2600:
190:
region in the '90s, both mainstream and "underground" (whose music helped spread the language and contribute to rapid changes or shifts in Sheng vocabulary), as well as among virtually all university and secondary-school students, the language was not always associated with people who cannot do much
178:
drivers/touts across the region, and in the popular media. Most of the Sheng words are introduced in various communities and schools and given wide exposure by music artists who include them in their lyrics, hence the rapid growth. It can be assumed to be the first language of many
Kenyans in urban
195:
noted the rise in both class and diversity. Radio presenters John Karani, Jeff
Mwangemi and Prince Otach, and many more, took it to the mainstream by presenting the first radio shows using Sheng phrases on the national broadcast. By 2010 almost every media show had some sort of sheng it.
228:
Sheng vocabulary can vary significantly within Kenya's various subdivisions and the larger
African Great Lakes region, and even between neighbourhoods in Nairobi. Many youth living in the capital often use the argot as their everyday mode of communication rather than Swahili or English.
1829:
Could you spot me fifty shillings to buy a meal? (a specific meal of boiled maize and beans is mentioned but the actual meaning is the price of what is considered the cheapest item in a food kiosk)
182:
Like all slang, Sheng is mainly used by the youth and is part of popular culture in Kenya. It also evolves rapidly, as words are moved into and out of slang use. It found broad usage among
139:, Kenya, and influenced by many of the languages spoken there. While primarily a language of urban youths, it has spread across social classes and geographically to neighbouring
199:
Although the grammar, syntax, and much of the vocabulary are drawn from
Swahili, Sheng borrows from the languages of some of the largest ethnic groups in Kenya, including
2207:
2622:
3143:
3617:
3592:
97:
2161:
174:
Originating in the early 1950s in the
Eastlands area of Nairobi (variously described as a "slum", "ghetto" or "suburb"), Sheng is now heard among
3607:
2478:
2677:
2584:
2564:
275:
have been published in Sheng, but the first and only book in this language is "Lafudhi hip hop poetry in Sheng" (2015), written by G rongi.
2972:
2333:
Kariuki, Annah, Fridah
Erastus Kanana, and Hildah Kebeya. "The growth and use of Sheng in advertisements in selected businesses in Kenya."
2256:
Bosire, Mokaya. 2009. What makes a Sheng word unique? Lexical manipulation in mixed languages. In
AkinloyeOjo & Lioba Moshi (Eds),
2790:
2687:
3136:
2128:
2319:
Kanana
Erastus, Fridah, and Hilda Kebeya. "Functions of urban and youth language in the new media: The case of Sheng in Kenya."
3096:
2800:
2657:
2491:
192:
3602:
2637:
2783:
2589:
2574:
2559:
2235:
Abdulaziz, Mohamed H. and Ken Osinde. 1997. Sheng and Engsh: development of mixed codes among the urban youth in Kenya.
2579:
804:
dame, mresh, supuu, msupa, manzi, shore (sho-reh; from "shawty"), msusu, mroro, mshee, totoh, yeng, mdenge, nyegz, ngus
3587:
3218:
3129:
2876:
2652:
2632:
1889:
Corruption is the main reason he is in and out of the courts for allegations of embezzlement of government's money"
2942:
2778:
2736:
2667:
2471:
2263:
Bosire, Mokaya. 2006. Hybrid languages: The case of Sheng. In Olaoba F. Arasanyin & Michael A.Pemberton (Eds).
2900:
2807:
2417:
Spyropoulos, Mary. 1987. Sheng: some preliminary investigations into a recently emerged
Nairobi street language.
269:
The written use of Sheng in literature is still a minor phenomenon. Some poems in the
African literary magazine
215:. Words are also borrowed from languages that are neither a local language nor English – such as the Sheng word
3612:
3050:
3040:
2853:
2768:
2751:
2522:
2517:
2412:
Talking Sheng: The role of a Hybrid Language in the Construction of Identity and Youth Culture in Nairobi Kenya
2298:
Githinji, Peter. 2006. Bazes and Their Shibboleths: Lexical Variation and Sheng Speakers' Identity in Nairobi.
3597:
3361:
2912:
2813:
2695:
2662:
3381:
3273:
2647:
2242:
Barasa, Sandra Nekesa, and Maarten Mous. "Engsh, a Kenyan middle class youth language parallel to Sheng."
