Shawnee - Knowledge (XXG)

800:" saw four Indian Chiefs of the Shawnee Nation, who have been at War with the Virginians this summer (i.e. 1774), but have made peace with them, and they are sending these people to Williamsburg as hostages. They are tall, manly, well-shaped men, of a Copper colour with black hair, quick piercing eyes, and good features. They have rings of silver in their nose and bobs to them which hang over their upper lip. Their ears are cut from the tips two thirds of the way round and the piece extended with brass wire till it touches their shoulders, in this part they hang a thin silver plate, wrought in flourishes about three inches diameter, with plates of silver round their arms and in the hair, which is all cut off except a long lock on the top of the head. They are in white men's dress, except breeches which they refuse to wear, instead of which they have a girdle round them with a piece of cloth drawn through their legs and turned over the girdle, and appears like a short apron before and behind. All the hair is pulled from their eyebrows and eyelashes and their faces painted in different parts with Vermilion. They walk remarkably straight and cut a grotesque appearance in this mixed dress." 1037: 670: 390: 869:. In the Treaty of Camp Charlotte ending the war (1774), Cornstalk and the Shawnee were compelled by the British to recognize the Ohio River as their southern border, which had been established by the Fort Stanwix treaty. By this treaty, the Shawnee ceded all claims to the "hunting grounds" of West Virginia and Kentucky south of the Ohio River. But many other Shawnee leaders refused to recognize this boundary. The Shawnee and most other tribes were highly decentralized, and bands and towns typically made their own decisions about alliances. 1552: 50: 444: 1065:. In August 1810, Tecumseh led 400 armed warriors to confront Harrison in Vincennes. Tecumseh demanded that Harrison nullify the Fort Wayne treaty, threatening to kill the chiefs who had signed it. Harrison refused, saying that the Miami were the owners of the land and could sell it if they so chose. Tecumseh left peacefully but warned Harrison that he would seek an alliance with the British unless the treaty was nullified. 1613:, who reigned by succession in the matrilineal line. For instance, the children of a king would not inherit the position. The sons of his brother, by the mother, or the sons of his sister (and after them, the sons of her daughter) would reign. Women did not inherit such a position directly. Harvey suggested that the Shawnee relied on this system of descent because a woman's sons would always be considered legitimate. 1541: 4674: 1167: 3972: 1194: 1074: 1021:. In the negotiations, Harrison promised large subsidies to the tribes if they would cede lands to the United States. After two weeks of negotiating, the Potawatomi leaders convinced the Miami to accept the treaty as reciprocity, because the Potawatomi had earlier accepted treaties less advantageous to them at the request of the Miami. Finally, the tribes signed the 339:, "šawa (plus -ni, -te) Moderate, Warm. Cp. šawani 'it is moderating...". In one Shawnee tale, "Sawage" (šaawaki) is the deity of the south wind. Jeremiah Curtin translates Sawage as 'it thaws', referring to the warm weather of the south. In an account and a song collected by C. F. Voegelin, šaawaki is attested as the spirit of the South, or the South Wind. 964: 1424:, who fought every effort to force his people to give up their homeland. After the death of Black Hoof, the remaining 400 Ohio Shawnee in Wapaughkonetta and Hog Creek surrendered their land and moved to the Shawnee Reserve in Kansas. This movement was largely under terms negotiated by Joseph Parks (1793–1859). He had been raised in the household of 1130:, hoping to disperse Tecumseh's confederacy. Early the next morning, forces under The Prophet prematurely attacked Harrison's army at the Tippecanoe River near the Wabash. Though outnumbered, Harrison repulsed the attack, forcing the Natives to retreat and abandon Prophetstown. Harrison's men burned the village and returned home. 856:

the land. While they predominated, the Shawnee and other Native American tribes also hunted there. After the Stanwix treaty, Anglo-Americans began pouring into the Ohio River Valley for settlement, frequently traveling by boats and barges along the Ohio River. Violent incidents between settlers and Indians escalated into

359:, was in decline but still spoken by 200 people. These included more than 100 Absentee Shawnee and 12 Shawnee Tribe speakers. By 2017, Shawnee language advocates, including tribal member George Blanchard, estimated that there were fewer than 100 speakers. Most fluent Shawnee speakers are over the age of 50. 1795:

as the fact that some of these individuals or groups use this claim to exploit Shawnee culture as a means of gaining opportunities for themselves from a public that is largely unaware of the vast divide that separates our tribal community politically and culturally from those of alleged Shawnee ancestry."

1178:. They were the more conservative and traditional part of the people, as their communities in the Upper Towns were more isolated from European-American settlements. They did not want to assimilate. The Red Sticks rose in resisting the Lower Creek, and the bands became involved in civil war, known as the 1805:

There are currently 36 unestablished Shawnee “tribes” operating as 501(c)(3) non-profits across the country. Their 501(c)(3) designations allow them to solicit donations and participate in grants meant for Tribal nations. They pose as spokespeople for our ancestors at historic sites, state historical

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Each sept or division had a primary village where the chief of the division lived. This village was usually named after the division. By tradition, each Shawnee division and clan had certain roles it performed on behalf of the entire tribe. By the time these kinship elements were recorded in writing

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on January 22, 1813. Some prisoners were taken to Detroit, but Procter left those too injured to travel with an inadequate guard. His Native American allies attacked and killed perhaps as many as 60 wounded Americans, many of whom were Kentucky militiamen. The Americans called the incident the "River

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in 1768 extended the colonial boundary to the west, giving British colonists a claim to lands in what are now the states of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Shawnee did not agree to this treaty: it was negotiated between British officials and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, who claimed sovereignty over

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There is a gap in the archaeological record between the most recent Fort Ancient sites and the oldest sites of the historic Shawnee. The latter were recorded by European (French and English) archaeologists as occupying this area at the time of encounter. Scholars generally accept that similarities in

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peoples of this period, they built earthwork mounds as part of their expression of their religious and political structure. Fort Ancient culture was once thought to have been a regional extension of the Mississippian culture. Scholars now believe that Fort Ancient culture (1000–1650 CE) was descended

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Well, I've always heard 'Teh-cum-theh'—'Teh-cum-theh'—means, in our culture and our belief, at nights when we see a falling star, it means that this panther is jumping from one mountain to another. And as kids, we saw these falling stars, we'd kind of hesitate about being out in the dark, because we

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Tribal Historic Preservation Office's Cultural Preservation Department wrote that "in our ancestral settlement areas including but not limited to Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia, Indiana, Alabama. In these areas, there are a number of people who claim Shawnee ancestry, this is not so much the concern

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on September 10, 1813. His decisive victory against the British ensured American control of the lake, improved American morale after a series of defeats, and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit. General Harrison launched another invasion of Upper Canada (Ontario), which culminated in the

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in northern Ohio. Native forces defeated the American reinforcements arriving during the siege, but the garrison in the fort held out. The Indians eventually began to disperse, forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return to Canada. Their second offensive in July against Fort Meigs also failed. To improve

1514:, Black Bob's band fled from Kansas and joined the "Absentee Shawnee" in Indian Territory to escape the war. After the Civil War, the Shawnee in Kansas were expelled and forced to move to northeastern Oklahoma. The Shawnee members of the former Lewistown group became known as the "Eastern Shawnee". 1319:

Tecumseh was killed there, and his death effectively ended the Indigenous alliance with the British in the Detroit region. American control of Lake Erie meant the British could no longer provide essential military supplies to their Native allies, who dropped out of the war. The Americans controlled

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societies, and university campuses causing significant harm to our identity, culture, and reputation. These groups are violating the sacred, ancient places of our ancestors. They perform their ideas of our ceremonies on top of our burial mounds and have stolen our language, customs, and ceremonies.

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When the United States declared independence from the British crown in 1776, the Shawnee were divided. They did not support the American rebel cause. Cornstalk led the minority who wished to remain neutral. The Shawnee north of the Ohio River were unhappy about the American settlement of Kentucky.

