Shields Green - Knowledge (XXG)

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carrying a rifle, a pistol, and a butcher knife—had been placed in charge of guarding the white hostages. Washington also testified that Green had fired shots at the surrounding militia, but that was not his worst offense. Far more heinous in Washington's eyes, however, had been Green's "very impudent manner" in addressing his betters, a crime that the aristocratic plantation owner considered more threatening than violence. Unusual forborn in slavery, Green did have a self-confident bearing that led his friends to affectionately call him "Emperor."" Although he may have appeared impudent in the eyes of a slave master, the reality was, as Frederick Douglass put it, that Green's "courage and self-respect made him quite a dignified character." Lewis Washington, however, was unable to recognize dignity in a Black man, and he was especially offended that Green had presumed to give orders to the white hostages. Washington also called Green a coward. When a detachment of Colonel Lee's men, under the command of Lieutenant J.E.B. Stuart, made their final assault on Brown's position at the armory, Green evidently threw away his arms and tried to lose himself among the local slaves." Despite Washington's condescending characterization,

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negroes. That when he arrived at Brown's quarters he was taken up stairs and never allowed to come down again except to attend calls of nature, after which he was compelled to return. He was not allowed to write or communicate with anyone except Brown's men. He stated that a number of the men were similarly restricted. He said he knew nothing of Fred Douglass in the Harper's Ferry matter; that all the proceedings were kept from him; that he would have left Brown before the attack if he could have done so. He said running off slaves is quite unprofitable, and recommended everybody not to attempt it hereafter. ...He fully corroborated the statement made by Green, the negro, in reference to the watch that was kept on a part of the men who were at Brown's house. He said that that portion of them who were kept upstairs did not know anything of the intentions of Brown until 11 o'clock on the Sunday morning before Harper's Ferry was taken. The Constitution was then read to them by Stevens, and that some of them did not then seem to understand it. He denied, with feeling, that he ever came to Harper's Ferry as a spy.

832:"At the Kennedy Farm, the night before we were leaving for home (Martha and Anne), he came downstairs to listen to the 'Emperor's' (Shields Green) farewell speech, as he called it. This was the greatest conglomeration of big words that was ever piled up. Some one asked Anderson 'if he understood it,' and he replied, 'No, God Himself could not understand that.'" ¶ But the negro man with Congo face, big, misplaced words, and huge feet, knew instinctively what courageous manhood meant and how devotion acted. Frederick Douglass tells how, when he turned to leave the Chambersburg quarry, where his last interview with John Brown was had, that, on telling Green he could return with him to Rochester, New York, the latter had turned and looked at the strong but bowed figure of John Brown, weighted with the pain of Douglass's refusal to aid him in, as he termed it, "hiving the bees," and then asked: "Is he going to stay?" An affirmative answer being made, he looked again at the old leader, and slowly said, "Well, I guess I's goes wid de old man." When, a short time after O. P. Anderson and 1914: 1066:

respecting the advances of the prisoner toward a mulatto girl at the time of the midnight entrance into the plantations. Mr. Hunter pursued his answering argument quietly, until he reached this point, and then, lifting himself to his full height, and compressing his fine features to unwanted sternness (for he usually wears a smile), he turned upon the negro, and with a rapidity that certainly exhibited a wonderful acquaintance with the vocabulary of invective, hurled for a while incessant denunciation upon the guilty passion which he assumed to have inspired Shields Green to join the expedition. How the negro ever sat so stolid under it, I cannot understand; but the crowd that filled the hall blazed with fury, and clenched fists in agonies of virtuous indignaticn. I suppose that the consciousness of having offered endless similar impure examples never entered their minds at all. Mr. Hunter, however, gained new and blushing honors. It was his best display of the season, and far surpassed anything offered by other orators.

939:, for a secret meeting with Brown. In what became a central incident of Douglass's life, Douglass refused to join Brown's party, as he saw it as doomed, suicidal. More importantly, he demurred from enlisting Black support for Brown, which was of vital importance to Brown. While the two parted as friends, Brown was much disappointed in Douglass, and privately listed him as "unreliable." Frederick Douglass wrote the only description of this meeting in his third and final autobiography, conflating the chronology of events in 1859, including the fact that his disagreement with Brown over the seizure of the Harper's Ferry armory dated to earlier in 1859. Douglass returned to Rochester but Green refused to accompany him. Green then joined Brown and his men at a rented farm in Maryland, where he was sequestered along with the rest until the Harper's Ferry raid in October. 712:

quietly, until he reached this point, and then, lifting himself to his full height, and compressing hie fine features to unwonted sternness—for he usually wears a smile—he turned upon the negro, and with a rapidity that certainly exhibited a wonderful acquaintance with the vocabulary of invective, hurled for a while incessant denunciation upon the guilty passions which he assumed to have inspired Shields Green to join the expedition. How the negro sat so stolid under it, I cannot understand, but the crowd that filled the hall blazed with fury, and clenched fists in agonies of virtuous indignation. I suppose that the consciousness of having offered endless similar impure examples never entered their minds at all. Mr. Hunter, however, gained new and blushing honors. It was his best display of the season, and far surpassed anything offered by other orators.

786:"The evening previous to the starting of Captain Brown's followers from Rochester, I spent at the house of Mr. Frederick Douglass, and when ready for my walk home, Shields Green accompanied me. I said to him, while on our walk, "Do you know that by going with Captain Brown into a Southern State, you expose yourself to the gallows? That if you are taken you will surely be executed?" He answered, "Yes; I shall probably lose my life, but if my death will help to free my race, I am willing to die. I have suffered cruel blows frơm men who said they owned me. Death from the hands of the law for no offense, save for believing in liberty for myself and my race, would not be a degradation; but blows from an overseer's lash, crush into my soul." 724:"Of the four prisoners taken at the engine house, Shields Green, the most inexorable of all our party, a very Turco in his hatred against the stealers of men, was under Captain Hazlett, and consequently of our little band at the Arsenal ; but when we were ordered by Captain Brown to return to our positions, after having driven the troops into the bridge, he mistook the order, and went to the engine house instead of with his own party. Had he remained with us, he might have eluded the vigilant Virginians. As it was, he was doomed, as is well-known, and became a free-will offering for freedom, with his comrade, John Copeland. Wiser and better man no doubt there were, but a braver man never lived than Shields Green". 1458:

of an Influential Newspaper; His Connection with the Underground Railroad; His Relations with John Brown and the Harper's Ferry Raid; His Recruiting the 54th and 55th Mass. Colored Regiments; His Interviews with Presidents Lincoln and Johnson; His Appointment by Gen. Grant to Accompany the Santo Domingo Commission—also to a Seat in the Council of the District of Columbia; His Appointment as United States Marshal by President Rutherford B. Hayes; also His Appointment to be Recorder of Deeds in Washington by President J. A. Garfield; with Many Other Interesting and Important Events of His Most Eventful Life; with An Introduction by Mr. George L. Ruffin, of Boston

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of an influential newspaper; his connection with the Underground Railroad; his relations with John Brown and the Harper's Ferry raid; his recruiting the 54st and 55th Mass. colored regiments; his interviews with Presidents Lincoln and Johnson; his appointment by Gen. Grant to accompany the Santo Domingo Commission; also to a seat in the Council of the District of Columbia; his appointment as United States marshal by President R. B. Hayes; also his appointment bt President J. A. Garfield to be Recorder of Deeds in Washington; with many other interesting and important events of his most eventful life

1004: 853: 1164:, searched for Copeland's body, but found only Green's. He was unable to retrieve Copeland's body, as the medical students hid the corpse and threatened him with violence if he continued his quest. It did not occur to him to retrieve Green's body; no one wanted it, in Oberlin or anywhere else. This is the last news we have of it, on a dissecting table. At the time, unclaimed dead bodies were often used or disposed of this way. During the Civil War, Union troops burned down Winchester Medical College in retaliation for what happened to Brown and his men. It was never rebuilt. 637:]. I had indeed known that he also had been executed at Charlestown, as one of John Brown's associates, but my warm interest in another object had banished the thought of him from my mind. It was a sad sight. I was sorry I had come to the building; and yet who was I, that I should be spared a view of what my fellow-creatures had to suffer? A fine, athletic figure, he was lying on his back—the unclosed, wistful eyes staring wildly upward, as if seeking, in a better world, for some solution of the dark problems of horror and oppression so hard to be explained in this. 818:, as a "most extraordinary man to look upon, ...long, angular, uncouth, and wild in gesture, ...deficient in all rhetorical graces. His words rush from his mouth scarce half made up. He speaks sentences abreast. ...His...'whar and ' thar' are the least of his offenses. His demeanor, altogether, is of unrivaled oddity; and yet his power is so decided that, while he is upon his legs, he carries everything before him. He is the most remarkable man I have seen here, although not so impressive in his bearing as Mr. Andrew Hunter, who is a man of real nobility of presence." 4772: 1020: 383:(2020), the only book thus far on his life, so far as is known Green never used the name Esau Brown, nor was it ever used by any of his Harpers Ferry associates. Frederick Douglass never referred to him by that name, nor is it found in documents concerning his trial and execution. The name never appears in any of the numerous newspaper reports of 1859. DeCaro concludes that it is "doubtful" that this single mention is correct. It may simply be a mishearing of "Emperor". 1176: 837:"You think der's no chance, Osborne?" "Not one," was the reply. "And de old Captain can't get away?" "No," said both the men. "Well," with a long look and slow utterance, "I guess I'll go back to de old man." In the prison, Green, with Copeland and Leary, were constantly sending messages of regard to Captain Brown and Stevens, and on the morning of John Brown's execution he sent him word that he was glad he came, and that he waited willingly for his own death." 1756: 1050:"argued for the defence of Shields Green. His address was full of ingenuity. Every resource seemed to be invoked. I cannot tell you the number of 'points' he made, but they were very numerous and very sharp. The sensitiveness of the audience, too, was less evident than yesterday, and Mr. Sennott's manner, which was not so demonstrative as before, augmented their good humor. I think the Court was hardly prepared for so much acuteness as he showed." 407:

called "the greatest conglomeration of all the big words in the dictionary, and out, that was ever piled up." According to Anne, even fellow raider Osborne Anderson jested that "God himself could not understand that". Knowledge of big words, however, does not mean literacy, as DeCaro supposes. High-faluting words were used constantly in political speeches, of which there were many more than today. Brown and Douglass alone used plenty of them.

