42:
376:), she refused to work that day and was fired. Sherbert could not find any other work and applied for unemployment compensation. Her claim was denied, even though the state's ineligibility provisions exempted anyone, whether religious or not, who was unemployed "for good cause." The decision of the South Carolina Employment Security Commission, chaired by Charlie Verner, was affirmed by a state trial court and the South Carolina Supreme Court.
751:
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effectively impeded her free exercise of her religion. As
Brennan wrote, "to condition the availability of benefits upon this appellant's willingness to violate a cardinal principle of her religious faith effectively penalizes the free exercise of her constitutional liberties." Brennan dismissed the claim that his decision violated the
311:(RFRA) of 1993. Its provisions were designed to apply broadly to all laws and regulations, both federal and state. Although Congress replaced the "narrowly tailored" constitutional requirement with a "least restrictive means" statutory requirement, the enhanced test is still referred to as the Sherbert Test.
453:
The first prong investigates whether the government has burdened the individual's free exercise of religion. If government confronts an individual with a choice that pressures the individual to forego a religious practice by imposing a penalty or withholding a benefit, the government has burdened the
414:
Stewart concurred in the result, but not in the majority's reasoning. He did not dismiss the
Establishment Clause issue as the majority did. Instead, he identified as a "double-barreled dilemma" between Free Exercise Clause protection of Sherbert's actions and — as it had been interpreted, wrongly in
320:
that the law was unconstitutional because its enhanced
Sherbert Test, as a purported change in constitutional rights, could not be enforced against the states. It impermissibly interfered with the judiciary's sole power to interpret the Constitution. However, the ruling did not necessarily limit its
433:
Harlan, in a characteristically formalist reading of the relevant law, argued that the
Commission denied Sherbert unemployment based on the same reason they might any secular claimant, that she was not "available for work" because of a private decision she had made. More centrally, he rejected the
384:
The
Supreme Court, in a 7–2 decision, reversed the Commission and the lower courts and found that as applied, the government's denial of Sherbert's claim was an unconstitutional burden on the free exercise of her religion. The majority opinion effectively created the "Sherbert" Test, determining
393:
Brennan, writing for the majority, stated that denial of
Sherbert's unemployment claim represented a substantial burden upon her. Even if that burden took the form of denial of a privilege to unemployment compensation, instead of violating compensation she was entitled to by right, it still
513:
Test as a statutory right. The RFRA purported to restore strict scrutiny analysis to all free exercise cases in which the plaintiff proves a substantial burden on the free exercise of his or her religion. However, four years later, the court struck down RFRA as applied to
Constitutional
410:
Douglas wrote separately to explain that the issue was not the degree of injury to
Sherbert, but South Carolina's denial of unemployment on the basis of her beliefs. The issue was not individual action, but government action, and under what basis government could deny someone benefits.
521:
521 U.S. 507 (1997), the court found that RFRA, as applied to the states, exceeded
Congress's power under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. But the ruling did not necessarily limit RFRA's effect on interpretation of federal statutes. Using a parliamentary procedure known as
2142:
1574:
372:, worked as a textile-mill operator. Two years after her conversion to that faith, her employer switched from a five-day to a six-day workweek, including Saturdays. Since according to her belief, God in Exodus 20:8-11 forbade working on Saturdays (seventh day is the
269:
required the government to demonstrate both a compelling interest and that the law in question was narrowly tailored before it denied unemployment compensation to someone who was fired because her job requirements substantially conflicted with her religion.
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1227:
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However, not all burdens placed on religious exercise are constitutionally prohibited under the test. If the first prong is passed, the government may still constitutionally impose the burden on the individual's free exercise if the government can show
277:
Test, requiring demonstration of such a compelling interest and narrow tailoring in all Free
Exercise cases in which a religious person was substantially burdened by a law. The conditions are the key components of what is usually called
4432:
434:
majority opinion, arguing that the Free Exercise Clause only required neutrality toward religion in this case, which would not include exempting Sherbert, though the Constitution would permit a legislature to create such an exemption.
293:
Test, as a judicial constitutional analysis tool, was too broad when applied to all laws. With respect to religiously neutral, generally applicable laws that incidentally burden religious exercise, the Sherbert Test was eliminated in
2028:
111:
Employment Security Commission denied claim; affirmed by Court of Common Pleas for Spartanburg County; affirmed by South Carolina Supreme Court, 240 S. C. 286, 303-304, 125 S. E. 2d 737, 746; probably jurisdiction noted, 371 U.S.
632:
4754:
282:. This means that if someone's religious beliefs faced a serious burden due to a law and the government had no reasonable alternatives for that law, the government would have the burden to prove that the law was justified. The
618:
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300:. For laws that discriminate along religious/secular lines or neutral laws that are enforced in a discriminatory way, the components of the Sherbert Test are still appropriate constitutional tools for courts to use.
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449:, the Court set out a three-prong test for courts to use in determining whether the government has violated an individual's constitutionally protected right to the free exercise of religion.
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his view, by the court — Establishment Clause prohibition of such protection. He also disagreed with the majority's claim that a cited precedent,
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decision, Congress created an enhanced version of the Sherbert Test as a statutory, rather than constitutional, right in the federal
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2004:
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528:, both the House and the Senate re-enacted RFRA's provisions in 2000, in conjunction with adding a similar statutory test to the
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2012:
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633:"How religious freedom laws were praised, then hated, then forgotten, then, finally, resurrected - The Washington Post"
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1956:
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501:, the court held that free exercise exemptions were not required from generally applicable laws. In response to the
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328:(RLUIPA) that applied only to federal laws. Both laws contain the same language for an even further enhanced
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by establishing the Seventh-day Adventist religion. Finally, the majority opinion did not consider the
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no alternative form of regulation can avoid the infringement and still achieve the state's end (the
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1932:
1868:
1828:
1703:
1235:
971:
788:
469:
65:
Sherbert v. Verner et al., Members of South Carolina Employment Security Commission, et al.
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1331:
839:
568:
279:
189:
849:
6424:
5498:
5482:
4376:
4264:
4141:
2492:
2089:
1618:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1609:
1424:
1228:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
1099:
701:
676:
606:
177:
122:
The Free Exercise Clause mandates strict scrutiny for unemployment compensation claims.
