352:
criticized its leaders proclivity to attack individuals instead of searching for the social class roots of China's social and political problem. They found these roots in China's "new bureaucratic bourgeoisie," which still controlled the old state machine and had usurped the power of the new revolutionary committees. Their proposed remedy was "smashing" the existing state state apparatus in favor of a "People's
Commune of China" based on the popular democratic principles of the Paris Commune. The Shengwulian, or at least its leaders, were radical Maoists -- but too radical for Mao in 1968.
1925:
292:
Revolution." The
Shengwulian comprised more than 20 such organizations, which coordinated their activities through a Central Committee (where a representative from each constituent organization sat) and a smaller standing committee. These groups were forced to unite when the political balance of power swung in favor of rebel Red Guards deemed more reliable by the party center.
267:. The rebel group became known for its opposition to local authorities installed by Beijing and for creatively re-interpreting the Cultural Revolution's official doctrine, becoming active during a period when the political trends of the Cultural Revolution were moving away from mass political mobilization.
409:
writes that the
Shengwulian's opposition to a "red capitalist class" "did not issue from a coalition of the marginalized, but instead the product of a split over tactics within the rebel movement, a rhetorical framing of diehard resistance that was not widely shared even within the splinter faction
351:
The
Shengwulian combined the original ideals of the Cultural Revolution with the theory of a new bureaucratic ruling class, a notion Mao had briefly entertained but abandoned ... They praised the Cultural Revolution for having awakened the masses and for having stimulated popular democracy but
291:
groups and drew broad popular support in Hunan from small neighborhood cooperatives (where wages were generally inferior compared to the state-sector industry). The ultimate commonality was "all had been persecuted or shortchanged by the state and Party apparatus before and during the
Cultural
359:
leadership rejected these ideas, but the
Shengwulian's views nonetheless spread beyond its local environment in China and also into the West. Its legacy is one of creative re-interpretation of the official doctrine arising during the Cultural Revolution.
1900:
385:'s proponents and opponents, or between the proletariat and the former wealthy, but instead between the masses and a "Red capitalist class" that was "decadent" and impeding historical progress. It was passed hand-to-hand among Rebel
346:
from power. The group's tone "was one of frustration at the limitations of the
Cultural Revolution, which the Shengwulian faulted for holding back from a structural solution to China's political problems." As Meisner summarized:
396:
were good or comparatively good while 5% should be purged, the
Shengwulian argued that 90% of the cadres formed a red capitalist class that should be removed and replaced by a political system modeled after the Paris Commune.
279:. The group attracted many people with grievances from having been marginalized in Chinese social life or having been politically targeted. An organization with loose structure and fluid membership, its ranks included
1309:
1284:
1264:
275:
The
Shengwulian was formed in 1967 during the Cultural Revolution, at a stage when the overall political trends were moving away from mass political movement. It arose in
1792:
1875:
1131:
972:
837:
746:
1959:
1163:
1595:
393:
1740:
1954:
433:"湖南省会无产阶级革命派大联合委员会" is the official name in Chinese. However, it is more often referred to as the "湖南省无产阶级革命派大联合委员会" in both Chinese and English.
1659:
1357:
389:, spread by authorities as "material to be criticized," and reached a readership of many hundreds of thousands during the Cultural Revolution.
1949:
1567:
1107:
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591:
552:
510:
1858:
1750:
1294:
114:
1156:
948:
913:
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283:
veterans, "Black Devils" (victims of political campaigns, especially people categorized as bourgeois rightists in the 1950s), and
1704:
1234:
1206:
1802:
1588:
339:
1827:
1787:
1269:
248:
156:
1837:
1699:
1574:
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342:, arguing that the committees failed to transform the political system and had the practical effect of excluding radical
1974:
1928:
1654:
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1211:
1149:
82:
280:
1969:
1782:
1239:
905:
332:
1832:
1624:
1560:
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1304:
993:
767:
583:
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502:
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1352:
1319:
1314:
1289:
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260:
87:
943:. Maurice J. Meisner (A revised and expanded edition of Mao's China ed.). New York. pp. 343–344.