331:", usually the result of rape of female slaves by their white owners. In part because of his skin color, and in part because of his fighting skill, Green was "the most despised of Brown's captured men". "Of all the raiders to stand trial in Charlestown, Shields Green was the most notably harangued, maligned, and browbeaten by the vindictive prosecuting attorney—the harshest words being reserved for the darkest of the Harper's Ferry raiders." 1188: 1766: 793:"Of the bravery exhibited at Harpers Ferry, no doubt Shields Green was foremost. Anderson wrote that 'Newby was a brave fellow' and when he was shot through the head by the trooper who took advantage of a mutual withdrawal, 'his death was promptly avenged by Shields Green,' who raised his rifle in an instant and 'brought down the cowardly murderer. Wiser and better men no doubt there were, but a braver men [ 366:. The nickname may reflect his status as leader among other Blacks. In harmony with this is a link between the name and Green's bearing: "very officious..., evidently conscious of his own great importance in the enterprise". To the hostages he was "very impudent"; he told a hostage to "shut up". "He was very insulting to Brown's prisoners, constantly presenting his rifle and threatening to shoot some of them." 1132: 748:

Shields Green was not one to shrink from hardships or dangers. He was a man of few words, and his speech was singularly broken; but his courage and self-respect made him quite a dignified character. John Brown saw at once what 'stuff' Green was made of, and confided to him his plans and purposes. Green easily believed in Brown, and promised to go with him whenever he should be ready to move."

3578: 295:"A man of few words", according to Douglass; there was no particular attempt to extract information from him by either the press or the legal system. They were far more interested in the white prisoners; Cook, in his published confession, seldom refers to "negroes", and never by name. Of the five Black members of Brown's party, Green is the only one of whom there is no 314:

Hunter, and although his legal testimony was minimal, legal historian Steven Lubet believes that it "is therefore entirely possible, or even likely, that Judge Parker, himself a slave owner, did not allow the black prisoners any meaningful occasion to speak at sentencing." As a result of these circumstances, we have very little information about Green, and writers on

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feared. The "armed and disciplined" Black group was publicly exhorted by J. J. Simons, "one of Brown's lieutenants", to participate in the upcoming invasion of Virginia to free the slaves. Brown was in the audience, and late that night he was roused from bed by an urgent messenger who took him to a house where both Douglass and Brown were.

288:, was a fountain of information, in comparison, and his skin was much lighter, which at the time gave him more credibility than Green. Although we have good evidence that Green had at least one son, in South Carolina, he kept this a secret and so far as we know had no contact with him. Of the five Black members of 3925:

Life and times of Frederick Douglass. Written by Himself. His early life as a slave, his escape from bondage, and his complete history to the present time, including his connection with the anti-slavery movement; his labors in Great Britain as well as in his own country; his experience in the conduct

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Life and Times of Frederick Douglass: Written by himself. His Early Life as a Slave, His Escape from Bondage, and His Complete History to the Present Time, including his Connection with the Anti-slavery Movement; His Labors in Great Britain as well as in His Own Country; His Experience in the Conduct

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Douglass and Brown had another, little-known meeting on August 15, 1859. Brown travelled to Philadelphia from Chambersburg. He had heard there would be a street parade of a "colored military company" named the Frank Johnson Guards, and he found that the situation in Philadelphia was worse than he had

955:, the trip was by wagon, and from there Owen and Shields traveled on foot at night, across cornfields and thinly-wooded areas. Owen tells us that Green had been brought up in the city, and was very much out of his element in the Maryland countryside. At one point they had to cross a river, presumably 840:

Green had left a boy in slavery; his wife dying before he made his escape. ...Green was a full-blooded black.... They were all intelligent, Green looking the least so, though possessed of considerable natural ability, vigor of character, and a courage which showed that if better trained he might have

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had decided the resistance then making to be hopeless, Green came, under fire, with some message, over to their station at the arsenal on the Potomac. Anderson told him he'd better go with them. He turned and looked toward the engine-house, before the door of which stood its few defenders, and asked:

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house, Douglass took a liking to him. Douglass knew the law well and could have coached Green on what to say, and Green was pretty quiet anyway. Living with Douglass, he worked as a waiter, launderer, and barber. Certainly preparing a business card, as Green did, advertising his clothes cleaning and

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Local Blacks, working in 1860 on a monument to the colored men of Oberlin that were with John Brown at Harper's Ferry, said that "Shields Green was but little known to us, excepting as he has been made known to the nation and the world by his manly conduct, his patient and heroic endurance in prison,

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In a reminiscence in later life, John Brown's daughter Anne Brown Adams recalled an incident that took place when she and her sister-in-law, Martha, were being sent home to New York shortly before the raid. According to Anne, this man of few words felt moved to deliver "a farewell speech," which she

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Sometimes he is referred to in the press only as Emperor: "The negro, Emperor, is the only one among them who has a Bible, except old Brown". "The negro called 'Emperor of New York' taken prisoner is said to be the black man who was upon the stage with Douglass the night he lectured in this place ."

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Green's life is in essence divided into two parts: before Douglass and after Douglass. He enters written history when he started living in Douglass's house, in Rochester, New York, about two years before Brown's raid. Douglass gives us essential information—were it not for him, we would not know that

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image, although we have sketches by four different artists, including one of him alone, published for the first time in 2020. Copeland supplied all the information the press or legal system felt was needed from the Blacks of the party. "Copeland is an intelligent negro", wrote one who visited all the

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put it—although one newspaper reports him reading the Bible. He neither wrote nor received letters during his two months in the Jefferson County jail. (He could easily have gotten someone to write letters for him.) No one visited him, or even tried to; there was no one to bury his body. The press and

2017:"John Brown's raid. Details as told by one of the survivors. Suffered hardships. Efforts of the Survivors to Get Away from the Scene and how Some Were Captured. Captain Cook's Experience in a Justice's Court in Chambersburg, Where He Was Taken After His Capture by Professional Fugitive Slave Hunters" 1057:

to get the charge of treason dropped. The spectators gasped, but he argued successfully that since Blacks, including Green, were not citizens of the United States according to that ruling, they could not commit treason. According to the relevant statute, only "free persons" could commit treason. The

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The other rebels also referred to him as "Emperor". The meaning of or reason for the nickname of Emperor is unknown. Sometimes writers speculate that this may reflect some status among the African people he was supposedly kidnapped from, or his ancestry from African royalty. However appealing, there

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Shields Green, or Emperor, said to me that he had been at Brown's house in Maryland ever since the latter part of August; that when he went there he did not know that anything was to be done but run off slaves. He had never heard that force was to be used against the whites, only persuasion with the

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Green and Copeland were hanged on Friday December 16, two weeks after Brown. There were at least 1,600 spectators. "The bodies of the negroes, after being cut down, were placed in poplar coffins and carried back to the jail. They will be interred tomorrow on the spot where the gallows stand, though

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at the Arsenal during the raid; Osborne said that Green immediately avenged Newby's death. According to Douglass, Osborne Anderson (not Jeremiah Anderson) said that Green could have escaped with him. "I told him to come; that we could do nothing more," But his reply was the same: "I b'l'eve I'll go

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He did this, and with a touch of ferocity, too, when making his final argument for the conviction of Shields Green, till the crowd in and around the courthouse blazed with fury at his denunciation of the black man who had attempted to free his race, and both as fighter and prisoner showed in rude,

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While at my house, John Brown made the acquaintance of a colored man who called himself by different names — sometimes 'Emperor,' at other times, 'Shields Green.' ...He was a fugitive slave, who had made his escape from Charleston; a state from which a slave found it no easy matter to run away. But

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of June 7, 1870, a son of his was living in Charleston. The names of his wife and his son are unknown. His owner and occupation are unknown. There may have been more than one son, but aside from this nothing else is known of his life in South Carolina. It was not easy to get away; he escaped hidden

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with the intent of speaking publicly, but local Blacks recognized him and asked him to talk. He gave an impromptu lecture in Franklin Hall on what he said to them was his only topic, slavery. On Saturday, August 20, before meeting with Brown. Green, called "Emperor of New York", was "upon the stage

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As was usual at the time, Green's skin color was commented on: he was "a negro of the blackest hue", "a black negro", "a full blooded negro," "a regular out-and-out tar-colored darkey." At that time, those of darker skin color, or "more African blood", were considered by whites to be inferior, less

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But one interviewer considered Green as "not much inferior to Fred. Douglass" in education, and a Virginia physician, who believed Green showed no evidence of education, nevertheless added that he was "said to be finely educated." He was particularly abused in cross-examination by Prosecutor Andrew

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According to Douglass, Green could have escaped when it was clear the raid was failing, but he chose again to remain with Brown. However, this appears to have been a legend that Douglass himself initiated. According to fellow Black raider Osborne Anderson, Green actually confused orders during the

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As a pleader, his manner was subdued, his diction strong and earnest, his voice deep and full, and he could make it ring at will. He did this, and with a touch of ferocity, too, when making his final argument for the conviction of Shields Green, till the crowd in and around the court-house blazed

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Answer. It was rather impudent in the morning. I saw him order some gentlemen to shut a window, with a rifle raised at them. He said, "Shut that window, damn you; shut it instantly." He did it in a very impudent manner. But when the attack came on, he had thrown off his hat and all his equipments,

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Green requested when in the Charles Town jail that he have as few visitors as possible. While on the scaffold, in contrast with Copeland, he was "engaged in earnest prayer" (see drawing in DeCaro). "Green was an ambitious, vindictive, but very illiterate negro of the African species, and evidently

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Green's case was called first, and the prosecution's evidence was overwhelming. The chief witness against the defendant was the plantation master Lewis Washington, a great-nephew of George Washington, who had been kidnapped and held prisoner by Brown's men. Washington testified that Green—who was

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Brown tried in this meeting to get Douglass to join in the raid, because Douglass, a national Black leader, would have added credibility to it, motivating the enslaved to rise up and run away, as Brown would propose. Douglass declined to participate in Brown's planned raid because he believed it

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with fury at his denunciation of the black man who had attempted to free his race, and both as lighter and prisoner showed in rude, but vigorous manner, his utter disdain of men who sold mothers, dealt in men, bred children for sale, making concubines for profit of every ninth woman in the land."