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These white Americans ... give us fair exchange, their cloth, their guns, their tools, implements, and other things which the Choctaws need but do not make ... They doctored our sick; they clothed our suffering; they fed our hungry ... So in marked contrast with the experience of the Shawnees, it

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shook the Muscogee lands and the Midwestern United States. While the interpretation of this event varied from tribe to tribe, they agreed that the powerful earthquake had to have spiritual significance. The earthquake and its aftershocks helped the Tecumseh resistance movement as the Muscogee and

817:, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy had claimed the Ohio Country as their hunting ground by right of conquest, and treated the Shawnee and Lenape who resettled there as dependent tribes. Some independent Iroquois bands from various tribes also migrated westward, where they became known in Ohio as the 1092:

and, in another incident, Natives seized a boatload of supplies from a group of traders. Harrison summoned Tecumseh to Vincennes to explain the actions of his allies. In August 1811, the two leaders met, with Tecumseh assuring Harrison that the Shawnee intended to remain at peace with the United

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By the late 1730s, pressure from colonial expansion produced repeated conflicts. Shawnee communities were also impacted by the fur trade. While they gained arms and European goods, they also traded for rum or brandy, leading to serious social problems related to alcohol abuse by their members.

1061:, a spiritual leader known as The Prophet who called for the tribes to return to their ancestral ways. He began to associate these teachings with the idea of an intertribal alliance. Tecumseh traveled widely, urging warriors to abandon accommodationist chiefs and to join the resistance at 454:

Uncertainty surrounds the fate of the Fort Ancient people. Most likely their society, like the Mississippian culture to the south, was severely disrupted by waves of epidemics from new infectious diseases carried by the first Spanish explorers in the 16th century. After 1525 at

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The Indians were filled with great terror ... the trees and wigwams shook exceedingly; the ice which skirted the margin of the Arkansas river was broken into pieces; and most of the Indians thought that the Great Spirit, angry with the human race, was about to destroy the

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of Bellefontaine Ohio:In 1979 and 1980, the Ohio state legislature held hearings about state recognition of the United Remnant Band. The band filed historical and genealogical documents with the state to support their claim of descent from the historical Shawnee.The

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of the Powhatan (also a relative of Opechancanough's family). He said the latter had murdered the former. The Shawnee were "driven from Kentucky in the 1670s by the Iroquois of Pennsylvania and New York, who claimed the Ohio valley as hunting ground to supply its

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or subdivisions, according to kinship. Each clan represented spiritual values and had a recognized role in the overall confederacy. Each name group or clan is found among each of the five divisions, and each Shawnee belongs to a clan or name group.

511:. Later 17th-century Dutch sources also place them in this general location. Accounts by French explorers in the same century usually located the Shawnee along the Ohio River, where the French encountered them on forays from eastern Canada and the 3491: 580:, South Carolina, were contacted by these Shawnee in 1674. They forged a long-lasting alliance. The Savannah River Shawnee were known to the Carolina English as "Savannah Indians". Around the same time, other Shawnee groups migrated to Florida, 4365: 1704:

by European Americans, these strong social traditions were fading. They are poorly understood. Because of the disruption and scattering of the Shawnee people from the 17th century through the 19th century, the roles of the divisions changed.

848:, legally confirming the 1758 border as the limits of British colonization. They reserved the land beyond for Native Americans. But the Crown had difficulty enforcing the boundary, as Anglo-European colonists continued to move westward. 748:, who was under pressure from traders to allow rum and brandy in trade. Unable to protect themselves, in 1745, some 400 Shawnee migrated from Pennsylvania to Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Illinois, hoping to escape the traders' influence. 471:, and Shawnee oral history linking them to the Fort Ancient peoples, can be used to support the connection from Fort Ancient society and development as the historical Shawnee society. But there is also evidence and oral history linking 3134: 607:, which began in the 1640s. Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy invaded from the east to secure the Ohio Valley for hunting grounds. The Shawnee became known for their widespread settlements, extending from Pennsylvania to 821:. These three tribes—the Shawnee, the Delaware (Lenape), and the Mingo—became closely associated with one another, despite the differences in their languages. The first two spoke Algonquian languages and the third an 1052:

Tecumseh was outraged by the Treaty of Fort Wayne, believing that American Indian land was owned in common by all tribes, an idea advocated in previous years by the Shawnee leader [[Blue Jacket and the Mohawk leader

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to form a great fighting force in the Ohio Valley. They led a confederation of warriors of Native American tribes in an effort to expel U.S. settlers from that territory. After being defeated by U.S. forces at the

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from the Atlantic coast, regarded the Shawnee as their southernmost branch. Along the East Coast, the Algonquian-speaking tribes were historically located mostly in coastal areas, from Quebec to the Carolinas.

1774: 3499: 1532:, was opened the Great Council State Park with the help of the three federally recognized Shawnee tribes: the Shawnee Tribe, Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, and the Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. 720:. Most of the Tuscarora migrated to New York and settled near the Oneida people, becoming the sixth nation of the Iroquois Confederacy; they declared their migration finished in 1722. Also at this time, 860:

in 1774. British diplomats managed to isolate the Shawnee during the conflict: the Iroquois and the Lenape stayed neutral. The Shawnee faced the British colony of Virginia with only a few Mingo allies.

4662: 3402: 865:, royal governor of Virginia, launched a two-pronged invasion into the Ohio Country. The Shawnee chief Cornstalk attacked one wing but fought to a draw in the only major battle of the war, the 569:. In 1671, the colonists Batts and Fallam reported that the Shawnee were contesting control of the Shenandoah Valley with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Iroquois) in that year and were losing. 1507:

appropriated $ 64,366 for treaty obligations to the Shawnee, such as annuities, education, and other services. An additional $ 2,000 was appropriated for the Seneca and the Shawnee together.

3349: 2190: 1801:, chief of the Shawnee Tribe, has written: "Groups claiming to be tribal sovereigns has reached a new level of concern for the Shawnee Tribe and other tribal nations." He continues: 3512:

She now considers herself to be a tribal elder with the East of the River Shawnee, a non-federally recognized group that broke off from the United Remnant Band of Shawnee years ago.

4624: 468: 2132:"Shawnee Myth. Story of a Year. Old Sawage and her Grandson." MS 3906, Smithsonian Institution National Anthropological Archives. Myth collected by Jeremiah Curtin. 1850s–1880s. 1892:(Wacanackshina, "White One Who Reclines", 1690–1759), French-Canadian/Shawnee who opposed the sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities and fought on the side of the French in the 366:, but attempts at creating a unified spelling system have been unsuccessful. The Shawnee language has a dictionary, and portions of the Bible have been translated into Shawnee. 5113: 764: 1484:

in Florida. One of these was led by Joseph Parks, who had earlier helped negotiate the cession treaty. He was commissioned as captain. Parks was a major landholder in both

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under the Davis-Strong Act. Ohio does not recognize any Shawnee tribes or any other state-recognized tribes. Kentucky also has no mechanism for state-recognizing tribes.

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erupted in 1763, following Britain's defeat of France and takeover of its territory east of the Mississippi River in North America. Later that year, the Crown issued the

1830:, and Ohio attorney general's office spokesperson Leo Jennings said: "The resolution has no force of law in the state Ohio.… It was basically a ceremonial resolution." 432:(100 BCE–500 CE). The people in those earlier centuries also built mounds as part of their social, political and religious system. Among their monuments were earthwork 5123: 4655: 4003: 190: 1606:

kinship systems. In that alternative, children were considered born to the mother's family and clan, and inheritance and property was passed through the female line.