6477:
3216:
2410:
2239:
402:
argument, since it had already ruled in Sherbert's favor on First Amendment grounds.
6157:
5372:
5153:
4962:
4819:
Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy
4666:
4051:
4007:
3323:
1972:
1916:
157:
78:
806:
6448:
5276:
2583:
721:
The Constitution & Religion: Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State
181:
137:
5745:
5540:
2306:
750:
145:
94:
17:
535:
Without addressing RFRA's constitutionality, the Supreme Court has held, in
90:
2311:
332:
Test, one that broadens the definition of substantial religious burden.
4739:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
3672:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California
286:
test has received praise by legal scholars at the time and thereafter.
824:
4787:
Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois
2203:
Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania
550:
Test created by RFRA and found that the conduct in question—use of a
542:
546 U.S. 418 (2006), that RFRA applies to other federal statutes. In
4699:
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission
554:
drug in a religious ritual—was protected under the First Amendment.
6361:
Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.
6217:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
3680:
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston
465:
that justifies the infringement (the compelling interest prong) and
4755:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee
385:
whether government action runs afoul of the Free Exercise Clause.
4731:
Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio
4635:
Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council
3575:
Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association
2918:
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland
4875:
Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.
4542:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
1941:
Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.
6330:
6058:
5967:
5521:
3805:
Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth
3688:
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
2274:
1782:
892:
853:
41:
4923:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4433:
U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers
4361:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4345:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
4198:
Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy
4190:
Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.
1140:
Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty
4867:
Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States
1893:
Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.
1220:
Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan
6308:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
4603:
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations
3591:
International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee
3265:
City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC
6441:
BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board
4939:
Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA
4747:
Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico
1591:
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano
5894:
Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC
5178:
Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett
3696:
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra
2179:
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
1752:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1276:
Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet
1260:
Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind
356:
Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal
206:
Brennan, joined by Warren, Black, Douglas, Clark, Goldberg
491:
Test in the 1980s, culminating in the 1990 landmark case
2037:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
1468:
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.
619:
public domain material from this U.S government document
5779:
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler
5811:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
4931:
Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States
4723:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
4550:
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
6509:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
5098:
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee
5082:
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC
4979:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
3257:
Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants
1476:
Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette
940:
County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union
6401:
California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited
5803:
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.
3599:
Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes
2391:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.
1997:
Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security
530:
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
335:
The Supreme Court has since relied on the statutory
326:
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
6243:
6168:
6149:
6130:
6071:
6009:
5980:
5920:
5861:
5744:
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5534:
5450:
5423:
5346:
5295:
5228:
4997:
4576:
4451:
4403:
4273:
Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle
4232:
4103:
4050:
3979:
3969:
USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II
3929:
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington
3918:
3887:
3722:
3621:
3548:
3511:
3320:
3275:
3190:
3087:
3046:
3017:
2968:
2627:
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2491:
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2305:
2294:
2221:
2168:
2161:
2124:
2079:
1687:
1644:
1601:
1518:
1459:
1342:
1108:
Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen
1075:
998:
905:
234:
226:
218:
210:
202:
197:
126:
116:
107:
102:
70:
60:
53:
34:
4329:United States v. National Treasury Employees Union
4122:West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette
4000:Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans
3961:USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I
2862:United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.
2021:Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah
1661:Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley
339:Test to decide several prominent cases, including
6433:Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation
6300:New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres
5261:Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee
5034:Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley
3485:Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York
3233:Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board
956:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union
6489:United States free exercise of religion case law
4130:Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.
3904:Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight
3069:Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus
1575:Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich
988:American Legion v. American Humanist Association
6080:Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath
5835:Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton
5186:American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock
4859:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
4643:Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro
3797:Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.
2151:Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru
1535:Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila
257:, 374 U.S. 398 (1963), was a case in which the
5413:National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo
4462:Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio
321:effect on interpretation of federal statutes.
3869:Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association
1268:Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District
865:
8:
6120:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
6036:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
5718:Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner
5285:Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta
4289:Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local
3640:West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette
3445:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
3132:Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence
2005:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1744:Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization
1180:Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger
289:In 1990, the Supreme Court decided that the
6499:History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
5929:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
5320:Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck
4827:Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.
4281:Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.
2045:Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo
1634:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1308:Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn
1196:Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland
564:Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment
6327:
6068:
6055:
5977:
5964:
5531:
5518:
4651:Carey v. Population Services International
4337:Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr
4174:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
4024:Houston Community College System v. Wilson
3884:
3429:USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.
3317:
2870:City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.
2830:American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut
2556:Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie
2302:
2291:
2271:
2165:
2076:
1779:
1417:Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens
1009:Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York
932:Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary
902:
889:
872:
858:
850:
845:Findlaw's page on Free Exercise exemptions
724:. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. pp.
31:
6409:Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees
5622:Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia
5018:First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
4899:Thompson v. Western States Medical Center
4691:Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n
3945:National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley
3845:Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association
3773:Communications Workers of America v. Beck
2782:United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film
2750:United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs
2106:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
2029:Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton
1324:Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue
1156:Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist
406:Douglas and Stewart's concurring opinions
5467:Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union
2646:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses
1626:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
1492:Good News Club v. Milford Central School
487:The Supreme Court sharply curtailed the
6201:New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York
5902:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC
5170:Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan
5090:Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC
5042:FEC v. National Right to Work Committee
4955:Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman
4795:City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network
3829:Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n
3648:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo
2886:United States v. American Library Ass'n
2846:United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.
2798:Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad
588:
454:individual's free exercise of religion.
5937:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
5106:Republican Party of Minnesota v. White
5074:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce
5066:Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.
5058:FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life
4811:United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.
4566:Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement
4166:Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier
4114:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
4093:Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb
4061:American Communications Ass'n v. Douds
3765:Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson
3632:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
2942:Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n
2822:Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.
1821:Minersville School District v. Gobitis
1441:Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow
6276:Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party
6193:Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte
5026:California Medical Association v. FEC
4675:Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association
4313:Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois
3583:Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund
3477:Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.
2814:Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
1965:Bob Jones University v. United States
1025:Bob Jones University v. United States
29:1963 United States Supreme Court case
7:
6284:California Democratic Party v. Jones
5726:Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland
5146:FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.