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In the case of the free negro Green, allusion was made by the counsel for the defense to an attempt to introduce impertinent evidence respecting the advances of the prisoner toward a mulatto girl at the time of the midnight entrance into the plantations. Mr. Hunter pursued his answering argument

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Confession of John E. Cooke [sic], brother of Gov. A.P. Willard, of Indiana, and one of the participants in the Harper's Ferry invasion: published for the benefit of Samuel C. Young, a non-slaveholder, who is permanently disabled by a wound received in defence of Southern institutions

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in the sense that there's a kid—Shields Green, in this case—who is running from reality, and he ends up embracing the reality of race and assuming the mantle of leadership. I mean, at first Green only wants to get his family free from slavery, but then he grows into a person who believes that

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Once again, if reportage on the raid by Southern journalists lacks interviews with Green, this is because Brown's men were largely overshadowed by Brown in general, and because the Black raiders were treated with even less regard than were the white raiders, and of the Black raiders, from any

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Of the seven men who were tried, convicted, and executed after the raid—five white and two Black—we have less information about Green than about any of the others. He was a good shot, according to two separate eyewitnesses; he used his rifle and revolver "rapidly and diligently", according to

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remained mute. (A different report has Green mute as well.) Steven Lubek has pointed out that Green obviously did not disclose that Brown and Douglass knew each other, as that would have been a bombshell and all over the papers. That is why Brown and Douglass met at such a remote location—an

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t times he rises to an eloquence that rings through the court-room, and moves listeners to approving outbursts that call for subjugation by sheriff and constable. In the case of the negro Green, allusion was made by the counsel for the defense to an attempt to introduce impertinent evidence

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According to Douglass, living at his house when Brown visited was a "colored man who called himself by different names—sometimes 'Emperor', at other times, 'Shields Green'". On a business card he had printed in Rochester, New York, in 1858, Green referred to himself as "Shield Emperor."

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could not succeed and was, therefore, suicidal. Green declined Douglass's suggestion that he return to Rochester with him, saying, as reported by Douglass, ""I b'l'eve I'll go wid de old man". During the raid, Green made a similar remark when invited to flee, as the raid was failing.

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in cargo on a ship. Without citing any source, an article on the numerous Black sailors reports that Green had been one. Strangely, there is no newspaper advertisement seeking recovery of a Black so easily recognizable (because of his speech defect, as well as his skin color).

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In the first place, Green had no problem with understanding speech. He was present at the lengthy Brown-Douglass meeting in Chambersburg, and there is no comment that Green had any trouble understanding it. Nor is there such a comment anywhere else. He was not hard to talk to.

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watching the roads. Owen has left us a 20-page report on the trip. He describes Green as "more mindful and alert" than he was himself, spotting Whites first, telling Owen to remove his too visible white summer coat and put on Green's black cloak instead. From Chambersburg to

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The three Black defendants—Green, Copeland, and Leahy—all said that they knew nothing of Brown's plans until the Sunday morning meeting before the raid. In Green's case this was certainly false, since he had been present at the lengthy discusions between Douglass and Brown.

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Monroe tried but failed to recover Copeland's body so his parents could bury it; students threatened violence, and they stole the body from the College and hid it. However, as he had a few hours free, a medical college professor gave him a tour, and in the dissecting rooms:

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Life, Trial and Execution of Captain John Brown: known as "Old Brown of Ossawatomie," with a full account of the attempted insurrection at Harper's Ferry. Compiled from official and authentic sources. Including Cooke's [sic] confesson, and all the Incidents of the

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It is not clear when Green first arrived in Rochester, New York, or how long he actually stayed in the Douglass home. It was not unusual for the Douglass home to serve as a sanctuary for fugitives from slavery. Information about Green's life before that is fragmentary.

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Different accounts have his age from 23 to 30. According to DeCaro, if he did participate in the 1850 "excitement" in Harrisburg, he must have been in his early thirties. Four pages earlier DeCaro has him "in his mid-thirties at the time of the Harper's Ferry raid".

565:"Green was an ambitious, vindictive, but very illiterate negro of the African species, and evidently died a victim of his own brutish impetuosity. He was the head and front of all the negro rescues at Harrisburg for several years past, a journeyman barber by trade." 959:, and since Green could not swim Owen made a makeshift raft. Green was much disturbed at re-entering a slave state, fearing his capture. When they got to the farm, "A happier man than Shields Green was never seen. He was like a new man", according to Owen. 677:

He was a fugitive slave from Charleston, South Carolina, and had attested his love of liberty by escaping from slavery and making his way through many dangers to Rochester, where he had lived in my family, and where he met the man with whom he went to the

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On another occasion, Anne said that Green was "a perfect rattlebrain in talk; he used to annoy me very much, coming downstairs so often. He came near betraying and upsetting the whole business, by his careless letting a neighbor woman see him."

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were sentenced to death on November 10. According to Parker, pronouncing the death sentences "is the most painful duty I have ever been called on to perform". According to a reporter, "a large number of the spectators wept, as did the Judge".

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Green, like all criminal defendants in Virginia at the time, could not testify. He did not say a word during the trial, according to one source, but court records do not support this: in response to the same question John Brown was asked (see

829:"Shields Green, a fugitive slave from Charlestown, S. C., who came with Frederick Douglass to Chambersburg, Pa., on the 19th of August preceding the outbreak, and entered the party at Kennedy Farm as in sort a representative of Mr. Douglass;" 3397:"The Harper's Ferry insurrection. Fighting in the streets and on the bridge. Killing of the Mayor. Storming of the engine-house. Pursuit of the escaped insurgents. The Outbreak Rumored to be a Premature Explosion of a More General Conspiracy" 31: 206:. At John Brown's execution two weeks prior, very few spectators were permitted, for security reasons. Now there were no restrictions, the judge wanted the executions to be seen by the public, and there were 1,600 spectators. At the time, 1100:

Green's trial ended November 5, and was followed by that of Copeland. The charge of treason was also dropped for Copeland. Both were convicted, along with John Brown and the others, of murder and inciting a slave insurrection. Green,

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Upon Monroe's return to Oberlin he gave a public report of his trip at a coffinless funeral for Copeland. These remarks immediately preceded the beginning of the efforts to build a monument to the Oberlin Blacks who participated in

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Mistakenly calling him "Gains", one of the first reports relates that "the negro...says he lived in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania," adding that "Gains is a bad fellow, and no truth in him. He told several palpable lies while telling his

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After a burial which may have lasted no more than an hour, their corpses were dug up—the grave-robbing students carried guns, in part to keep away other medical students that also wanted the corpses. They were taken to the nearby

6538: 799:] never lived than Shields Green'... Frederick Douglass said, 'If a monument should be erected to the memory of John Brown, as there ought to be, the form and name of Shields Green should have a conspicuous place on it.'" 414:

We have a number of sentences reported that Green said in different contexts. Aside from the attempt of Douglass, and Douglass alone, to reproduce a rural or uneducated pronunciation, the sentences are adequate, even eloquent:

479:, when he came to Harpers Ferry to interview participants in the raid, said "I immediately examined the leader. Brown, his lieutenant, Stevens, a White man named Coppie, and a negro from Canada. They made full confessions." 880:, which lasted "a whole day and night". However, we have only a single source for this interview, Frederick Douglass, and his reliability has been questioned by Louis DeCaro, author of the only book-length study of Green. 3520: 619:, just after the December 16, 1859, execution of Green, Copeland, and two others. As there was no one protecting their graves, the bodies of Green and Copeland were dug up within hours by students and faculty of the 2545: 590:

and his pious, courageous and consistent deportment as be stood on the fatal gallows." Copeland, after his arrest, was asked who else from Oberlin was at Harpers Ferry, and he said that besides himself, only

378:

It is sometimes found in modern presentations of Green that his real name was Esau Brown. The only evidence for this is a single newspaper article of 1861. But according to Louis A. DeCaro, Jr., author of

5709: 876:

By far the most dramatic and best-known moment in Green's life, which has been made into a play or movie script several times, was his meeting with Brown and Douglass in an abandoned stone quarry near

6454: 3079:"The Negro Insurrection. Defeat and Capture of the Insurgents. Capt, Brown of Kansas, the Ringleader, and his Son Shot. One Dead and the other Dying. The Rebels brought out in Presence of the People" 1302:

which "tells the story of Green, an ex-slave and disciple of Frederick Douglass who accompanied Brown to Harper's Ferry, where he died." In Shields Green, "there's a reluctant leader/hero. It's like

1167:

In 1928, unidentifiable bones from bodies dissected at the Winchester Medical College were found in a pit under a building being torn down. There is no report on what was done with the bones found.

735:

Shields Green was not one to shrink from hardships or dangers. He was a man of few words, and his speech was singularly broken; but his courage and self-respect made him quite a dignified character.

822:"Mr. Sennott fought vigorously for these men, and went the length of justifying them in their resistance to the enslavement of their race. The State Attorney, Hunter, was almost ferocious in his 194:

Although Green survived the raid unwounded, he was tried, convicted, and executed by hanging on December 16, 1859, together with three other raiders. All the trials and executions took place in

782:"On the morning of December 2, the day of John Brown's execution, hields Green sent word to his leader that he waited willingly and calmly for his own death, and that he was glad he had come." 1348:

On August 19, 2001, the Jefferson County Black Historical Preservation City had a small memorial service for Green and Copeland, at the site of the former "Colored Cemetery" in Charles Town.

344:

Hinton says Green had "huge feet", but he never saw Green and there is no known source for this detail. He also says Green had "a Congo face", apparently a reference to his dark skin color.

2391: 448:; According to an unpublished document unearthed by Louis DeCaro, he grew up in Charleston. He was an urban man, "much out of his element under the open skies of the Maryland countryside." 814:

The Virginian lawyers selected by the Examining Court to defend these prisoners had an ungracious and thankless task assigned them. Mr. Green was described by Correspondent House, of the

4350: 6620: 5664:

American State Trials: A collection of the important and interesting criminal trials which have taken place in the United States from the beginning of our government to the present day

4377:

American State Trials: A collection of the important and interesting criminal trials which have taken place in the United States from the beginning of our government to the present day

6854: 6731: 844:

A Rochester newspaper described him as "of course ignorant, though naturally intelligent, ...of a reckless disposition" He was "about twenty-five years of age, and has no family."

1123:

and Cook attempted to escape from the jail using a knife they got from Green, but he did not try to escape himself. There is no comment anywhere on how Green got a knife in jail.

6640: 728:"A little while prior to this, went down to , to accompany Shields Green, whereupon a meeting of Capt. Brown, Kagi, and other distinguished persons, convened for consultation." 520:

Another lists "a negro named Shields Green who came to join Brown from Pittsburgh", but later on the same page says that "Emperor" was from "New York—formerly of South Carolina".

459:

wrote that "the count of treason was abandoned since it was not proven that Green was a free person." Douglass did not reveal Green's true status until long after his death.

6824: 6118: 5702: 398:

However, Green was "a man of few words, and his speech was singularly broken", as Douglass put it. DeCaro suggests he may have had a speech defect. Douglass did not come to

6645: 2535: 3836: 740:

died a victim to his own brutish impetuosity. He was the head and front of all the negro rescues at Harrisburg, for several years past, a Journeyman barber by trade."

482:

As Green was not talkative, and uncaptured fugitive slaves do not leave much of a paper trail, there is not much reliable information on Green before he met Douglass.

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having ended the day before. "Mr. Griswold appeared as his counsel, Judge Russell, of Boston, is also on his way here to take part in the defence of the prisoners."

