Mississippian culture pottery

599:. Ramey Incised and Powell Plain are two varieties that emerged during the Stirling Phase, and are considered two of the most important local varieties. A distinctive trait of this period is the shell temper. The cores of the sherds are typically a range of greys to buffs and creams. Some have slips of liquid clay and pigment with common colors being red, grey, and black and the surfaces polished to a high sheen. Although their attributes are nearly identical, there are major differences. While the Powell Plain has an unadorned surface, Ramey Incised are burnished and decorated with a series of incised motifs decorating the upper shoulders of the jar most often interpreted as having underworld or water connections. The incised decoration is added when the clay is still wet by tracing a design with a blunt-ended tool. The specific shapes and incised motifs are used to place the artifacts securely into the local chronology. Most have been found in association with high status items fashioned from exotic materials and associated with specialized structures such as mortuaries and temples, and were almost certainly vessels used exclusively by the elites and for ritual purposes. As the influence of the Cahokian religion, lifestyle and trade network expanded outward from its 207:

fired, any water left in the clay will tend to quickly turn to steam and explode the vessel wall in a spawl. It takes care and time to dry these vessels before they can be fired safely. Moreover, as even a well-tempered vessel dries, shrinkage rates vary around the contours of the form and will create strains that will crack an air-drying vessel if the drying is not slowed and controlled. A high shrinkage rate probably meant much effort lost to broken pots in both the drying and firing stages for inexperienced potters and ineffective technologies. Woodland potters attempted to remedy the high shrinkage by using large amounts (up to 33%) of coarse sand and/or grog temper in their efforts to render the clay usable for vessel construction. Moreover, their vessel shapes were necessarily confined to either a flat or conical-bottomed vessel. A thick-walled construction was required in order for the vessel to stand, in an unfired state, without collapsing during the air-drying process in preparation for firing. Non-backswamp clays used in many parts of the world could use grog and/or sand and create a round-bottomed vessel, favored by the cook, but not so with the "gumbo" clays of the Mississippi Valley.

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polychrome pottery has representational motifs painted with red, white, and black pigments. The red and white are applied as slips of colored clay, while the black was made from carbon and applied with a negative or resist technique. Similar in manufacture to the engraved ceramics, the painted pottery has thin walls, was tempered with finely ground mussel shell and was given a polished exterior. This style comes in two major shapes, a bottle with a spherical body and a narrow curving neck and a terraced rectangular bowl that is a Moundville specialty. The rectangular bowl is a vertical-sided, flat-bottomed, rectangular vessel with an eccentric rim, specifically with one side lower than the other three so as to display the containers contents. The designs painted on the rectangular vessels are similar to motifs found on other locally produced wares and include the oblong emblem with an embedded cross-in-circle motif(thought to be a graphic representation of a scalp stretched on a hoop), the hand, the skull, the ogee, concentric circles, rayed concentric circles, rayed semicircles, and rayed spirals.

974: 1121: 1074: 336: 923: 83: 519: 911: 219:) has the effect of neutralizing the ionic charge of the clay particles. During the course of replicative pottery experiments, as the shell was added to the clay in the presence of water, distinct and immediate changes took place in the feel of the clay. With the valence neutral, the clay-temper combination produces a very satisfactory pottery clay. This modification of backswamp clay – particles now clumping instead of constantly slipping – into a well-behaved modeling clay would have been immediately noticed by the experienced prehistoric potter. 899: 584: 274: 1022: 1010: 435: 531: 370: 717: 286: 355: 998: 986: 199: 875: 1177:

to establish such insights. Combined with other evidence, the study of pottery artifacts is helpful in the development of theories on organisation, economic conditions and cultural development. Although the vast majority of Mississippian pottery was produced for daily utilitarian uses, the finer varieties seem to have been made specifically for trade or for ritual use. The study of this pottery has allowed inferences to be drawn about the daily life, religion, social relationships, and trade with other groups.

887: 1137: 247:. Implements such as sticks, reeds, or bone fragments, were dragged through wet clay to incise it, or they were scratched into the surface of the dried but as yet unfired pieces to engrave. Sharpened reeds or fingernails were also used to punch small marks. Ornate designs and motifs are common decorative elements, which archaeologists use to track the spread of influences from one culture onto another culture. Many of the designs have symbolic meanings, usually associated with aspects of the 543: 1153: 118:

temper – some instances being so finely ground as to look untempered. Extravagant fine serving wares and grave goods were also produced, with some examples exhibiting handles shaped like animal heads and tails, or in the shapes of animal or human forms. Women were probably the makers of pottery, as they were in most other Native American cultures. Archaeologists found 11 polishing pebbles and a mushroom-shaped pottery anvil in the grave of a woman at the

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plate-like particles of backswamp clay are so small that they are influenced by the ionic charges at their edges. The collective ionic charge acts to cause the clay plates to repel each other and thus slip and slide against each other. The shell particles, also plate-like, were produced by the Mississippian potter by collecting then burning freshwater mussel shells, which were originally most likely a byproduct of harvesting the meat for food.

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stronger vessel. Thinner coils to make thinner walled vessel were a natural consequence. As the potter was probably also the cook, she was now able to construct a more effective cooking pot. Thinner walls allowed heat to transfer to the food more effectively. A round vessel bottom allows easy stirring of the contents, a more even dissipation of the cooking heat and also permits a more even dispersion of the shock of impacts reducing breakage.

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improved set of technologies for horticulture, hunting and crafting. The bow and arrow, improved corn domestication and shell-tempered pottery wares were major technical advances which, along with widespread trade, contributed to the formation of the advanced chiefdom societies populating the Eastern United States. These interacting chiefdoms were observed by the earliest of European contacts during the mid-16th century.

