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370:, attesting to some of its characteristics. It is a slow-growing, long-lived tree, hard to transplant because of its long taproot, and subject to insect damage. The nuts, largest of all hickory nuts, are sweet and edible. Wildlife and people harvest most of them; those remaining produce seedling trees readily. The wood is hard, heavy, strong, and very flexible, making it a favored wood for tool handles. A specimen tree has been reported in Missouri with 117 cm (46 in)
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The seeds within shellbark hickory nuts are edible and consumed by ducks, quail, wild turkeys, squirrels, chipmunks, deer, foxes, raccoons, and white-footed mice. A few plantations of shellbark hickory have been established for nut production, but the nuts are difficult to crack, though the kernel is
797:
Damaging agents: Although numerous insects and diseases affect hickories, shellbark hickory has no enemies that seriously threaten its development or perpetuation as a species. Seed production can be reduced significantly, however, through attack by several insects. Two of the most important are the
752:
Rooting habit: Shellbark hickory develops a large taproot that penetrates deeply into the soil. Lateral roots emerge at nearly right angles to the taproot, spreading horizontally through the soil. Major distinct lateral roots usually develop 12 inches or more below ground level and appear only after
387:
Shellbark hickory is widely distributed, but is nowhere common. The range extends from western New York through southern
Michigan to southeast Iowa, south through eastern Kansas into northern Oklahoma, and eastward through Tennessee into Pennsylvania. This species is most prominent in the lower Ohio
401:−26 °C (−15 °F) occurs in the northern part of the range, and an average maximum temperature of 38 °C (100 °F) is found throughout the range. Precipitation varies between 750 and 1,500 mm (30 and 59 in) per year including 15 to 90 cm (5.9 to 35.4 in) of snow.
400:
The mean length of the frost-free period within the range of shellbark hickory is from 150 to 210 days. The average
January temperature is between −4 and 5 °C (25 and 41 °F), and for July the mean temperature is from 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F). An average minimum temperature of
421:
The species is essentially a bottomland species and is often found on river terraces and second bottoms. Land subject to shallow inundations for a few weeks early in the growing season is favorable for shellbark. However, the tree will grow on a wide range of topographic and physiographic sites.
391:
In part due to the activities of humans, shellbark hickory has become rare in its natural range. The heavy seeds do not travel far from the parent tree and many stands have been lost to forest clearing and lumber harvesting. It is also not planted much as an ornamental due to its slow growth and
409:
Shellbark hickory grows best on deep, fertile, moist soils, most typical of the order
Alfisols. It does not thrive in heavy clay soils, but grows well on heavy loams or silt loams. Shellbark hickory requires moister situations than do pignut, mockernut, or shagbark hickories
388:
River region and south along the
Mississippi River to central Arkansas. It is frequently found in the great river swamps of central Missouri and the Wabash River region in Indiana and Ohio. It's also found scattered in the Hudson valley in New York state
1103:
Bonner, F. T., and L. C. Maisenhelder. 1974. Carya Nutt. Hickory. In Seeds of woody plants of the United States. p. 269-272. C. S. Schopmeyer, tech. coord. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 450. Washington,
1046:
Merz, Robert W. 1965. Shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud.). In
Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 132-135. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 27 1. Washington,
1186:
784:
Under forest conditions, shellbark hickory often develops a clear bole for half its length and has a narrow, oblong crown. Open-grown trees have egg-shaped crowns. Heavy release sometimes results in epicormic branching.
847:) can seriously affect reproduction by killing back the tops of seedlings and sprouts. Both standing dead trees and freshly cut logs are highly susceptible to attacks by numerous species of wood borers.
1151:
U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 1980. Root characteristics of some important trees of eastern forests: a summary of literature. USDA Forest Service, Eastern Region, Milwaukee, WI 217 p.
781:). It grows slowly under a dense canopy, however. In stands with only partial shade, it reproduces well. It is a very strong competitor in most of the species associations in which it is found.
850:
A large number of insect species feed on hickory foliage. None of them causes serious problems for shellbark hickory, although they may be responsible for some stem deformity and growth loss.
860:
Shellbark hickory is susceptible to bole injury from fire, and fire injuries are often invaded by wood rot fungi. It is resistant to snow and ice damage, but is susceptible to frost damage.