1772:
1186:
1714:
1380:
1025:
808:. Maurice J. Meisner (A revised and expanded edition of Mao's China ed.). New York. p. 351.
717:. Maurice J. Meisner (A revised and expanded edition of Mao's China ed.). New York. p. 344.
373:
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1709:
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1125:
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966:
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831:
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624:"Whither China? Yang Xiguang, Red Capitalists, and the Social Turmoil of the Cultural Revolution"
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109:
99:
1051:"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy"
853:"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy"
666:"The Democracy Wall Movement, Marxist Revisionism, and the Variations on Socialist Democracy"
1664:
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335:(and who was purged in 1968 around the same time authorities suppressed the Shengwulian).
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argued that the central conflict in China during the
Cultural Revolution was not between
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323:" would have to be destroyed to establish a genuinely egalitarian society. Historian
316:
417:, the Shengwulian became the Cultural Revolution's most famous ultra-left grouping.
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The Shengwulian was a self-styled ultra-left group. It sought to emulate the
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989:
The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
938:
803:
763:
The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
712:
579:
The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
540:
The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
498:
The cultural revolution at the margins : Chinese socialism in crisis
328:
899:
1473:
1141:
1853:
356:
319:
as the historical example of popular power and argued that China's "
215:
Hun-an sheng wu-ch'an chieh-chi ko-ming p'ai ta lien-ho wei-yüan-hui
1798:
Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
465:
The Cultural Revolution: Historical Truth & Collective Memories
257:
Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
173:
Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
24:
Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
75:
1310:
Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend
1145:
940:
Mao's China and after : a history of the People's Republic
805:
Mao's China and after : a history of the People's Republic
714:
Mao's China and after : a history of the People's Republic
1099:
Agents of disorder : inside China's Cultural Revolution
331:, one of the last ultra-left intellectuals remaining in the
467:] (in Chinese). Canonical Publishing House. p. 100
255:), derived from the Chinese acronym for the full name of
295:
Ultimately, the Shengwulian was denounced, including by
201:
Húnán shěng wúchǎn jiējí gémìng pài dà liánhé wěiyuánhuì
363:
The group's significant political writings include its
213:
199:
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1227:
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81:
71:
56:
41:
33:
21:
327:writes that one of its inspirations may have been
1793:Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group
1876:List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
349:
1157:
307:," and suppressed by the Chinese leadership.
161:
147:
8:
392:Alluding to Mao's comment that 95% of Party
1596:Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits
16:Ultra-left group during Cultural Revolution
1164:
1150:
1142:
1130:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
971:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
836:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
745:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
178:
18:
1901:3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee
1102:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 7.
446:
426:
1123:
964:
829:
738:
129:
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795:
7:
1960:Organizations in Cultural Revolution
617:
615:
613:
611:
532:
530:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
901:Class conflict in Chinese socialism
1295:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius
14:
1924:
1923:
1859:Mao Zedong's cult of personality
1705:Learn from Dazhai in agriculture
1235:Down to the Countryside Movement
1207:Seven Thousand Cadres Conference
263:group formed in 1967 during the
1955:1968 disestablishments in China
1589:Six Articles of Public Security
1828:Worker-Peasant-Soldier student
1788:Central Case Examination Group
1270:One Strike-Three Anti Campaign
460:文化大革命：历史的真相和集体记忆: ---文革40周年论文集
252:
244:
214:
200:
162:
148:
1:
1838:Xiang River Storm and Thunder
1700:Learn from Daqing in industry
1575:Hai Rui Dismissed from Office
1055:Journal of Contemporary China
857:Journal of Contemporary China
670:Journal of Contemporary China
299:who denigrated the group as "
1950:1967 establishments in China
1655:Continuous Revolution Theory
1645:Cow demons and snake spirits
1568:Quotations from Chairman Mao
1212:Socialist Education Movement
937:Meisner, Maurice J. (1986).
