Wapaughkonetta
1361:Mirabeau Lamar
1325:
1322:
1298:Sandusky River
1247:
1246:
1216:
1200:
1163:
1160:
1150:
1135:
1132:
1119:had sent him.
1090:Missouri River
1084:In March, the
1070:
1067:
984:Tecumseh's War
960:
957:
897:and a band of
895:Dragging Canoe
880:Colin Calloway
874:
871:
838:Eastern Divide
797:
746:Patrick Gordon
738:Peter Chartier
683:Madame Montour
666:
663:
618:Eskippakithiki
574:Savannah River
539:Opechancanough
509:Delaware River
500:
497:
376:
373:
371:
368:
355:, part of the
344:
341:
301:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
147:
146:
132:
131:
127:
126:
120:
119:
115:
114:
107:
106:
102:
101:
81:
80:
76:
75:
74:7,584 enrolled
71:
70:
66:
65:
53:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5136:
5125:
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5120:
5117:
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5112:
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5107:
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4909:
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4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
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4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Seneca-Cayuga
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
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4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
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4709:
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4582:
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4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4530:Pontiac's War
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:Nanfan Treaty
4516:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Fort Recovery
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
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4299:
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4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4243:Little Turtle
4241:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4213:Buckongahelas
4211:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4184:
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4179:
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4112:
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4097:
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4018:
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3993:
3989:
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3877:
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3870:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3804:
3803:0-8032-4288-3
3800:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3788:0-8050-6121-5
3785:
3782:(hardcover);
3781:
3780:0-8050-4138-9
3777:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3765:0-8214-1524-7
3762:
3759:(paperback),
3758:
3757:0-8214-1525-5
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:0-8214-0614-0
3732:
3728:
3727:0-8214-0417-2
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3710:0-7432-2618-6
3706:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3688:0-87013-569-4
3685:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:0-321-04371-5
3671:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3659:0-8032-1850-8
3656:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:0-8191-3713-8
3641:
3637:
3636:0-8191-3712-X
3633:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3622:0-16-072300-0
3619:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3591:
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3584:
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3578:
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3529:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3483:
3471:
3467:
3464:Barnes, Ben.
3460:
3458:
3454:
3441:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:September 30,
3320:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
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3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3176:
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3165:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3002:
3000:0-14-015077-3
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2974:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2943:
2930:
2923:
2920:
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2878:
2874:
2868:
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2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2805:Owens, p. 212
2802:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:0-300-10193-7
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2458:September 11,
2454:
2453:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2408:0-306-46260-5
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:Ember, Melvin
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:0-8214-0614-0
2307:
2306:0-8214-0417-2
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2285:0-8214-1524-7
2282:
2279:(paperback),
2278:
2277:0-8214-1525-5
2274:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:(3): 155–158.
2105:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:Captain Logan
1934:
1931:
1930:Kekewepelethy
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1900:
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1895:
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1812:
1807:
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1800:
1796:
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1776:
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1766:
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1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1588:Shawnee Tribe
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Shawnee Tribe
1565:
1558:
1557:Shawnee Tribe
1553:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
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1483:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
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1453:
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1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
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1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:Spanish Texas
1331:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1269:Henry Procter
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
969:
965:
956:
955:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
872:
870:
868:
864:
859:
854:
849:
847:
843:
842:Pontiac's War
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
810:
808:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:; and on the
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:Haudenosaunee
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
685:, settled at
684:
680:
671:
664:
662:
660:
659:
658:lingua franca
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
621:in Kentucky,
620:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
534:
532:
531:council house
528:
525:
519:
516:
514:
510:
506:
498:
496:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
464:
462:
458:
449:
448:Serpent Mound
445:
441:
439:
438:Serpent Mound
435:
434:effigy mounds
431:
426:
422:
421:West Virginia
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
400:
391:
386:
382:
374:
369:
367:
365:
360:
358:
354:
351:In 2002, the
350:
342:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
295:
294:Shawnee Tribe
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:West Virginia
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:
178:
154:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
63:
59:
58:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
4868:Thlopthlocco
4618:Other topics
4520:(1701, 1726)
4390:
4320:Fort Ancient
4298:Pickawillany
4237:Kakowatcheky
4231:Joseph Brant
4187:
4123:
4113:
4020:Chalahgawtha
3996:Ohio Country
3856:
3830:Online books
3820:
3794:
3771:
3767:(hardcover).