6864: 6834: 811:

but vigorous manner, his utter disdain of men who sold mothers, dealt in men, bred children for sale, making concubines for profit of every ninth woman in the land.

530:"Emperor, of New York, raised in South Carolina, not wounded, a prisoner—the latter was elected a member of Congress of the Provisional Government some time since" 5695: 4160: 2452: 4445: 2806:"John Brown's raid. Details As Told By One Of The Survivors. Careful preparations. Plan Was To Set Up A Republic In The Mountains. First meetings were in Canada" 6874: 6859: 6600: 4687: 4584: 1825: 4843: 4481: 2194: 6869: 6430: 5569: 4313: 4227: 5482: 3309: 3026:

Kaplan, Sidney (Spring 1957). "The American Seamen's Protective Union Association of 1863: A Pioneer Organization of Negro Seamen in the Port of New York".

1237:

The Green–Copeland American Legion Post 63 was founded in Charles Town, West Virginia in 1929. It joined with another Black post after the Second World War.

899:. Brown, who knew "the stuff Green was made of", as Douglass put it, had asked Douglass to bring Green with him. The meeting took place in Chambersburg, an 6605: 5209: 4959: 3742: 3239: 1152:

by students. A letter from Black residents of Philadelphia to Virginia Governor Wise, requesting their bodies so as to bury them, had no effect. Professor

419:"Oh, what a poor fool I am!" said Green to his companion on the way. "I had got away out of slavery, and here I have got back into the eagle's claw again!" 5333: 4548: 2226: 1117:

On December 2, the morning of John Brown's execution, Green sent word to Brown that he was glad to have fought with him, and awaited his death willingly.

935:

In an incident which became famous when it was made public over 20 years later, in August 1859 Douglass, accompanied by Green, traveled from Rochester to

6773: 4713:"The Harper's Ferry Insurrection. Harper's Ferry and Charlestown revisited. Final interviews with John Brown, Cook, Stevens and the other conspirators". 2088: 1284:, by Bill Harris, is a one-act play in seven scenes about Green, Douglass, and Brown, that puts on the stage Douglass's Chambersburg meeting with Brown. 826:

against Shields Green. whose boldly careless bearing had aroused all the brutal malignity that slave ownership and race prejudice necessarily produced."

233:; Douglass "eulogized with rare pathos". In an article on courageous negroes who revolted he is mentioned alongside Douglass himself and Haitian leader 5292: 6531: 3658: 2508: 1541:

Report [of] the Select committee of the Senate appointed to inquire into the late invasion and seizure of the public property at Harper's Ferry

6650: 6583: 4025: 3948: 3780: 586:. About their residence in Oberlin there is no doubt. The situation regarding Green is confusing and the pieces of evidence impossible to reconcile. 6839: 6154: 6012: 5527: 5097: 3465: 3370: 663: 697:

Presumably Green came to Rochester because he was thinking of emigrating to Canada, as most Blacks entering Rochester were. But finding Douglass's

6814: 6489: 6181: 5440: 4987: 4808: 4611: 2379: 1737: 1620: 4715: 1093: 623:, for use in anatomy classes, in which the corpses were dissected. At the time, this was a common way of using or disposing of unclaimed bodies. 3875: 1084:. (After the raid, the Chambersburg newspaper, writing on Brown's many visits to that city, linked Douglass's visit with a meeting with Brown.) 631:

I was startled to find the body of another Oberlin neighbor whom I had often met upon our streets, a colored man named Shields Greene [

600:

of November 9 says two of Brown's men were from Oberlin. An Ohio man said that "the negro Green and Edwin Coppic at one time lived near Salem."

6753: 6745: 6123: 6090: 5028: 946:

Owen Brown escorted Green on his difficult 20 miles from Chambersburg to the Kennedy Farm; it was difficult and dangerous because of the many

452:

always said they were free, except to people they trusted; the court documents in Charles Town describe him as "a free negro", as he claimed.

6809: 6768: 6085: 5718: 5635: 4414: 4282: 2848: 2318: 1145: 1058:

jury found him not guilty of that charge. Abolitionists, however, were concerned about this apparent endorsement of the Dred Scott decision.

646: 620: 575: 218: 180: 128: 2971: 337:

He was described as "small in stature and very active in his movements". "He had rather a good countenance, and a sharp, intelligent look."

300:

prisoners in jail in November. He does not say that about Green, who he visits next, implying that Green is less intelligent. He continues:

6470: 5881: 5756: 914: 6113: 1866:

John Brown. An address by Frederick Douglass, at the fourteenth anniversary of Storer College, Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, May 30, 1881

1243:

At the centennial in 1959, a columnist expressed frustration that no school or anything else had been named for either Green or Copeland.

6272: 6108: 5971: 694:

in Douglass's house; Brown stayed in Douglass's house at the same time, for weeks, so Brown had ample opportunities to get to know him.

687: 455:

On the other hand, Green told a reporter after his trial that he was born of free parents, while a reporter covering Green's trial for

6615: 4649: 2908: 2431: 5251: 4879: 604:, is 90 miles (140 km) east of Oberlin. He continues: "I think Copeland was the only man who went to John Brown from Oberlin." 6844: 6829: 6714: 6322: 6212: 5376: 4928: 4120: 971:

During the raid, Green and others were assigned to recruit slaves from the nearby countryside to join the rebellion. Green was with

6819: 422:"Death from the hands of the law for no offense save for believing in liberty for myself and my race, would not be a degradation." 6737: 6635: 6423: 773:

The state's attorney, Andrew Hunter, lashed him furiously during the prosecution for his bold and unwavering stand at the trial:

907:" for Brown's raid; just 22 miles (35 km) from the Maryland border, it was the closest city in the (free) North. Brown was 6761: 6397: 6377: 6289: 6042: 4645: 1398: 203: 6167: 4138: 2148: 1556: 511:, A single story says in one paragraph that Green was from Harrisburg, and in another that he was from Pittsburg [ 6849: 6525: 6174: 5282: 5199: 4217: 1075:), if he had anything to say before sentencing, his reply was "nothing but what he had before said", whereas his cellmate 1003: 211: 6229: 6037: 5936: 4635: 4472:"The Harper's Ferry Foray. The Appeal in the Case of Brown.—Trial of Shields Green.—Cook's Case.—Compndition of Stevens" 2052: 1732: 1097:

is: "the colored men do not seem to know what all the fuss is about; they keep close to the stove and read the Bible."

6660: 6610: 6572: 6416: 6160: 6080: 6022: 6007: 5761: 5751: 4430: 2810: 2190: 1676: 852: 195: 77: 6149: 6133: 2720: 2048:

Captain John Brown and Harper's Ferry: The Story of the Raid and the Old Fire Engine House Known as John Brown's Fort

2046: 1207:

was erected in 1865 in Westwood Cemetery to honor the three "citizens of Oberlin." The monument was moved in 1971 to

1072: 4819: 4673: 4574: 1815: 1217:

These colored citizens of Oberlin, the heroic associates of the immortal John Brown, gave their lives for the slave.

932:

Although neither Douglass nor Green mentions it, afterwards Green has been spoken of as a replacement for Douglass.

284:

the legal system were far more concerned about the white prisoners than about the Blacks. The other Black prisoner,

6317: 5829: 5650: 5286: 5203: 4833: 4471: 4221: 3807: 3604: 3549: 3425: 3127: 2965: 2787: 2762: 2612: 2591: 2427: 2179: 1314: 1153: 1140:

there is a party of medical students here from Winchester who will doubtless not allow them to remain there long."

936: 892: 877: 857: 612: 445: 399: 363: 338: 176: 5565: 5554: 4298: 4212: 2335: 1275: 790:

Douglass: "When, by and by, a monument is built to John Brown, a niche must be reserved in it for Shields Green."

6625: 6567: 6462: 6095: 5961: 5844: 5766: 5739: 5627: 5467: 4874: 4512: 4274: 4112: 3981: 3689: 3294: 3078: 2834: 2503: 2310: 1787: 1690: 1386: 1076: 1008: 865: 691: 285: 188: 5194: 4944: 4802: 3732: 3708: 3224: 1704: 1378:. In the film, Green does not have a speech defect, survives Harpers Ferry, and his son writes a book about him. 1240:"John Brown's Body Servant", a fictionalized version of his time with Frederick Douglass, was published in 1941. 492:, where he "was conspicuous in the fugitive slave riot at Harrisburg some years ago", On the same front page of 6655: 5682: 5318: 4904: 4798: 4534: 4005: 3770: 3684: 3491: 3083: 2721:"Affairs at Charlestown.—More Rumors--The Life of John Brown--The Prisoners--The Approaching Execution, &c" 2216: 1631: 888: 770:

Green was similarly defiant at an encounter with a White while travelling from Hagerstown to the Kennedy farm.

615:. At the request of Copeland's parents, who as free Blacks were barred from entering Virginia, he travelled to 501: 489: 2805: 2073: 1462: 250: 5277: 4720: 1582: 6702: 6562: 5726: 5521: 5394: 4949: 4435: 4030: 3647: 3233: 3171: 2867: 2571: 2498: 2125: 2117: 1995:

A Voice from Harper's Ferry; with incidents prior and subsequent to its capture by Captain Brown and his men

1919: 1792: 1412: 1341:, which was undertaking the project). The rights have reverted to the authors. A public reading was held in 1338: 1254: 559: 315: 289: 273:, yet the reliability of that source has been questioned by Louis DeCaro, author of the only book on Green. 234: 4758: 3944: 3229: 3093: 2753: 6195: 6100: 5916: 5901: 5801: 5734: 5323: 5241: 5083: 5010: 4744: 4188: 4083: 4051: 3812: 3765: 3335: 3056: 2999: 2186: 1989: 1250:(words of Brown), dramatizes the Brown–Douglass–Green meeting in Chambersburg. It has never been produced. 1208: 976: 6508:

The Heroic Slave, a heartwarming Narrative of the Adventures of Madison Washington, in Pursuit of Liberty

5659: 5508: 4739: 4372: 3923: 3454: 3359: 2683: 6799: 6347: 6342: 5854: 5559: 5513: 5476: 3986: 3930: 3841: 3737: 2961: 2688: 2471: 2158: 1741:. African American Newspapers. Vol. 4, no. 4. p. 516 – via Accessible-Archives.com. 1592: 1393: 1285: 1102: 995:

After taking refuge in the "engine house", as it was called, Green's job was to supervise the hostages.