898:Kraus, Richard Curt (1981).
802:Meisner, Maurice J. (1986).
711:Meisner, Maurice J. (1986).
410:that generated the essay."
321:new bureaucratic bourgeoisie
1991:
1096:Walder, Andrew G. (2019).
643:10.1177/009770049101700101
1919:
1783:Cultural Revolution Group
1240:Cleansing the Class Ranks
1067:10.1080/10670560701562325
906:Columbia University Press
869:10.1080/10670560701562325
682:10.1080/10670560701562325
622:Unger, Johnathan (1991).
333:Cultural Revolution Group
225:
177:
137:
105:
1833:May Seventh Cadre School
1625:Newborn socialist things
1561:Bombard the Headquarters
1371:Shaoyang County Massacre
1305:1975 Banqiao Dam failure
1049:Paltemaa, Lauri (2007).
994:Harvard University Press
851:Paltemaa, Lauri (2007).
768:Harvard University Press
664:Paltemaa, Lauri (2007).
584:Harvard University Press
545:Harvard University Press
503:Harvard University Press
340:revolutionary committees
338:The Shengwulian opposed
281:People's Liberation Army
157:Traditional Chinese
26:
1803:Revolutionary committee
1353:Inner Mongolia incident
1320:1976 Tiananmen Incident
1290:Black Painting incident
1255:February Countercurrent
143:Simplified Chinese
95:Political position
1773:May Sixteenth elements
1187:Anti-Rightist Campaign
354:
285:rusticated urban youth
1808:8341 Special Regiment
1715:Five Black Categories
1381:Zhao Jianmin Spy Case
1315:1976 Nanjing incident
1741:Conservative Faction
1670:One Divides into Two
1640:Big-character poster
1192:Great Chinese Famine
992:. Cambridge, Mass.:
986:Wu, Yiching (2014).
770:. pp. 185–188.
766:. Cambridge, Mass.:
760:Wu, Yiching (2014).
586:. pp. 159–170.
582:. Cambridge, Mass.:
576:Wu, Yiching (2014).
543:. Cambridge, Mass.:
537:Wu, Yiching (2014).
501:. Cambridge, Mass.:
495:Wu, Yiching (2014).
1975:History of Changsha
1720:Five Red Categories
1582:May 16 Notification
1285:10th Party Congress
1173:Cultural Revolution
287:. It had ties with
265:Cultural Revolution
249:traditional Chinese
1896:Morning Sun (film)
1871:Great Leap Forward
1761:Ultra-Left Faction
1710:Stinking Old Ninth
1358:Guangdong Massacre
1265:9th Party Congress
1217:Taoyuan Experience
1197:Great Leap Forward
241:simplified Chinese
1937:
1936:
1886:Sino-Soviet split
1746:Little Red Guards
1690:Capitalist roader
1680:Eight model plays
1377:Yunnan Massacres
1300:Hangzhou incident
1280:Lin Biao incident
1202:Lushan Conference
1109:978-0-674-24363-7
1003:978-0-674-41985-8
777:978-0-674-41985-8
593:978-0-674-41985-8
554:978-0-674-41985-8
512:978-0-674-41985-8
457:(26 April 2020).
401:Academic analysis
229:
228:
221:
220:
188:Standard Mandarin
128:
127:
115:Political parties
110:Politics of China
1982:
1970:History of Hunan
1927:
1926:
1665:Violent Struggle
1660:Seizure of power
1650:Bloodline theory
1630:Struggle session
1603:On Class Origins
1386:Shadian incident
1366:Daoxian massacre
1362:Hunan Massacres
1348:Guangxi Massacre
1166:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1121:
1093:
1087:
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1030:www.marxists.org
1026:"Whither China?"