788:
On mature trees, the bark peels away from the trunk in long, sometimes broad, strips. This gives the trees a “shaggy” appearance that is easily confused with that of the
Shagbark hickory (
430:
Shellbark hickory may be found in pure groups of several trees but is more frequent singly in association with other hardwoods. The species is a minor component of the forest cover types
1113:
MacDaniels, L. H. 1979. Hickories. In Nut tree culture in North
America. p. 35-50. Richard A. Jaynes, ed. The Northern Nut Growers Association. W. F. Humphrey Press, Geneva, NY.
794:). That close similarity is the reason Shellbark hickories are frequently misidentified. A closer examination of other traits is usually needed to distinguish the two species.
418:), although it is sometimes found on dry, sandy soils. Specific nutrient requirements are not known, but generally the hickories grow best on neutral or slightly alkaline soils.
1110:
Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.
1854:
1065:
Hepting, George H. 1971. Diseases of forest and shade trees of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 386. Washington, DC. 658 p.
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905:
Sarg.). Shellbark hickory has 32 chromosomes. In general, species within the genus with the same chromosome number are able to cross. Numerous hybrids among the
753:
taproot is well formed. In Illinois, root growth was rapid in April, slowed during July and August, increased again in September, and ended in late November.
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853:
Shellbark hickory is free of serious diseases, but it is a host species for a variety of fungi. More than 130 fungi have been identified from species of
756:
Mycorrhizal associations are formed when trees are young. The only specific fungus identified from shellbark hickory roots is an ectotrophic mycorrhiza,
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Growth and yield: The hickories as a group grow slowly in diameter, and shellbark hickory is no exception. Sapling size trees average 2 mm (
749: in) per year. Shellbark hickory occasionally grows to a height of 40 m (130 ft) and a diameter of 100 centimetres (39 in).
1994:
857:. These include leaf disease, stem canker, wood rot, and root rot-causing fungi. Specific information for shellbark hickory is not available.
964:
442:(type 91). It may also be found in one or more of the types in which hickories are included, but it is not identified at the species level.
57:
826:) feed on leaves, but the larvae feed beneath the bark and can be very destructive to hickory seedlings. The flatheaded appletree borer (
1056:
Baker, Whiteford L. 1976. Eastern forest insects. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication 1175. Washington, DC. 642 p.
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Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.
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sweet. The wood is used for furniture, tool handles, sporting goods, veneer, fuelwood, charcoal, and drum sticks.
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Reaction to competition: Shellbark hickory is very shade-tolerant, exceeded only by
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The herbaceous stratum includes numerous sedges and grasses. The shrub and small
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images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database
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841:) feeds in the trunks and branches of trees. A twig girdler (
533:). It is found in association with four other hickories–
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Shellbark hickory commonly grows in association with
1125:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
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1026:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62019631A62019633.en
1176:website, 30 October 2018. Accessed 21 May 2020.
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1147:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
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434:(Society of American Foresters type 42),
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
43:This article includes a list of general
1145:United States Department of Agriculture
993:
924:
557:), and numerous oak species, including
1174:Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University
877:Shellbark hickory hybridizes with the
7:
909:species with 32 chromosomes (pecan,
632:may be composed of painted buckeye (
2191:IUCN Red List least concern species
1012:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
683:Sapling and pole stages to maturity
2206:Trees of humid continental climate
2142:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30079810-2
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
440:swamp chestnut oak–cherrybark oak
2013:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:442172-1
1185: This article incorporates
1180:
1117:Schlesinger, Richard C. (1990).
1079:. New York: Knopf. p. 350.
975:
963:
951:
939:
927:
350:or walnut family is also called
159:
34:
1:
893:Sarg.), and shagbark hickory,
804:) and the hickory shuckworm (
392:difficulty of transplanting.
1171:"Cracking a shellbark case."
1141:United States Forest Service
2227:
1075:Little, Elbert L. (1980).
835:The living-hickory borer (
2211:Trees of Northern America
813:The hickory bark beetle (
372:diameter at breast height
330:
321:
299:
292:
156:Scientific classification
154:
132:
123:
118:
109:
104:
1642:Queensland macadamia nut
1191:United States Government
1133:Silvics of North America
1019:: e.T62019631A62019633.