596: 579: 468: 5429: 5360: 4984: 4793: 4618: 4078: 4035: 3969: 3851: 3277: 2616: 2557: 1610: 1539: 4507: 3195: 3166: 1864: 1455: 869: 662:

From January 28 through February 14, 1858, John Brown also stayed in Douglass's house, working on his

6804: 6696: 6684: 6678: 6327: 6309: 6224: 6141: 6128: 6064: 6059: 6049: 6032: 5811: 5796: 5744: 4918: 4457: 4406: 4093: 3865: 3500: 3271: 3200: 3028: 2481: 2344: 2042: 1870: 1658: 1197: 1081: 952: 900: 698: 616: 591: 583: 562:, said that Green had lived there for some time; another that he could not possibly have lived there. 544:

In Robert E. Lee's report he is called "Green Shields (alias Emperor)" and once "(alias S. Emperor)".

109: 4734: 535:"Emperor, New York—formerly of South Carolina" "Emperor, also negro, is in chains at Harper's Ferry" 6367: 6266: 5834: 5434: 5327: 5245: 5087: 5014: 5005: 4683: 4544: 3816: 3774: 3633: 3590: 3535: 3303: 2758: 2466: 2340: 1374: 1054: 1027:

Green's trial preceded that of the other Black captive, Copeland, and began on November 3, that of

1019: 983:

Green and Edwin Coppock were the only two of Brown's raiders who neither escaped nor were injured.

683: 508: 184: 4213:"Frederick Douglass in council with John Brown in Chambersburg prior to the raid on Harpers Ferry" 1175: 574:

There is a cenotaph monument in Oberlin to three young Black men from Oberlin who participated in

391:

Like other aspects of Green's life, the evidence about his speech is also somewhat contradictory.

6439: 6294: 6283: 6278: 6261: 6234: 5875: 5589: 5411: 5165: 5117: 5048: 4953: 4439: 4307: 4169: 4087: 4060: 3919: 3845: 3652: 3627: 3598: 3568: 3543: 3496: 3434: 3401: 3340: 3267: 3204: 3150: 3105: 3087: 3037: 3008: 2956: 2814: 2730: 2585: 2446: 2082: 2024: 1962: 1884: 1860: 1752: 1728: 1653: 1500: 1488: 1451: 1135:

John Anthony Copeland Jr. and Shields Green, being taken in a wagon from the jail to the gallows.

884: 861: 752:

Lewis Washington, interviewed by the Senate Select Committee, discussed him thus after the raid:

494: 270: 222: 207: 168: 1278:

expanded the known facts of Green's life into a story, "Being of a Reckless Disposition" (1994).

3396: 6332: 6304: 6256: 6251: 6027: 5921: 5911: 5886: 5870: 5806: 5687: 5660:"The Trial of John Anthony Copeland and Shields Green for Murder, Charlestown, Virginia, 1859" 5631: 5517: 5372: 4924: 4410: 4373:"The Trial of John Anthony Copeland and Shields Green for Murder, Charlestown, Virginia, 1859" 4278: 4116: 3870: 3430: 3405: 3175: 2844: 2725: 2666: 2475: 2314: 2129: 2078: 1686: 1681: 1322: 1304: 972: 803: 279: 254: 1333:

considered the part of Brown, but withdrew "because of ideological differences with the late

6690: 6507: 5981: 5966: 5941: 5472: 5403: 5151: 4763: 4579: 4346: 4193: 3901: 3713: 3529: 2877: 2660: 2576: 2221: 1954: 1761: 1709: 1648: 1587: 1342: 1318: 891:

from morning to night. Green and Douglass travelled together from Rochester via New York to

4639: 4158:

Geffert, Hannah N. (October 2002). "John Brown and His Black Allies: An Ignored Alliance".

2904: 2662:

John Brown and His Men. With Some Account of the Roads They Traveled to Reach Harpers Ferry

2421: 6708: 6670: 6356: 6337: 6239: 5976: 5839: 5791: 5771: 5604: 5236: 5180: 5132: 5063: 4991: 4907:(text and audio versions), WCPN Radio, aired February 21, 2001. Retrieved August 28, 2014. 4869: 4838: 4768: 4142: 3120: 2175: 2153: 2016: 1797: 1615: 1512: 1187: 1157: 1106: 989:"Newby and Green, negroes, were stationed at the junction of High and Shenandoah rivers." 896: 608: 449: 246: 2871: 992:

Washington said: "Shields Green was one of the men who took my carriage from my place."

6578: 6372: 6362: 6188: 5956: 5931: 5896: 5891: 5786: 5581: 5539: 5494: 5452: 5345: 5304: 5263: 5221: 5109: 5040: 4971: 4891: 4855: 4699: 4596: 4560: 4517: 4493: 4325: 4239: 4198: 4001: 3887: 3822: 3792: 3718: 3694: 3670: 3623: 3506: 3477: 3440: 3411: 3382: 3345: 3321: 3251: 3210: 3181: 3146: 3097: 3062: 2983: 2820: 2768: 2734: 2693: 2520: 2350: 2238: 2100: 2056: 2028: 1837: 1801: 1714: 1662: 1596: 1535: 1531: 1334: 1295: 1047: 1012: 956: 947: 833: 670: 444:

According to Douglass, who is the best source we have, Green was an escaped slave from

238: 58: 1993: 1483:(1902). "Col. Robert E. Lee's Report. Headquarters Harper's Ferry. October 19, 1859". 1196:

On December 25, 1859, a memorial service was held in Oberlin for Copeland, Green, and

917:, and Oliver Brown were also in Chambersburg, but did not participate in the meeting. 6793: 6630: 6545: 6382: 6245: 5991: 5951: 5946: 5926: 5906: 5776: 5368: 4678: 4539: 4476: 4303: 3299: 2624: 2540: 1480: 1326: 1180: 1161: 1120: 1110: 1028: 551: 476: 230: 172: 87: 38: 1080:

abandoned stone quarry, to which thet were led by the Chambersburg conductor of the

686:, he was living from 1857 to 1859. This was Douglass's second Rochester house, near 641:

No one other than anatomy students was interested in Green's body, not even Monroe.

547:

One story mentioning Harrisburg describes Green as "a somewhat notorious character".

6392: 6387: 6054: 5986: 5849: 3459: 3364: 2375: 1893: 1820: 1369: 1272: 904: 887:

in Rochester, where Green was living; Brown spent some weeks there, working on his

296: 5392:

Loeb, Jeff; Willmotty, Kevin (Summer 2001). "A Conversation with Kevin Willmott".

4985:

Monument to the Oberlinians Who Participated in John Brown's Raid On Harpers Ferry

1131: 806:, who like his father met Green at Douglass's house, called him a "young friend". 183:, in October 1859. He had lived for almost two years in the house of Douglass, in 4870:"Request to Gov. Wise to get the bodies of the colored men to be executed to-day" 4340: 4135: 2838: 2149:"The five black men who raided Harpers Ferry with John Brown have been forgotten" 6299: 5624:

The Untold Story of Shields Green: The Life and Death of a Harper's Ferry Raider

4011: 3572: 2307:

The Untold Story of Shields Green: The Life and Death of a Harper's Ferry Raider

1560: 1330: 1299: 759:

Answer. Yes, sir, very rapidly and dilligently. I do not know with what effect.

601: 277:

another. But he was the most illiterate of the raiders—"very illiterate" as the

199: 1485:

The John Brown Letters. Found in the Virginia State Library in 1901 (continued)

1253:

He was called "Rochester's first black martyr" by Shirley Clark Husted, in her

6218: 5821: 3525: 1149: 909: 266: 226: 5093: 5078: 5020: 986:

Green nearly killed Robert E. Lee. Colonel Washington told him not to shoot.

6017: 943:

fighting and ended up staying with Brown instead of escaping with Anderson.

823: 292:, Green was the only one of whom, in 2009, no descendants could be located. 30: 5677: 6539:

The Constitution of the United States: is it pro-slavery or anti-slavery?

2843:. Vol. 1. Boston: Richard G. Badger, The Gorham Press. p. 179. 1204: 1042: 555: 81: 4173: 4064: 3041: 3012: 1351:

The Brown–Douglass–Green meeting in Chambersburg also appears in a 2013

702:

giving his address (2 Spring St.), means he felt to some extent secure.

5415: 5157: 4271:

The Untold Story of Shields Green: The Death of a Harper's Ferry Raider

2905:"John Brown Papers held by the Jefferson County Circuit Clerk's Office" 1492: 328: 1966: 6408: 1945: 1231:

L. S. Leary died at Harper's Ferry, Va., Oct. 20, 1859, age 24 years.

1228:

J. A. Copeland died at Charleston, Va., Dec. 16, 1859, age 25 years.

1053:

In a startling and much-commented argument, Sennott cited the recent

717: 5407: 4945:"Finds Cemetery in Backyard; Bones May Be Those of John Brown's Men" 4403:

Five for Freedom. The African American Soldiers in John Brown's Army

3970:

https://archive.org/details/reportselectcommi00unit/page/36/mode/2up

1364:

Five for Freedom. The African American Soldiers in John Brown's Army

682:

The person he had most contact with was Douglass, in whose house in

1958: 138:

Murder and inciting a slave insurrection; charge of treason dropped

4049:

Sheeler, J. Reuben (October 1960). "John Brown: A Century Later".

1186: 1174: 1130: 1018: 1002: 851: 3693:. Boston, Massachusetts. January 13, 1860. p. 2 – via 265:

Information about Green is fragmentary and inconsistent. As with

4535:"The Harpers Ferry Trials—Conviction of Green—Trial of Copeland" 2997:

Pratte, Alf (October–December 1986). "'When my bees swarm...'".

2133: 6412: 5691: 5365:

African American literature: a brief introduction and anthology

2907:. West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History. 2021. 2380:"Execution in Virginia, 1859: The Trials of Green and Copeland" 1225:

S. Green died at Charleston, Va., Dec. 16, 1859, age 23 years.

1061:

He was thoroughly dressed down by prosecuting attorney Hunter:

669:

Many years later, in 1881, Douglass again describes Green as a

6455:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

4920:

John Brown's Body: Slavery, Violence, & the Culture of War

1757:"A Call to the Negroes to Arm. Appeal from Frederick Douglass" 1352: 1268:

by T. P. Bancroft. It was produced non-professionally in 1990.

795: 766:

and was endeavoring to represent himself as one of the slaves.

633: 513: 163:(1836? – December 16, 1859), who also referred to himself as " 5666:. Vol. 6. St. Louis: Thomas Law Books. pp. 808–813. 4379:. Vol. 6. St. Louis: Thomas Law Books. pp. 808–813. 3410:. Associated Press. October 21, 1859 . p. 1 – via 1926: 1900: 362:

is no evidence to support these hypotheses. Green grew up in

4109:"Fire from the Midst of You": A Religious Life of John Brown 1264:

The Brown–Douglass–Green meeting is the subject of the play

883:

Green first met John Brown at the house of the abolitionist

5468:"Screenwriters settle for live reading of John Brown movie" 920:

For secrecy, the meeting was in an abandoned stone quarry.