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and other powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and oppression of the white man, as snow before the summer sun ... Sleep not longer, O

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the next year. They were forced to cede large parts of their homeland to the new United States. Other Shawnee groups rejected this treaty, migrating independently to

1972:(c. 1768–1813), Shawnee leader, with his brother Tenskwatawa attempted to unite tribes west of the Appalachians against the expansion of European-American settlement 5093: 463:, the village's house sizes became smaller and fewer. Evidence shows that the people changed from their previously "horticulture-centered, sedentary way of life". 404:

culture of the Ohio region, although this is not universally accepted. The Shawnee may have entered the area at a later time and occupied the Fort Ancient sites.

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for trade among numerous tribes. They became leaders among the tribes, initiating and sustaining intertribal resistance to European and Euro-American expansion.

1577: 283: 1126:. Harrison assembled a small force of army regulars and militia to combat the Native forces. On November 6, 1811, Harrison led this army of about 1,000 men to 1784: 1284:

Raisin Massacre". The defeat ended Harrison's campaign against Detroit, and the phrase "Remember the River Raisin!" became a rallying cry for the Americans.

1845:(Meshemethequater, 1690–1758), a respected warrior known for participating in peace conferences that prevented war between English settlers and the Shawnees 1521:

during the war; others say this is because they were the last group to leave their Ohio homelands). The latter group appeared to be regarded as part of the

1500:. In Shawnee, Kansas, a Shawnee cemetery was started in the 1830s and remained in use until the 1870s. Parks was among the most prominent men buried there. 5098: 5088: 5078: 5073: 4648: 4640: 4337: 3857: 503:

Europeans reported encountering the Shawnee over a wide geographic area. One of the earliest mentions of the Shawnee may be a 1614 Dutch map showing some

5103: 5068: 4678: 998:. However, many American Indian leaders in the region accepted the Greenville terms, and for the next ten years local intertribal resistance to American 5108: 4877: 4470: 1810: 832:(also known as "Braddock's War") as allies of the French, the Shawnee switched sides in 1758. They made formal peace with the British colonies at the 1623:(Principal Place), Chalahgawtha, Chalaka, Chalakatha; The Principal division of "Tschillicothi", appointed by the 1st Lead Illini or man Kwikullay. 5083: 4485: 2557: 1143:

other Native American tribes believed it was a sign that the Shawnee must be supported and that Tecumseh had prophesied such an event and sign.

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Nation by the United States. They were also known as the "Cherokee Shawnee" and were settled on some of the Cherokee land in Indian Territory.

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reports that most Shawnees allied with the British against the Americans, hoping to be able to expel the settlers from west of the mountains.

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Transcribed by Bruno Neti about 1951 from Shawnee Song cylinders collected by C. F. Voegelin and now in the Archives of Traditional Music at

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appeared. During the next year, tensions between American colonists and Native Americans rose quickly. Four settlers were murdered along the

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war chief, to represent them to the Pennsylvania provincial council. About 1727, Carondawana and his wife, a prominent interpreter known as

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system, by which descent and inheritance went through paternal lines. This was different from many of the Native American tribes, who had

228:. In the early 18th century, they mostly concentrated in eastern Pennsylvania but dispersed again later that century across Pennsylvania, 4690: 3307: 3353: 1947:(d. ca. 1748), chief of the western Pennsylvania Shawnee who campaigned against the unrestricted sale of alcohol in Shawnee communities 1115:, and many others that the comet of March 1811 had signaled his coming. He also said that the people would see a sign proving that the 4837: 3014: 2567: 2433: 1989: 1062: 951: 4707: 4762: 4702: 3946: 3802: 3787: 3779: 3764: 3756: 3734: 3726: 3708: 3687: 3673: 3658: 3643: 3635: 3621: 2998: 2845: 2613: 2406: 2309: 2305: 2284: 2276: 1681:(Rounded-feet name group)—represents carnivorous animals such as the dog, wolf, or those with paws that are ball-shaped or "rounded" 1582: 1545: 288: 181: 4162: 1745:

divisions. Petakineeθiiwomhsoomi (Rabbit name group) represents a gentle and peaceful nature, that stands alone as the Tail or last

3465: 1857:(Catahecassa, 1740–1831), respected Shawnee chief who believed his people needed to adapt to European-American culture to survive 862: 407:

Fort Ancient culture flourished from c. 1000 to c. 1650 CE among a people who predominantly inhabited lands on both sides of the

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Edmunds, R. David. "Forgotten Allies: The Loyal Shawnees and the War of 1812" in David Curtis Skaggs and Larry L. Nelson, eds.,

1417:. In July 1831, the Lewistown group of Seneca–Shawnee departed for the Indian Territory (in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma). 3586: 2652: 2593: 3246: 2019: 585: 1566:

as a tribe independent of the Cherokee Nation. They received this action by a Congressional bill and are now known as the "

5063: 4972: 1886:(Waweyapiersenwaw, "Blue Jacket", 1743–1810), leader in the Northwest Indian War and important early supporter of Tecumseh 1383: 852: 694: 1932:("Captain Johnny", d. c. 1808), principal civil chief of the Shawnees in the Ohio Country during the Northwest Indian War 4455: 4424: 4380: 1041: 716:

from North Carolina, who were also Iroquoian speaking and distant relations, to resettle in the vicinity of what is now

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of Virginia, where the Shawnee predominated in the northern part of the valley. They were claimed as tributaries by the

482:(or Delaware) of the East Coast mid-Atlantic region, who were also Algonquian speaking, to be their "grandfathers". The 1096:

Afterward, Tecumseh traveled to the Southeast on a mission to recruit allies against the United States from among the "

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on September 30, 1809, thereby selling the United States more than 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km), chiefly along the

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passed a "Joint Resolution to recognize the Shawnee Nation United Remnant Band", as adopted by the Ohio Senate, 113th

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The former Kansas Shawnee became known as the "Loyal Shawnee" (some say this is because of their allegiance with the

914: 2862: 4787: 4737: 4450: 4182: 1918: 1877: 1868: 1518: 1497: 1432: 1371:. They were joined by Shawnee pushed out of Kansas (see below), who shared their traditionalist views and beliefs. 886: 845: 837: 717: 596:) as "the single nation to fear, being spread out over Carolina and Virginia in the direction of the Mississippi." 577: 389: 4757: 4742: 2777: 2475:

The Wilderness Trail: Or, The Ventures and Adventures of the Pennsylvania Traders on the Allegheny Path, Volume 1

1848: 1827: 1467: 1345: 1293: 979: 760: 745: 648: 384: 123: 5002: 4857: 3403:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs" 4867: 4822: 4571: 4547: 4460: 3920: 3900: 1693:(Raccoon name group)—represents animals having paws which can rip and tear, such as those of a raccoon and bear 991: 934: 866: 752: 733: 724:(an Iroquois nation) and Lenape war parties from the north often fought pitched battles with pursuing bands of 566: 31: 3083: 3081: 1480:

In the mid-1830s, two companies of Shawnee soldiers were recruited into United States service to fight in the

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will be seen that the whites and Indians in this section are living on friendly and mutually beneficial terms.

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Some Shawnee occupied areas in central Pennsylvania. Long without a chief, in 1714 they asked Carondawana, an

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trader, opposed the sale of alcohol in their communities. This resulted in a conflict with colonial Governor

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Based on historical accounts and later archaeology, John E. Kleber describes Shawnee towns by the following:

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thought there were actually panthers out there walking around. So that's what his name meant: Teh-cum-theh.

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Dozens of unrecognized organizations self-identify as having Shawnee ancestry. These organizations are not

1551: 1340:". They were joined in the migration by some Delaware (Lenape). Although they were closely allied with the 4772: 4767: 4565: 4167: 2951: 2725: 1860: 1762: 1504: 1260: 987: 759:

held his council there. Several other Shawnee villages were located in the northern Shenandoah Valley: at

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During 1833, only Black Bob's band of Shawnee resisted removal. They settled in northeastern Kansas near

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According to mid-19th century historian Henry Harvey, the Shawnee were ruled by kings, whom they called

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The New Madrid earthquake was interpreted by the Muscogee as a reason to support the Shawnee resistance.