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407:Andrew G. Walder
259:, was a radical
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164:
163:湖南省無產階級革命派大聯合委員會
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149:湖南省无产阶级革命派大联合委员会
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67:
65:
52:
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27:湖南省无产阶级革命派大联合委员会
19:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1915:
1911:Scar literature
1906:Boluan Fanzheng
1842:
1823:Barefoot doctor
1813:Sent-down youth
1766:Xiaoyao Faction
1724:
1608:
1548:
1397:
1393:Ruijin Massacre
1341:Daxing Massacre
1324:
1223:
1175:
1170:
1140:
1139:
1122:
1110:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1048:
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1024:
1023:
1019:
1004:
996:. p. 147.
985:
984:
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951:
936:
935:
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908:. p. 148.
897:
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547:. p. 159.
536:
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505:. p. 146.
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325:Maurice Meisner
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170:Literal meaning
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1881:Class struggle
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1847:Related topics
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1778:Five Man Group
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415:Jonathan Unger
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379:Whither China?
374:Whither China?
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277:Hunan province
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1751:Rebel Faction
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1685:Loyalty dance
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1228:Major events
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72:Headquarters
34:Abbreviation
1695:Yiku sitian
1544:Ye Jianying
1539:Hua Guofeng
1534:Mao Yuanxin
1524:Chen Zaidao
1459:Peng Dehuai
1448:Yao Wenyuan
1402:Key figures
1275:Project 571
1061:(53): 605.
863:(53): 605.
676:(53): 605.
637:(1): 3–37.
305:Trotskyists
289:economistic
233:Shengwulian
133:Shengwulian
37:Shengwulian
1944:Categories
1864:Mango cult
1736:Red Guards
1529:Kang Sheng
1514:Qiu Huizuo
1494:Ji Dengkui
1438:Jiang Qing
1419:Zhou Enlai
1414:Liu Shaoqi
1409:Mao Zedong
1336:Red August
1118:1120781893
1035:2022-10-10
441:References
387:Red Guards
383:Mao Zedong
344:Red Guards
301:anarchists
297:Kang Sheng
271:Background
261:ultra-left
209:Wade–Giles
1620:Four Olds
1553:Documents
1509:Wu Faxian
1489:Xie Fuzhi
1479:Chen Boda
1469:Peng Zhen
1329:Massacres
1126:cite book
1083:143933209
1075:1067-0564
1012:881183403
967:cite book
885:143933209
877:1067-0564
832:cite book
786:881183403
741:cite book
698:143933209
690:1067-0564
651:143570883
602:881183403
563:881183403
521:881183403
120:Elections
57:Dissolved
1965:Communes
1929:Category
1613:Concepts
1504:Qi Benyu
1424:Lin Biao
959:13270932
824:13270932
733:13270932
471:8 August
329:Qi Benyu
311:Ideology
100:Far-left
83:Ideology
1499:Wang Li
1474:Tao Zhu
1180:Prelude
924:7552827
365:Program
303:" and "
62: (
47: (
42:Founded
1854:Maoism
1729:Groups
1464:Wu Han
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394:cadres
357:Maoist
251::
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1079:S2CID
881:S2CID
694:S2CID
647:S2CID
627:(PDF)
463:[
421:Notes
76:Hunan
1132:link
1114:OCLC
1104:ISBN
1071:ISSN
1008:OCLC
998:ISBN
973:link
955:OCLC
945:ISBN
920:OCLC
910:ISBN
873:ISSN
838:link
820:OCLC
810:ISBN
782:OCLC
772:ISBN
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729:OCLC
719:ISBN
686:ISSN
598:OCLC
588:ISBN
559:OCLC
549:ISBN
517:OCLC
507:ISBN
473:2023
371:'s "
367:and
231:The
64:1968
60:1968
49:1967
45:1967
1063:doi
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253:省無聯
245:省无联
235:or
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