462:, a collaborative effort between Shia and Sunni communities sought to bring about the overthrow of the monarchy. Regrettably, during this period, there were instances of misrepresentation and misinformation propagated by the monarchy, falsely implicating Shias in collaborating with the Islamic Republic of Iran. This narrative further exacerbated tensions between the two groups, fanning the flames of sectarianism within Bahrain.
465:
The aftermath of the uprisings has left a lasting impact on the Shia community, with persistent instances of discrimination against Shia
Muslims. The Bahraini authorities have been reported to engage in the harassment and physical attacks targeting Shia clerics, thereby curtailing their religious and
272:
Notably, the Saudi government has implemented a ban on marriage between Shias and Sunnis, fostering additional tensions between the two communities. The issue extends beyond domestic matters, as the transnational affiliations of
Shiites with religious authorities in other nations have been used as a
361:, in Egypt, the small Shia population is harassed by the authorities and treated with suspicion, being arrested - ostensibly for security reasons - and subjected to abuse by state security officers for their religious beliefs. Estimated numbers of Egypt’s Shias range from two to three million.
469:
Additionally, there have been documented instances of the
Bahraini government impeding the mourning rituals conducted by the Shia community to honor figures such as Imam Hussain and other revered imams. Reports indicate that these actions have included efforts to hinder and disrupt these
280:
in Saudi Arabia contributes to the challenges faced by the Shia community in pursuing their religious education. These multifaceted issues reflect the complexities surrounding the status and treatment of Shia
Muslims within the Kingdom, warranting attention and analysis.
470:
commemorative events. Furthermore, the government has been alleged to engage in the removal of black flags that Shias traditionally raise in proximity to their mosques and residential areas, which hold symbolic significance within the community's religious practices.
183:, they have been treated poorly throughout history. For both historical and political reasons, Shi'a Arabs have fared relative poorly in much of the Arab world, and the topic of Shi‘ism and Shia groups is one of the most sensitive issues for the Sunni elite.
197:
Arab
Shiites in Yemen have been traditionally suppressed, often violently. Massacres have taken place by government forces using tanks and airplanes to obliterate the uprising of Shī‘a groups in the country. Shias make up about 35% of citizens of Yemen.
375:
The most recent demographic study conducted by
Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, found that 28% of Lebanon's population is Shia Muslim. The Shia are the only sect that has ever had the post of
265:
have been reported. Furthermore, the Saudi government has been accused of engaging in a propaganda campaign against Shia
Muslims, employing derogatory terms such as "idolaters" and "
320:
descent were expelled from the country in the 1980s, despite being the majority of the country at 60%. Reports indicated that no neighborhood was left intact after the
1163:
1056:
377:
466:
social influence. Moreover, Shia individuals encounter difficulties in securing desirable employment opportunities, particularly within government positions.
410:
citizens belong to the Shia sect. In addition, Shia Islam is also practiced among the country's large
Iranian community and other Muslim expatriate groups.
635:
520:
920:
680:
666:
652:
332:, most of the buildings surrounding the shrines were completely reduced to rubble. The shrines themselves were scarred from bullet marks and tank fire.
1113:
972:
1195:
401:
257:
In the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the treatment of its Shia population has been a subject of scrutiny, with claims of a perceived status as
213:
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1231:
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180:
744:
578:
219:
113:
1226:
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501:
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693:
321:
632:
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932:
550:
The Arab Shi'a: The
Forgotten Muslims by Graham E. Fuller and Rend Rahim Francke (Paperback - Sep 22, 2001)
309:
and the deaths of 60,000 to 100,000 people. The trial of Chemical Ali took place in Baghdad in August 2007.
980:
847:
459:
306:
97:
778:
370:
179:
Despite the heavy presence of Shia Muslims in some Arab countries, particularly among the population of
261:. Restrictions on the construction of Shia mosques beyond the eastern province and the prohibition of
436:
258:
62:
455:
Although Shias make up 55-60% of Bahraini Muslim population, the ruling absolute monarchy is Sunni.
851:
352:
336:
302:
231:
161:
312:
Unlike other sects of Islam, the Shias of Iraq have been treated horrifically under the regime of
714:
560:
290:
104:. An estimated 5–10% of citizens in Saudi Arabia are Shia Muslims, most of whom are adherents to
1114:"UPDATED: Bahrain Harasses Shia Clerics Ahead of Ashura Amid Wider Attack on Religious Freedom"
1171:
1064:
928:
871:
697:
600:
450:
385:
1002:
639:
620:
524:
505:
537:
1031:
419:
358:
325:
317:
313:
298:
192:
1138:
896:"Fadlallah Charges Every Sect in Lebanon Except his Own Wants to Dominate the Country"
826:
305:(known as Chemical Ali), were held responsible for their role in the suppression of a
1220:
727:
329:
266:
121:
343:
containing dozens of bodies, apparently those of Shiites killed after the uprising.