1885:
Ufisadi ndio chanzo ya kushtakiwa kwake, mda wote yupo kizimbani Kwa mashtaka ya wizi wa pesa za serikali
3070:
3025:
3005:
2957:
2927:
2848:
2746:
2726:
2599:
2537:
2464:
3545:
2863:
2843:
2773:
2756:
3504:
3298:
2995:
2917:
2741:
2549:
2447:: The role of a hybrid language in the construction of identity and youth culture in Nairobi, Kenya
2396:
Mutiga, Jayne. "Effects of language spread on a people’phenomenology: The case of Sheng’in Kenya."
2340:
Kaviti, Lillian. "From Stigma to Status-Sheng and Engsh in Kenya's Linguistic and Literary Space."
187:
3326:
3308:
3263:
3152:
2967:
2947:
2932:
2886:
2795:
2763:
2731:
2627:
2610:
2569:
575:
chapaa, munde, mundez, niado, ganji, doe, keroma, cheddar/chedaz, dau, mkwanja, makwarkwar, cheng
3419:
241:
249:
3509:
3389:
3351:
3030:
2962:
2952:
2714:
2700:
2672:
2642:
2554:
2507:
2354:
King'ei, Kitula, and John Kobia. "Lugha Kama Kitambulisho: Changamoto ya Sheng Nchini Kenya."
2180:
2113:
856:
ngwai, Tire (Tea-Reh), kithuke, vela, ndom, aroma, shashi, kenti, mashashola, kindukulu, shada
245:
3519:
3499:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3454:
3434:
3424:
3336:
3258:
3171:
3089:
3065:
2987:
2881:
2831:
2499:
2144:
1211:
120:
116:
53:
49:
3524:
3514:
3494:
3489:
3474:
3459:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3356:
3331:
3278:
3248:
3238:
3223:
3190:
3000:
2937:
2868:
2858:
2192:
1197:
590:
222:
204:
132:
124:
41:
2377:
Trilingual Codeswitching in Kenya – Evidence from Ekegusii, Kiswahili, English and Sheng.
2444:
3529:
3484:
3429:
3409:
3371:
3366:
3346:
3321:
3316:
3293:
3283:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3213:
3198:
3166:
3105:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3010:
2977:
2922:
2544:
2527:
2382:
Momanyi, Clara. "The Effects of'Sheng'in the Teaching of Kiswahili in Kenyan Schools."
2326:
Kang’ethe-Iraki, Frederick. 2004. Cognitive Efficiency: The Sheng phenomenon in Kenya.
2088:
1169:
1082:
212:
200:
128:
56:
3581:
3341:
3288:
3268:
3208:
3203:
3020:
2512:
1128:
1124:
1067:
208:
183:
171:
ili" because "Seng" would have sounded unusual. The term is first recorded in 1965.
3110:
2532:
2321:
African youth languages: New media, performing arts and sociolinguistic development
1432:
1253:
1225:
1183:
1141:
1110:
1735:
Imechapishwa magazetini ya kwamba ukosefu Wa kazi imeathiri vijana kiafya ya akili
668:
thao, jii (like the letter G), kapaa, ngiri, ngwanye, ndovu, azar, K, muti, bramba
155:
The word "Sheng" is coined from the two languages that it is mainly derived from:
2305:
Githiora, Chege. 2002. Sheng: peer language, Swahili dialect or emerging Creole?
1739:
The newspapers asserts that joblessness has affected the youth's mental health.
1239:
980:
237:
2139:
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity.
1155:
403:
2450:
2428:, Nico Nassenstein and Andrea Hollington, (eds.) 227–256. Berlin: de Gruyter.
2347:
Kießling, Roland & Maarten Mous. 2004. Urban Youth Languages in Africa.
2108:
359:
82:
70:
2368:
Mazrui, Alamin. 1995. Slang and Codeswitching: The case of Sheng in Kenya.
2293:
Sheng and variation: The construction and negotiation of layered identities
2253:, Nico Nassenstein and Andrea Hollington, (eds.) 51–79. Berlin: de Gruyter.
2148:
2037:
They were arrested after protesting the rising cost of basic commodities.