3748:
3741:
3718:
3699:
3679:
3665:
3650:
3627:
3613:
3598:Kakowatchiky
3593:
3576:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3547:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3504:. Retrieved
3500:the original
3495:
3485:
3475:February 26,
3473:. Retrieved
3469:
3444:. Retrieved
3439:
3427:
3417:February 26,
3415:. Retrieved
3410:
3406:
3396:
3386:February 26,
3384:. Retrieved
3380:
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3354:the original
3333:
3326:. Retrieved
3319:the original
3314:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3241:
3235:
3218:
3214:
3194:
3184:
3174:
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3150:
3141:
3130:
3119:
3107:
3099:
3090:
3068:. Retrieved
3058:
3047:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:the original
3009:
2986:
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2959:
2953:
2945:
2933:. Retrieved
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2858:
2856:documentary
2840:
2819:
2810:
2778:
2757:
2732:
2717:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2666:, pp. 16–17.
2663:
2659:
2643:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2605:
2600:
2584:
2578:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2512:February 17,
2510:. Retrieved
2495:
2474:
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2451:
2444:
2424:
2417:
2398:
2370:. Retrieved
2366:
2357:
2345:. Retrieved
2341:
2321:
2316:
2297:
2292:
2267:
2261:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2221:omniglot.com
2220:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2168:
2159:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:
2047:
2014:
1988:
1964:William Penn
1924:Kakowatcheky
1863:, active in
1837:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1778:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1629:, Thawikila;
1615:
1610:
1608:
1597:
1572:
1561:
1555:Flag of the
1544:Flag of the
1527:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1482:Seminole War
1479:
1449:
1445:Neosho River
1430:
1419:
1400:
1373:
1350:
1330:eastern part
1327:
1318:
1302:
1286:
1281:River Raisin
1253:William Hull
1250:
1225:Narragansett
1211:
1173:
1154:
1146:
1137:
1121:
1117:Great Spirit
1102:
1095:
1083:
1063:Prophetstown
1055:Joseph Brant
1051:
1027:Wabash River
1004:
973:
950:
945:west of the
923:
884:
876:
863:Lord Dunmore
850:
827:
812:
803:
799:
788:
781:Ohio Country
777:Scioto River
750:
730:
709:
699:
676:
665:18th century
656:
640:Chalahgawtha
638:
630:
622:
616:
598:
593:
590:La Louisiane
578:Charles Town
571:
561:
554:
551:Abraham Wood
536:
521:
517:
504:
502:
499:17th century
477:
465:
457:Madisonville
453:
419:and western
406:
402:Fort Ancient
396:
364:Latin script
361:
348:
346:
332:
328:
324:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
274:
226:Pennsylvania
203:
152:
150:
94:Pennsylvania
88:), formerly
54:
39:Ethnic group
36:
4848:Sac and Fox
4556:(1785–1795)
4514:(1609-1701)
4512:Beaver Wars
4416:(sculpture)
4261:Tenskwatawa
4207:Blue Jacket
4096:Anishinaabe
4086:Anishinaabe
4036:Erie people
3506:January 12,
3470:Indianz.com
3151:GovTrack.us
3025:October 22,
2630:Otstonwakin
2585:The Shawnee
2287:(hardcover)
1976:Tenskwatawa
1945:Neucheconeh
1940:War of 1812
1884:Blue Jacket
1739:Chaalakatha
1717:Hathawekela
1627:Hathawekela
1621:Chillicothe
1604:matrilineal
1600:patrilineal
1510:During the
1475:Tenskwatawa
1464:Gum Springs
1307:fought the
1184:War of 1812
1059:Tenskwatawa
980:confederacy
911:Chickamauga
891:Blue Jacket
815:Beaver Wars
785:Alleghenies
765:North River
687:Otstonwakin
629:) in Ohio,
605:Beaver Wars
601:Alan Gallay
492:Great Lakes
423:. Like the
415:, northern
57:Tenskwatawa
5053:Categories
5008:Potawatomi
4693:recognized
4394:Ohio River
4386:Tower Site
4108:Piankeshaw
4046:Honniasont
3927:BlueJacket
3607:References
3587:1422314936
3581:, p. 127.