5130:Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC
4915:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
4222:Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.
4150:Island Trees School District v. Pico
3821:Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n
2950:FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.
1244:School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball
6233:Christian Legal Society v. Martinez
5598:New York Times Co. v. United States
4851:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island
4779:State University of New York v. Fox
4763:Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association
3749:Abood v. Detroit Board of Education
3664:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins
3607:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
3077:Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky
2187:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
1377:Abington School District v. Schempp
1017:California v. Grace Brethren Church
505:decision, Congress passed the 1993
405:
314:However, the Supreme Court held in
5851:Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox
4883:United States v. United Foods Inc.
4534:Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.
3896:Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co
3813:United States v. United Foods Inc.
3028:Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project
2135:NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago
1677:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
1567:Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church
1033:Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.
546:, the court applied the statutory
428:
259:Supreme Court of the United States
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
6484:United States Supreme Court cases
6385:United Mine Workers v. Pennington
5269:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n
4771:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4558:Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind
4518:Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar
4425:United Public Workers v. Mitchell
4393:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
3953:Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez
3781:Keller v. State Bar of California
3421:Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe
3294:Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.
2995:Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition
2806:Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
2481:Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus
2069:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1559:Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1551:Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral
1508:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1449:Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.
1433:Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe
1041:Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos
775:398 (1963) is available from:
507:Religious Freedom Restoration Act
309:Religious Freedom Restoration Act
6185:Roberts v. United States Jaycees
5870:Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC
5050:FEC v. National Conservative PAC
4843:Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.
4182:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
4158:Bethel School District v. Fraser
3530:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
3405:Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne
2098:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
1484:Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia
1316:Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer
749:
610:
388:
368:Adell Sherbert, a member of the
40:
5843:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
5432:NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.
5381:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach
4891:Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly
4595:Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.
4241:Pickering v. Board of Education
4069:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3789:Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n
2958:Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton
2774:Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton
2686:MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day
2327:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
6494:1963 in United States case law
6457:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
5771:Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts
5763:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
5694:Grosjean v. American Press Co.
5665:Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn
5614:Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart
4619:Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar
4494:Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson
4369:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri
3733:Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson
2524:Terminiello v. City of Chicago
2457:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
2162:Statutory religious exemptions
2061:Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
1353:McCollum v. Board of Education
1049:Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock
1:
6260:Democratic Party v. Wisconsin
6225:Boy Scouts of America v. Dale
6177:Hishon v. King & Spalding
5202:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
4707:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
4659:Bates v. State Bar of Arizona
4502:Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown
4385:Heffernan v. City of Paterson
4085:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
3992:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
3209:Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego
3036:Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar
1720:Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.
1212:New York v. Cathedral Academy
1092:Everson v. Board of Education
1084:Cochran v. Board of Education
964:Pleasant Grove City v. Summum
881:United States First Amendment
641:. May 7, 2015. Archived from
324:In 2000, Congress passed the
6268:Tashjian v. Republican Party
6104:Bates v. City of Little Rock
6010:Protection from prosecution
5590:Lamont v. Postmaster General
5245:Bates v. City of Little Rock
3413:Coates v. City of Cincinnati
3310:Packingham v. North Carolina
3201:Lamont v. Postmaster General
2013:Employment Division v. Smith
665:Employment Division v. Smith
494:Employment Division v. Smith
370:Seventh-day Adventist Church
297:Employment Division v. Smith
6345:United States v. Cruikshank
5991:United States v. Cruikshank
5886:FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild
5827:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
5787:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.
4032:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
3461:Ward v. Rock Against Racism
3357:Martin v. City of Struthers
3172:City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.
2702:Quantity of Books v. Kansas
2516:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
2465:Hustler Magazine v. Falwell
1989:O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
1500:Shurtleff v. City of Boston
429:Harlan's dissenting opinion
421:, was distinguishable from
6525:
5878:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
5218:FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate
4947:Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.
4835:Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.
3704:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
3241:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2564:R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul
2540:Gregory v. City of Chicago
980:Town of Greece v. Galloway
825:Oyez (oral argument audio)
617:This article incorporates
389:Brennan's majority opinion
6377:Edwards v. South Carolina
6339:
6326:
6067:
6054:
5976:
5963:
5734:Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.
5582:Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.
5566:Lovell v. City of Griffin
5530:
5517:
3373:Edwards v. South Carolina
2926:United States v. Kilbride
2910:United States v. Williams
2710:Ginzburg v. United States
2290:
2270:
1797:Reynolds v. United States
1791:
1778:
901:
888:
718:Alley, Robert S. (1999).
463:compelling state interest
273:The case established the
239:
131:
121:
39:
6088:Watkins v. United States
5673:Florida Star v. B. J. F.
4611:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
4587:Valentine v. Chrestensen
4214:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3888:Compelled representation
3853:Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000
3559:Lehman v. Shaker Heights
3538:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
3156:United States v. Eichman
3108:United States v. O'Brien
2934:United States v. Stevens
2718:Memoirs v. Massachusetts
2678:Marcus v. Search Warrant
2473:United States v. Alvarez
2404:clear and present danger
2335:Schenck v. United States
1845:United States v. Ballard
1543:United States v. Ballard
1460:Private religious speech
1300:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris
1057:City of Boerne v. Flores
690:City of Boerne v. Flores
517:City of Boerne v. Flores
509:(RFRA) to reinstate the
317:City of Boerne v. Flores
303:In response to the 1990
6244:Primaries and elections
5795:Time, Inc. v. Firestone
5755:Beauharnais v. Illinois
5440:FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA
4478:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
3757:Ellis v. Railway Clerks
3712:Moody v. NetChoice, LLC
3302:City of Ladue v. Gilleo
3286:Schneider v. New Jersey
3249:Reed v. Town of Gilbert
3100:Stromberg v. California
3003:United States v. Hansen
2609:Elonis v. United States
2508:Cantwell v. Connecticut
2424:imminent lawless action
2383:Dennis v. United States
2351:Abrams v. United States
2320:Alien and Sedition Acts
1837:Murdock v. Pennsylvania
1813:Cantwell v. Connecticut
1519:Internal church affairs
230:Harlan, joined by White
6169:Membership restriction
6061:Freedom of association
6012:and state restrictions
5710:Houchins v. KQED, Inc.