2265:
Selected Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference on African Linguistics
2258:
Selected Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference on African Linguistics
2208:"Sheng not to blame for drop in KCSE English performance, scholars claim"
140:
2272:
Rural and urban metaphors in Sheng (Kenya) and Tsotsitaal (South Africa)
1784:
Flee from this class because when the teacher comes you'll be punished!
2249:
Beck, Rose Marie. 2015. "Sheng: an urban variety of Swahili in Kenya."
1730:
Umekemba gazo, radar ni fom zimekalas hadi msoto imeramba mayenx viudu.
1053:
776:
271:
136:
2052:
My mother gave me 200 shillings to go buy a quarter kilogram of meat.
1703:
Words in brackets in the Sheng column show how the word is pronounced.
221:"morning" – a Sheng word used in some areas with a similar meaning in
3394:
3121:
2068:
848:
256:
217:
175:
144:
2424:
Vierke, Clarissa. 2015. "Some remarks on poetic aspects of Sheng."
2239:
125 (Sociolinguistic Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa), pp. 45–63.
2048:
Mamangu alinipa shilingi mia mbili nikamnunulie kilo nusu ya nyama.
3566:
3015:
2487:
2361:
Kioko, Eric. "Regional varieties and ‘ethnic’registers of Sheng."
2083:
1096:
233:
32:
2456:
794:
msee, mzing' kizee, mdhii, mguys, mzeiya, mtunguyaz, mzaee, morio
371:
person who doesn't speak Sheng, person from a wealthy background
2426:
Global Repertoires and Urban Fluidity. Youth Languages in Africa
2398:
Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa
1880:
Udingo ndio maana magidha ako ndani, riba ni alichai Doo ya gova
1370:
3125:
2460:
2389:
Mous, Maarten, and Sandra Barasa. "Kenya: Sheng and Engsh." In
1799:
Avoid that path it's laden with thugs who'll steal from you.!
2034:
Walitiwa kizimbani baada ya kulalamikia bei ya vitu kupanda.
988:
mdosi, sonko, sos, penki, donga, bombay, bola, Okwonkwo, dela
2598:
2438:
2063:
Aliamka mapema ili asikose matatu ya kuenda kwao kijijini.
1904:
If you smoke cigarettes you'll get yourself in trouble.
2058:
Alirauka gware ndo asihate mat za kwenda kwao moshatha.
1820:
Amulia hata dhenga ya nich nijipin, niko kidale, mzing!
1825:
Ninunulie githeri ya hamsini tafadhali nile nina njaa
1714:
555:
ndeng'a, thwau, bunde, mchuma, mtoo, ridhe, fee, toka
1780:
Toka humu darasani maana mwalimu akija atakuadhibu!.
3554:
3538:
3447:
3380:
3307:
3189:
3180:
3159:
2986:
2899:
2830:
2713:
2686:
2609:
2498:
1038:
masa, mathe, mnyaka, mokoro, moda, mthama, mondhres
94:
80:
68:
63:
38:
28:
23:
2403:Ogechi, Nathan. 2005. On Lexicalization in Sheng.
2237:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
167:lish. The "h" was included from the middle of "Swa
1814:After receiving some money Kama became boastful!
2270:Erastus, Fridah Kanana, and Ellen Hurst–Harosh.
2162:"Sheng affecting English, Kiswahili performance"
2030:Walibambwa Na masanse, wakikwaria gova kuchocha.
1795:Koma kupita hiyo njia wezi wapo hapo, watakuibia
1316:njumu, njuti, ndula, magwanda, manduleng', chuja
2414:. PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
1750:Karibia nikufunze jinsi ya kuishi huku nyumbani
186:artists such as Kalamashaka and G.rongi in the
2295:. PhD dissertation, Michigan State University.
3137:
2472:
2363:Youth language practices in Africa and beyond
2251:Youth Language Practices in Africa and Beyond
1286:ngata (ng-gah-tah), ngede (ng-geh-deh), irori
240:easily adapt to other variants of Sheng like
8:
76:(a proposal to use shf was rejected in 2017)
2379:Doctoral dissertation, Universität Hamburg.
2314:Sheng: rise of a Kenyan Swahili vernacular.
2281:Third edition. Nairobi: Ginseng Publishers.
2043:Mokoro aliniwai rwabe nikamchekie ka kwota.