586:
381:
145:
101:
93:
89:
50:
30:
1196:"Performative gestures cannot vanish ongoing religious discrimination in Bahrain"
875:
243:
157:
133:
22:
1010:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (United States Department of State)
424:
340:
262:
26:
1175:
1068:
764:"Egypt's Shiite Minority: Between the Egyptian Hammer and the Iranian Anvil"
273:
basis for accusations of disloyalty and even treason against Saudi Shiites.
239:
149:
129:
745:"Comment, opinion and discussion from the Guardian US | The Guardian"
899:
731:
613:
498:
407:
277:
227:
1164:"How Bahrain's crushed uprising spawned the Middle East's sectarianism"
1057:"How Bahrain's crushed uprising spawned the Middle East's sectarianism"
1003:"International Religious Freedom Report for 2011: United Arab Emirates"
223:
165:
109:
105:
85:
77:
42:
34:
601:"知って得する情報シャリフニュース！ | iQOS、Wimax Wifi、ミネラルウォーターなど日常生活の貴重情報をお伝えします"
335:
In December 2005, workers maintaining water pipes 500 meters from the
389:
295:
Iraqi Shias are predominantly situated in the southern part of Iraq.
247:
235:
173:
137:
125:
54:
380:. The Shia Muslims are largely concentrated in northern and western
254:. An estimated 5–10% of citizens in Saudi Arabia are Shia Muslims.
251:
169:
164:
between the different sects even whilst all of the population are
141:
117:
81:
66:
38:
18:
538:"Shia Muslims in the Mideast | Council on Foreign Relations"
458:
Shias in Bahrain have met oppression for many years, during the
153:
73:
58:
46:
921:"Aspects of Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Lebanon"
954:
681:"Saudi Arabia Still Treats Shiites as Second-Class Citizens"
667:"Saudi Arabia Still Treats Shiites as Second-Class Citizens"
653:"Saudi Arabia Still Treats Shiites as Second-Class Citizens"
710:
Karbala Journal; Who Hit the Mosques? Not Us, Baghdad Says
108:
Shia Islam. Twelvers are predominantly represented by the
124:. In addition there is a small Twelver Shia minority in
1037:. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. October 2009
1200:
Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain
1118:
Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain
762:
Col. (ret.) Dr. Jacques Neriah (September 23, 2012).
29:, each with its own sub-sects. Large numbers of Shia
579:"Winds of Change.NET: Yemen: Keepin' The Shi'a Down"
872:"March for secularism; religious laws are archaic"
561:"Potential Hot Spots: The Shia Rebellion in Yemen"
427:comprise around 10% of Qatar's Muslim population.
234:. There is also a small Twelver Shia minority in
802:"Egypt: Attack On Shia Comes At Dangerous Time"
827:"International Religious Freedom Report 2010"
441:30-40% of Kuwaiti citizens are Shia Muslims.
8:
92:. There is also a very large population of
623:| bbc|by Anees al-Qudaihi | 24 March 2009
508:| bbc|by Anees al-Qudaihi | 24 March 2009
80:. Approximately 35% of the population in
72:Shia Muslims are a numerical majority in
781:. Cairo. Inter Press Service News Agency
218:Saudi Shias are largely concentrated in
642:| Author: Lionel Beehner| June 16, 2006
527:| Author: Lionel Beehner| June 16, 2006
491:
1032:"Mapping the Global Muslim Population"
829:. U.S. Department of State. 2010-11-17
402:Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates
33:live in some Arab countries including
955:"Minority Rights Group International"
168:. Smaller Shia groups are present in
116:, with the largest concentrations in
7:
614:Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights
499:Saudi Arabia's Shia press for rights
324:. In the vicinity of the shrines of
301:and his 15 former aides, including
214:Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia
14:
1139:"Bahrain jails cleric for kidnap"
728:Mass grave unearthed in Iraq city
152:, a strict, recently established
21:is divided into two major sects,
694:Iraqi Shia uprising trial begins
779:"Spring Brings Worse for Shias"
388:and in the southern suburbs of
226:. They make up the majority in
181:the Persian Gulf Arab countries
979:. 24 June 2015. Archived from
230:and half of the population of
1:
800:Tim Marshall (25 June 2013).
276:Additionally, the absence of
120:, and half the population in
777:Cam McGrath (Apr 26, 2013).
633:Council on Foreign Relations
518:Council on Foreign Relations
316:, when many Iraqi Shī‘as of
1090:"Repression and regression"
84:and half of the Muslims in
1248:
448:
434:
417:
399:
368:
350:
288:
211:
208:Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia
205:
190:
848:"Lebanon-Religious Sects"
246:communities also live in
136:communities also live in
1232:Islam in the Middle East
977:The World Factbook (CIA)
322:1991 uprising in Karbala
112:community living in the
973:"United Arab Emirates"
250:along the border with
140:along the border with
98:Persian Gulf countries
959:Minority Rights Group
927:. Hartford, CT, USA:
583:www.windsofchange.net
378:Speaker of Parliament
371:Lebanese Shia Muslims
259:second-class citizens
1227:Shia Islam by region
565:www.strategypage.com
480:Shia–Sunni relations
437:Shia Islam in Kuwait
396:United Arab Emirates
278:religious seminaries
852:Global Security.org
353:Shia Islam in Egypt
337:Imam Hussein Shrine
303:Ali Hassan al-Majid
162:freedom of religion
148:officially follows
935:on August 27, 2012
919:Hajjar, George J.