5162:Citizens United v. FEC
4135:substantial disruption
3437:United States v. Grace
3333:Davis v. Massachusetts
3164:Barnes v. Glen Theatre
2638:Rosen v. United States
2617:Counterman v. Colorado
2593:Watts v. United States
2399:Yates v. United States
1949:Thomas v. Review Board
1877:Fowler v. Rhode Island
833:First Amendment Center
364:Background of the case
342:Burwell v. Hobby Lobby
170:William J. Brennan Jr.
5921:Copyrighted materials
5550:Patterson v. Colorado
5459:Procunier v. Martinez
5312:Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner
4454:restriction of speech
4441:Broadrick v. Oklahoma
2654:Roth v. United States
2367:Whitney v. California
2343:Debs v. United States
2143:Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC
2126:Ministerial exception
2080:Exclusion of religion
1981:Goldman v. Weinberger
360:546 U.S. 418 (2006).
241:U.S. Const. amends. I
56:Decided June 17, 1963
54:Argued April 24, 1963
5524:Freedom of the press
5348:Official retaliation
5002:and political speech
4526:Freedman v. Maryland
4470:Cox v. New Hampshire
4353:Garcetti v. Ceballos
3741:Machinists v. Street
3365:Niemotko v. Maryland
3349:Thornhill v. Alabama
3225:Butterworth v. Smith
3124:Spence v. Washington
2766:Miller v. California
2734:Ginsberg v. New York
2082:from public benefits
1957:United States v. Lee
1861:Niemotko v. Maryland
1785:Free Exercise Clause
1409:Edwards v. Aguillard
1385:Epperson v. Arkansas
1132:Lemon v. Kurtzman II
1124:Tilton v. Richardson
895:Establishment Clause
396:Establishment Clause
353:682 (2014), and
263:Free Exercise Clause
6333:Freedom to petition
5999:Presser v. Illinois
5970:Freedom of assembly
5910:Bartnicki v. Vopper
5491:Overton v. Bazzetta
5405:Gonzalez v. Trevino
4907:Nike, Inc. v. Kasky
4627:Bigelow v. Virginia
4321:Waters v. Churchill
4305:Rankin v. McPherson
4249:Perry v. Sindermann
3501:McCullen v. Coakley
3397:Adderley v. Florida
3116:Cohen v. California
2971:to criminal conduct
2894:Ashcroft v. ACLU II
2670:Smith v. California
2662:One, Inc. v. Olesen
2548:Cohen v. California
2419:Brandenburg v. Ohio
1653:McGowan v. Maryland
1065:Cutter v. Wilkinson
999:Statutory religious
816:Library of Congress
638:The Washington Post
514:interpretation. In
222:Stewart (in result)
89:83 S. Ct. 1790; 10
6292:Clingman v. Beaver
6209:Dallas v. Stanglin
6139:Baggett v. Bullitt
6020:De Jonge v. Oregon
5945:Eldred v. Ashcroft
5702:Branzburg v. Hayes
5657:Time, Inc. v. Hill
5389:Nieves v. Bartlett
5365:Reichle v. Howards
5336:Murthy v. Missouri
5210:Thompson v. Hebdon
5138:Randall v. Sorrell
4683:Friedman v. Rogers
4206:Morse v. Frederick
4077:Speiser v. Randall
3389:Brown v. Louisiana
3140:Dallas v. Stanglin
2979:New York v. Ferber
2878:Ashcroft v. ACLU I
2790:Jenkins v. Georgia
2742:Stanley v. Georgia
2726:Redrup v. New York
2694:Jacobellis v. Ohio
2532:Feiner v. New York
2359:Gitlow v. New York
2248:Ramirez v. Collier
1925:Wisconsin v. Yoder
1909:Sherbert v. Verner
1901:Torcaso v. Watkins
1885:Braunfeld v. Brown
1696:Torcaso v. Watkins
1669:Braunfeld v. Brown
1401:Wallace v. Jaffree
1284:Agostini v. Felton
1172:Wheeler v. Barrera
948:Van Orden v. Perry
838:2005-12-24 at the
765:Sherbert v. Verner
757:Sherbert v. Verner
596:Sherbert v. Verner
461:it possesses some
418:Braunfeld v. Brown
254:Sherbert v. Verner
154:William O. Douglas
142:Associate Justices
35:Sherbert v. Verner
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6417:McDonald v. Smith
6353:Thomas v. Collins
6322:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6252:Cousins v. Wigoda
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6028:Thomas v. Collins
5959:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5819:McDonald v. Smith
5606:Pell v. Procunier
5558:Near v. Minnesota
5513:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5194:McCutcheon v. FEC
4971:Iancu v. Brunetti
4803:Edenfield v. Fane
4578:Commercial speech
4257:Arnett v. Kennedy
4016:Iancu v. Brunetti
3919:Government grants
3914:
3913:
3725:of others' speech
3723:Compelled subsidy
3656:Wooley v. Maynard
3617:
3616:
3522:Widmar v. Vincent
3469:Burson v. Freeman
3453:Frisby v. Schultz
3180:Virginia v. Black
3013:
3012:
2902:Nitke v. Gonzales
2838:People v. Freeman
2758:Kois v. Wisconsin
2601:Virginia v. Black
2277:Freedom of speech
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2232:Sossamon v. Texas
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1736:Bowen v. Kendrick
1728:Larson v. Valente
1602:Taxpayer standing
1361:Zorach v. Clauson
1292:Mitchell v. Helms
1252:Aguilar v. Felton
1188:Meek v. Pittenger
1116:Lemon v. Kurtzman
924:Lynch v. Donnelly
916:Marsh v. Chambers
754:Works related to
525:unanimous consent
250:
249:
166:John M. Harlan II
16:(Redirected from
6516:
6504:1963 in religion
6393:Cox v. Louisiana
6328:
6096:NAACP v. Alabama
6069:
6056:
5978:
5965:
5536:Prior restraints
5532:
5519:
5475:Turner v. Safley
5357:Hartman v. Moore
5304:Marsh v. Alabama
5253:Buckley v. Valeo
5237:NAACP v. Alabama
5229:Anonymous speech
5122:McConnell v. FEC
5010:Buckley v. Valeo
4999:Campaign finance
4486:Kunz v. New York
4297:Connick v. Myers
4233:Public employees
3937:Rust v. Sullivan
3885:
3623:Compelled speech
3493:Hill v. Colorado
3381:Cox v. Louisiana
3318:
3148:Texas v. Johnson
2572:Snyder v. Phelps
2303:
2292:
2285:
2272:
2211:Tanzin v. Tanvir
2195:Zubik v. Burwell
2166:
2077:
2053:Tandon v. Newsom
1933:McDaniel v. Paty
1869:Kunz v. New York
1829:Jamison v. Texas
1780:
1704:McDaniel v. Paty
1236:Mueller v. Allen
1204:Wolman v. Walter
972:Salazar v. Buono
903:
890:
874:
867:
860:
851:
829:
823:
820:
814:
811:
805:
802:
796:
793:
787:
784:
778:
753:
739:
705:
686:
680:
661:
655:
654:
652:
650:
629:
623:
614:
613:
593:
470:narrow tailoring
400:Equal Protection
127:Court membership
44:
43:
32:
21:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6463:
6369:NAACP v. Button
6335:
6314:
6239:
6164:
6145:
6126:
6112:NAACP v. Button
6063:
6042:
6011:
6005:
5972:
5951:
5916:
5862:Broadcast media
5857:
5854:(9th Cir. 2014)
5740:
5685:
5679:
5644:
5638:Tory v. Cochran
5574:Tucker v. Texas
5538:
5526:
5505:
5446:
5419:
5397:Egbert v. Boule
5342:
5328:Lindke v. Freed
5291:
5224:
5114:FEC v. Beaumont
5001:
4993:
4987:Vidal v. Elster
4572:
4510:NAACP v. Button
4453:
4447:
4417:Ex parte Curtis
4408:
4399:
4228:
4099:
4046:
4040:Vidal v. Elster
3982:
3975:
3920:
3910:
3883:
3877:Janus v. AFSCME
3861:Harris v. Quinn
3837:Locke v. Karass
3724:
3718:
3613:
3567:Brown v. Glines
3550:
3544:
3513:
3507:
3322:
3316:
3277:
3276:Content-neutral
3271:
3192:
3186:
3091:
3089:Symbolic speech
3083:
3061:Smith v. Goguen
3050:
3042:
3019:Strict scrutiny
3009:
2987:Osborne v. Ohio
2970:
2969:Speech integral
2964:
2929:(9th Cir. 2009)
2921:(6th Cir. 2009)
2905:(S.D.N.Y. 2005)
2833:(7th Cir. 1985)
2649:(S.D.N.Y. 1933)
2623:
2578:
2496:
2487:
2446:
2437:
2431:Hess v. Indiana
2375:Fiske v. Kansas
2330:(S.D.N.Y. 1917)
2309:
2297:
2286:
2279:
2254:
2217:
2157:
2120:
2114:Carson v. Makin
2081:
2075:
1853:Tucker v. Texas
1805:Davis v. Beason
1787:
1766:
1760:Trump v. Hawaii
1712:Harris v. McRae
1683:
1640:
1597:
1527:Watson v. Jones
1514:
1455:
1393:Stone v. Graham
1369:Engel v. Vitale
1344:
1338:
1332:Carson v. Makin
1071:
1000:
994:
907:
906:Public displays
897:
884:
878:
840:Wayback Machine
827:
821:
818:
812:
809:
803:
800:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
746:
736:
717:
714:
712:Further reading
709:
708:
687:
683:
662:
658:
648:
646:
631:
630:
626:
611:
594:
590:
585:
569:Strict scrutiny
560:
538:Gonzales v. UDV
485:
443:
431:
408:
391:
382:
366:
280:strict scrutiny
267:First Amendment
190:Arthur Goldberg
180:
168:
156:
98:
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6522:
6520:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6453:
6445:
6437:
6429:
6425:Meyer v. Grant
6421:
6413:
6405:
6397:
6389:
6381:
6373:
6365:
6357:
6349:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6304:
6296:
6288:
6280:
6272:
6264:
6256:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6181:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6134:
6132:
6131:Future Conduct
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6116:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6084:
6075:
6073:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6032:
6024:
6015:
6013:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5995:
5986:
5984:
5974:
5973:
5968:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5906:
5898:
5890:
5882:
5874:
5865:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5815:
5807:
5799:
5791:
5783:
5775:
5767:
5759:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5714:
5706:
5698:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5669:
5661:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5634:
5626:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5570:
5562:
5554:
5545:
5543:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:Beard v. Banks
5495:
5487:
5483:Shaw v. Murphy
5479:
5471:
5463:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5436:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5409:
5401:
5393:
5385:
5377:
5369:
5361:
5352:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5332:
5324:
5316:
5308:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5281:
5273:
5265:
5257:
5249:
5241:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5005:
5003:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4919:
4911:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4679:
4671:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4607:
4599:
4591:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4482:
4474:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4377:Lane v. Franks
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4265:Elrod v. Burns
4261:
4253:
4245:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4218:
4210:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4142:Healy v. James
4138:
4126:
4118:
4109:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4073:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3996:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3882:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3579:
3571:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3095:
3093:
3092:versus conduct
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3056:
3054:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2974:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2499:heckler's veto
2493:Fighting words
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2415:
2407:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2300:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2090:Locke v. Davey
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1610:Flast v. Cohen
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1437:
1429:
1425:Lee v. Weisman
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1345:public schools
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1164:Sloan v. Lemon
1160:
1152:
1148:Hunt v. McNair
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1100:Flast v. Cohen
1096:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1076:Public funding
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1004:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
928:
920:
911:
909:
908:and ceremonies
899:
898:
893:
886:
885:
879:
877:
876:
869:
862:
854:
848:
847:
842:
830:
798:Google Scholar
761:
745:
744:External links
742:
741:
740:
734:
713:
710:
707:
706:
681:
656:
645:on May 7, 2015
624:
587:
586:
584:
581:
580:
579:
571:
566:
559:
556:
484:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
466:
455:
442:
436:
430:
427:
407:
404:
390:
387:
381:
378:
365:
362:
261:held that the
248:
247:
237:
236:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
193:
192:
178:Potter Stewart
143:
140:
135:
129:
128:
124:
123:
119:
118:
114:
113:
109:
105:
104:
100:
99:
88:
72:
68:
67:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6521:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6329:
6325:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6160:
6159:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:Organizations
6070:
6066:
6062:
6057:
6053:
6038:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5982:Incorporation
5979:
5975:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5682:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5501:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5337:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:Licensing and
4450:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4105:School speech
4102:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4052:Loyalty oaths
4049:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:and subsidies
3917:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3547:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:Boos v. Barry
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:Content-based
3189:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:Bond v. Floyd
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:Holt v. Hobbs
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:Jones v. Wolf
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
997:
990:
989:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
965:
961:
958:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
942:
941:
937:
934:
933:
929:
926:
925:
921:
918:
917:
913:
912:
910:
904:
900:
896:
891:
887:
882:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
855:
852:
846:
843:
841:
837:
834:
831:
826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
780:CourtListener
774:
770:
766:
762:
760:at Wikisource
759:
758:
752:
748:
747:
743:
737:
735:1-57392-703-1
731:
727:
723:
722:
716:
715:
711:
703:
700:
696:
692:
691:
685:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
666:
660:
657:
644:
640:
639:
634:
628:
625:
622:
620:
609: (1963).