1402:chapa, donje, kiatu, forbes, kiraka, kubeat
3186:
3144:
3130:
3122:
2905:
2836:
2719:
2615:
2479:
2465:
2457:
2391:Urban Contact Dialects and Language Change
1754:Come let me show you how to survive here.
926:keja, hao, mbanyu, base, digs, guba, ndaki
509:no respect to that (don't recognize that)
282:
20:
1805:Tangu Kama akanjwe anajiskia skari, sana!
1775:Sepa hii daro juu odijo akimuok, kutatee!
259:have contributed to the growth of Sheng.
2109:"Change Request Documentation: 2016-034"
1859:Can you please give me fifty shillings?
1745:Muokalaiz nikupeleke na mtara za gishagi
2100:
1979:His watch was stolen by his housegirl.
916:karao, gova, sanse, beast, afande, gova
255:The use of social media platforms like
135:, originating among the urban youth of
2419:Journal of the Anthropological Society
2309:Volume 15, Number 2, pp. 159–181.
2244:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
2188:
2178:
1994:He got scared when he saw some thugs.
1296:nguenos, ngwex, mwewe, ngwetes, ngokos
618:ashuu, shoe, kindee, ikongo, das, teja
2453:– English–Sheng/Sheng–English lexicon
2286:Attitudes toward languages in Nairobi
2067:He woke up early so as not to miss a
1810:Kama alipo pata pesa, alianza kuringa
1790:Gura hiyo chuom, madingo watakuchai.!
598:finje, chuani, pachas, hamusini, nich
7:
2393:, pp. 105–124. Routledge, 2022.
1648:nyaku, waka, washa, gwezere, malaga,
936:matha, mathe, mthama, masa, mondhres
844:mathree, mat, jive, jav, buu, nganya
2335:Journal of African Cultural Studies
2307:Journal of African Cultural Studies
1949:Come and share your fries with us.
1528:city, town, streets, neighbourhood
1210:an individual belonging to Kenya's
1196:an individual belonging to Kenya's
1182:an individual belonging to Kenya's
1168:an individual belonging to Kenya's
1154:an individual belonging to Kenya's
1140:an individual belonging to Kenya's
1123:an individual belonging to Kenya's
756:get scared, be afraid, chicken out
1964:His dad was caught by the police.
1638:karokota, doze, kufinyilia, kutuna
1366:veve, mbachu, shamba, mogoka, jaba
1028:mzing, fathe, mbuyu, buda, arinzu,
14:
3618:Languages attested from the 1950s
3593:Swahili-based pidgins and creoles
2405:Nordic Journal of African Studies
2356:Nordic Journal of African Studies
2300:Nordic Journal of African Studies
2288:. Diss. University of Pittsburgh.
1721:Standard Kiswahili (translation)
1594:kauzi, thegi, gondi, dingo, obe (
998:msoto, mbleina, sufferer, hustler
886:konkodi, makanga, manumber, donda
1900:Ukivuta sigara utajiletea shida.
1765:Huyo rafiki yako anapenda mzaha.
1490:mavi, mafi, shonde, shoi, shoste
702:liet, noma, niku hatata, wa gwan
2129:New Updated Guthrie List Online
1985:Aliona magondi akaingiza njeve.
1724:Standard English (translation)
1682:Radio/ music system or a phone
1578:white person, Caucasian person
1564:majuu, mayolo, chambele, farova
1382:), kubz, doze, mungich, mungiki
191:for the society until when the
16:Nairobi urban-based youth slang
2384:Journal of Pan African Studies
2370:Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere
2277:Fee, D., & Moga, J. 1997.
1127:ethnic community or generally
193:Kenya Broadcasting Corporation
1:
3608:African Urban Youth Languages
2284:Fink, Teresa Kathleen. 2005.
2274:. Göttingen: Cuvillier, 2019.
1915:Yule msichana ana sura mbaya.
1895:Ukivuta fegi utajiletea noma.
1874:Stop talking smack, brother.
1855:Unaeza nipa shilingi hamsini?
1602:thief, thug, mugger, burglar
1588:a cunning person, tattletale
1326:poa, wazi, wabe, fiti, chonjo
329:to leave, to vacate premises
2375:Ogechi, Nathan Oyori. 2002.
1960:Babake alikamatwa na polisi.
1955:Budake alishikwa na makarao.