734:, 27 December 2005
715:The New York Times
638:2010-04-11 at the
619:2010-04-07 at the
523:2010-04-11 at the
504:2010-04-07 at the
291:Shia Islam in Iraq
160:. There is little
1094:www.aljazeera.com
929:Hartford Seminary
718:, August 13, 1994
700:, August 22, 2007
1239:
1211:
1210:
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1207:
1192:
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1017:
1007:
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992:
990:
988:
983:on June 12, 2007
969:
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931:. Archived from
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
892:
886:
885:
883:
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862:
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859:
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670:
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591:
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585:. Archived from
575:
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551:
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451:Islam in Bahrain
386:Southern Lebanon
220:Eastern Province
114:Eastern Province
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1168:Washington Post
1162:
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1088:Abdo, Genieve.
1087:
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1061:Washington Post
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665:
664:
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651:
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640:Wayback Machine
631:
627:
621:Wayback Machine
612:
608:
603:. 17 July 2012.
599:
598:
594:
577:
576:
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558:
554:
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545:
536:
535:
531:
525:Wayback Machine
516:
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506:Wayback Machine
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132:). Sizable and
12:
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1234:
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1063:. 2021-12-07.
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589:on 2005-11-16.
570:
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487:
484:
483:
482:
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460:2011 Uprisings
449:Main article:
446:
443:
435:Main article:
432:
429:
420:Islam in Qatar
418:Main article:
415:
412:
400:Main article:
397:
394:
369:Main article:
366:
363:
359:Brian Whitaker
351:Main article:
348:
345:
326:Husayn ibn Ali
314:Saddam Hussein
299:Saddam Hussein
289:Main article:
286:
283:
206:Main article:
203:
200:
193:Islam in Yemen
191:Main article:
188:
185:
100:especially in
96:living in the
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391:
387:
383:
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364:
362:
360:
357:According to
354:
346:
344:
342:
338:
333:
331:
330:Abbas ibn Ali
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
307:Shia uprising
304:
300:
296:
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282:
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270:
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253:
249:
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1204:. Retrieved
1202:. 2022-04-27
1199:
1190:
1179:. Retrieved
1167:
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1147:. Retrieved
1145:. 2011-05-19
1142:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1120:. 2018-10-26
1117:
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1097:. Retrieved
1093:
1083:
1072:. Retrieved
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937:. Retrieved
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866:
855:. Retrieved
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749:the Guardian
748:
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440:
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339:unearthed a
334:
311:
297:
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275:
271:
256:
238:(called the
217:
202:Saudi Arabia
196:
178:
146:Saudi Arabia
128:(called the
102:Saudi Arabia
94:Shia Muslims
90:Shia Muslims
71:
51:Saudi Arabia
31:Arab Muslims
17:
15:
925:hartsem.edu
876:NOW Lebanon
242:). Sizable
158:Sunni Islam
1221:Categories
1206:2023-09-26
1181:2023-09-26
1149:2023-09-26
1124:2023-09-26
1099:2023-09-26
1074:2023-09-26
1041:5 December
905:2010-08-11
881:2010-08-11
857:2010-08-11
833:2013-06-05
698:Al-Jazeera
486:References
341:mass grave
212:See also:
27:Shia Islam
1176:0190-8286
1069:0190-8286
939:August 4,
263:Husainyas
240:Nakhawila
150:Wahhabism
130:Nakhawila
1143:BBC News
900:Naharnet
806:Sky News
732:BBC News
636:Archived
617:Archived
521:Archived
502:Archived
474:See also
267:mushriks
244:Isma'ili
228:al-Qatif
222:and are
134:Isma'ili
811:29 July
785:29 July
766:. JCPA.
445:Bahrain
425:Shiites
408:Emirati
406:10% of
365:Lebanon
318:Persian
232:Al-Ahsa
224:Baharna
166:Muslims
122:al-Hasa
110:Baharna
106:Twelver
86:Lebanon
78:Bahrain
43:Bahrain
35:Lebanon
1174:
1067:
1016:1 July
1012:. 2011
987:1 July
431:Kuwait
390:Beirut
248:Najran
236:Medina
174:Jordan
138:Najran
126:Medina
65:, and
61:, the
55:Kuwait
1035:(PDF)
1006:(PDF)
414:Qatar
382:Beqaa
347:Egypt
252:Yemen
187:Yemen
170:Egypt
142:Yemen
118:Qatif
82:Yemen
67:Qatar
39:Yemen
23:Sunni
19:Islam
1172:ISSN
1065:ISSN
1043:2015
1018:2015
989:2015
941:2012
813:2013
787:2013
328:and
285:Iraq
172:and
154:sect
88:are
76:and
74:Iraq
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269:."
156:of
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