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The war chiefs were also hereditary. They descended from their maternal line in the Kispoko division.

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speculates that the Shawnee migrations of the middle to late 17th century were probably driven by the

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Colin G. Calloway, "'We Have Always Been the Frontier': The American Revolution in Shawnee Country,"

1959: 1872: 1798: 1375: 1313: 1276: 1123: 995: 938: 925: 910: 772: 612: 356: 198: 1938:(Spemica Lawba, "High Horn", c. 1776–1812), noted scout and interpreter on American side during the 1528:

On June 7, 2024, on the site of the Shawnee town "Old Chillicothe" along U.S. 68 in Xenia Township,

1300:. After they were repulsed with serious losses, the British and Tecumseh ended their Ohio campaign. 553:'s expedition in 1650, wrote that in Opechancanough's day, there had been a falling-out between the 443: 5007: 4342: 4292: 4248: 4126: 4065: 3991: 3839: 2737: 2721: 2472: 2116: 1563: 1529: 1402: 1308: 1304: 1288: 1224: 1085: 1078: 1045: 1018: 918: 822: 784: 522:

A Shawnee town might have from forty to one hundred bark-covered houses similar in construction to

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According to one English colonial legend, some Shawnee were descended from a party sent by Chief

487: 483: 429: 380: 249: 3442:. No. 11, Vol. 25. Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma. November 2010. p. 15 1707:

Today the United States government recognizes three Shawnee tribes, all of which are located in

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A 1935 study noted that the Shawnee had five septs, and that they were also divided among six

1410: 1368: 1356: 1006: 983: 946: 906: 879: 792: 705: 644: 626: 546: 456: 398: 205: 61: 3318: 5058: 5032: 5027: 5022: 4962: 4947: 4942: 4912: 4907: 4887: 4732: 4529: 4075: 3222: 3190: 1954: 1791: 1570:". Today, most members of the three federally recognized Shawnee tribes reside in Oklahoma. 1414: 1379: 1337: 1256: 1243:... Will not the bones of our dead be plowed up, and their graves turned into plowed fields? 1014: 841: 833: 713: 652: 512: 472: 352: 265: 194: 158: 110: 3018: 2337: 787:

to join the people further west, which they did the following year. The community known as

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to areas west of the Mississippi River; these lands would eventually become the states of

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to oppose American expansion in Native American lands. The resulting conflict was called

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Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy

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Not to be confused with the nearby French Margaret's Town; see John Franklin Meginness,

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Shawnee people from the 20th and 21st centuries are listed under their specific tribes.

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fully compensated the Shawnee for their improvements and crops. They were forced out to

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when open conflict broke out between American soldiers and the Red Sticks of the Creek.

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sent messengers to those still in the Shenandoah Valley, suggesting that they cross the

549:. The party was led by his son, Sheewa-a-nee. Edward Bland, an explorer who accompanied 248:. In the 19th century, the U.S. federal government forcibly removed them under the 1830 5037: 4992: 4987: 4917: 4882: 4118: 3909: 3851: 2606:

The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670–1717

1889: 1880:(Chiungalla, 1729–1779), Shawnee chief of the Chillicothe division of the Shawnee tribe 1603: 1599: 1451: 1436: 1360: 1355:

of the Shawnee from the new republic. But in appreciation of their earlier neutrality,

1352: 1297: 1089: 894: 737: 728:

from Virginia, who would overtake them in the Shawnee-inhabited regions of the Valley.

725: 682: 573: 538: 508: 2450: 2362: 1470:

was built nearby to minister to the tribe. About 200 of the Ohio Shawnee followed the

5052: 4862: 4832: 4827: 4712: 4517: 4465: 4313: 4242: 4212: 3694: 3616:, vol. 15, ed. Bruce Trigger. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978: 622–35. 3492:"What does it mean to be a Native American tribe? In Ohio, the answer is complicated" 2691: 1935: 1929: 1587: 1567: 1556: 1395: 1333: 909:

against the colonists in that area. Some colonists called this group of Cherokee the

768: 721: 678: 657: 542: 530: 447: 437: 420: 293: 229: 1540: 1351:

Texas achieved independence from Mexico under American leaders. It decided to force

1193: 4977: 4812: 4802: 4319: 4297: 4236: 4230: 4056: 4050: 4019: 3995: 2425:

The View from Madisonville: Protohistoric Western Fort Ancient Interaction Patterns

2394: 1963: 1923: 1620: 1562:

In the late 20th century, the "Loyal" or "Cherokee" Shawnee began a movement to be

1481: 1455: 1444: 1280: 1252: 1166: 1116: 1054: 1026: 929: 780: 776: 639: 557: 550: 433: 401: 363: 225: 135: 93: 3742:

Gathering Together: The Shawnee People through Diaspora and Nationhood, 1600–1870.

3226: 2052: 1737:

The Shawnee Tribe, formerly considered part of the Cherokee Nation, mostly of the

1328:

The Shawnee in Missouri migrated from the United States south into Mexico, in the

3719:

Shawnee!: The Ceremonialism of a Native Indian Tribe and its Cultural Background.

3574: 3559: 3240: 3173: 2928: 2641: 2582: 2265: 2013: 712:

or Six Nations of the Iroquois to the north. The Iroquois had helped some of the

4511: 4260: 4206: 4095: 4085: 4035: 3147:"Text of S. 3019 (106th): Shawnee Tribe Status Act of 2000 (Introduced version)" 2298:

Shawnee!: The Ceremonialism of a Native Indian Tribe and its Cultural Background

1975: 1944: 1939: 1883: 1626: 1493: 1474: 1183: 1058: 890: 814: 604: 600: 491: 56: 2141:

C. F. Voegelin, fieldwork notebook XII, "Big Sacred Lizard"; fieldwork 1933–34.

1962:(Wapatha, 1664–1750), chief of Pekowi band, signed several peace treaties with 751:

Prior to 1754, the Shawnee had a headquarters at Shawnee Springs at modern-day

592:, writing in his journal in 1699, describes the Shawnee (or as he spells them, 4777: 4413: 4393: 4385: 4107: 4045: 3834: 3698: 1854: 1842: 1425: 1421: 1387: 1329: 1240: 1202: 1175: 1010: 913:, because they lived along that river at the time of what became known as the 408: 17: 1978:("The Open Door", 1775–1836), Shawnee prophet and younger brother of Tecumseh 1851:(Wawahchepaehai or Wawahchepaekar), 19th-century leader and war chief in Ohio 1749:

As of 2008, there were 7,584 enrolled Shawnee, with most living in Oklahoma.