696:up country, rural home/area
2973:Water supply and sanitation
2441:– Dictionary and Translator
2349:Anthropological Linguistics
2316:Boydell & Brewer, 2018.
1945:Kuja utugawie hivi vibanzi.
1428:chipo, chibaz, njiva, vanga
1109:an individual belonging to
976:dhafu, githafu,madhafu, mao
389:), Roroa, zoza, banja, tema
3634:
2337:27, no. 2 (2015): 229-246.
1990:Aliona mhuni akahisi woga.
1870:Acha kuongea vibaya, kaka.
1723:
1720:
1717:
1276:ndai, moti, murenga, dinga
1256:ethnic community of Kenya
1242:ethnic community of Kenya
1228:ethnic community of Kenya
766:city/town council officer
3083:
2908:
2839:
2722:
2618:
2596:
2451:African Languages – Sheng
2206:ODUOR, AUGUSTINE (2014).
2024:His father is tough/bad.
1940:Kuja utugawie hizi njiva.
1769:Your friend likes jokes!
1696:
1440:fika, ishia, jikata, sepa
814:buda, mzae, arinzu, mzing
752:ingiza njeve, gwaya, buya
2565:1982 coup d'état attempt
2523:East Africa Protectorate
2518:Indian Ocean slave trade
2246:32, no. 1 (2017): 48-74.
2160:Business, The Standard.
2127:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
1975:Aliibiwa saa na mjakazi.
1970:Aliibiwa mbota na mboch.
1865:Acha kubonga mavi mdhii.
1584:mtiaji, msororaji, mrazi
1012:go bankrupt/become poor
896:fegi, mozo, ngale, fuaka
722:Oposh, momo, fatso, bazu
585:so, kioo, exsoo, red, os
2291:Githinji, Peter. 2005.
1760:Uyo Arif ako na za ovyo
1568:Western world/overseas
1252:a male person from the
1238:a male person from the
1234:Baite(pronounced vaite)
1224:a male person from the
1136:Mkao, mcambodia, mnduli
876:deree, kigonyi, vandere
672:one thousand shillings
662:five hundred shillings
495:), gawia, chapia, vutia
2603:
2400:4, no. 1 (2013): 1-15.
2149:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
1336:ubao, maunenge, kidale
692:ocha, moshatha, shaggz
652:two hundred shillings
499:hit up (call someone)
2602:
2410:Samper, David. 2002.
2230:Additional literature
1930:Maisha ni ngumu kaka.
1925:Maisha ni gweng bana.
1844:This guy's an idiot!
1658:kalesa, pace, tembeza
1622:boyfriend/girlfriend
1150:mjaka, mjaze, mjaksus
1119:msapere, mkiuk, okuyu
966:mbwenya, jako, blazer
890:bus/matatu conductor
686:stupid person, idiot
289:English (definition)
151:Etymology and history
3603:English-based argots
3546:Kenyan Sign Language
2678:World Heritage Sites
2638:Environmental issues
1850:Si unidungie chuani?
638:ngovo, kobole, guoko
3448:Immigrant languages
2550:Kenya African Union
2312:Githiora, Chege J.
2071:to his rural home.
1919:That girl is ugly!
1840:Huyu mtu ni mjinga.
1206:Arges, walalo, oria
1095:an individual with
1081:an individual with
1065:an individual with
1052:an individual from
1008:sota, kauka, chupri
706:in a mess, trouble
265:Sheng in literature
188:African Great Lakes
3588:Languages of Kenya
3219:Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki
3160:Official languages
3153:Languages of Kenya
2877:Telecommunications
2623:Biosphere reserves
2604:
2570:Goldenberg scandal
2191:has generic name (
2141:English World-wide
1934:Life is hard man.
1910:Ule dame amechapa!
1642:take a nap, sleep
1386:(chewing) tobacco
834:zii, nada, do, nah
3575:
3574:
3443:
3442:
3119:
3118:
3079:
3078:
2943:Human trafficking
2895:
2894:
2826:
2825:
2791:Political parties
2737:Foreign relations
2709:
2708:
2643:Great Rift Valley
2560:1963 Constitution
2555:Mau Mau rebellion
2358:16, no. 3 (2007).
2344:46 (2015): 223ff.
2279:Sheng dictionary.
2114:SIL International
2075:
2074:
2009:I am in a hurry.
1835:Huu msee ni fala!