195:(primarily silica) and a high proportion of organic content. This is caused by the slow settling or deposition of the alluvial materials after floods. The clay particles tend to measure just a few micrometres in size and in plate-like form. Large amounts of water can be tightly held in the interspace between the clay particles. Add to this the organic ooze, and one has what is known colloquially as "gumbo" clay. 147: 1207:. An actual mining company was formed (the Pocola Mining Company) to loot the Spiro site, and over a couple of years time many of the more delicate contents were destroyed as the looters dynamited the mortuary mound to gain entrance to its interior. They dynamited the Great Mortuary of Spiro in 1934, and this destruction spurred preservationists to pass laws protecting American archaeological sites. 191:

test-tiles could be produced for examination. Test tiles gave information about the shrinkage rates of various clay/temper combinations to the 'green' state and yielded further information upon firing. Simple, round-bottom cooking jars were built using coil construction and the Mississippian pottery tool set, including a pottery anvil, wooden paddle, mussel shell scrapers and polishing stones.

258: 595:, produced some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics. Pottery from the Cahokia site was especially fine, exhibiting smooth surfaces, very thin walls, and distinctive tempering, slips and coloring. Archaeologists have recorded how these qualities changed and evolved through time, and most examples can be pinpointed very accurately within the phases of the sites 863:- These compositions combine a checklist of motifs that include the skull, human hand, the forearm bone, trophy scalps stretched on a hoop, and the head of a raptor. Depictions of skulls show what are arguably scalp marks at the back of the head. Occasionally is included in the mix of motifs. These motifs are theorized to represent the 857:, the radial T-bar, or a dimple with a number of geometric ribbon-like bands extending outward. It is believed that the designs have cosmological connections to the four quarters or quadrants of the universe. Sometimes other motifs such as three conjoined fingers radiate out from the central symbols at the semi-cardinal points. 736:, a distinctive pottery tradition emerged, unmistakable because of its designs, materials and fine execution. These early pots were often grog tempered, although sometimes finely ground bone was used. Two main forms emerged that would become Caddoan pottery standards for the next 1000 years, a long slender necked bottle and a 1185:

As Europeans began to settle in the lush river valleys of the Midwest and Southeast, they discovered the abandoned village sites and monumental architecture left behind by the former Mississippian culture inhabitants of the region. Many were leveled for fields or dug into by treasure hunters. In some

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pottery spans most of the 14th and the first half of the 15th century CE In this time period there were more than likely only a few potters working in this style at any one time and in some cases archaeologists have found signature features that suggest a specific potter made multiple known examples.

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The coming of Europeans and the attendant population loss, forced moves, and changing economy saw the end of the Caddo pottery tradition in the 18th century, and by the end of the 19th century only vestiges of the tradition survived. The last of the original tradition of Caddo pottery was made in the

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pottery is a locally produced ware with a distinctive engraving tradition. It is found in the graves of commoners and the elite alike, as well as being found in domestic settings. The other variety consists of painted vessels, many of which were not produced locally. Unlike the engraved pottery, the

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The research discovered that there were very good reasons for using shell tempering for Mississippi Valley clays. The nature of clays formed by such a large meandering river system are distinctive. The huge annually flooded backswamp areas create a clay that is composed of very minute clay particles

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study of the pottery has provided one of the best insights into the culture. Because pottery is durable and often survives long after artifacts made from less durable materials have decayed past recognition, ceramics and stone tools are often the only objects that survive in great enough quantities

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form of bottles and bowls. Caddo pottery is considered to be some of the finest Mississippian pottery because of its thinness, symmetry, and very smooth finish, with some of its best examples being bottle forms with extensive geometric engravings. Pieces are often dark brown and black with a glossy

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being grown in the valley, and thus sustaining larger and healthier populations in evidence in the archeological record. Around 800 CE, shell-tempered pottery spread widely and rapidly from the middle Mississippi River valley to become an integral part of the expanding Mississippian culture and its

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The x-ray diffraction of a sample from an unfired lump of pottery clay excavated at the Zebree (3MS20) site confirmed that the shell was burned before being added to the raw clay. Burning the shells eliminates the organic binder and the cooled, burnt shells are easily crushed into a shell temper of

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is a diagnostic criterion in the identification of Mississippian cultures and their ceramic artifacts, excavated site strata, and archeological site surveys in general. The record indicates that around 800 CE, early populations of Mississippian peoples produced shell-tempered pottery in the Central

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at an archaeological dig in Cross County, Arkansas found the first reported example. Approximately 200 whole and fragmentary head pots are in private and public collections. Each is unique and it is thought because of the shapes of their eyes and half opened mouths that they are representations of

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Most pottery found at Mississippian sites is of the variety known as "Mississippian Bell Plain." It is buff colored, contains large fragments of ground mussel shell as a tempering agent, and is not as smooth and polished as finer varieties. Higher quality ceramics feature a finer ground shell as a

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paste. Shell tempering is one of the hallmarks of Mississippian cultural practices. Analysis of local differences in materials, techniques, forms, and designs is a primary means for archaeologists to learn about the lifeways, religious practices, trade, and interaction among Mississippian peoples.

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Hooded bottles or vessels were globular containers, resembling gourds, with a rounded base and a smaller "head." One side of the head was shaped like an animal or human face, while the other side was a black, hollow opening. They were slipped on their exterior surface. A theory is that these were

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Such clay has a high "shrink-swell" ratio depending upon the amount of water present. As it dries from a saturated to a dry state, it shrinks greatly – as seen in the cracked clay deposits of drying flooded areas – and this characteristic presents a serious problem to the potter. As the vessel is

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pottery. Woodland vessels tend to have thicker walls, flat or conical bases and a large amount of either coarse sand or grog used as temper. Mississippian vessels generally have thinner vessel walls, obvious white flecks of shell temper, and round-bottomed pottery forms. For decades archeologists

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became a cottage industry, as the value of the pots increased in demand on the art and antiquities markets. Many states as well as the US federal government now have laws prohibiting the looting of such sites, although the high prices these objects command on the black market has seen these laws

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was initially used as a pottery temper before shell became the popular choice. Rounded bowls and spherical jars are the most common forms, sometimes with embellished rims and handles. Salt pans, platters, bottles, and effigies have also been unearthed. Cord-marked, coarse-tempered wares were for