2684:"A Rochester man (illegible) Harper's Ferry Insurrection" 243:

Floyd's Flowers, or Duty and Beauty for Colored Children,

1557:"John Brown: The Conspirators [sic] Biographies" 4878:. Boston, Massachusetts. December 23, 1859. p. 3. 4257:

Freedom's Dawn: The Last Days of John Brown in Virginia

3808:"Rochester did not rally behind abolitionists (Part 2)" 2627:: Edward J. Goodrich. pp. 158–184, at pp. 174–175. 2507:. Boston, Massachusetts. December 23, 1859. p. 3. 1941:

Floyd's Flowers or Duty and Beauty for Colored Children

1211:

Park on Vine Street in Oberlin. The inscription reads:

607:

The reference to Green having lived in Oberlin is from

6732:

African American founding fathers of the United States

4259:(Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 29-30. 3982:"Those that fought with John Brown at Harper's Ferry" 4342:

The Raid of John Brown at Harper's Ferry as I Saw it

3766:"An Ohio Man's Story—The Funeral over Coppic's body" 2873:

John Brown, 1800–1859: A Biography Fifty Years After

731:

Years later Douglass described Green in his memoir:

6724: 6669: 6593: 6555: 6518: 6499: 6481: 6446: 6205: 6073: 6000: 5863: 5820: 5725: 498:

just cited, another dispatch says he was from Iowa.