668:), and trumpet-creeper (
958:Catkins of male flowers
917:) have been described.
816:Scolytus quadrispinosus
523:Liquidambar styraciflua
426:Associated forest cover
64:more precise citations.
1439:Johnstone River almond
1187:public domain material
829:Chrysobothris femorata
759:Laccaria ochropurpurea
716:
708:
700:
692:
665:Toxicodendron radicans
644:), flowering dogwood (
412:Carya glabra, C. alba,
97:
2201:Edible nuts and seeds
1367:Australian cashew nut
714:
706:
698:
690:
95:
1001:Stritch, L. (2018).
499:Carpinus caroliniana
405:Soils and topography
1445:Irvingia gabonensis
844:Oncideres cingulata
807:Laspeyresia caryana
650:), eastern redbud (
126:Conservation status
1602:Single-leaf pinyon
1169:Damery, Jonathan.
717:
709:
701:
693:
635:Aesculus sylvatica
475:Fraxinus americana
105:Shellbark hickory
98:
2178:
2177:
2061:Juglans laciniosa
1956:Open Tree of Life
1681:Taxon identifiers
1672:
1671:
1570:Monkey-puzzle nut
1432:Shellbark hickory
1417:Mockernut hickory
1377:Borneo tallow nut
913:, shellbark, and
883:Carya illinoensis
779:Fagus grandifolia
653:Cercis canadensis
547:Carya cordiformis
531:Populus deltoides
495:American hornbeam
368:western shellbark
344:shellbark hickory
335:
334:
285:C. laciniosa
149:
90:
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1135:. Vol. 2.
1121:Carya laciniosa
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1098:Further reading
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563:Quercus bicolor
515:Nyssa sylvatica
491:Tilia americana
451:Ulmus americana
438:(type 65), and
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96:Fruit and Nuts
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
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2223:
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2058:
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2018:
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1665:
1662:
1660:
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1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Macadamia nut
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
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1620:
1616:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Chilgoza pine
1580:
1579:
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1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
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1560:
1559:
1555:
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1546:
1545:Burrawang nut
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1529:
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1410:
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1398:
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1392:Chilean hazel
1390:
1388:
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1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1344:Yellow walnut
1342:
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1332:
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1086:0-394-50760-6
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294:Binomial name
291:
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186:Tracheophytes
184:
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171:
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147:
142:
141:Least Concern
131:
127:
122:
117:
113:
108:
103:
100:
94:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2060:
1688:
1649:Paradise nut
1556:
1505:Black walnut
1479:Panda oleosa
1477:
1443:
1431:
1297:Beaked hazel
1179:
1173:
1162:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1016:
1010:
1004:
996:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
867:
859:
854:
852:
849:
842:
838:Goes pulcher
836:
834:
827:
820:
814:
812:
805:
799:
796:
789:
787:
783:
778:
770:
764:
757:
755:
751:
718:
715:Mature trunk
707:Mature fruit
678:Life history
669:
663:
659:Ilex decidua
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