608:
605:
601:
597:
592:
589:
582:
578:
576:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
539:
533:
531:
527:
526:
520:
518:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
490:
482:
478:
471:
467:
464:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
450:
448:
440:
437:
435:
426:
424:
420:
419:
412:
403:
401:
397:
386:
379:
377:
375:
371:
363:
361:
359:
357:
352:
348:
344:
343:
338:
333:
331:
327:
322:
319:
318:
312:
310:
306:
301:
299:
298:
292:
287:
285:
281:
276:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:
246:
242:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
198:Case opinions
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:Chief Justice
133:
132:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
106:
101:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
48:
38:
33:
27:
19:
18:Sherbert Test
6455:
6447:
6439:
6431:
6423:
6415:
6407:
6399:
6391:
6383:
6375:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6306:
6298:
6290:
6282:
6274:
6266:
6258:
6250:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6207:
6199:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6158:In re Primus
6156:
6150:Solicitation
6137:
6118:
6110:
6102:
6094:
6086:
6078:
6034:
6026:
6018:
5997:
5989:
5943:
5935:
5927:
5908:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5876:
5868:
5849:
5841:
5833:
5825:
5817:
5809:
5801:
5793:
5785:
5777:
5769:
5761:
5753:
5732:
5724:
5716:
5708:
5700:
5692:
5684:Taxation and
5671:
5663:
5655:
5636:
5628:
5620:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5588:
5580:
5572:
5564:
5556:
5548:
5497:
5489:
5481:
5473:
5465:
5457:
5438:
5430:
5411:
5403:
5395:
5387:
5379:
5373:Wood v. Moss
5371:
5363:
5355:
5334:
5326:
5318:
5310:
5302:
5296:State action
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5235:
5216:
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5154:Davis v. FEC
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5008:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4963:Matal v. Tam
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4721:
4715:In re R.M.J.
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4667:In re Primus
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4439:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4409:similar laws
4391:
4383:
4375:
4367:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4303:
4295:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4220:
4212:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4128:
4120:
4112:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4008:Matal v. Tam
4006:
3998:
3990:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3902:
3894:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3605:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3514:public forum
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3341:Hague v. CIO
3339:
3331:
3324:public forum
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3278:restrictions
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3193:restrictions
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3034:
3026:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2854:Reno v. ACLU
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2584:True threats
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2448:false speech
2429:
2417:
2409:
2397:
2394:(1955; 1961)
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1973:Bowen v. Roy
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1917:Cruz v. Beto
1915:
1908:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1007:
986:
978:
970:
962:
954:
946:
938:
930:
922:
914:
764:
756:
720:
704: (1997).
688:
684:
679: (1990).
663:
659:
647:. Retrieved
643:the original
636:
627:
616:
595:
591:
574:
547:
543:
536:
534:
523:
515:
510:
502:
498:
492:
488:
486:
480:
446:
444:
438:
432:
422:
416:
413:
409:
392:
383:
367:
354:
340:
336:
334:
329:
323:
315:
313:
304:
302:
295:
290:
288:
283:
274:
272:
253:
252:
251:
235:Laws applied
185:
173:
161:
158:Tom C. Clark
149:
103:Case history
82:
64:
26:
6449:Doe v. Reed
5630:Lowe v. SEC
5277:Doe v. Reed
3048:Overbreadth
2841:(Cal. 1988)
2296:Unprotected
1343:Religion in
649:January 28,
219:Concurrence
211:Concurrence
182:Byron White
138:Earl Warren
6478:Categories
5746:Defamation
5686:privileges
5541:censorship
3983:as speaker
3981:Government
3512:Designated
2443:Defamation
2307:Incitement
1001:exemptions
583:References
552:Schedule I
532:(RLUIPA).
146:Hugo Black
95:U.S. LEXIS
93:965; 1963
4405:Hatch Act
3549:Nonpublic
3052:Vagueness
2629:Obscenity
1645:Blue laws
479:Limiting
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
5424:Boycotts
2312:sedition
883:case law
836:Archived
763:Text of
558:See also
548:Sherbert
511:Sherbert
489:Sherbert
481:Sherbert
447:Sherbert
439:Sherbert
423:Sherbert
380:Decision
337:Sherbert
330:Sherbert
291:Sherbert
284:Sherbert
275:Sherbert
203:Majority
5649:Privacy
5451:Prisons
4133:(1969,
2422:(1969,
2402:(1957,
789:Findlaw
726:449–453
472:prong).