4218: 4071: 2478:, New York: Putnam's sons, 1911, esp. chap. IV, "The Shawnees", pp. 119–160. 2322:

The Study of Shawnee Myth in an Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Perspective

1950: 1908: 1687:(Horse name group)—represents herbivorous animals such as the horse and deer 1179: 1108: 986:. The two principal adversaries in the conflict, Chief Tecumseh and General 756: 526: 460: 139: 3668:. Originally published 1984. 2nd edition, New York: Pearson Longman, 2006. 2401:. Vol. 6 : North America. Springer Publishing. pp. 175–184. 2324:, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1975. 2216: 1073: 949:, where they settled along Apple Creek. The French called their settlement 533:, perhaps sixty to ninety feet long, where public deliberations took place. 2857: 2241: 4747: 4682: 4673: 4254: 4224: 4039: 2849: 1969: 1898: 1708: 1522: 1348:, their chief John Linney remained neutral during the 1839 Cherokee War. 1341: 1272: 1236: 1112: 999: 975: 967: 942: 898: 741: 608: 581: 523: 416: 335:

does not mean "south" in Shawnee, but "moderate, warm (of weather)": See

269: 253: 233: 221: 217: 213: 85: 4366:

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

3682:, pp. 337–51. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001. 3597: 1953:(1720–1786), sister of Cornstalk, helped compile the dictionary for the 1715:

The Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma, consisting mainly of

1100:". His name Tekoomsē meant "Shooting Star" or "Panther Across The Sky". 1057:. In response, Tecumseh began to expand on the teachings of his brother 4872: 3433:"Tribal Historic Preservation Office, Cultural Preservation Department" 2761: 1902: 1638: 1632: 1471: 1267:. He set out to retake the city, which was defended by British Colonel 1232: 1228: 1104: 963: 245: 237: 97: 3263: 2397:, eds. (2003). "Encyclopedia of Prehistory: Volume 6: North America". 1405:

of 1825, Shawnee and Seneca people agreed to exchange land in western

584:, Pennsylvania, and other regions south and east of the Ohio country. 486:

nations of present-day Canada, who extended to the interior along the

5012: 4842: 4101: 4081: 4029: 3195:

History of the Shawnee Indians: From the Year 1681 to 1854, Inclusive

3175:

History of the Shawnee Indians: From the Year 1681 to 1854, Inclusive

2628:(rev. ed., Williamsport, PA, 1889), 1:94. Ostonwakin is also spelled 2530:, 1937, pp. 15–16; this account also appears in T.K. Cartmell's 1909 1818:

held hearings and heard testimony from numerous groups. In 1980, the

1644: 1440: 1378:, ceding their remaining lands in exchange for three reservations in 1220: 479: 257: 30:

This article is about the American Indian group. For other uses, see

3897: 2956:(Greenville, Texas: 1899), 310 ff., quoted in "Survival Strategies"" 921:. But they were never a separate tribe, as some accounts suggested. 3700:

Union 1812: The Americans Who Fought the Second War of Independence

2626:

Otzinachson: A History of the West Branch Valley of the Susquehanna

2165:"maalaakwahi ke'neemepe: Shawnee Language Immersion Program (SLIP)" 1616:

The five divisions, or septs, of the tribe were commonly known as:

1174:

The Muscogee who joined Tecumseh's confederation were known as the

4792: 4717: 4091: 4061: 1775:

List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes

1655: 1550: 1539: 1165: 1072: 1035: 818: 668: 442: 388: 261: 2741: 2644:

Worlds the Shawnees Made: Migration and Violence in Early America

2119:

1938–40. "Shawnee Stems and the Jacob P. Dunn Miami Dictionary."

1435:

in 1825, the 1,400 Missouri Shawnee were forcibly relocated from

3971: 3926: 3213:

Voegellin, C.F.; Voegelin, E. W. (1935). "Shawnee Name Groups".

2123:

Volume 1, No. 8, Part III, p. 318 (October, 1939). Indianapolis.

1917:(1773–1810), French-Canadian/Shawnee who served as scout on the 1439:, along the west bank of the Mississippi River, to southeastern 1406: 1275:

and his forces. A detachment of Harrison's army was defeated at

412: 308:. Individuals and singular Shawnee tribes may be referred to as 209: 89: 4644: 3942: 3884: 2738:

Which Native American Tribes Allied Themselves with the French?

1826:, Regular Session, Am. Sub. H.J.R. No. 8, 1979–1980. This is a 1477:

and had joined their Kansas brothers and sisters here in 1826.

3850: 3562:

George Mercer Papers: Relating to the Ohio Company of Virginia

3334:

Ohio in any event does not officially recognize Indian tribes.

1966:

before leading his people to the Ohio River Valley in ca. 1727

795:) on the Ohio River increased to around 1,200 people by 1750. 2664:

Legends of the Skyline Drive and the Great Valley of Virginia

2528:

Legends of the Skyline Drive and the Great Valley of Virginia

1641:, Mequachake, Machachee, Maguck, Mackachack, etc.; Mackochee 164: 2093:"Shawnee Names and Migrations in Kentucky and West Virginia" 1192: 3878: 3352:. National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from 1699:(Rabbit name group)—represents a gentle and peaceful nature 173: 3797:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. 1188: 161: 3872: 2782:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 201–03. 1911:(Hokolesqua, 1720–1777), led the Shawnee in Dunmore's War 572:

Sometime before 1670, a group of Shawnee migrated to the

3466:"Appreciating and Protecting Federal Native Recognition" 3015:"Kentucky: National Guard History eMuseum – War of 1812" 397:

Some scholars believe that the Shawnee descend from the

3530:

The Ohio Historical Society, retrieved October 10, 2006

3135:

Ohio Department of National Resources website 6/10/2024

1598:

Before contact with Europeans, the Shawnee tribe had a

840:) as their mutual border. This peace lasted only until 673:

1715 map showing the land of the "Chaouanons" (Shawnee)

323:

Algonquian languages have words similar to the archaic

2954:

History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians

2121:

Indiana Historical Society Prehistory Research Series

1757:

The state of Alabama recognizes an organization, the

1730:

The Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma, mostly of the

182: 170: 3197:. Cincinnati: Ephraim Morgan & Sons. p. 18. 3178:. Cincinnati: Ephraim Morgan & Sons. p. 18. 3064:"Treaty with the Shawnee, 1825, Article 5, Page 264" 2300:, p. 1. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1981. 1428:

and had been a leading interpreter for the Shawnee.

212:. In the 17th century, they dispersed through Ohio, 191:

Native American people of the Northeastern Woodlands

4896: 4689: 4617: 4504: 4443: 4406: 4358: 4306: 4270: 4199: 4153: 4135: 4010: 3680:

The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754–1814

3315:

Capital University Law Review 237 (2003) (excerpts)