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Both amateur collectors as well as professional archeologists have long known that shell-tempered pottery is characteristic of the middle and lower Mississippi Valley. "Grave diggers" and amateur collectors have plundered many Mississippian mounds for the fine funerary effigies and other vessels

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Used to process salt, salt pans were large, ovular, shallow clay pans that could hold from 10 to 26 liters. A heavy slip made them more waterproof. They were most likely formed from a mold, possibly a basket. They were lined with grass or textiles to keep from sticking to each other or the mold

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Adding as little as 10–15% shell temper created an excellent pottery paste that was lighter, stronger and more able to withstand the drying process, and the clay's originally high plasticity was subdued. The calcium carbonate of the freshwater mussels also acts as a binding agent and created a

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Another and perhaps even more immediate challenge to the potter using the available backswamp clay is its extreme stickiness, which is called plasticity in ceramic terminology. All but the coarsest of clays are somewhat plastic and malleable in the presence of water; however, the minute, clay

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and the central Mississippi Valleys. This pottery was long thought to have been imported from these other areas as trade items, and modern chemical analysis has shown that much of it is. The same analysis has also proved that some of the pottery was made locally in the Moundville polity. The

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Some Mississippian culture pottery was decorated with textile imprints on them. Vegetal cordage or netting was impressed sometimes over the entire external surface of a vessel. Some archaeologists theorize that the textiles used for the imprints were older fabrics that were past their use as

832:- This theme involves a pair of woodpecker like birds with sinuous necks and crests tied in multiple knots around a central medallion or knot. It has a broad banded tail projecting below the center emblem. A variation of the theme features only the central medallion knot and projecting tail. 190:

A member of the team, Michael G. Million, also conducted replicative experiments, perhaps the first person to do so with the exact clays, tempers and tools used by prehistoric Mississippian potters. Pastes were created using a variety of temper-to-clay percentages so that vessels as well as

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and related state legislation, which made it clearer that such activities were illegal. The illegal digging of such objects destroys much of their archaeological value, as it removes its association from its surroundings. The situation in which an article is found, its level of burial, its

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Mississippian culture pottery was made from locally available clay sources, which often gives archaeologists clues as to where a specific example originated. The clay was tempered with an additive to keep it from shrinking and cracking in the drying and firing process, usually with ground

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produced red, orange, and brown slips. Vegetal pigments included roots, barks, and berries. A technique of "negative painting" involved painting the background and allowing the natural buff or grey of the clay to create the positive image. Beeswax or bear grease was sometimes used as a

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in Western North Carolina used sand as a tempering agent. Rim lugs and handles are absent, and vessel surfaces are either plain or decorated the "Complicated Stamped" style. The stamping paddles, made of wood or pottery, were impressed into unfired clay. Many stamps were salvaged from

805:. They are usually thin-walled bottles and bowls, tempered with finely ground mussel shell, and polished to a glossy black surface. About 150 whole and restored examples of this style are known. Although most have been found as grave goods, some show the marks of domestic use. The 178:

In the early 1970s, archeologists working in Northeast Arkansas for the Arkansas Archeological Survey began research into causes of Mississippi Valley potters' relatively sudden shift to shell temper. The team conducted research at the AAS Station Lab at

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origins, examples of its high status pottery went with it. Numerous examples have been found of local imitations of the exotic wares, albeit usually with less technical skill. Examples of Cahokian made or inspired wares have been found as far away as

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for liquids, figurative sculpture, and uniquely Mississippian forms such as head pots or hooded vessels. Funeral urns were either crafted specifically to hold human remains or were large utilitarian jars fitted with elaborately decorated lids.

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Chapter 20, The Cache River Archeological Project: An Experiment in Contract Archeology. Assembled by Michael B. Schiffer and John H. House. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Publications in Archeology, Research Series No. 8, 1975, pages

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surroundings and even its original condition are valuable in determining the history of many sites, all of which are lost when an object is removed in secret, unrecorded in its provenance, and lost to the antiquities black market.

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fine plate-like particles, some nearly powder. The hinges of the shells are discarded. Using burned shells is logical as unburned mussel shells are hard and very durable. In terms of soil technology, the addition of shell (

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of enemies or of their own honored dead. The pots often have painted surfaces, engraved lines representing tattooing and in some cases holes representing ear and nose piercing. Several fine examples are on display at the

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Archaeologists have also dated the ceramics and found that the most expertly made pieces were done in the 14th century. These earlier pieces also show more influences from outside thematic sources, specifically early

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used to store seed grain, and unfired clay plugs, such as Kersey Clay Objects, sealed the opening. Another theory is that the bottles were used for liquids. Owls and opossums are often featured on hooded vessels.

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shell engravings from the Central Mississippi Valley. As the 15th century progressed, less competency is shown by the potters, which may indicate that less importance was attached to this particular artform.

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is some of the finest known in North America. It is usually found in the areas of Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas and Oklahoma. About 1200 CE as the Caddoan culture emerged from local woodland cultures such as

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Griffin, James B., Prehistoric Cultures of the Central Mississippi Valley. In Archeology of Eastern United States, edited by James B. Griffin, pp. 226–238. University of Chicago Press, 1952, Chicago.

114:. Some decoration of the clay was done at this stage by incising, defenstrating, adding shapes, or stamping designs into the wet clay. After the piece had dried completely, it was fired in a wood fire. 1073: 106:

The potters used slab-built construction and the "coiling" method, which involved working the clay into a long string which was wound round to form a shape and then modeled to form smooth walls. The

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within mounds and surrounding village areas. Early professional surveys in the valley noted the preponderance of shell-tempered wares in large village sites throughout the valley alluvial plains.

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to define the image, and it would melt away in the firing process. Sometimes paint was worked into incised lines. Hematite could be heated to increase its spectrum from warm red to deep violet.

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Moore, Clarence B., Some Aboriginal Sites on Mississippi River, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1911, Vol. XIV, Part III, pp. 365–476. Philadelphia.