1708:
1707:
1704:
1544:omoka, kukafunga,
1214:ethnic community
1200:ethnic community
1186:ethnic community
1172:ethnic community
1158:ethnic community
1144:ethnic community
950:housegirl (maid)
860:bhang, marijuana
828:hard (difficult)
648:rwabe, doso, jill
612:twenty shillings
608:mbao, blue, mbalu
549:live (somewhere)
279:Sample vocabulary
110:
109:
3625:
3187:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3099:
3092:
2906:
2872:
2837:
2817:
2808:Deputy President
2720:
2616:
2580:2007–2008 crisis
2481:
2474:
2467:
2458:
2421:18 (1): 125–136.
2365:(2015): 119-148.
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2020:Babake ni mkali.
2005:Niko na haraka.
1715:
1697:
1662:walk a distance
1652:drink (alcohol)
1618:mshikaji, bf, gf
1444:to go somewhere
870:traitor, snitch
602:fifty shillings
283:
106:
100:
73:
44:
21:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3613:1965 neologisms
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3555:Urban languages
3550:
3534:
3439:
3376:
3303:
3182:
3176:
3155:
3150:
3120:
3115:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3075:
3051:Public holidays
2982:
2891:
2870:
2822:
2815:
2814:Prime Minister
2769:Law enforcement
2705:
2682:
2658:Protected areas
2605:
2594:
2585:2010 referendum
2538:In World War II
2494:
2485:
2435:
2407:14(3): 334–355.
2302:15(4): 443–472.
2232:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2187:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2080:
2015:Budake ni mzii.
1713:
682:), dwanzi, zuzu
642:five shillings
281:
267:
153:
115:is primarily a
104:
101:
96:
69:
59:
45:
42:Language family
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3631:
3629:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:Cant languages
3595:
3590:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3539:Sign languages
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Southern Oromo
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Child marriage
2909:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2590:2013 Elections
2587:
2582:
2577:
2575:1992 Elections
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Ilemi Triangle
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2528:Uganda Railway
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2433:External links
2431:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2351:46(3): 303-341
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2323:(2018): 15-52.
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2198:
2152:
2132:
2120:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2089:Kenyan English
2086:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1688:Nangos, digitz
1684:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:pasuka, raruka
1624:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1450:kirindi, mbogi
1446:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1270:fire, matches
1268:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1170:Giriama people
1166:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
994:
993:
990:
984:
983:
978:
972:
971:
968:
962:
961:
958:
952:
951:
948:
946:mboch, chinebo
942:
941:
940:woman, mother
938:
932:
931:
928:
922:
921:
918:
912:
911:
908:
902:
901:
898:
892:
891:
888:
882:
881:
878:
872:
871:
868:
862:
861:
858:
852:
851:
846:
840:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
820:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
800:
799:
796:
790:
789:
786:
780:
779:
774:
768:
767:
764:
758:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
738:
737:
736:Skinny person
734:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
707:
704:
698:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
674:
673:
670:
664:
663:
660:
658:punch, jirongo
654:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
622:ten shillings
620:
614:
613:
610:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
587:
581:
580:
577:
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
531:
530:
527:
521:
520:
517:
511:
510:
507:
501:
500:
497:
487:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
467:
466:
463:
457:
456:
453:
447:
446:
445:go away, flee
443:
437:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
417:
416:
413:
407:
406:
401:
395:
394:
391:
381:
380:
377:
373:
372:
369:
363:
362:
357:
351:
350:
347:
341:
340:
337:
331:
330:
327:
321:
320:
317:
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
297:
291:
290:
287:
280:
277:
266:
263:
152:
149:
129:mixed language
108:
107:
102:
95:
92:
91:
86:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
64:Language codes
61:
60:
48:
46:
39:
36:
35:
30:
29:Native to
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3630:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:Wanga Kingdom
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:Talking Sheng
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2330:14(1): 55–68.
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:, 39(1): 13.
2142:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Niko mbioni.