3088:Society, Kansas State Historical (March 27, 2019). 2831: 2829: 2270:, p. 31. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2004. 1926:(d. ca. 1755), significant leader and Shawnee chief 1573:The three federally recognized Shawnee tribes are: 167: 129: 117: 104: 78: 68: 3091:Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society 2690: 2556:McWilliams, Richebourg; Iberville, Pierre (1991). 1005:In September 1809, Harrison, then governor of the 970:, by Benson Lossing in 1848 based on 1808 drawing. 588:, founder of New Orleans and the French colony of 3528:Ohio Memory: An Online Scrapbook of Ohio History. 2608:, p. 55. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. 1861:Black Snake (Peteusha) and Big Snake (Shemanetoo) 1292:Indian morale, Procter and Tecumseh attempted to 1122:As Tecumseh traveled, both sides readied for the 4004:History of Native Americans in the United States 2532:Shenandoah Valley Pioneers and Their Descendants 990:, had both been junior participants in the 1794 27:Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands 3653:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. 3630:Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984. 3094:. The Kansas State Historical Society. p. 2726:Transcript of the Journal of Nicholas Cresswell 2385: 2383: 1320:the area during the remainder of the conflict. 1259:to the British during the War of 1812, General 1145: 798: 2852:, so describes the meaning of the name in the 2217:"Shawnee language, alphabet and pronunciation" 974:In the early 19th century, the Shawnee leader 937:in 1794, most of the Shawnee bands signed the 529:. Each village usually had a meeting house or 4656: 3954: 3751:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2004. 3614:Northeast: Handbook of North American Indians 3308:"Indian Gambling in Ohio: What are the Odds?" 3066:. Oklahoma State University. November 7, 1825 2499:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 815. 2488: 2486: 2484: 2452:Tennessee Encyclopedia of Culture and History 2428:. University of Michigan Press. p. 203. 1769:Unrecognized groups who claim Shawnee descent 1578:Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma 1431:Missouri joined the Union in 1821. After the 1303:On Lake Erie, the American commander Captain 284:Absentee-Shawnee Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma 8: 3666:Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership 2562:. University of Alabama Press. p. 175. 2526:Carrie Hunter Willis and Etta Belle Walker, 1409:with the United States for land west of the 1398:people who had migrated west from New York. 1017:, and Miami representatives to a meeting at 836:, which recognized the Allegheny Ridge (the 828:After taking part in the first phase of the 275:Today, Shawnee people are enrolled in three 42: 5114:Native Americans in the American Revolution 4338:Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands 3744:New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014. 3721:Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1981. 3550:, 2 November 2007, accessed 11 January 2014 3490:Filby, Max; King, Danae (October 9, 2023). 3208: 3206: 3204: 3038: 3036: 2898:. Rochester, Indiana: Christian Book Press. 1675:(Turtle name group)—represents aquatic life 1367:. The Shawnee settled close to present-day 1040:Portrait of William Henry Harrison, as the 240:, and Illinois, with a small group joining 4663: 4649: 4641: 3961: 3947: 3939: 3459: 3457: 3401:Indian Affairs Bureau (January 12, 2023). 2771: 2769: 1420:The main body of Shawnee in Ohio followed 1394:, Ohio. They shared these lands with some 978:gained renown for organizing his namesake 48: 41: 4471:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 3377:"Shawnee reclaim the great Serpent Mound" 3286:National Conference of State Legislatures 2987:The Portable North American Indian Reader 1811:United Remnant Band of the Shawnee Nation 1374:In 1817, the Ohio Shawnee had signed the 208:homeland was likely centered in southern 3242:Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial 2752: 2750: 2015:Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial 1669:(Turkey name group)—represents bird life 1503:In the 1853 Indian Appropriations Bill, 962: 689:, on the west bank at the confluence of 5124:Native American tribes in West Virginia 4486:Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum 3564:. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1954. 3538: 3536: 3344: 3342: 2801: 2799: 2002: 1905:war chief and older brother of Tecumseh 1401:In a series of treaties, including the 958: 5094:Native American tribes in Pennsylvania 3375:Pember, Mary Annette (June 21, 2021). 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 475:-speaking nations to the Ohio Valley. 4000:Native Americans in the United States 3861:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. 3544:"Tribal question a matter of dollars" 2587:, University Press of Kentucky, 1977. 2332: 2330: 2008: 2006: 1901:(Chiuxca, "Black Stump", 1760–1792), 1635:, Kispokotha, Kishpoko, Kishpokotha; 1162:Tribal involvement in the War of 1812 1077:The Great Comet of 1811, as drawn by 331:) meaning "south". However, the stem 312:and the collective Shawnee people as 7: 3795:Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees 3017:. Kynghistory.ky.gov. Archived from 2693:The Shawnees and the War for America 2086: 2084: 2082: 2012:Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. 928:, the Shawnee collaborated with the 924:After the Revolution and during the 79:Regions with significant populations 4625:Native American place names in Ohio 3923:, Central Michigan State University 3867:Federally recognized Shawnee tribes 3628:Star Woman and Other Shawnee Tales. 3053:. Retrieved February 21, 2010. 2677:A History of the Valley of Virginia 732:Several Shawnee communities in the 60:(1775–1836), ca. 1820, portrait by 5099:Native American tribes in Virginia 5089:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 5079:Native American tribes in Missouri 5074:Native American tribes in Kentucky 4978:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 3873:Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma 3703:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3612:Callender, Charles. "Shawnee", in 3153:. Civic Impulse. September 7, 2000 2859:We Shall Remain: Tecumseh's Vision 2844:George Blanchard, Governor of the 1990:Battle of Tippecanoe Outdoor Drama 1287:In May 1813, Procter and Tecumseh 959:Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812 615:. Among their known villages were 279:, all headquartered in Oklahoma: 25: 5104:Native American tribes in Alabama 5069:Native American tribes in Indiana 3879:Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma 1583:Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma 1546:Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma 994:. Tecumseh did not sign the 1795 411:in areas of present-day southern 393:Fort Ancient Monongahela cultures 347:The Shawnee language is known as 304:Shawnee has also been written as 289:Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma 5109:Native American tribes in Kansas 4672: 4359:Prehistoric communities or sites 3970: 2927:Jones, Charile (November 1987). 1069:Great Comet of 1811 and Tekoomsē 755:. The father of the later chief 704:settlers began to arrive in the 264:. Finally, they were removed to 157: 2981:Turner III, Frederick (1978) . 2896:A Sketchbook of Indiana History 2545:The Discoverie of New Brittaine 1296:, a small American post on the 1201:Portraits of the Choctaw chief 545:of 1618–1644, to settle in the 362:The language is written in the 5084:Native American tribes in Ohio 3098:– via Internet Archive. 2744:, accessed September 23, 2011. 775:. In 1753, the Shawnee on the 1: 3579:, DIANE Publishing Inc., 2007 3227:10.1525/aa.1935.37.4.02a00070 3042: Lipscomb, Carol A.: 2422:Drooker, Penelope B. (1997). 2191:"Shawnee Language Collection" 2076:Callender, "Shawnee," 623–24. 695:West Branch Susquehanna River 5119:Prehistoric cultures in Ohio 4456:Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio) 4371:Archaeological sites in Ohio 3840:Resources in other libraries 3239:Oklahoma Indian Commission. 3124:. March 15, 1853. p. 3. 2697:. New York: Viking. p. 2091:Mahr, August C. (May 1960). 1647:, Pekuwe, Piqua, Pekowitha. 1336:. They became known as the " 268:, which became the state of 4476:Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum 4178:Two Mile Square Reservation 4173:Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation 2950:Sherman, William Tecumseh. 2100:The Ohio Journal of Science 1820:113th Ohio General Assembly 1781:federally recognized tribes 643:at the site of present-day 586:Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville 576:area. The English based in 478:The Shawnee considered the 277:federally recognized tribes 272:in the early 20th century. 5140: 4451:Flint Ridge State Memorial 4183:Upper Sandusky Reservation 3921:Treaty of Fort Meigs, 1817 3524:"American Indians in Ohio" 3249:February 11, 2009, at the 2449:Clark, Jerry. "Shawnees". 