380:
the government to go after the insurgents with the military forces gathered by his father in law. Unknown to the government was that Re'fet Bey was a CUP member and that the CUP Monastir branch told him to stall for time while CUP leaders understood that forces assembled by Shemsi would not conduct an attack. After his death Shemsi was replaced with
Marshal Osman Tatar Pasha and the CUP gained a major advantage in the conflict as the assassination galvanised people to their cause. During these events Ismail Mahir Pasha, a relative of Shemsi was also assassinated. Facing a deteriorating situation in the Balkans on July 24 sultan Abdul Hamid II restored the constitution of 1876. Following the revolution people involved in the assassinations went unpunished by the CUP and instead they were hailed as heroes and given important positions within the state.
233:(modern Mitrovicë) that protected an important northern entry route into the empire. For seven years the 18th Infantry Division was under his command and the sultan came to rely on him as someone with ingenuity who could take care of local problems in the region of Kosovo. The Mektepli officers viewed him as a simple man with a several centuries old mindset while regular soldiers respected Shemsi as he came from their ranks and rose in the army based on demonstrated skills gained from experience. Shemsi was also the military envoy to the Ottoman Inspector General based in
376:
exchanged telegraphs with
Albanian notables. As he left the telegraph office and went to enter the carriage Shemsi was assassinated in front of his Albanian bodyguards on July 7 by Atıf Kamçıl. Kamçıl, as he fled from the location was wounded in the leg and later hid in the home of Lieutenant Mahmut Soydun. The Albanian bodyguards of Shemsi had been swayed by the CUP to their side that during the incident they only shot their firearms into the air, did not chase after Kamçıl and later fled from the scene themselves.
307:
direct access to the place. During the
Albanian revolts of the time Shemsi undertook important services as a General for Abdul Hamid II. Even with Shemsi's presence in Kosovo, parts of the region and the porous frontier with Serbia continued to be a security problem for the Ottoman Empire. His intervention in conflicts within Kosovo were part of the wider geopolitical situation encompassing the region and Ottoman Empire at the time.
287:(pledge) which targeted Catholics through boycotts. Religious tensions continued as the boycott spread and some Catholics fearing a loss of employment converted to Islam while Shemsi also met with the leadership of the remaining Catholics in the area. During these events Catholics had sought protection with Ottoman forces and after Shemsi withdrew his troops from the countryside incidents of violence against them occurred.
364:(modern Resen) and conduct his operations from there. The Young Turks (CUP) viewed Shemsi and his military forces as superior to their bands and that any clash between them and Ottoman military forces composed of Albanian soldiers and volunteers would damage Albanian-CUP relations. The CUP Monastir branch took the decision to assassinate Shemsi before he would begin his military campaign. First Lieutenant
40:
260:(modern Gjakovë) and Shemsi Pasha was sent to bring order to the area, as he was in charge of resolving conflicts in Kosovo. An Albanian, Süleyman Külçe, the adjuntant and personal secretary of Shemsi thought that Abdul Hamid II was mistaken in selecting officers whom lacked an education like the General for resolving problems of the area. During the start of the Muslim religious holiday
264:, Shemsi got a telegram in early September 1907 about an incident in Smolicë regarding the profanation of the village mosque with a dead pig. The Italian consul in Kosovo thought it was a reaction by Catholics to the kidnapping of a Catholic priest held captive in Smolicë by Muslims, a first time act by them in the area and tensions rapidly rose between both religious communities.
272:
Later at the town Shemsi was met by a
Catholic priest who passed on a letter about local Christians having been killed in the area. Shemsi then assembled Muslim notables of Yakova and the wider area and said that most Catholics subjected to attacks were innocent. Troops were left in the town after Shemsi departed. During his time in Yakova, Shemsi received a telegraph from
303:
by the Grand Vezir and
Inspector General due to the stance of the local Vali who was more in line with the sultan's position of not intervening against Muslims. The position of Shemsi was also undermined according to Külçe as the General brought soldiers and did not use them. Toward the end of June the situation was not settled and Shemsi had to go back to Prizren.
340:
later a second cable was received by Shemsi from the sultan. Abdul Hamid II instructed Shemsi to take as many regiments as he wanted from the
Mitroviçe Division and gather as many volunteers as he was able and dress them in uniform to act against the insurgents without waiting for the Anatolian troops to arrive.
372:, the branch's guide. The director of the CUP Monastir branch, Lieutenant Colonel Sadik Bey (Șehreküștü) stated that it was only himself who gave the fatwa (order) for killing Shemsi. In a telegram by the CUP Monastir branch they wrote that a "self sacrificing" volunteer himself wanted to undertake the task.