623:Q. nuttallii
622:
615:Q. michauxii
614:
606:
602:
594:
587:Q. shumardii
586:
578:
571:Q. palustris
570:
562:
554:
546:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
458:
450:
447:American elm
444:
429:
420:
415:
411:
408:
399:
390:
386:
383:Native range
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:Juglandaceae
343:
338:
337:
336:
302:
300:
284:
283:
267:
255:
245:Juglandaceae
218:
205:
192:
179:
99:
76:
67:
48:
1987:kew-2701789
1917:NatureServe
1829:iNaturalist
1713:Wikispecies
1659:Peanut tree
1619:Angiosperms
1592:Korean pine
1532:Gymnosperms
1466:Wild karuka
1312:Asian hazel
1032:19 November
891:nussbaumeri
791:Carya ovata
767:sugar maple
638:), pawpaw (
603:Q. stellata
559:swamp white
555:C. aquatica
507:Acer rubrum
463:winged elms
199:Angiosperms
70:August 2022
62:introducing
2185:Categories
2129:30079810-2
1982:Plant List
1627:Brazil nut
1607:Stone pine
1552:Ginkgo nut
1382:Breadfruit
988:References
630:tree layer
599:Delta post
527:cottonwood
45:references
2076:Q39063593
1795:233500318
1632:Macadamia
1565:Bunya nut
1558:Araucaria
1510:Butternut
1495:Pistachio
1485:Pekea nut
1407:Gabon nut
1372:Betel nut
1324:Kurrajong
1270:Candlenut
1233:True, or
1128:Hardwoods
970:Bud break
911:bitternut
824:torquatus
543:bitternut
539:mockernut
503:red maple
479:green ash
346:, in the
279:Species:
263:Section:
169:Kingdom:
2155:16700137
2150:Tropicos
2070:Wikidata
2033:VASCAN:
2026:16700025
2021:Tropicos
1922:2.139611
1886:62019631
1860:10799228
1847:442172-1
1704:Q4215101
1698:Wikidata
1577:Pine nut
1520:Heartnut
1490:Pili nut
1473:Mongongo
1451:Jack nut
1334:Palm nut
1319:Kola nut
1287:Hazelnut
1275:Chestnut
1265:Breadnut
1143:(USFS),
915:shagbark
903:dunbarii
895:C. ovata
873:Genetics
607:paludosa
595:Q. nigra
535:shagbark
519:sweetgum
511:blackgum
487:basswood
467:U. alata
459:U. rubra
455:slippery
416:C. ovata
241:Family:
212:Eudicots
146:IUCN 3.1
2103:4205717
1961:3931022
1935:1370058
1904:MoBotPF
1808:3054326
1664:Soybean
1412:Hickory
1397:Coconut
1307:Filbert
921:Gallery
744:⁄
734:⁄
724:⁄
619:Nuttall
617:), and
583:Shumard
579:Q. alba
549:), and
525:), and
461:), and
432:bur oak
396:Climate
378:Habitat
352:kingnut
251:Genus:
235:Fagales
231:Order:
173:Plantae
144: (
58:improve
2000:CALA21
1995:PLANTS
1948:131046
1909:281353
1782:173148
1756:594984
1654:Peanut
1500:Walnut
1456:Karuka
1402:Durian
1387:Cashew
1362:Almond
1354:Drupes
1083:
773:) and
477:) and
360:bottom
342:, the
315:K.Koch
268:Carya
225:Rosids
47:, but
2196:Carya
2116:20755
2090:3QRTQ
1873:19235
1855:IRMNG
1834:54790
1777:EUNIS
1769:CYALA
1743:69DHD
1727:APA:
1561:spp.
1540:Cycad
1422:Pecan
1248:Beech
1243:Acorn
907:Carya
879:pecan
855:Carya
775:beech
605:var.
591:water
575:white
551:water
471:white
366:, or
364:thick
311:Mill.
272:Carya
270:sect.
256:Carya
219:Clade
206:Clade
193:Clade
180:Clade
2137:POWO
2124:IPNI
2111:GRIN
2098:GBIF
2036:6237
2008:POWO
1969:PfaF
1930:NCBI
1896:1493
1881:IUCN
1868:ITIS
1842:IPNI
1821:9254
1816:GRIN
1803:GBIF
1764:EPPO
1730:2366
1226:Nuts
1081:ISBN
1034:2021
1017:2018
864:Uses
691:Bark
2163:WFO
2085:CoL
2044:WFO
1790:FNA
1751:EoL
1738:CoL
1104:DC.
1047:DC.
1021:doi
934:Bud
810:).
674:).
625:).
609:),
597:),
589:),
581:),
573:),
567:pin
565:),
517:),
509:),
501:),
493:),
485:),
469:),
453:),
414:or
356:big
2187::
2165::
2152::
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2126::
2113::
2100::
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2046::
2023::
2010::
1997::
1984::
1971::
1958::
1945::
1932::
1919::
1906::
1883::
1870::
1857::
1844::
1831::
1818::
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1792::
1779::
1766::
1753::
1740::
1715::
1700::
1139::
1131:.
1015:.
1009:.
899:C.
889:x
887:C.
881:,
762:.
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537:,
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313:)
221::
208::
195::
182::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