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Head pots are jars shaped like human heads, typical male, and the figures commonly appear to be deceased. They are typically 3–8 inches tall, with smaller vessels found in the

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The benefits of shell-tempered pottery vessels to the Mississippian household were much more efficient utility containers for cooking, particularly the increasing amounts of

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Ceramic pipes often featured animal effigies. L-shaped elbow pipes were the most common form. A hollow reed or sourwood stem would be inserted into the pipe for smoking.

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Million, Michael G. (1975). "Chapter 20-Research Design for the Aboriginal Ceramic Industries of the Cache River Basin". In Michael B. Schiffer; John H. House (eds.).

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In 1987 ten looters paid $ 10,000 to dig at the Slack Farm property. After two months complaints by local people led to the arrest of the perpetrators for the

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Most slipped surface ceramics are the shell-tempered light red Monks Mound Red type, with black and brown ceramics with grog and grit temper still occurring.

721: 542: 5028: 3205: 2262: 458: 285: 809:, while similar to engraved pottery from the Tennessee Valley, the Mississippi Valley, and the Gulf Coast, reflects a distinctive local interpretation of 454:. They are considered to be the pinnacle of the Mississippian culture ceramics and are some of the rarest and most unusual clay vessels in North America. 4657: 446:. The polychrome pots feature red, cream, and black slip on buff clay. Most were made between 1200 and 1500 CE in the Central Mississippi Valley area of 4727: 4517: 4002: 3215: 402:

The most ubiquitous form of Mississippian pottery is the "standard Mississippi jar," or a globular jar with a recurved rim and subtle should. In the

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with a serrated crest, and Forked Eye Surround Motif. But, unlike raptor images from other localities(such as the Dancing birdman copper plates or

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made from a mixture of sifted fine clay or paint and buffed to a high finish. The first Europeans to encounter Caddoan pottery were members of the

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negative-painted pottery only seems to have been used by the elites at the Moundville site itself, and have not been found outside of the site.

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A variety of bichrome and polychrome vessels have also been found at Moundville. Stylistically they closely resemble pottery found along the

910: 3995: 2676: 997: 985: 5013: 4988: 4968: 4402: 3850: 2854: 2666: 2641: 2573: 2419: 821:-A chimeric creature with the body of a rattlesnake, feathered wings, a mammalian head and deer antlers. A local representation of the 4762: 4542: 4367: 2974: 2603: 2578: 2482: 111: 2194: 2159: 1746: 1362: 898: 874: 49:

in the American Midwest and Southeast. It is often characterized by the adoption and use of riverine (or more rarely marine) shell-

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Mississippian ceramics took many forms, from earplugs, beads, smoking pipes, discs, to cooking pots, serving dishes, bottles or

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That country is populous and abundant. Pottery is made there of clay, little differing from that of Estremoz or Montemor.

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Effigy pots were a mainstay of many Mississippian peoples, although they come in many different varieties. Some come in

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have examined, sorted, described and stored Woodland sherds from those of Mississippian vessels with relative ease.

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shapes and others in the shape of mythological creatures associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex.

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Shepard, Anna O., Ceramics for the Archaeologist, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1956, Publication 609.

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Nodena- An Account of 90 years of Archaeological Investigation in Southeast Mississippi County, Arkansas

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Expedition in 1541, who described it as matching even the finest potters of their European homeland.

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Pottery has been used to define phase sequences for Southern Appalachian Mississippian cultures.

839:- Similar to other falcon and eagle motifs of the S.E.C.C., this variation depicts a hooked beak 605: 342: 172: 4151: 2234: 1910: 1904: 1164:

Chronologies based on pottery have been essential for dating Mississippian cultures. Along with

853:- This theme usually has a central symbol such as the cross-and-circle, concentric circles, the 1981: 1152: 5059: 4860: 4567: 4324: 4304: 4086: 4018: 3792: 3782: 3688: 3543: 3429: 3394: 3342: 3310: 3275: 3270: 3210: 3192: 3157: 3099: 3049: 3009: 2924: 2719: 2681: 2626: 2409: 2372: 2190: 2175: 2155: 2119: 1914: 1790: 1767: 1742: 1518: 1378: 1358: 769: 403: 264: 216: 155: 107: 69: 2254: 1829: 5003: 4840: 4792: 4742: 4682: 4597: 4522: 4512: 4487: 4442: 4289: 4239: 4220: 4210: 4161: 4156: 3824: 3819: 3807: 3751: 3741: 3568: 3372: 3290: 3225: 2934: 2781: 2754: 2724: 2527: 2517: 1244: 959: 746: 613: 549: 492: 484: 163: 50: 677:

Powell Plain and Ramey-Incised appear for the first time, tempering is predominantly shell

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Nearly all tempering is shell, Powell Plain and Ramey Incised types are no longer in use

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Bust showing how inhabitants of the Parkin site may have looked, based on an effigy pot

2210:"The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico" 1050:

regions differed dramatically from surrounding traditions; potters there used crushed

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Griffin, James B. (1952). "Prehistoric Cultures of the Central Mississippi Valley".

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cooking, and serving wares were fine-tempered and highly polished. Pottery of the

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Head pot from Arkansas on display at the National Museum of the American Indian

4928: 4825: 4697: 4612: 4527: 4437: 3987: 3611: 3563: 3533: 3473: 3280: 3039: 2849: 2791: 2749: 2739: 2593: 2472: 2134:

Research Design for the Aboriginal Ceramic Industries of the Cache River Basin

1428:

Fowler, Melvin L.; Hall, Robert L. (1972). "Archeological Phases at Cahokia".

963: 596: 463: 423: 360: 4702: 4532: 3683: 3673: 3653: 3548: 3357: 3245: 3137: 2914: 2598: 2512: 2152:

Early Art of the Southeastern Indians: Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings.

1870: 1739:

Winterville-Late Prehistoric Culture Contact In the Lower Mississippi Valley

1552:"A Comparative Study of the Swennes Woven Nettle Bag and Weaving Techniques" 1038: 609: 244: 103:

tempering (use of crushed-up potsherds) persisted into Mississippian times.