269:, there is a single source that everyone has used, 150: 142: 134: 124: 116: 105: 97: 66: 46: 21: 3534:. col. 3. October 22, 1859. p. 2 – via 1939:Dyer, Thomas G. (1976). "An Early Black Textbook: 1023:Death sentence of Shields Green, November 10, 1859 720:of the band", an opinion repeated by Annie Brown. 486:News stories after the raid said he was from Iowa, 427:reporter's point of view Copeland was preferable. 3426:"Insurrection at Harpers Ferry. Full particulars" 5278:"Chambersburg is setting for New York City play" 3058:The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia, 1806–1876 1873:: Dover, N. H., Morning Star job printing house. 1179:Monument honoring Copeland, Green, and Leary in 895:, to meet with Brown and his second in command, 569: 6526:American Anti-Slavery Society 1843 lecture tour 5555:"Inner angst of antislavery activists (Part 1)" 5509:"PBS series tells story of 'The Abolitionists'" 5430:"Stars get in line for the 'day' of the remake" 4668: 4666: 3908:. Philadelphia: G. W. Jacobs. pp. 280–281. 1765:. New York, New York. p. 1. Archived from 1215: 1063: 1033: 860:: Shields Green, with dark skin, is at center, 808: 784: 775: 754: 745: 722: 709: 675: 629: 327:civilized than those with lighter brown skin, " 302: 6855:People executed in Charles Town, West Virginia 5237:"'Glory' Be! But don't forget the heroes here" 4674:"The Sentence of the Harpers Ferry Insurgents" 4529: 4527: 4161:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 1288:is also a character. It was published in 1996. 16:American slave executed for murder (1836–1859) 6601:List of things named after Frederick Douglass 6424: 5703: 4834:"John Brown's War. Another panic in Virginia" 4610:De Witt, Robert M.; Cook, John Edwin (1859). 2790:: Franklin County Heritage, Inc. p. 111. 1313:slaves need to be free." It was purchased by 848:Meeting of Brown and Douglass in Chambersburg 8: 2929:J.T., "Old Brown and His Fellow Prisoners," 2894:(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018), 243. 2678: 2676: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 1713:. November 16, 1859 . p. 6 – via 1366:, by Eugene L. Meyer, was published in 2018. 1220:Et nunc servitudo etiam mortua est, laus deo 756:Question. Did he use his arms; did he fire? 527:Emperor, New York, raised in South Carolina" 341:described his as "a fine, athletic figure". 4735:"Free Press Extra. Friday Morning, Nov. 11" 4575:"John Brown's Invasion. Personal Portraits" 4339:Leech, D.D., Rev. Samuel Vanderlip (1909). 3850:. November 29, 1859. p. 1 – via 3073: 3071: 2692:. October 29, 1859. p. 10 – via 2480:. December 22, 1859. p. 2 – via 2068: 2066: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1689:. December 16, 1859. p. 2 – via 1661:. December 24, 1859. p. 2 – via 1595:. November 15, 1859. p. 2 – via 6825:19th-century executions of American people 6431: 6417: 6409: 5710: 5696: 5688: 5195:"New Historic Development Ideas Discussed" 5156:. October 22, 1959. p. 4 – via 5094:https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103091838/ 5021:https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103091785/ 4630: 4628: 4251: 4249: 4153: 4151: 4092:. December 4, 1873. p. 3 – via 3717:. November 4, 1859. p. 6 – via 3632:. October 21, 1859. p. 1 – via 3505:. October 21, 1859. p. 2 – via 3439:. October 20, 1859. p. 1 – via 3276:. October 25, 1859. p. 1 – via 3209:. October 18, 1859. p. 3 – via 3180:. October 18, 1859. p. 3 – via 3096:. October 18, 1859. p. 3 – via 2862: 2860: 2767:. October 26, 1859. p. 5 – via 2654: 2451:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2217:"John Brown's Invasion. Cook's confession" 2112: 2110: 1889:"Record of revolts in negro workers' past" 1487:. Vol. 10. pp. 17–32, at p. 22. 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1292:Shields Green and the Gospel of John Brown 1015:in their cell in the Jefferson County jail 29: 18: 6584:Frederick Douglass National Historic Site 6013:B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing 5319:"Stories fill void for listeners, teller" 5096:. pp. 80–81 (Sunday Magazine, 4–5). 3289: 3287: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2708:Allies for Freedom: Blacks and John Brown 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2122:Allies for Freedom. Blacks and John Brown 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1392:Quentin Plair portrays Green in the 2020 6532:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? 5077:Thompson, James H. (February 16, 1941). 4905:"John Copeland: A Hero of Harpers Ferry" 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 3577:. col. 5. October 29, 1859 . p. 1. 2617:"A journey to Virginia in December 1859" 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1643: 1641: 570:Green's supposed connection with Oberlin 6182:Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown 5553:Derakhshani, Tirdad (January 6, 2013). 5466:Butler, Robert W. (February 10, 2002). 5004:Thompson, James H. (February 9, 1941). 4034:. March 7, 1874. p. 1 – via 2799: 2797: 2493: 2491: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2189:: D. Smith Eichelberger, Editor of the 2170: 2168: 2027:. July 23, 1903. p. 6 – via 1800:. March 6, 1863. p. 2 – via 1526: 1524: 1522: 1424: 716:Osborne Anderson described him as "the 187:, and Douglass introduced him there to 6865:People executed by Virginia by hanging 6835:People from Charleston, South Carolina 6754:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro 6124:John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas) 6091:Harpers Ferry National Historical Park 5599: 5598: 5587: 5175: 5174: 5163: 5127: 5126: 5115: 5058: 5057: 5046: 4617:. New York: The author. Archived from 4299:"John Brown's raid recalled by musket" 4187:Rankin, Andrew N. (October 28, 1882). 3661:from the original on September 1, 2020 3596: 3581:from the original on February 10, 2017 3541: 3115: 3114: 3103: 2892:Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom 2583: 2548:from the original on February 14, 2021 2444: 1508: 1498: 1325:was offered the part of Shields, with 466:Green was a widower. According to the 6155:John Brown's Provisional Constitution 6114:John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum 6086:Burning of Winchester Medical College 4882:from the original on January 28, 2021 4846:from the original on December 9, 2020 4652:from the original on January 30, 2021 4230:from the original on January 31, 2021 3878:from the original on February 3, 2021 3783:from the original on February 2, 2021 3468:from the original on February 2, 2021 3373:from the original on February 2, 2021 3344:. 19 Oct 1859. p. 1 – via 3242:from the original on February 9, 2021 2974:from the original on January 29, 2021 2911:from the original on January 28, 2021 2197:from the original on December 9, 2020 2091:from the original on October 17, 2020 1828:from the original on February 1, 2021 1475: 1473: 1471: 1160:, a friend of Copeland's family from 1091:The comment of the correspondent for 198:(at the time Charlestown, Virginia), 7: 6875:19th-century African-American people 6860:People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 6471:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass 5235:Prince, Richard (January 22, 1990). 5079:"John Brown's Body Servant (part 2)" 5006:"John Brown's Body Servant (part 1)" 4962:from the original on October 9, 2020 4782:– via NYS Historic Newspapers. 4719:: 26. December 10, 1859 – via 4716:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 4516:. 9 Nov 1859. p. 1 – via 3312:from the original on August 29, 2020 2733:. 2 Dec 1859. p. 1 – via 2621:Oberlin Thursday Lectures and Essays 2334:Terre, Indice (November 19, 1859) . 1776:– via NYS Historic Newspapers. 1733:"Fighting Rebels With Only One Hand" 1094:Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 6870:Abolitionists from New York (state) 6109:John Brown Farm State Historic Site 3779:. p. 32 12 feet (3.7 m). 3265:"The Harper's Ferry Insurrection". 2706:For example, see Benjamin Quarles, 2394:from the original on April 30, 2019 1913:Allen, James Egert (May 16, 1970). 1191:Plaque showing original inscription 762:Question. What was his deportment? 6769:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 6616:Frederick Douglass Memorial Bridge 5719:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 5332:. November 23, 1994. p. 181. 3945:"Testimony of Lewis W. Washington" 3745:from the original on June 27, 2021 3564:"The Attempt to Establish Freedom" 3094:New York State Historic Newspapers 2511:from the original on June 14, 2021 2423:The Strange Story of Harpers Ferry 2229:from the original on June 14, 2021 647:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 576:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 225:mentioned alongside iconic rebels 181:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 14: 6715:Fredericka Douglass Sprague Perry 6323:Origins of the American Civil War 6213:Abolitionism in the United States 5572:from the original on July 3, 2021 5530:from the original on July 3, 2021 5485:from the original on July 3, 2021 5443:from the original on July 3, 2021 5336:from the original on July 3, 2021 5295:from the original on July 3, 2021 5254:from the original on July 3, 2021 5212:from the original on July 3, 2021 5100:from the original on July 3, 2021 5031:from the original on July 3, 2021 4690:from the original on July 3, 2021 4587:from the original on May 16, 2021 4551:from the original on July 3, 2021 4484:from the original on July 3, 2021 4448:from the original on July 3, 2021 4316:from the original on July 3, 2021 4189:"Memories of the John Brown raid" 3866:"Execution of Green and Copeland" 2942:"The Trial of the Conspirators," 2147:Meyer, Eugene L. (Oct 13, 2019). 1461:(New, revised ed.). Boston: 1383:The Untold Story of Shields Green 381:The Untold Story of Shields Green 6636:Frederick Douglass Memorial Park 6621:Douglass–Anthony Memorial Bridge 6575:(1872 vice presidential nominee) 5676: 5291:. February 5, 1990. p. 13. 5208:. September 8, 2000. p. 2. 4842:. December 17, 1859. p. 4. 4807:. December 22, 1859. p. 2. 4771:. November 19, 1859. p. 3. 4686:. November 14, 1859. p. 1. 4583:. November 17, 1859. p. 5. 4405:. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books ( 4312:. December 17, 1902. p. 2. 3874:. December 19, 1859. p. 1. 3521:"Insurrection at Harper's Ferry" 3492:"Insurrection at Harper's Ferry" 3295:"Incidents of the second battle" 3142:"Highly Interesting Particulars" 2754:"Insurrection at Harper's Ferry" 2580:. December 19, 1859. p. 6. 2225:. November 26, 1859. p. 7. 2087:. December 19, 1859. p. 1. 1915:"Black History Past and Present" 1824:. December 17, 1873. p. 5. 1619:. December 17, 1859. p. 1. 1372:portrays Green in the 2020 film 6840:People from Rochester, New York 6398:Winchester and Potomac Railroad 4811:from the original on 2021-07-03 4775:from the original on 2021-07-03 4641:Death sentence of Shields Green 4547:. November 7, 1859. p. 1. 4480:. November 5, 1859. p. 1. 4444:. November 4, 1859. p. 1. 4353:from the original on 2021-06-14 3990:. February 27, 1937. p. 9. 3951:from the original on 2021-02-09 3764:Baird, R. K. (April 22, 1888). 3741:. November 9, 1859. p. 3. 3657:. October 19, 1859. p. 1. 3464:. October 27, 1859. p. 4. 3369:. October 27, 1859. p. 4. 3308:. October 19, 1859. p. 1. 3238:. October 18, 1859. p. 2. 2434:from the original on 2021-01-25 2074:"The executions at Charlestown" 1623:from the original on 2020-10-16 1611:"The executions at Charlestown" 706:Comments on Green's personality 261:Lack of information about Green 6815:African-American abolitionists 6168:The Last Moments of John Brown 6119:John Brown House (Akron, Ohio) 5526:. January 4, 2013. p. 9. 4820:Pennsylvania Newspaper Archive 4269:DeCaro, Jr., Louis A. (2020). 3821:. p. 18 (4B) – via 3806:Marcotte, Bob (June 9, 2008). 3155:. October 20, 1859. p. 3. 2840:Recollections of Seventy Years 2665:(Revised ed.). New York: 1927:Old Fulton New York Post Cards 1901:Old Fulton New York Post Cards 334:His hair was short and curly. 318:say little or nothing on him. 1: 6661:Washington, D.C. neighborhood 6641:University of Maryland statue 6175:A Plea for Captain John Brown 5622:DeCaro, Louis A. Jr. (2020). 4107:DeCaro Jr., Louis A. (2002). 3360:"Harper's Ferry Insurrection" 2804:Betz, I. H. (July 22, 1903). 2534:Rambler (November 25, 1859). 2305:DeCaro, Louis A. Jr. (2020). 1649:"Execution of the Insurgents" 554:, where Green's name is on a 214:hangings were entertainment. 50: 6810:19th-century American slaves 6774:Nathan and Mary Johnson home 6038:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 5645:Stake, Virginia Ott (1977). 5562:(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) 5439:. July 8, 1996. p. 14. 4958:. April 8, 1928. p. 1. 4226:. July 22, 1882. p. 1. 4145:, PBS, accessed May 20, 2007 4136:"John Brown's Black Raiders" 3733:"The Harper's Ferry Tragedy" 3055:Wise, Barton Haxall (1899). 2782:Stake, Virginia Orr (1977). 2467:"The Harper's Ferry Affairs" 2053:Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 868:on the right. Watercolor by 658:Frederick Douglass's account 310:Green was an escaped slave. 257:. Floyd calls him a martyr. 217:Green was the only one from 6611:Frederick Douglass Memorial 6161:The Last Days of John Brown 6081:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6023:Charles Town, West Virginia 6008:Allstadt House and Ordinary 5653:: Franklin County Heritage. 4794:"The Charleston Executions" 2970:. June 7, 1870. p. 3. 2659:Hinton, Richard J. (1894). 2536:"Letter from Harpers Ferry" 1788:"A Call from Fred Douglass" 1691:Digital Michigan Newspapers 1200:, who died during the raid. 705: 245:Green is a Black hero like 196:Charles Town, West Virginia 6891: 5830:Thomas Wentworth Higginson 5651:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 5647:John Brown in Chambersburg 5287:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 5204:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 4803:Wellsborough, Pennsylvania 4222:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 2966:Charleston, South Carolina 2835:Sanborn, Franklin Benjamin 2788:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 2784:John Brown in Chambersburg 2763:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 2428:Martinsburg, West Virginia 1246:A 1983 play by Alf Pratt, 1146:Winchester Medical College 937:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 903:stop, because it was the " 893:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 878:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 858:Chambersburg, Pennsylvania 621:Winchester Medical College 560:raiders Copeland and Leary 446:Charleston, South Carolina 364:Charleston, South Carolina 177:Charleston, South Carolina 6626:Frederick Douglass Circle 6568:Fugitive Slave Convention 6463:My Bondage and My Freedom 6096:Heyward Shepherd monument 5845:Franklin Benjamin Sanborn 5767:John Anthony Copeland Jr. 5628:New York University Press 5154:(Los Angeles, California) 4917:Nudelman, Franny (2004). 4513:Boston Evening Transcript 4401:Meyer, Eugene L. (2018). 4349:: The author. p. 7. 4275:New York University Press 4113:New York University Press 3036:(2): 154–159, at p. 155. 2384:North Carolina Law Review 2311:New York University Press 1632:Pennsylvania News Archive 1387:New York University Press 1126: 743:Frederick Douglass said: 219:the raid on Harpers Ferry 28: 6845:African-American sailors 6830:Fugitive American slaves 6656:Banneker-Douglass Museum 6150:John Brown's last speech 5658:Lawson, John D. (1916). 