2399:Encyclopedia of Prehistory 2042:Callender, "Shawnee," 623. 2022:February 11, 2009, at the 1919:Lewis and Clark Expedition 1869:American Revolutionary War 1772: 1498:Methodist Episcopal Church 1265:U.S. Army of the Northwest 1182:. This became part of the 1138:On December 11, 1811, the 718:Martinsburg, West Virginia 655:. Their language became a 378: 29: 3981: 3932:January 16, 2016, at the 3903:January 11, 2013, at the 3885:Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma 3835:Resources in your library 3440:The Absentee Shawnee News 3350:"State Recognized Tribes" 3282:"State Recognized Tribes" 2989:. Penguin Book. pp. 2929:"Sharing Choctaw History" 2776:Owens, Robert M. (2007). 2758:American Indian Quarterly 2559:Iberville's Gulf Journals 2496:The Kentucky Encyclopedia 2338:"Fort Ancient Earthworks" 1828:congratulatory resolution 1662:The six group names are: 1594:Social and kinship groups 1468:Shawnee Methodist Mission 1263:was given command of the 761:Moorefield, West Virginia 649:Old Shawneetown, Illinois 507:located just east of the 385:Proto-Algonquian language 134: 122: 109: 83: 73: 47: 4572:Battle of Fallen Timbers 4548:Treaty of Camp Charlotte 4461:Fort Hill State Memorial 4163:Blanchard's Fork Reserve 3976:Native Americans in Ohio 3774:. New York: Holt, 1997. 2689:Calloway, Colin (2007). 2675:Joseph Doddridge, 1850, 2493:Kleber, John E. (1992). 2473:Charles Augustus Hanna, 2367:www.ancientohiotrail.org 1834:Notable historic Shawnee 992:Battle of Fallen Timbers 952:Le Grand Village Sauvage 935:Battle of Fallen Timbers 867:Battle of Point Pleasant 753:Cross Junction, Virginia 734:Province of Pennsylvania 100:, and surrounding states 32:Shawnee (disambiguation) 4943:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 4630:Indian removals in Ohio 4491:SunWatch Indian Village 4481:New Indian Ridge Museum 4430:Thunderbird (mythology) 4191:Indian removals in Ohio 3858:Encyclopædia Britannica 3577:Indians in Pennsylvania 3215:American Anthropologist 2962:. University of Houston 2894:Funk, Arville (1983) . 2646:, UNC Press Books, 2014 1785:state-recognized tribes 1212:Sharing Choctaw History 917:, during and after the 467:material culture, art, 4679:Native American tribes 4566:Siege of Fort Recovery 4168:Moravian Indian Grants 3915:"Shawnee Indian Tribe" 3910:Shawnee Indian Mission 3189:Harvey, Henry (1855). 3172:Harvey, Henry (1855). 3113:"Indian Appropriation" 2875: 2846:Absentee Shawnee Tribe 2760:(1992) 16#1 pp 39–52. 2320:Schutz, Noel W., Jr.: 1808: 1763:state-recognized tribe 1753:State-recognized tribe 1559: 1548: 1261:William Henry Harrison 1197: 1171: 1159: 1081: 1049: 1042:Congressional delegate 988:William Henry Harrison 971: 915:Cherokee–American wars 853:Treaty of Fort Stanwix 805:— from the Journal of 802: 674: 535: 451: 394: 4542:Yellow Creek massacre 3496:The Columbus Dispatch 3324:on September 27, 2007 3100:Joseph Parks Shawnee. 2870: 2391:Peregrine, Peter Neal 1894:French and Indian War 1816:Ohio General Assembly 1803: 1773:Further information: 1697:Petakineeθiiwomhsoomi 1554: 1543: 1316:on October 5, 1813. 1294:storm Fort Stephenson 1217:--------------------- 1196: 1169: 1140:New Madrid earthquake 1134:New Madrid earthquake 1128:Prophetstown, Indiana 1098:Five Civilized Tribes 1076: 1039: 966: 830:French and Indian War 672: 520: 446: 440:in present-day Ohio. 425:Mississippian culture 392: 379:Further information: 130:Related ethnic groups 55:The Shawnee Prophet, 5064:Algonquian ethnonyms 4973:Mescalero-Chiricahua 4728:Cheyenne and Arapaho 4608:Treaty of St. Mary's 4602:Treaty of Fort Meigs 4596:Treaty of Brownstown 4584:Treaty of Grouseland 4578:Treaty of Greenville 4554:Northwest Indian War 4524:Raid on Pickawillany 4496:Zane Shawnee Caverns 4425:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 4381:Petroglyphs in Ohio‎ 4326:Glacial Kame culture 4307:Prehistoric cultures 4271:Historic communities 4145:Algonquian languages 3749:Ohio's First Peoples 3747:O'Donnell, James H. 3575:Paul A. W. Wallace, 3502:on November 27, 2023 3356:on September 1, 2022 2983:"Poetry and Oratory" 2865:May 4, 2012, at the 2342:Ohio History Central 2268:Ohio's First Peoples 2266:O'Donnell, James H. 1960:Opessa Straight Tail 1873:Northwest Indian War 1679:Petekoθiteewomhsoomi 1564:federally recognized 1496:and a member of the 1376:Treaty of Fort Meigs 1314:Battle of the Thames 1312:U.S. victory at the 1257:surrender of Detroit 1219:Where today are the 1210:—Pushmataha, 1811 – 1205:(left) and Tecumseh. 1124:Battle of Tippecanoe 1023:Treaty of Fort Wayne 996:Treaty of Greenville 939:Treaty of Greenville 926:Northwest Indian War 885:War leaders such as 846:Proclamation of 1763 773:Cumberland, Maryland 543:Powhatan Confederacy 124:Indigenous religions 4343:Monongahela culture 4293:Muskingum (village) 4155:Former reservations 4127:Western Confederacy 3992:Northwest Territory 3664:Edmunds, R. David. 3651:The Shawnee Prophet 3649:Edmunds, R. David. 2742:Teachinghistory.org 2722:Library of Congress 2197:. December 18, 2017 2169:www.shawnee-nsn.gov 2154:. Sheet 8, Song 38. 2053:"Algonquian, Algic" 1759:Piqua Shawnee Tribe 1536:Federal recognition 1530:Greene County, Ohio 1433:Treaty of St. Louis 1403:Treaty of Lewistown 1309:Battle of Lake Erie 1305:Oliver Hazard Perry 1289:besieged Fort Meigs 1155:The American Indian 1086:Great Comet of 1811 1079:William Henry Smyth 1046:Northwest Territory 919:American Revolution 873:American Revolution 337:Charles F. Voegelin 199:Algonquian language 44: 4743:Citizen Potawatomi 4560:St. Clair's defeat 4536:Lord Dunmore's War 4435:Underwater panther 4351:(Late Prehistoric) 4349:Whittlesey culture 4322:(Late Prehistoric) 4283:Lenape settlements 3984:Prehistory of Ohio 3917:, Access Genealogy 3887:, official website 3881:, official website 3875:, official website 3626:Clifton, James A. 3121:The New York Times 2152:Indiana University 1865:Lord Dunmore's War 1673:Kkahkileewomhsoomi 1560: 1549: 1512:American Civil War 1486:Westport, Missouri 1456:Kansas (Kaw) River 1365:Arkansas Territory 1198: 1172: 1153:Roger L. Nichols, 1103:Tecumseh told the 1082: 1050: 1031:Vincennes, Indiana 972: 858:Lord Dunmore's War 807:Nicholas Cresswell 675: 635:Sylacauga, Alabama 488:St. Lawrence River 452: 395: 381:Algonquian peoples 375:Precontact history 250:Indian Removal Act 193:. Their language, 5046: 5045: 4968:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 4708:Alabama-Quassarte 4638: 4637: 4590:Treaty of Detroit 4334:(Middle Woodland) 4288:Lower Shawneetown 3816:Library resources 3790:(1999 paperback). 3717:Howard, James H. 3548:Los Angeles Times 3306:Watson, Blake A. 3049:Handbook of Texas 2789:978-0-8061-3842-8 2736:Gevinson, Alan. " 2708:978-0-670-03862-6 2506:978-0-8131-2883-2 2296:Howard, James H. 2117:Voegelin, Carl F. 1915:George Drouillard 1411:Mississippi River 1369:Shawnee, Oklahoma 1249: 1248: 1007:Indiana Territory 947:Mississippi River 907:Chickamauga Creek 793:Lower Shawneetown 706:Shenandoah Valley 702:European American 645:Chillicothe, Ohio 633:near what is now 627:Lower Shawneetown 547:Shenandoah Valley 357:Algonquian family 349:saawanwaatoweewe. 149: 148: 62:Charles Bird King 16:(Redirected from 5131: 4898:Tribal languages 4878:United Keetoowah 4808:Muscogee (Creek) 4768:Fort Sill Apache 4703:Absentee Shawnee 4677: 4676: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4642: 4316:(Early Woodland) 4200:Historic figures 3975: 3974: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3940: 3862: 3854: 3772:Tecumseh: A Life 3740:Lakomäki, Sami. 3714: 3600: 3595: 3589: 3572: 3566: 3560:Mulkearn, Lois. 3557: 3551: 3542:Lazarus, David. 3540: 3531: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3498:. Archived from 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3461: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3407:Federal Register 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3323: 3317:. Archived from 3312: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3268:aiac.state.al.us 3260: 3254: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3210: 3199: 3198: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3117: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3060: 3054: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3021:on March 2, 2009 3011: 3005: 3004: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2924: 2918: 2917:Langguth, p. 167 2915: 2909: 2908:Langguth, p. 169 2906: 2900: 2899: 2891: 2885: 2884:Langguth, p. 168 2882: 2876: 2842: 2836: 2835:Langguth, p. 166 2833: 2824: 2823:Langguth, p. 165 2821: 2815: 2814:Langguth, p. 164 2812: 2806: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2773: 2764: 2754: 2745: 2734: 2728: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2696: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2642:Stephen Warren, 2639: 2633: 2622: 2616: 2602: 2596: 2583:Jerry E. Clark, 2580: 2574: 2573: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2490: 2479: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2387: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2334: 2325: 2318: 2312: 2294: 2288: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2195:Sam Noble Museum 