1478:

The Cache River Archeological Project: An Experiment in Contract Archeology

1288:"Museum of Native American Artifacts-MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD 900 AD – 1450 AD" 1079:

Moundville vessel with frog designs, decorated rim, and rim lugs, photo by

1810: 4901: 4865: 4815: 4677: 4462: 3909: 3877: 3094: 3019: 2362: 2357: 2116:

Sun Circles and Human Hands: the Southeastern Indians – Art and Industry.

1398:

Moore, Clarence B. (1911). "Some Aboriginal Sites on Mississippi River".

854: 737: 451: 447: 410:, broken potsherds were rounded off and reused as discoidal game pieces. 317: 313: 309: 1511:

Sun Circles and Human Hands: the Southeastern Indians – Art and Industry

4908: 4392: 4269: 4191: 3884: 3867: 3698: 3678: 3132: 3029: 2347: 1191:

ignored. Two of the most widely publicized sites to be looted were the

1169: 407: 326: 240: 168: 316:

for black were used to paint the pottery, with red and white spirals,

4254: 3465: 3335: 2984: 2889: 2240:

Caddo Pottery-All the books I've read and what I've learned from them

1509:

Fundaburk, Emma Lila (2001) . Mary Douglass Fundaburk Foreman (ed.).

1215: 305: 96: 591:

Cahokia, Pre-Columbian North Americas largest civic center north of

4998: 3668: 3414: 2944: 2806: 1741:. Mississippi Department of Archives and History. pp. 69–92. 1151: 715: 582: 433: 321: 227: 197: 145: 81: 68: 2082:"Mississippi History Now:Archaeology and Prehistoric Mississippi" 1142:

Potsherd with a stamped design, Notla Mound, North Carolina, NMAI

4958: 772:(Caddo) single-handedly revived her tribe's ceramic traditions. 625: 395: 183:

involving macroscopic, microscopic, petrographic thin-sections,

54: 3991: 2258: 813:. Five major themes have been identified as part of the style. 2114:

Fundaburk, Emma Lila and Mary Douglass Fundaburk Foreman, ed.

1764:

Sunwatch: Fort Ancient development in the Mississippian world

1214:

of "desecrating a venerable object" (a charge which is now a

847:), this theme does not combine human features with the avian. 780:

There are two major varieties of pottery associated with the

632:

Phases from Cahokia and markers for pottery changes over time

466:

of sorts, although it is unclear if they are meant to be the

386:

garments. Corncobs were also used to create texture on pots.

375:

Red and white painted beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas

1862:

Steponaitis, Vincas P.; Knight, Vernon J. Jr. (2003-08-08).

635: 167:

Mississippi Valley at sites, such as the Fairmont Phase at

133:

Mississippian pottery is easily distinguished from earlier

2004:"Stiff fines for site looting handed down in Burke County" 1400:

Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

2189:

Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.

2147:, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Research Report 4, 1975. 1417:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 226–238. 536:

Bird effigy serving dish from the Nodena site in Arkansas

2111:. Illinois State Museum, Papers in Anthropology 1, 1972. 801:

pottery found at the Moundville site is categorized as

768:

late 19th century in Oklahoma. Beginning in the 1990s,

2118:

Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001 (1957).

1221:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

27:

Ceramics of the Mississippian culture (800 to 1600 CE)

1909:(1 ed.). University of Tennessee Press. p. 1903:

Sullivan, Lynne P.; Prezzano, Susan C. (2001-12-12).

86:

A diorama of a Mississippian culture potter from the

1495:. Vol. 609. Carnegie Institution of Washington. 979:

Oblong emblem with an embedded cross-in-circle motif

171:

and the Early Mississippian strata excavated at the

4874: 4806: 4338: 4067: 3843: 3775: 3707: 3646: 3639: 3592: 3464: 3453: 3383: 3234: 3191: 3123: 2831: 2705: 2617: 2536: 2463: 2326: 2317: 2185:

William C. Sturtevant and Raymond D. Fogelson, eds.

363:

painted beakers from the Moundville site in Alabama

279:

Engraved vessel from the Moundville site in Alabama

1454:, Research Report 4, Arkansas Archeological Survey 1357:. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series. 1864:"Moundville Art in Historical and Social Context" 1260:Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas 1027:Rectangular, vertical-sided, flat-bottomed vessel 99:shells. In some locations the older tradition of 2235:Mississippian pottery from Arkansas and Missouri 2208:Weinstein, Richard A.; Dumas, Ashley A. (2008). 1015:Polychrome vessel and ceremonial axes and blades 720:Caddoan Mississippian pottery on display at the 291:Engraved beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas 2174:Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990. 1785: 1783: 1683: 1681: 1616: 1614: 1612: 784:site and the surrounding areas of Alabama. The 751: 548:Hooded bottle from Arkansas, collection of the 2187:Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. 2061:"Sites:Slack Family Farm: Uniontown, Kentucky" 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1811:"Narratives of a career of a FIDALGO OF ELVAS" 1379:"Encyclopedia of Alabama-Mississippian Period" 1345: 1343: 1341: 1235:Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas 175:(3MS20) at Big Lake in northeastern Arkansas. 4003: 2270: 2145:Report on excavations at the Zebree site 1969 1452:Report on excavations at the Zebree site 1969 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 867:, the journey of the dead into the afterlife. 741:finish achieved by the application of a fine 239:Many Mississippian ceramics are decorated by 8: 1504: 1502: 1445: 1443: 722:Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History 690:Limestone tempering has all but disappeared 73:A human head effigy pot from the Nodena site 2154:Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004. 1766:. University of Alabama Press. p. 46. 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 4010: 3996: 3988: 3643: 3461: 2323: 2277: 2263: 2255: 1711: 1709: 1545: 1543: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 263:Ceramic beaker from Cahokia with engraved 4518:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park 1906:Archaeology of the Appalachian highlands 2107:Fowler, Melvin L. and Robert L. Hall., 1602: 1600: 1572: 1570: 1270: 1069: 969: 870: 514: 457:In 1880 an expedition sponsored by the 331: 253: 202:A potter smooths the inside of a vessel 1644: 1642: 1402:. XIV Part III. Philadelphia: 365–476. 587:Diorama at Cahokia of a potter at work 473:National Museum of the American Indian 1984:. Arkansas Archeological Survey. 2007 803:Moundville Engraved, variety Hemphill 7: 1054:and grit as tempers. Peoples of the 4989:Norse colonization of North America 1666:"RiverWeb:AmBot:PreHist:Technology" 1415:Archeology of Eastern United States 2293:Mississippian and related cultures 25: 1306:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 538, 540 1160:, showing trade with other groups 58:The value of this pottery on the 2286: 2087:. Mississippi Historical Society 1626:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History 1135: 1119: 1103: 1088: 1072: 1020: 1008: 996: 984: 972: 921: 909: 897: 885: 873: 541: 529: 517: 368: 353: 334: 284: 272: 256: 187:and x-ray diffraction analyses. 5009:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 3927:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 2109:Archeological Phases at Cahokia 489:Parkin Archeological State Park 249:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex 235:Incised and engraved decoration 2309:Timeline of Mississippi valley 1493:Ceramics for the Archaeologist 916:Center symbols and bands theme 1: 3509:Grand Village of the Illinois 2026:Furry, William (2007-11-07). 1791:"The Caddo Pottery Tradition" 950:Moundville polychrome pottery 729:Caddoan Mississippian culture 31:Mississippian culture pottery 4974:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing 4924:Eastern Agricultural Complex 3286:Grand Village of the Natchez 2171:The Mississippian Emergence. 1951:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 276 1942:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 277 1933:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 275 1893:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 274 1830:"Reviving a Lost Tradition." 1594:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 584 1585:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 540 1576:Sturtevant and Fogelson, 556 1255:Mississippian stone statuary 1240:Fort Ancient culture pottery 1033:Southern Appalachian pottery 110:was not used by pre-contact 62:market has led to extensive 4358:Bandelier National Monument 4232:List of Mississippian sites 4019:Pre-Columbian North America 2304:List of Mississippian sites 1762:Cook, Robert Allen (2007). 1515:University of Alabama Press 1156:Non-local pottery found at 5117: 4778:West Oak Forest Earthlodge 4383:The Bluff Point Stoneworks 4092:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) 1737:Brain, Jeffrey P. (1989). 1250:Plaquemine culture pottery 1186:areas exploitation of the 1003:Polychrome stripped vessel 991:Polychrome stripped vessel 381:Textile impressed ceramics 41:(800 to 1600 CE) found as 5047: 5019:Three Sisters agriculture 4025: 3954: 2299: 1689:"Artifacts-Ramey pottery" 1491:Shepard, Anna O. (1956). 1351:Dan Morse (archaeologist) 1197:Le Flore County, Oklahoma 694: 681: 668: 655: 481:Hampson Museum State Park 181:Arkansas State University 4558:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site 4117:Buttermilk Creek complex 3221:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery 2217:Southeastern Archaeology 1835:(retrieved 20 July 2010) 1436:. Illinois State Museum. 1181:Looting and modern value 851:Center symbols and bands 761:Gentleman of Elvas, 1557 727:Pottery produced by the 574:Notable local traditions 462:deceased individuals, a 304:using such materials as 78:Materials and techniques 5086:Native American pottery 4758:Town Creek Indian Mound 4728:Sierra de San Francisco 4583:Meadowcroft Rockshelter 3851:Ballgame (Southeastern) 3747:Long-nosed god maskette 3627:SunWatch Indian Village 3574:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs 3435:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village 1982:"UA-WRI -Carden Bottom" 312:for red, and sometimes 5096:Native American relics 4413:Coso Rock Art District 4300:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek 4203:List of Hopewell sites 3602:Alligator Effigy Mound 3216:Hickory Ridge Cemetery 3168:Leon-Jefferson culture 2564:Caborn-Welborn culture 1450:Morse, Dan F. (1975), 1430:Papers in Anthropology 1205:Union County, Kentucky 1161: 765: 724: 588: 501:Fayetteville, Arkansas 497:University of Arkansas 439: 347:Cross County, Arkansas 203: 159: 91: 74: 18:Shell tempered pottery 5091:Pre-Columbian pottery 5081:Mississippian culture 4821:Arlington Springs Man 4663:Portsmouth Earthworks 2331:and Upper Mississippi 2132:Million, Michael G., 1833:Texas Beyond History. 1155: 1126:Moundville bowl with 719: 586: 444:Arkansas River Valley 437: 201: 149: 85: 72: 39:Mississippian culture 5029:Transoceanic contact 4919:Container Revolution 4493:Gila Cliff Dwellings 4458:Etowah Indian Mounds 3890:Earth/fertility cult 3594:Fort Ancient culture 2478:Dogtooth Bend Mounds 2464:Lower Ohio River and 2450:Steed-Kisker culture 1517:. pp. 170–171. 