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:tenje, mtambo
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:masaa, githaa
1606:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
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1120:
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1021:
1019:
1016:
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995:
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989:
986:
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979:
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974:
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953:
949:
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944:
943:
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934:
933:
929:
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923:
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837:
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832:
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827:
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797:
795:
792:
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785:
782:
781:
778:
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755:
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750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:Tough person
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
683:
679:
678:fala, mwere (
676:
675:
671:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
656:
655:
651:
649:
646:
645:
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639:
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621:
619:
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595:
592:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:gun, firearm
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
526:
523:
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79:
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72:
67:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
34:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3561:
3382:Nilo-Saharan
3071:Video gaming
3060:
3006:Coat of arms
2958:Prostitution
2928:Demographics
2849:Central bank
2812:
2747:Human rights
2727:Constitution
2688:Subdivisions
2533:Kenya Colony
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2372:42: 168–179.
2369:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2215:. Retrieved
2212:The Standard
2211:
2201:
2169:. Retrieved
2166:The Standard
2165:
2155:
2140:
2135:
2123:
2112:
2103:
2062:
2057:
2047:
2042:
2029:
2019:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1884:
1879:
1869:
1864:
1854:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1729:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1574:mlami, myuro
1573:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1484:dove/pigeon
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1315:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1261:
1247:
1233:
1219:
1205:
1191:
1177:
1163:
1149:
1135:
1118:
1104:
1090:
1076:
1066:
1060:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
1002:poor person
997:
992:Rich person
987:
975:
965:
956:mbota, wochi
955:
945:
935:
930:house, home
925:
915:
910:male parent
905:
895:
885:
875:
865:
855:
843:
833:
823:
813:
808:girl, chick
803:
793:
783:
771:
761:
751:
741:
731:
721:
711:
701:
691:
681:
677:
667:
657:
647:
637:
627:
617:
607:
597:
589:one hundred
584:
574:
565:keroma, demo
564:
554:
544:
535:dema, dimbua
534:
524:
514:
504:
494:
490:
480:
475:interrogate
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
420:
410:
398:
388:
384:
376:Ngori, noma
367:babi, barbie
366:
354:
344:
334:
324:
314:
307:
294:
270:
268:
261:
254:
231:
227:
216:
198:
181:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
127:, perhaps a
112:
111:
98:Guthrie code
88:
81:
18:
2864:Real Estate
2844:Agriculture
2757:LGBT rights
2189:|last=
1524:mboka, mtaa
981:Mathematics
824:gweng, gwan
788:underpants
726:Fat person
545:pack, stick
493:doong-gi-ah
485:want, view
360:Rastafarian
238:Millennials
3582:Categories
3505:Portuguese
3299:West Nyala
3181:Indigenous
3031:Literature
2918:Corruption
2871:(currency)
2779:Parliament
2742:Government
2633:Ecoregions
2328:Pragmatics
2267:, 185–193.
2095:References
1558:tough/bad
1113:community
900:cigarette
798:guy, dude
515:riba, zabe
505:apantambua
455:represent
435:spectacle
404:talk smack
399:bonga mavi
355:mnati, ras
242:Shembeteng
3327:Daasanach
3264:Mijikenda
3183:languages
2968:Squatting
2948:Languages
2933:Education
2887:Transport
2869:Shilling
2816:(defunct)
2796:President
2764:Judiciary
2732:Elections
2668:Volcanoes
2653:Mountains
2611:Geography
1598:), gwangi
1554:mzii/noma
1464:neck tie
1460:earthwire
1380:koo-beh-r
1360:nonsense
591:shillings
529:have fun
250:Shengtezo
83:Glottolog
71:ISO 639-3
3510:Japanese
3390:Kipsigis
3352:Rendille
3309:Cushitic
3106:Category
2963:Religion
2953:Polygamy
2784:Building
2774:Military
2752:Intersex
2715:Politics
2701:Counties
2673:Wildlife
2508:Timeline
2492:articles
2260:, 77–85.
2181:cite web
2078:See also
1711:Examples
1672:alcohol
1548:be rich
1538:pathway
1518:teacher
1514:), odijo
1421:Exams -
1392:mburungo
1310:trouser
1300:chicken
1198:Kalenjin
1099:descent
1085:descent
1070:descent
1018:bie, B.A
680:mweh-reh
525:serereka
491:dungia (
387:bong-gah
379:trouble
246:Shengilo
163:ili and
141:Tanzania
3520:Russian
3500:Chinese
3480:Italian
3470:Spanish
3465:Punjabi
3455:English
3435:Turkana
3425:Samburu
3337:El Molo
3259:Marachi
3172:Swahili
3167:English
3090:Outline
3066:Swahili
3041:Museums
3011:English
2988:Culture
2901:Society
2882:Tourism
2832:Economy
2628:Climate
2500:History
2386:(2009).