339:
with Abdul Hamid II placing them under Shemsi's command upon their arrival in the
Balkans. Shemsi at Prizren was telegraphed by the palace First Chamberlain and told to gather local troops during the wait for the Anatolian soldiers and to march his combined force against the insurgents. Half an hour
290:
Another conflict in 1908 occurred in Yakova between local chieftains and the Curri family with Shemsi instructed to resolve the dispute. The Curri family refused an invitation for negotiations with the
General. Shemsi assembled all the Catholic and Muslim notables in April. He convinced all sides to
379:
For the revolution the murder of Shemsi was a turning point that demoralised the palace and it removed a dangerous opponent for the CUP that could have mobilised
Albanians against their forces. Lieutenant Colonel Re'fet Bey, the son in law of Shemsi and gendarme commander of Monastir was ordered by
375:
During his stopover in
Monastir Shemsi telegraphed the palace and exchanged messages with the First Chamberlain giving them advice to mobilise those Albanian chiefs that were for years under imperial patronage and to fight the officers who were in open revolt challenging the government. Shemsi also
302:
vice-consul was of the view that the attitude of Shemsi did not assist in resolving the conflict as he arrived with soldiers representing the authority of the government and did nothing to halt events. Külçe, Shemsi's secretary also commented that the General was unable to apply policy as suggested
271:
In short time Shemsi told the local Islamic clergy to soften the reactions of Muslims and stated to them that the pig's dead body did not profane the mosque and ordered the people responsible for the incident be found. In January 1908, an order was received by Shemsi to go with soldiers to Yakova.
306:
Shemsi was seen by Abdul Hamid II as a political and loyal General who could maintain a certain amount of order in Kosovo through his connections with Northern (Gheg) Albanians and notables of the area and functioned as the sultan's cultural intermediary. As division commander Shemsi had easy and
347:(modern Bitola). He managed to draft a small group of Albanian volunteers into a unit, told them that Muslims were being massacred by Christians and that they would be fighting them. Niyazi accused Shemsi of making such comments against Christians to mobilise Albanian volunteers against the
335:(modern Ferizaj) and subsequent events at the meeting took an unexpected turn when demands for constitutional restoration were made. To deal with the revolt of Niyazi, Enver and other guerilla bands formed by deserting Ottoman soldiers, the government called up fresh reserve battalions from
291:
sign an agreement which stated an end to persecution of the peasantry, that trade would be unhindered and concerns held by people would be brought to government officials and not consuls of foreign powers. In the agreement Shemsi attempted to sever the links between Christians and the
368:, a CUP revolutionary and member of the self-sacrificing volunteer division of the CUP Monastir branch wrote later in life that he alone decided to assassinate Shemsi. Kamçıl stated he asked the CUP Monastir branch for a gun and had talks about the matter with
355:
to the General and son of Shemsi wrote in a book that his father never made that declaration and he protected Christians from injustices done by Muslims. Shemsi telegraphed Albanian notables for assistance to fight against the insurgents.
359:
On July 7, 1908, Shemsi with his small unit of Albanian volunteers and two army battalions reached Monastir by train. Shemsi lacked hard intelligence about the location of Niyazi's guerilla band and he planned to travel to
795:
Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: La naissance d'une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe [The origins of Albanian nationalism: The birth of a predominantly Muslim nation in Europe]
268:, a British traveler present in the region commented that the priest was held by Muslims whom demanded that Ottoman authorities release a relative of one of the captors in exchange for the hostage.
413:, p. 133. "Şemsi apparently came from a mixed Albanian-Bosnian background, but he was known as an Albanian."; p. 210. "Two Albanians are worth noting in this regard. Şemsi Pasa, a Geg..."
240:
In his career Shemsi had to deal with corrupt or incompetent officials in difficult circumstances. During February 1905 he attempted to remove Brigadier Javid Bey as mutasarrıf of
283:
and his activities. Abdul Hamid II instructed Shemsi to travel to Prizren and tasked him with appeasing Muslims and protecting Christians. Shemsi was unable to break and stop a
1159:
1184:
295:
through use of Ottoman government channels for conflict resolution. The General also requested that Muslims not give a pretext for foreign intervention into the region.
1194:
1189:
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in 1846. Originating from a humble background and being unschooled, he began his military career first as a private and later was promoted to
1144:
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about a mosque profanation incident. The General dismissed the claim as being untrue due to the discovery of the pig being in the river.
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of May 1907 Shemsi placed blame for a small disturbance on two bad officials who later got promoted for their disservice.