1326:"THE MISSISSIPPIANS" 880:Winged Serpent theme 47:archaeological sites 4949:Green Corn Ceremony 4763:Turkey River Mounds 4553:Lake Jackson Mounds 4373:Blue Spring Shelter 3895:Green Corn Ceremony 3455:Upper Mississippian 3405:Blue Spring Shelter 3125:Fort Walton culture 2579:Hovey Lake District 2223:(2). Archived from 1097:Fort Walton Culture 345:effigy bottle from 158:, endemic to the US 152:Quadrula intermedia 60:illegal antiquities 5034:Underwater panther 4708:Rosenstock Village 4578:Marmes Rockshelter 4563:L'Anse aux Meadows 3977:de Soto Expedition 3942:Underwater panther 3788:Central Algonquian 3499:Fisher Mound Group 3143:Apalachee Province 3110:Waddells Mill Pond 1716:Mollerud, Katy J. 1162: 892:Crested bird theme 776:Moundville pottery 725: 696:Sand Prairie Phase 589: 440: 343:Underwater panther 297:Painted decoration 204: 160: 92: 75: 5068: 5067: 5060:Pre-Columbian era 4861:Spirit Cave mummy 4658:Plum Bayou Mounds 4568:Lynch Quarry Site 4087:Ancient Beringian 3985: 3984: 3950: 3949: 3635: 3634: 3251:Atchafalaya Basin 3193:Pensacola culture 3158:Fort Walton Mound 3050:Punk Rock Shelter 3010:Mouse Creek phase 2833:South Appalachian 2827: 2826: 2706:Central and Lower 2647:Castalian Springs 2637:Brentwood Library 2537:Middle Ohio River 2390:Emerald Acropolis 2180:978-0-8173-5452-7 2124:978-0-8173-1077-6 1920:978-1-57233-142-6 1773:978-0-8173-5458-9 1524:978-0-8173-1077-6 1095:Pottery from the 770:Jereldine Redcorn 707: 706: 404:Pensacola culture 217:calcium carbonate 185:atomic absorption 156:freshwater mussel 35:ceramic tradition 16:(Redirected from 5108: 5004:Projectile point 4841:Leanderthal Lady 4768:Upward Sun River 4743:Stallings Island 4733:Shell ring sites 4683:Recapture Canyon 4598:Moorehead Circle 4443:El Fin del Mundo 4428:Cueva de la Olla 4234: 4221:Maritime Archaic 4205: 4035: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3989: 3752:Mill Creek chert 3742:Duck River cache 3644: 3462: 3226:Pensacola people 3020:Muscogee (Creek) 2860:Bell Field Mound 2574:Hovey Lake-Klein 2528:Wickliffe Mounds 2503:Rowlandton Mound 2420:Lunsford-Pulcher 2324: 2291: 2290: 2279: 2272: 2265: 2256: 2231: 2229: 2214: 2168:Smith, Bruce D. 2150:Power, Susan C. 2096: 2095: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2033:. Illinois Times 2032: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2008: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1869:. Archived from 1868: 1859: 1836: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1713: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1691:. Archived from 1685: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1662: 1649: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1618: 1607: 1604: 1595: 1592: 1586: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1456: 1455: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1347: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1284: 1245:Hopewell pottery 1139: 1123: 1107: 1092: 1076: 1024: 1012: 1000: 988: 976: 928:Trophy theme cup 925: 913: 901: 889: 877: 845:shell engravings 763: 747:Hernando de Soto 636: 614:Winterville site 579:Cahokian pottery 550:Gilcrease Museum 545: 533: 521: 493:Parkin, Arkansas 485:Wilson, Arkansas 372: 357: 338: 288: 276: 260: 112:Native Americans 64:looting of sites 21: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5064: 5055:Genetic history 5043: 4897:Ceremonial pipe 4870: 4851:Minnesota Woman 4808: 4802: 4623:Ocmulgee Mounds 4603:Morrison Mounds 4548:Kolomoki Mounds 4538:Kimball Village 4398:Candelaria Cave 4340: 4334: 4315:Suwannee Valley 4250:Old Cordilleran 4230: 4201: 4069: 4063: 4029: 4021: 4016: 3986: 3981: 3967:Clarksdale bell 3946: 3932:Stone box grave 3873:Ceremonial pipe 3839: 3798:Mobilian Jargon 3771: 3703: 3631: 3588: 3456: 3449: 3386: 3379: 3237: 3230: 3187: 3119: 3065:Rucker's Bottom 2855:Beaverdam Creek 2835: 2823: 2707: 2701: 2662:Hiwassee Island 2619: 2613: 2604:Welborn Village 2532: 2493:Millstone Bluff 2466:Confluence area 2465: 2459: 2455:Sugarloaf Mound 2395:Emmons Cemetery 2330: 2328:American Bottom 2319: 2313: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2227: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2143:Morse, Dan F., 2104: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080:Morgan, David. 2079: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1985: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1839: 1828: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1722: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1707: 1698: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1537:Sturtevant, 538 1536: 1532: 1525: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1474: 1459: 1449: 1448: 1441: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1349: 1348: 1339: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1272: 1268: 1231: 1201:Slack Farm site 1188:platform mounds 1183: 1166:anthropologists 1150: 1143: 1140: 1131: 1124: 1115: 1108: 1099: 1093: 1084: 1077: 1061:Nacoochee Mound 1035: 1028: 1025: 1016: 1013: 1004: 1001: 992: 989: 980: 977: 952: 929: 926: 917: 914: 905: 902: 893: 890: 881: 878: 811:S.E.C.C. themes 795: 778: 764: 759: 714: 712:Caddoan pottery 700:1275 – 1350 CE 687:1200 – 1275 CE 683:Moorehead Phase 674:1100 – 1200 CE 661:1050 - 1100 CE 634: 601:American Bottom 581: 576: 570:before firing. 567: 559: 552: 546: 537: 534: 525: 522: 509: 477:Washington D.C. 432: 420:anthropomorphic 416: 392: 383: 376: 373: 364: 358: 349: 339: 299: 292: 289: 280: 277: 268: 261: 237: 154:, a species of 144: 142:Shell tempering 135:Woodland period 80: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5114: 5112: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5073: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4979:Mound Builders 4976: 4971: 4966: 4964:Medicine wheel 4961: 4956: 4954:Horned Serpent 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4693:Roberts Island 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4628:Old Stone Fort 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4593:Moaning Cavern 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543:Kincaid Mounds 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4423:Cuarenta Casas 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4378:Bluefish Caves 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4339:Archaeological 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4206: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4137:Caloosahatchee 4134: 4129: 4124: 4122:Caborn-Welborn 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4068:Archaeological 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3972:Mound Builders 3969: 3964: 3959: 3958:Related topics 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3922: 3920:Village bundle 3912: 3907: 3905:Platform mound 3902: 3900:Horned Serpent 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3767:Stone statuary 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3717: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3617:Leo Petroglyph 3614: 3609: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3554:Moccasin Bluff 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3504:Gentleman Farm 3501: 3496: 3491: 3489:Carcajou Point 3486: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3420:Caddoan Mounds 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3389: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3206:Dauphin Island 3203: 3197: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2880:Bussell Island 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2841: 2839: 2829: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2632:Beasley Mounds 2629: 2623: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2483:Kincaid Mounds 2480: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2400:Horseshoe Lake 2397: 2392: 2387: 2385:Dickson Mounds 2382: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2284: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2230:on 2012-04-25. 