1692:Number
1512:moh-day
1494:faeces
1378:kuber (
1356:uaganis
1340:hunger
1264:nah-reh
1164:mgirish
1097:Chinese
1091:Mchinku
1083:English
1054:Nigeria
920:police
880:driver
818:father
777:chapati
471:peremba
461:mbwakni
425:family
415:search
385:bonga (
319:shower
184:hip hop
179:areas.
137:Nairobi
123:-based
121:English
117:Swahili
54:English
50:Swahili
3525:Danish
3515:Romani
3495:Arabic
3490:Hebrew
3475:German
3460:French
3420:Pökoot
3415:Omotik
3405:Naandi
3400:Maasai
3357:Somali
3332:Dahalo
3279:Pokomo
3249:Logoli
3239:Kikuyu
3224:Ilwana
3199:Bajuni
3111:Portal
3056:Sports
3001:Cinema
2996:Anthem
2938:Health
2859:Energy
2854:Coffee
2696:Cities
2663:Rivers
2490:
2342:Matatu
2217:9 June
2171:9 June
2069:matatu
1718:Sheng
1632:laugh
1510:mode (
1500:shower
1470:nyonde
1454:crowd
1416:crazy
1396:cargo
1320:shoes
1262:nare (
1212:Somali
1178:mlunje
1125:Kikuyu
1077:mngoso
1068:Maasai
960:watch
849:matatu
784:ngodha
579:money
519:story
465:jumpy
451:setoka
431:digaga
411:saksua
325:kugura
315:ngasha
304:dunga
286:Sheng
272:Kwani?
257:TikTok
223:German
218:morgen
205:Gĩkũyũ
176:matatu
145:Uganda
133:creole
3567:Engsh
3562:Sheng
3530:Dutch
3485:Hindi
3430:Tugen
3410:Ogiek
3372:Yaaku
3367:Waata
3347:Oromo
3322:Burji
3317:Aweer
3294:Taita
3284:Samia
3274:Nyole
3254:Luhya
3244:Kuria
3234:Khayo
3229:Kamba
3214:Gusii
3191:Bantu
3097:Index
3061:Sheng
3046:Music
3036:Media
3026:Names
3016:Engsh
2978:Women
2923:Crime
2648:Lakes
2488:Kenya
2439:Sheng
2084:Engsh
1612:time
1534:chuom
1504:bath
1474:bird
1433:chips
1406:ugly
1371:miraa
1350:city
1346:mboka
1330:cool
1306:rodhi
1290:fuel
1254:Kuria
1248:Muraa
1226:Kamba
1220:Kasee
1192:mkale
1184:Luhya
1142:Kamba
1129:Bantu
1111:Kisii
1061:ndauo
1022:good
970:coat
866:msudi
772:chapo
762:Kanjo
746:cold
742:njeve
712:Conte
569:food
393:talk
349:time
339:fool
299:cane
295:nyuka
234:Gen Z
232:Many
213:Kamba
201:Luhya
113:Sheng
105:G.40E
33:Kenya
24:Sheng
3342:Orma
3289:Suba
3269:Meru
3209:Embu
3204:Digo
3021:Flag
2801:list
2219:2023
2193:help
2173:2023
1700:N.B.
1480:dush
1412:fyat
1280:car
1240:Meru
1105:Gaki
1042:mum
1032:dad
906:mzae
732:1 GB
632:buy
539:eat
441:sepa
421:para
345:idha
335:boya
308:wear
248:and
236:and
211:and
143:and
125:cant
119:and
89:None
3395:Luo
2145:doi
1668:tei
1419:Teo
1156:Luo
1048:oga
838:no
628:wai
481:dai
209:Luo
165:Eng
131:or
57:mix
3584::
2210:.
2185::
2183:}}
2179:{{
2164:.
2111:.
1596:ob
252:.
244:,
225:.
207:,
203:,
159:wa
147:.
3145:e
3138:t
3131:v
2480:e
2473:t
2466:v
2221:.
2195:)
2175:.
2147::
2117:.
1266:)
169:h
161:h
157:S
52:–
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.