2935:October 1,
2931:. Bishinik
2653:1469611732
2594:0813128188
2246:Ethnologue
2062:October 5,
2057:Ethnologue
1871:, and the
1855:Black Hoof
1843:Big Hominy
1799:Ben Barnes
1721:Kispokotha
1460:Monticello
1426:Lewis Cass
1422:Black Hoof
1359:President
1279:along the
1277:Frenchtown
1241:Chickasaws
1203:Pushmataha
1176:Red Sticks
1019:Fort Wayne
1013:, Lenape,
1011:Potawatomi
1009:, invited
825:language.
631:Chalakagay
599:Historian
594:Chaouenons
527:longhouses
484:Algonquian
436:, such as
409:Ohio River
399:precontact
318:šaawanooki
314:šaawanwaki
206:precontact
4938:Chickasaw
4888:Wyandotte
4733:Chickasaw
4691:Federally
4414:Birdstone
4328:(Archaic)
4263:(Shawnee)
4257:(Shawnee)
4251:(Wyandot)
4249:Roundhead
4239:(Shawnee)
4221:(Shawnee)
4219:Cornstalk
4209:(Shawnee)
4137:Languages
4104:(Shawnee)
4078:speaking)
4072:Mosopelea
4068:speaking)
4066:Iroquoian
4053:(Wyandot)
4022:(Shawnee)
3413:: 2112–16
3046:from the
2966:April 28,
2251:April 28,
2242:"Shawnee"
1951:Nonhelema
1909:Cornstalk
1878:Blackfish
1849:Black Bob
1727:divisions
1494:Freemason
1488:, and in
1392:Lewistown
1384:Hog Creek
1324:Aftermath
1180:Creek War
1109:Chickasaw
1044:from the
1029:north of
887:Blackfish
823:Iroquoian
763:, on the
757:Cornstalk
736:, led by
700:By 1730,
623:Sonnionto
567:fur trade
469:mythology
461:type site
329:shaawanwa
310:šaawanwa,
300:Etymology
140:Menominee
113:, English
105:Languages
4983:Muscogee
4958:Delaware
4953:Comanche
4933:Cheyenne
4928:Cherokee
4853:Seminole
4788:Kickapoo
4783:Kialegee
4748:Comanche
4723:Cherokee
4683:Oklahoma
4391:See also
4332:Hopewell
4255:Tecumseh
4233:(Mohawk)
4225:Egushawa
4215:(Lenape)
4188:See also
4124:See also
4040:Iroquois
4026:Delaware
3930:Archived
3901:Archived
3697:(2006).
3446:March 8,
3360:April 6,
3291:July 14,
3264:"Tribes"
3247:Archived
2863:Archived
2850:Oklahoma
2762:in JSTOR
2020:Archived
1983:See also
1970:Tecumseh
1899:Chiksika
1734:division
1709:Oklahoma
1523:Cherokee
1505:Congress
1346:The Bowl
1342:Cherokee
1273:Tecumseh
1237:Choctaws
1151:—
1113:Muscogee
1093:States.
1000:hegemony
976:Tecumseh
968:Tecumseh
943:Missouri
899:Cherokee
789:Shannoah
693:and the
609:Illinois
582:Maryland
562:weroance
560:and the
524:Iroquois
505:Sawwanew
417:Kentucky
343:Language
306:Shaawana
270:Oklahoma
254:Missouri
236:, Ohio,
234:Kentucky
222:Delaware
218:Maryland
214:Illinois
197:, is an
189:) are a
144:Cheyenne
118:Religion
86:Oklahoma
18:Shawanee
5059:Shawnee
5033:Wyandot
5028:Wichita
5023:Shawnee
4963:Koasati
4948:Choctaw
4913:Arapaho
4908:Alabama
4883:Wichita
4873:Tonkawa
4863:Shawnee
4738:Choctaw
4444:Museums
4407:Culture
4245:(Miami)
4227:(Odawa)
4119:Wyandot
4114:Shawnee
4110:(Miami)
3821:Shawnee
2991:246–247
2679:, p. 44
2372:July 7,
2347:July 7,
2226:July 7,
2201:July 7,
2175:July 7,
1903:Kispoko
1761:, as a
1743:Mekoche
1732:Mekoche
1639:Mekoche
1633:Kispoko
1611:sachema
1472:prophet
1390:), and
1353:removal
1344:led by
1233:Pocanet
1229:Mohican
1105:Choctaw
1048:in 1800
1002:faded.