2203: 2202:External links 2200: 2199: 2198: 2183: 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Tuscaloosa: 1498: 1483: 1457: 1439: 1420: 1405: 1390: 1370: 1363: 1337: 1317: 1308: 1299: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1230: 1227: 1182: 1179: 1174:archaeologists 1149: 1148:In archaeology 1146: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1100: 1094: 1087: 1085: 1078: 1071: 1052:quartz crystal 1034: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1007: 1005: 1002: 995: 993: 990: 983: 981: 978: 971: 951: 948: 934:Hemphill style 931: 930: 927: 920: 918: 915: 908: 906: 903: 896: 894: 891: 884: 882: 879: 872: 869: 868: 858: 848: 833: 826: 823:Horned Serpent 819:winged serpent 807:Hemphill style 799:Hemphill style 794: 793:Hemphill style 791: 786:Hemphill style 777: 774: 757: 734:Fourche Maline 713: 710: 705: 704: 701: 698: 692: 691: 688: 685: 679: 678: 675: 672: 670:Stirling Phase 666: 665: 662: 659: 653: 652: 647: 642: 633: 630: 580: 577: 575: 572: 566: 563: 558: 555: 554: 553: 547: 540: 538: 535: 528: 526: 523: 516: 508: 507:Hooded bottles 505: 459:Peabody Museum 431: 428: 415: 412: 391: 388: 382: 379: 378: 377: 374: 367: 365: 359: 352: 350: 340: 333: 298: 295: 294: 293: 290: 283: 281: 278: 271: 269: 262: 255: 236: 233: 143: 140: 108:potter's wheel 79: 76: 53:agents in the 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5113: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4939:Falcon dancer 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875:Miscellaneous 4873: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4846:Melbourne Man 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836:La Brea Woman 4834: 4832: 4831:Kennewick Man 4829: 4827: 4824: 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4453:Effigy Mounds 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418:Crystal River 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4330:Weeden Island 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295:Safety Harbor 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4285:Poverty Point 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4265:Paleo-Indians 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4226:Mississippian 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 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3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3622:Serpent Mound 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3584:Summer Island 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3387:Mississippian 3382: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3238:Mississippian 3233: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3153:Corbin–Tucker 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3060:Roods Landing 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 3000:Moccasin Bend 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2930:Hoojah Branch 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2837:Mississippian 2834: 2830: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2760:Menard-Hodges 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2697:Swallow Bluff 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2618:Tennessee and 2616: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2488:Marshall Site 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2462: 2456: 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1167: 1159: 1154: 1147: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1110:Human effigy 1106: 1101: 1098: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1032: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1006: 999: 994: 987: 982: 975: 970: 968: 965: 961: 957: 949: 947: 944: 940: 935: 924: 919: 912: 907: 900: 895: 888: 883: 876: 871: 866: 865:Path of Souls 862: 859: 856: 852: 849: 846: 842: 838: 834: 831: 827: 824: 820: 816: 815: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 792: 790: 787: 783: 775: 773: 771: 762: 756: 755: 750: 748: 744: 739: 735: 730: 723: 718: 711: 709: 702: 699: 697: 693: 689: 686: 684: 680: 676: 673: 671: 667: 663: 660: 658: 657:Lohmann Phase 654: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 631: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 602: 598: 594: 585: 578: 573: 571: 564: 562: 556: 551: 544: 539: 532: 527: 520: 515: 513: 506: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 465: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 436: 429: 427: 425: 422:shapes, some 421: 413: 411: 409: 405: 400: 397: 389: 387: 380: 371: 366: 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phase 2975:Little Egypt 2925:Garden Creek 2910:Dallas phase 2797:Tipton phase 2775:Nodena phase 2672:Mound Bottom 2657:Fewkes Group 2642:Brick Church 2544:Angel Mounds 2410:Kuhn Station 2405:John Chapman 2225:the original 2220: 2216: 2186: 2170: 2151: 2144: 2133: 2115: 2108: 2089:. 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Retrieved 1219: 1209: 1193:Spiro Mounds 1184: 1163: 1128:Trophy theme 1127: 1056:Pisgah phase 1036: 962:, the lower 953: 943:Braden style 933: 932: 904:Raptor theme 864: 861:Trophy theme 860: 850: 841:bird of prey 836: 830:crested bird 829: 818: 806: 802: 798: 796: 785: 779: 766: 760: 753: 752: 726: 708: 649: 644: 639: 622:Fort Ancient 590: 568: 560: 510: 468:trophy heads 456: 441: 417: 401: 393: 384: 300: 238: 225: 221: 213: 209: 205: 193: 189: 177: 161: 132: 124: 116: 105: 93: 88:Angel Mounds 30: 29: 5024:Thunderbird 4892:Black drink 4856:Peñon woman 4793:Winterville 4773:Velda Mound 4753:Taos Pueblo 4648:Parkin Park 4633:Orwell site 4618:Nodena site 4513:Holly Bluff 4488:Four Mounds 4478:Fort Center 4403:Casa Grande 4353:Anzick site 4245:Monongahela 4172:Fort Walton 4147:Coles Creek 4112:Belle Glade 4097:Anishinaabe 3937:Thunderbird 3863:Black drink 3715:Emmons mask 3659:Chenopodium 3647:Agriculture 3569:Plum Island 3524:Hotel Plaza 3373:Winterville 3353:Scott Place 3291:Holly Bluff 3211:Fort Walton 2965:Lamar phase 2819:Walls phase 2715:Belle Meade 2708:Mississippi 2652:Dunbar Cave 2554:Annis Mound 2549:Angel phase 2523:Ware Mounds 2518:Twin Mounds 2368:Ramey state 2353:Monks Mound 1622:"Head pots" 1212:misdemeanor 1114:in Georgia 1081:C. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Mississippian culture pottery

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