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2161: 2155: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2097: 2088: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2027: 2010: 1955:Shawnee language 1824:General Assembly 1792:Absentee Shawnee 1691:θepatiiwomhsoomi 1492:. He was also a 1415:Indian Territory 1338:Absentee Shawnee 1271:, together with 1245:—Tecumseh, 1811 1223:? Where are the 1189: 1157: 1015:Eel River people 901:along the lower 834:Treaty of Easton 809: 714:Tuscarora people 653:Suwanee, Georgia 513:Illinois Country 430:Hopewell culture 353:Shawnee language 266:Indian Territory 186: 180: 179: 176: 175: 172: 169: 166: 163: 69:Total population 52: 45: 21: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5042: 4900: 4892: 4763:Eastern Shawnee 4753:Delaware Nation 4694: 4692: 4685: 4671: 4669: 4639: 4634: 4613: 4500: 4439: 4402: 4398:Wilderness Road 4354: 4345:(Late Woodland) 4302: 4278:Hell Town, Ohio 4266: 4195: 4149: 4131: 4012:Historic tribes 4006: 3988:History of Ohio 3977: 3969: 3967: 3934:Wayback Machine 3905:Wayback Machine 3898:Shawnee History 3894: 3892:Shawnee history 3869: 3852:"Shawnee" 3849: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3711: 3695:Langguth, A. J. 3693: 3609: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3592: 3573: 3569: 3558: 3554: 3541: 3534: 3522: 3518: 3505: 3503: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3359: 3357: 3348: 3347: 3340: 3327: 3325: 3321: 3310: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3290: 3288: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3251:Wayback Machine 3238: 3234: 3212: 3211: 3202: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3129: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3087: 3086: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3044:Shawnee Indians 3041: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2960:Digital History 2952:"H.B. Cushman, 2949: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2867:Wayback Machine 2843: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2790: 2775: 2774: 2767: 2755: 2748: 2735: 2731: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2640: 2636: 2623: 2619: 2603: 2599: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2492: 2491: 2482: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2389: 2388: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2344: 2336: 2335: 2328: 2319: 2315: 2295: 2291: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2171:. April 6, 2023 2163: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2115: 2111: 2095: 2090: 2089: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2030: 2024:Wayback Machine 2011: 2004: 1999: 1985: 1836: 1777: 1771: 1755: 1685:Mseewiwomhsoomi 1596: 1538: 1490:Shawnee, Kansas 1443:, close to the 1413:in what became 1326: 1244: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1199: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1136: 1071: 961: 903:Tennessee River 875: 813:Ever since the 811: 804: 691:Loyalsock Creek 667: 625:(also known as 541:, ruler of the 501: 490:and around the 450:, Peebles, Ohio 387: 377: 372: 345: 302: 242:Muscogee people 184: 160: 156: 84:United States ( 64: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5137: 5135: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5051: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4901:(still spoken) 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4818:Otoe-Missouria 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4758:Delaware Tribe 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4687: 4686: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4420:Mounds in Ohio 4417: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4376:Mounds in Ohio 4373: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4089: 4079: 4069: 4059: 4054: 4048: 4043: 4033: 4023: 4016: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3907: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810:External links 3808: 3807: 3806: 3793:Sugden, John. 3791: 3770:Sugden, John. 3768: 3745: 3738: 3715: 3709: 3691: 3676: 3662: 3647: 3624: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3590: 3567: 3552: 3532: 3516: 3482: 3453: 3424: 3393: 3367: 3338: 3298: 3273: 3255: 3232: 3221:(4): 617–635. 3200: 3181: 3164: 3138: 3127: 3104: 3077: 3055: 3032: 3006: 2999: 2973: 2942: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2886: 2877: 2837: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2795: 2788: 2765: 2746: 2729: 2714: 2707: 2681: 2668: 2656: 2634: 2617: 2604:Gallay, Alan. 2597: 2575: 2569:978-0817305390 2568: 2548: 2543:Edward Bland, 2536: 2519: 2505: 2480: 2465: 2441: 2435:978-0915703425 2434: 2414: 2407: 2379: 2363:"Fort Ancient" 2354: 2326: 2313: 2289: 2258: 2233: 2208: 2182: 2156: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2109: 2078: 2069: 2044: 2028: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1957: 1948: 1942: 1933: 1927: 1921: 1912: 1906: 1896: 1890:Peter Chartier 1887: 1881: 1875: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1835: 1832: 1770: 1767: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1735: 1728: 1701: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1667:Pellewomhsoomi 1649: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1537: 1534: 1454:and along the 1437:Cape Girardeau 1380:Wapaughkonetta 1361:Mirabeau Lamar 1325: 1322: 1298:Sandusky River 1247: 1246: 1216: 1200: 1163: 1160: 1150: 1135: 1132: 1119:had sent him. 1090:Missouri River 1084:In March, the 1070: 1067: 984:Tecumseh's War 960: 957: 897:and a band of 895:Dragging Canoe 880:Colin Calloway 874: 871: 838:Eastern Divide 797: 746:Patrick Gordon 738:Peter Chartier 683:Madame Montour 666: 663: 618:Eskippakithiki 574:Savannah River 539:Opechancanough 509:Delaware River 500: 497: 376: 373: 371: 368: 355:, part of the 344: 341: 301: 298: 297: 296: 291: 286: 147: 146: 132: 131: 127: 126: 120: 119: 115: 114: 107: 106: 102: 101: 81: 80: 76: 75: 74:7,584 enrolled 71: 70: 66: 65: 53: 38: 26: 24: 18:Shawnee Indian 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5136: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4858:Seneca-Cayuga 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4666: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4643: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4530:Pontiac's War 4528: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4518:Nanfan Treaty 4516: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466:Fort Recovery 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4243:Little Turtle 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4213:Buckongahelas 4211: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3973: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3848: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3809: 3804: 3803:0-8032-4288-3 3800: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3788:0-8050-6121-5 3785: 3782:(hardcover); 3781: 3780:0-8050-4138-9 3777: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3765:0-8214-1524-7 3762: 3759:(paperback), 3758: 3757:0-8214-1525-5 3754: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3735:0-8214-0614-0 3732: 3728: 3727:0-8214-0417-2 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3710:0-7432-2618-6 3706: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3688:0-87013-569-4 3685: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3674:0-321-04371-5 3671: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3659:0-8032-1850-8 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3644:0-8191-3713-8 3641: 3637: 3636:0-8191-3712-X 3633: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3622:0-16-072300-0 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3483: 3471: 3467: 3464:Barnes, Ben. 3460: 3458: 3454: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3355: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328:September 30, 3320: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3168: 3165: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3114: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3002: 3000:0-14-015077-3 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2974: 2961: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2943: 2930: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2805:Owens, p. 212 2802: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2710: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614:0-300-10193-7 2611: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2579: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2469: 2466: 2458:September 11, 2454: 2453: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2408:0-306-46260-5 2404: 2400: 2396: 2395:Ember, Melvin 2392: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310:0-8214-0614-0 2307: 2306:0-8214-0417-2 2303: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285:0-8214-1524-7 2282: 2279:(paperback), 2278: 2277:0-8214-1525-5 2274: 2271: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2106:(3): 155–158. 2105: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2070: 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