324:
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225:(a person who gets military school education and then enters the officer corps). In 1901 Shemsi, a favorite of
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284:
1078:
Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present, and Collective Violence against the Armenians, 1789-2009
361:
320:
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Tensions continued in the region and the sultan thought that the events in Kosovo had supposed links to
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244:(modern Pejë) for having caused problems due to disrespect toward Albanian customs and traditions. In
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Moving quickly Shemsi got two mobilised battalions from the Mitroviçe Division to board a train for
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Conflicting Loyalties in the Balkans: The Great Powers, the Ottoman Empire and Nation-building
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and his trusted official was appointed as commander of the 18th Infantry Division based in
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following his example. During that summer Shemsi encouraged a pro-government gathering at
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deserted the Ottoman army, fled into the mountains with a guerilla band and initiated the
261:
92:
906:"The dimension of confessionalisation in the Ottoman Balkans at the time of Nationalisms"
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165:
88:
65:
39:
741:
The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Atatürk's Turkey
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201:. In his lifetime he was known as an Albanian. He was born in a small village within
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61:
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The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
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Religious conflict between Muslims and Catholics erupted in villages around
221:(a person that rises through the army ranks to become an officer) and not a
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Religious conflict in Kosovo between Muslims and Catholics (1907-1908)
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84:
822:
Rise of the Young Turks: Politics, the military and Ottoman collapse
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30:
908:. In Hannes, Grandits; Clayer, Nathalie; Pichler, Robert (eds.).
398:"Towards the Revolution of 1908: The Assassination of Şemsi Paşa"
351:(CUP). After the revolution Müfid Shemsi, a CUP member, an
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Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908
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16:For other people known as Şemsi Paşa, see
1185:Military personnel of the Ottoman Empire
1108:. Oxford University Press. p. 273.
1081:. Oxford University Press. p. 192.
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798:. Paris: Karthala. pp. 606–607.
7:
323:calling for the restoration of the
1190:Ethnic Albanian military personnel
1039:. London: IB Tauris. p. 153.
14:
217:(general). Shemsi as such was an
979:The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey
400:. Fatih University. p. 80.
315:On 3 July 1908 Adjuntant Major
311:Young Turk Revolution and death
181:Early life and military career
1:
1145:Military personnel from Peja
1102:Hanioğlu, M. Șükrü (2001).
1211:
1155:People from Kosovo vilayet
1075:Göçek, Fatma Müge (2014).
912:. IB Tauris. p. 108.
825:. IB Tauris. p. 127.
744:. I.B.Tauris. p. 32.
738:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2014).
15:
1170:Ottoman military officers
792:Clayer, Nathalie (2007).
490:, pp. 133, 139, 210.
327:with other officers like
189:brotherhoods of Bisheva,
37:
1033:Gawrych, George (2006).
904:Clayer, Natalie (2011).
396:Özdemir, Hakan (2013).
237:(modern Thessaloniki).
541:, pp. 90, 93, 94.
193:and maternally to the
161:
153:
1180:Ottoman Army generals
1175:Ottoman Army officers
982:. Brill. p. 91.
976:Kansu, Aykut (1997).
819:Turfan, Naim (2000).
321:Young Turk Revolution
164:) (1846-1908) was an
139:tribe (maternal side)
1062:, pp. 269, 273.
1005:, pp. 192, 591.
529:, pp. 110, 113.
440:, pp. 133, 210.
428:, pp. 110, 133.
325:constitution of 1876
848:, pp. 267–268.
683:, pp. 96, 100.
719:, pp. 96, 97.
629:, pp. 95, 99.
135:tribe (paternal),
695:, pp. 97–98.
602:, pp. 94–95.
143:
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337:Aydin province
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298:In Kosovo the
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207:Kosovo Vilayet
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563:Zürcher 2014
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154:Shemsi Pasha
146:Shemsi Pasha
145:
144:
44:Shemsi Pasha
27:Shemsi Pasha
1140:1908 deaths
1135:1846 births
765:Clayer 2011
717:Clayer 2011
705:Clayer 2011
693:Clayer 2011
681:Clayer 2011
669:Clayer 2011
650:Clayer 2011
627:Clayer 2011
615:Clayer 2011
600:Clayer 2011
588:Clayer 2011
551:Clayer 2011
539:Clayer 2011
500:Clayer 2011
366:Atıf Kamçıl
349:Young Turks
203:İpek Sanjak
109:Citizenship
101:Nationality
81:7 July 1908
1129:Categories
1003:Göçek 2014
384:References
191:Tregoviste
162:Şemsi Paşa
117:Occupation
70:Montenegro
329:Enver Bey
231:Mitroviçe
176:Biography
172:general.
120:General (
345:Monastir
333:Firzovik
223:mektepli
170:Albanian
150:Albanian
104:Albanian
85:Monastir
56:Biševo,
274:Prizren
246:Elbasan
235:Selanik
166:Ottoman
158:Turkish
112:Ottoman
62:Sandžak
1112:
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802:
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262:Bayram
258:Yakova
219:alaylı
129:Family
58:Rožaje
362:Resne
215:farik
122:Ferik
31:Pasha
18:Şemsi
1110:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1041:ISBN
984:ISBN
914:ISBN
827:ISBN
800:ISBN
746:ISBN
285:besa
242:İpek
199:Pejë
195:Hoti
187:Kuči
137:Hoti
133:Kuči
78:Died
53:1846
50:Born
197:of
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