374:Sabbath
265:of the
227:Dissent
214:Douglas
117:Holding
6460:(2011)
6452:(2010)
6444:(2002)
6436:(1999)
6428:(1988)
6420:(1985)
6412:(1979)
6404:(1972)
6396:(1965)
6388:(1965)
6380:(1963)
6372:(1963)
6364:(1961)
6356:(1945)
6348:(1876)
6311:(2008)
6303:(2008)
6295:(2005)
6287:(2000)
6279:(1997)
6271:(1986)
6263:(1981)
6255:(1975)
6236:(2010)
6228:(2000)
6220:(1995)
6212:(1989)
6204:(1988)
6196:(1987)
6188:(1984)
6180:(1984)
6161:(1978)
6142:(1964)
6123:(2021)
6115:(1963)
6107:(1960)
6099:(1958)
6091:(1957)
6083:(1951)
6039:(2021)
6031:(1945)
6023:(1937)
6002:(1886)
5994:(1876)
5948:(2003)
5940:(1985)
5932:(1977)
5913:(2001)
5905:(1997)
5897:(1996)
5889:(1981)
5881:(1978)
5873:(1969)
5846:(1990)
5838:(1989)
5830:(1988)
5822:(1985)
5814:(1985)
5806:(1984)
5798:(1976)
5790:(1974)
5782:(1970)
5774:(1967)
5766:(1964)
5758:(1952)
5737:(1991)
5729:(1987)
5721:(1983)
5713:(1978)
5705:(1972)
5697:(1936)
5676:(1989)
5668:(1975)
5660:(1967)
5641:(2005)
5633:(1985)
5625:(1978)
5617:(1976)
5609:(1974)
5601:(1971)
5593:(1965)
5585:(1946)
5577:(1946)
5569:(1938)
5561:(1931)
5553:(1907)
5502:(2006)
5494:(2003)
5486:(2001)
5478:(1987)
5470:(1977)
5462:(1974)
5443:(1990)
5435:(1982)
5416:(2024)
5408:(2024)
5400:(2022)
5392:(2019)
5384:(2018)
5376:(2014)
5368:(2012)
5360:(2006)
5339:(2024)
5331:(2024)
5323:(2019)
5315:(1972)
5307:(1946)
5288:(2021)
5280:(2010)
5272:(1995)
5264:(1982)
5256:(1976)
5248:(1960)
5240:(1958)
5221:(2022)
5213:(2019)
5205:(2015)
5197:(2014)
5189:(2012)
5181:(2011)
5173:(2011)
5165:(2010)
5157:(2008)
5149:(2007)
5141:(2006)
5133:(2006)
5125:(2003)
5117:(2003)
5109:(2002)
5101:(2001)
5093:(2000)
5085:(1996)
5077:(1990)
5069:(1989)
5061:(1986)
5053:(1985)
5045:(1982)
5037:(1981)
5029:(1981)
5021:(1978)
5013:(1976)
4990:(2024)
4982:(2020)
4974:(2019)
4966:(2017)
4958:(2017)
4950:(2011)
4942:(2010)
4934:(2010)
4926:(2007)
4918:(2005)
4910:(2003)
4902:(2002)
4894:(2001)
4886:(2001)
4878:(1999)
4870:(1999)
4862:(1997)
4854:(1996)
4846:(1995)
4838:(1995)
4830:(1995)
4822:(1994)
4814:(1993)
4806:(1993)
4798:(1993)
4790:(1990)
4782:(1989)
4774:(1988)
4766:(1988)
4758:(1987)
4750:(1986)
4742:(1986)
4734:(1985)
4726:(1982)
4718:(1982)
4710:(1981)
4702:(1980)
4694:(1980)
4686:(1979)
4678:(1978)
4670:(1978)
4662:(1977)
4654:(1977)
4646:(1977)
4638:(1976)
4630:(1975)
4622:(1975)
4614:(1974)
4606:(1973)
4598:(1970)
4590:(1942)
4569:(1992)
4561:(1988)
4553:(1982)
4545:(1981)
4537:(1967)
4529:(1965)
4521:(1964)
4513:(1963)
4505:(1957)
4497:(1952)
4489:(1951)
4481:(1943)
4473:(1941)
4465:(1915)
4444:(1973)
4436:(1973)
4428:(1947)
4420:(1882)
4396:(2022)
4388:(2016)
4380:(2014)
4372:(2011)
4364:(2007)
4356:(2006)
4348:(2001)
4340:(1996)
4332:(1995)
4324:(1994)
4316:(1990)
4308:(1987)
4300:(1983)
4292:(1979)
4284:(1979)
4276:(1977)
4268:(1976)
4260:(1974)
4252:(1972)
4244:(1968)
4225:(2021)
4217:(2021)
4209:(2007)
4201:(2007)
4193:(2001)
4185:(1995)
4177:(1990)
4169:(1988)
4161:(1986)
4153:(1982)
4145:(1972)
4125:(1943)
4117:(1940)
4096:(1974)
4088:(1967)
4080:(1958)
4072:(1951)
4064:(1950)
4043:(2024)
4035:(2022)
4027:(2022)
4019:(2019)
4011:(2017)
4003:(2015)
3995:(2009)
3972:(2020)
3964:(2013)
3956:(2001)
3948:(1998)
3940:(1991)
3932:(1983)
3907:(1984)
3899:(1944)
3880:(2018)
3872:(2016)
3864:(2014)
3856:(2012)
3848:(2009)
3840:(2008)
3832:(2007)
3824:(2005)
3816:(2001)
3808:(2000)
3800:(1997)
3792:(1991)
3784:(1990)
3776:(1988)
3768:(1986)
3760:(1984)
3752:(1977)
3744:(1961)
3736:(1956)
3715:(2024)
3707:(2023)
3699:(2018)
3691:(2006)
3683:(1995)
3675:(1986)
3667:(1980)
3659:(1977)
3651:(1974)
3643:(1943)
3635:(1940)
3610:(2018)
3602:(1997)
3594:(1992)
3586:(1985)
3578:(1983)
3570:(1980)
3562:(1974)
3541:(2021)
3533:(1995)
3525:(1981)
3504:(2014)
3496:(2000)
3488:(1997)
3480:(1994)
3472:(1992)
3464:(1989)
3456:(1988)
3448:(1984)
3440:(1983)
3432:(1981)
3424:(1971)
3416:(1971)