893:joined
779:in the
769:Potomac
726:Catawba
613:Georgia
611:and to
370:History
325:shawano
246:Alabama
238:Indiana
195:Shawnee
153:Shawnee
111:Shawnee
98:Indiana
43:Shawnee
5018:Seneca
5013:Quapaw
4998:Pawnee
4993:Ottawa
4923:Cayuga
4843:Quapaw
4833:Peoria
4828:Pawnee
4823:Ottawa
4713:Apache
4695:tribes
4610:(1818)
4604:(1817)
4598:(1808)
4592:(1807)
4586:(1805)
4580:(1795)
4574:(1794)
4568:(1794)
4562:(1791)
4550:(1774)
4544:(1774)
4538:(1774)
4532:(1763)
4526:(1752)
4505:Events
4102:Pekowi
4082:Ojibwe
4076:Siouan
4030:Lenape
3818:about
3801:
3786:
3778:
3763:
3755:
3737:(pbk.)
3733:
3725:
3707:
3686:
3672:
3657:
3646:(pbk.)
3642:
3634:
3620:
3585:
3157:May 8,
3070:May 8,
3051:Online
2997:
2786:
2705:
2651:
2612:
2592:
2566:
2534:p. 41.
2503:
2432:
2405:
2304:
2283:
2275:
1867:, the
1725:Pekuwe
1723:, and
1645:Pekowi
1466:. The
1452:Olathe
1441:Kansas
1396:Seneca
1386:(near
1251:After
1231:, the
1227:, the
1221:Pequot
1148:world.
722:Seneca
679:Oneida
651:, and
555:Chawan
480:Lenape
473:Siouan
459:, the
327:(now:
260:, and
258:Kansas
224:, and
204:Their
5038:Yuchi
5003:Ponca
4988:Osage
4918:Caddo
4838:Ponca
4813:Osage
4803:Modoc
4798:Miami
4793:Kiowa
4718:Caddo
4314:Adena
4092:Odawa
4062:Mingo
4057:Miami
4051:Huron
3436:(PDF)
3322:(PDF)
3311:(PDF)
3116:(PDF)
2096:(PDF)
2026:2008.
1997:Notes
1656:clans
1519:Union
1462:near
1357:Texan
930:Miami
819:Mingo
742:Métis
558:chief
428:from
333:šawa-
262:Texas
183:shaw-
136:Miami
4773:Iowa
3799:ISBN
3784:ISBN
3776:ISBN
3761:ISBN
3753:ISBN
3731:ISBN
3723:ISBN
3705:ISBN
3684:ISBN
3670:ISBN
3655:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3632:ISBN
3618:ISBN
3583:ISBN
3508:2024
3477:2023
3448:2023
3419:2023
3388:2023
3362:2017
3330:2007
3293:2018
3253:2008
3159:2020
3072:2020
3027:2008
2995:ISBN
2968:2016
2937:2013
2784:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2649:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2564:ISBN
2514:2013
2501:ISBN
2460:2008
2430:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2374:2023
2349:2023
2302:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2273:ISBN
2253:2016
2228:2023
2203:2023
2177:2023
2064:2021
1790:The
1783:nor
1741:and
1407:Ohio
1388:Lima
1239:and
905:and
889:and
851:The
740:, a
413:Ohio
383:and
210:Ohio
151:The
90:Ohio
4778:Kaw
4681:in
3381:ICT
3223:doi
3191:"1"
3096:399
2854:PBS
2848:of
1458:in
1332:of
1255:'s
771:at
316:or
244:in
185:NEE
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