3408:(1968)
3400:(1966)
3392:(1966)
3384:(1965)
3376:(1963)
3368:(1951)
3360:(1943)
3352:(1940)
3344:(1939)
3336:(1897)
3321:In the
3313:(2017)
3305:(1994)
3297:(1986)
3289:(1939)
3268:(2022)
3260:(2020)
3252:(2015)
3244:(1992)
3236:(1991)
3228:(1990)
3220:(1988)
3212:(1981)
3204:(1965)
3183:(2003)
3175:(2000)
3167:(1991)
3159:(1990)
3151:(1989)
3143:(1989)
3135:(1984)
3127:(1974)
3119:(1971)
3111:(1968)
3103:(1931)
3080:(2018)
3072:(1987)
3064:(1974)
3039:(2015)
3031:(2010)
3006:(2023)
2998:(2002)
2990:(1990)
2982:(1982)
2961:(2025)
2953:(2012)
2945:(2011)
2937:(2010)
2913:(2008)
2897:(2004)
2889:(2003)
2881:(2002)
2873:(2002)
2865:(2000)
2857:(1997)
2849:(1994)
2825:(1980)
2817:(1976)
2809:(1975)
2801:(1975)
2793:(1974)
2785:(1973)
2777:(1973)
2769:(1973)
2761:(1972)
2753:(1971)
2745:(1969)
2737:(1968)
2729:(1967)
2721:(1966)
2713:(1966)
2705:(1964)
2697:(1964)
2689:(1962)
2681:(1961)
2673:(1959)
2665:(1958)
2657:(1957)
2641:(1896)
2620:(2023)
2612:(2015)
2604:(2003)
2596:(1969)
2575:(2011)
2567:(1992)
2559:(1977)
2551:(1971)
2543:(1969)
2535:(1951)
2527:(1949)
2519:(1942)
2511:(1940)
2484:(2014)
2476:(2012)
2468:(1988)
2460:(1964)
2434:(1973)
2414:(1966)
2386:(1951)
2378:(1927)
2370:(1927)
2362:(1925)
2354:(1919)
2346:(1919)
2338:(1919)
2322:(1798)
2298:speech
2282:portal
2251:(2022)
2243:(2015)
2235:(2011)
2223:RLUIPA
2214:(2020)
2206:(2020)
2198:(2016)
2190:(2014)
2182:(2006)
2154:(2020)
2146:(2012)
2138:(1979)
2117:(2022)
2109:(2020)
2101:(2017)
2093:(2004)
2072:(2022)
2064:(2021)
2056:(2021)
2048:(2020)
2040:(2018)
2032:(2002)
2024:(1993)
2016:(1990)
2008:(1989)
2000:(1989)
1992:(1987)
1984:(1986)
1976:(1986)
1968:(1983)
1960:(1982)
1952:(1981)
1944:(1981)
1936:(1978)
1928:(1972)
1920:(1972)
1912:(1963)
1904:(1961)
1896:(1961)
1888:(1961)
1880:(1953)
1872:(1951)
1864:(1951)
1856:(1946)
1848:(1944)
1840:(1943)
1832:(1943)
1824:(1940)
1816:(1940)
1808:(1890)
1800:(1879)
1763:(2018)
1755:(1994)
1747:(1989)
1739:(1988)
1731:(1982)
1723:(1982)
1715:(1980)
1707:(1978)
1699:(1961)
1680:(1985)
1672:(1961)
1664:(1961)
1656:(1961)
1637:(2011)
1629:(2007)
1621:(1982)
1613:(1968)
1594:(2020)
1586:(1979)
1578:(1976)
1570:(1969)
1562:(1960)
1554:(1952)
1546:(1944)
1538:(1929)
1530:(1872)
1511:(2022)
1503:(2022)
1495:(2001)
1487:(1995)
1479:(1995)
1471:(1993)
1452:(2022)
1444:(2004)
1436:(2000)
1428:(1992)
1420:(1990)
1412:(1987)
1404:(1985)
1396:(1980)
1388:(1968)
1380:(1963)
1372:(1962)
1364:(1952)
1356:(1948)
1335:(2022)
1327:(2020)
1319:(2017)
1311:(2011)
1303:(2002)
1295:(2000)
1287:(1997)
1279:(1994)
1271:(1993)
1263:(1986)
1255:(1985)
1247:(1985)
1239:(1983)
1231:(1982)
1223:(1980)
1215:(1977)
1207:(1977)
1199:(1976)
1191:(1975)
1183:(1974)
1175:(1974)
1167:(1973)
1159:(1973)
1151:(1973)
1143:(1973)
1135:(1973)
1127:(1971)
1119:(1971)
1111:(1968)
1103:(1968)
1095:(1947)
1087:(1930)
1068:(2005)
1060:(1997)
1052:(1989)
1044:(1987)
1036:(1985)
1028:(1983)
1020:(1982)
1012:(1970)
991:(2019)
983:(2014)
975:(2010)
967:(2009)
959:(2005)
951:(2005)
943:(1989)
935:(1985)
927:(1984)
919:(1983)
828:
822:
819:
813:
810:
807:Justia
804:
801:
795:
792:
786:
783:
777:
732:
693:,
668:,
615:
598:,
188:
186:·
184:
176:
174:·
172:
164:
162:·
160:
152:
150:·
148:
3551:forum
1688:Other
771:
697:
672:
602:
575:Lemon
503:Smith
499:Smith
497:. In
349:
305:Smith
108:Prior
5539:and
2497:the
2310:and
2170:RFRA
773:U.S.
730:ISBN
699:U.S.
674:U.S.
651:2024
604:U.S.
577:Test
483:test
441:test
351:U.S.
84:more
76:U.S.
74:374
4407:and
2495:and
2445:and
769:374
702:507
695:521
677:872
670:494
607:398
600:374
544:UDV
445:In
347:573
245:XIV
112:938
97:976
79:398
6480::
767:,
728:.
635:.
425:.
345:,
243:,
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2426:)
2406:)
2284:)
2280:(
873:e
866:t
859:v
738:.
653:.
621:.
540:,
519:,
358:,
87:)
81:(
20:)
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