5158:Old Fulton NY Post Cards 4994:, accessed May 21, 2007. 4508:"The trials in Virginia" 4371:Lawson, John D. (1916). 4197:. p. 7 – via 3902:Du Bois, W. E. Burghardt 3771:St. Louis Globe-Democrat 3619:"List of the insurgents" 3455:"List of the insurgents" 3084:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 2868:Villard, Oswald Garrison 2819:. p. 6 – via 2349:. p. 1 – via 2341:Louisville Daily Courier 1705:"Expulsion of strangers" 1463:De Wolfe & Fiske Co. 1321:, but was not produced. 1294:is a 1996 screenplay by 1073:John Brown's last speech 889:Provisional Constitution 841:become a marked man." 664:Provisional Constitution 502:Pittsburg , Pennsylvania 490:Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 35:Green awaiting his trial 6703:Charles Remond Douglass 6563:Seneca Falls Convention 5522:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 5395:African American Review 4950:Richmond Times-Dispatch 4764:Rockland County Journal 4721:accessible-archives.com 4436:Wisconsin State Journal 3709:"Copeland's Confession" 3234:Lancaster, Pennsylvania 2572:"Ages of the prisoners" 2499:"Ages of the prisoners" 2126:Oxford University Press 1920:New York Amsterdam News 1381:Louis A. DeCaro's book 1339:Fox Entertainment Group 1257:, Civil War anthology, 1255:Monroe County, New York 856:In a stone quarry near 657: 558:together with those of 235:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 6196:Virginia v. John Brown 5902:John E.P. Daingerfield 5802:Francis Jackson Meriam 5735:Osborne Perry Anderson 5363:. In Young, Al (ed.). 5324:Democrat and Chronicle 5242:Democrat and Chronicle 5084:Democrat and Chronicle 5011:Democrat and Chronicle 4745:Charles Town, Virginia 4255:Louis A. DeCaro, Jr., 4084:Kingston Daily Freeman 4052:Negro History Bulletin 4031:Shepherdstown Register 3813:Democrat and Chronicle 3603:: CS1 maint: others ( 3548:: CS1 maint: others ( 3172:Buffalo Daily Republic 3092:. Also available from 3007:(4): 13–16, at p. 13. 3000:Negro History Bulletin 2590:: CS1 maint: others ( 2420:Barry, Joseph (1903). 2336:"Letter from Virginia" 2187:Charles Town, Virginia 1793:Cleveland Daily Leader 1555:ASR (March 21, 1995). 1233: 1209:Martin Luther King Jr. 1192: 1184: 1136: 1068: 1038: 1024: 1016: 980:down wid de ole man." 967:The Harpers Ferry raid 873: 820: 788: 780: 768: 750: 737: 726: 714: 680: 639: 386: 307: 6343:Pottawatomie massacre 5855:George Luther Stearns 5685:at Wikimedia Commons 5560:Philadelphia Inquirer 5514:Intelligencer Journal 5477:Kansas City, Missouri 5359:Harris, Bill (1996). 4638:(November 10, 1859), 4621:on February 11, 2007. 3987:Indianapolis Recorder 3933:: Park Publishing Co. 3931:Hartford, Connecticut 3655:(Baltimore, Maryland) 3336:"The latest accounts" 3230:Daily Evening Express 3029:Science & Society 2962:Charleston Daily News 2689:New York Daily Herald 2178:(November 11, 1859). 2159:Gale Academic Onefile 1998:. Boston: The author. 1593:Hartford, Connecticut 1286:Henry Highland Garnet 1266:Ten Thousand Mornings 1259:Sweet Gift of Freedom 1190: 1178: 1134: 1022: 1006: 998: 855: 733: 580:John Anthony Copeland 469:Charleston Daily News 251:Toussaint l'Ouverture 167:", was, according to 129:Raid on Harpers Ferry 6850:19th-century sailors 6820:John Brown's raiders 6697:Lewis Henry Douglass 6685:Helen Pitts Douglass 6679:Anna Murray Douglass 6328:Battle of Osawatomie 6273:Fire on the Mountain 6225:Battle of Black Jack 6065:Winchester, Virginia 6060:Sandy Hook, Maryland 6033:Harpers Ferry Armory 5812:Aaron Dwight Stevens 5797:Lewis Sheridan Leary 5727:John Brown's raiders 5437:(New York, New York) 5371:. pp. 507–535. 4458:newspaperarchive.com 4407:Chicago Review Press 4094:newspaperarchive.com 3837:"Personal portraits" 3648:"The Late Rebellion" 3501:Alexandria, Virginia 3272:Alexandria, Virginia 3201:Brooklyn Daily Times 2482:newspaperarchive.com 2345:Louisville, Kentucky 2191:Independent Democrat 1990:Anderson, Osborne P. 1871:Dover, New Hampshire 1659:Tyrone, Pennsylvania 1413:John Brown's raiders 1329:playing John Brown. 1198:Lewis Sheridan Leary 1082:Underground Railroad 953:Hagerstown, Maryland 901:Underground Railroad 699:Underground Railroad 617:Winchester, Virginia 584:Lewis Sheridan Leary 578:. The other two are 430: 316:John Brown's raiders 290:John Brown's raiders 110:Winchester, Virginia 6606:U.S. Capitol statue 6586:(home and memorial) 6368:Henry David Thoreau 6267:Ralph Waldo Emerson 6230:Battle of the Spurs 5882:Owen Brown (father) 5835:Samuel Gridley Howe 5328:Rochester, New York 5246:Rochester, New York 5147:"Loren Miller Says" 5088:Rochester, New York 5015:Rochester, New York 4740:Virginia Free Press 4684:Baltimore, Maryland 4545:Baltimore, Maryland 3920:Douglass, Frederick 3817:Rochester, New York 3775:St. Louis, Missouri 3634:Chronicling America 3591:Chronicling America 3536:Chronicling America 3304:Baltimore, Maryland 3126:CS1 maint: others ( 2933:, Dec. 3, 1859, 21. 2931:Spirit of the Times 1861:Douglass, Frederick 1753:Douglass, Frederick 1729:Douglass, Frederick 1452:Douglass, Frederick 1055:Dred Scott decision 684:Rochester, New York 509:Rochester, New York 457:The New York Herald 322:Physical appearance 185:Rochester, New York 98:Cause of death 6762:The Good Lord Bird 6757:(2008 documentary) 6746:Frederick Douglass 6738:Frederick Douglass 6573:Equal Rights Party 6440:Frederick Douglass 6295:Haitian Revolution 6285:The Good Lord Bird 6279:Wm. Lloyd Garrison 6262:Frederick Douglass 6235:James Madison Bell 5876:Mary Ann Day Brown 5023:. pp. 71–72 ( 4990:2007-04-29 at the 4954:Richmond, Virginia 4759:"The Insurrection" 4440:Madison, Wisconsin 4308:York, Pennsylvania 4141:2020-08-11 at the 4088:Kingston, New York 3846:Staunton, Virginia 3842:Staunton Spectator 3738:Oberlin Evangelist 3653:The Daily Exchange 3628:Richmond, Virginia 3569:Anti-Slavery Bugle 3497:Alexandria Gazette 3462:(Washington, D.C.) 3435:Richmond, Virginia 3402:Detroit Free Press 3367:(Washington, D.C.) 3341:The New York Times 3268:Alexandria Gazette 3205:Brooklyn, New York 3151:Richmond, Virginia 3088:Brooklyn, New York 2946:, Nov. 5, 1859, 1. 2815:York, Pennsylvania 2731:Richmond, Virginia 2472:Columbus Daily Sun 2083:Richmond, Virginia 2025:York, Pennsylvania 1731:(September 1861). 1399:The Good Lord Bird 1248:When My Bees Swarm 1193: 1185: 1137: 1025: 1017: 928:Green and Douglass 913:. Jerry Anderson, 885:Frederick Douglass 874: 862:Frederick Douglass 597:Oberlin Evangelist 495:The New York Times 271:Frederick Douglass 223:Frederick Douglass 179:, and a leader in 169:Frederick Douglass 6787: 6786: 6765:(2020 miniseries) 6406: 6405: 6333:Quindaro Townsite 6305:Elijah P. Lovejoy 6257:George DeBaptiste 6252:John Stuart Curry 6143:John Brown's Body 6135:John Brown's Body 6129:John Brown's body 6050:John Brown's Fort 6043:Historic District 6028:Gibson-Todd House 5972:George H. Steuart 5922:Stonewall Jackson 5912:George Henry Hoyt 5871:John Wilkes Booth 5864:Other individuals 5807:Dangerfield Newby 5681:Media related to 5637:978-1-4798-0275-3 5597:External link in 5518:Lancaster New Era 5173:External link in 5125:External link in 5056:External link in 5025:Sunday Magazine, 4416:978-1-61373-572-5 4284:978-1-4798-0275-3 4036:VirginiaChronicle 3871:Richmond Dispatch 3852:VirginiaChronicle 3431:Richmond Dispatch 3406:Detroit, Michigan 3278:VirginiaChronicle 3176:Buffalo, New York 3113:External link in 2890:David W. Blight, 2850:978-0-8103-3045-0 2726:Richmond Dispatch 2710:(1974, 2000), 85. 2667:Funk and Wagnalls 2558:VirginiaChronicle 2476:Columbus, Georgia 2320:978-1-4798-0275-3 2182:[slavery] 2118:Quarles, Benjamin 2079:Richmond Dispatch 1755:(March 5, 1863). 1738:Douglass' Monthly 1687:Pontiac, Michigan 1538:(June 15, 1860). 1385:was published by 1357:The Abolitionists 1337:" (part owner of 1323:Denzel Washington 1271:African-American 1171:Legacy and honors 1127:Green's execution 973:Dangerfield Newby 280:Richmond Dispatch 255:Benjamin Banneker 158: 157: 74:(aged 22–23) 70:December 16, 1859 6882: 6691:Rosetta Douglass 6646:Rochester statue 6433: 6426: 6419: 6410: 6318:James Montgomery 5982:Lewis Washington 5967:Lysander Spooner 5962:Heyward Shepherd 5942:Wendell Phillips 5757:Owen Brown (son) 5712: 5705: 5698: 5689: 5680: 5667: 5654: 5641: 5609: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5473:Kansas City Star 5463: 5457: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5361:"He Who Endures" 5356: 5350: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5152:California Eagle 5143: 5137: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5001: 4995: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4670: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4646:Jefferson County 4632: 4623: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4594: 4592: 4580:New-York Tribune 4571: 4565: 4564: 4558: 4556: 4531: 4522: 4521: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4455: 4453: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4398: 4381: 4380: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4347:Washington, D.C. 4336: 4330: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4194:New-York Tribune 4184: 4178: 4177: 4155: 4146: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3788: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3714:New-York Tribune 3705: 3699: 3698: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3547: 3539: 3530:Elkton, Maryland 3517: 3511: 3510: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3473: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3319: 3317: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3249: 3247: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3023: 3017: 3016: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2981: 2979: 2953: 2947: 2940: 2934: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2878:Houghton Mifflin 2864: 2855: 2854: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2750: 2739: 2738: 2717: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2656: 2629: 2628: 2609: 2596: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2577:New-York Tribune 2568: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2518: 2516: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2450: 2442: 2440: 2439: 2417: 2404: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2390:(5): 1785–1815. 2378:(June 1, 2013). 2372: 2355: 2354: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2302: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2222:New-York Tribune 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2176:Cook, John Edwin 2172: 2163: 2162: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2051:(2nd ed.). 2039: 2033: 2032: 2013: 2000: 1999: 1986: 1971: 1970: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1857: 1842: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1762:The Evening Post 1749: 1743: 1742: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1710:New-York Tribune 1701: 1695: 1694: 1677:"Harper's Ferry" 1673: 1667: 1666: 1645: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1588:Hartford Courant 1579: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1559:. Archived from 1552: 1546: 1545: 1528: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1496: 1477: 1466: 1465: 1448: 1343:Lawrence, Kansas 1319:20th-Century Fox 977:Osborne Anderson 870:Richard Schlecht 864:on the left and 816:New York Tribune 550:One person from 403:with Douglass". 204:Jefferson County 146:Death by hanging 143:Criminal penalty 135:Criminal charges 117:Other names 91: 73: 55: 52: 33: 19: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6720: 6717:(granddaughter) 6709:Joseph Douglass 6665: 6589: 6551: 6514: 6495: 6477: 6447:Autobiographies 6442: 6437: 6407: 6402: 6357:Seven Angry Men 6338:Allan Pinkerton 6240:Bleeding Kansas 6201: 6069: 5996: 5977:J. E. B. Stuart 5887:John Brown, Jr. 5859: 5840:Theodore Parker 5816: 5792:John Henry Kagi 5772:Barclay Coppock 5721: 5716: 5674: 5657: 5644: 5638: 5621: 5618: 5616:Further reading 5613: 5612: 5596: 5586: 5575: 5573: 5568:. p. 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Nov 11, 1859. 4733: 4732: 4728: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4693: 4691: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4655: 4653: 4648:Circuit Court, 4636:Parker, Richard 4634: 4633: 4626: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4590: 4588: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4554: 4552: 4533: 4532: 4525: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4487: 4485: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4451: 4449: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4400: 4399: 4384: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4319: 4317: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4247: 4233: 4231: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4143:Wayback Machine 4134: 4130: 4123: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4059:(1): 7–10, 15. 4048: 4047: 4043: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4002:Colman, Lucy N. 4000: 3999: 3995: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3881: 3879: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3786: 3784: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3664: 3662: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3595: 3584: 3582: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3540: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3471: 3469: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3376: 3374: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3315: 3313: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3245: 3243: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3112: 3102: 3077: 3076: 3069: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3025: 3024: 3020: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2977: 2975: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2944:New York Herald 2941: 2937: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2752: 2751: 2742: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2705: 2701: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2658: 2657: 2632: 2611: 2610: 2599: 2582: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2551: 2549: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2419: 2418: 2407: 2397: 2395: 2374: 2373: 2358: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2304: 2303: 2246: 2232: 2230: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2154:Washington Post 2146: 2145: 2141: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2094: 2092: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2015: 2014: 2003: 1988: 1987: 1974: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1887:(May 1, 1928). 1883: 1882: 1878: 1859: 1858: 1845: 1831: 1829: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1798:Cleveland, Ohio 1786: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1682:Pontiac Gazette 1675: 1674: 1670: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1626: 1624: 1616:Pittsburgh Post 1609: 1608: 1604: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1536:Collamer, Jacob 1532:Mason, James M. 1530: 1529: 1520: 1507: 1497: 1479: 1478: 1469: 1450: 1449: 1426: 1421: 1409: 1234: 1218: 1173: 1158:Oberlin College 1129: 1007:Shields Green, 1001: 969: 930: 897:John Henry Kagi 850: 813: 812: 804:John Brown, Jr. 708: 660: 655: 609:Oberlin College 572: 523:"Shields Green 450:Fugitive slaves 438: 433: 389: 376: 355: 350: 324: 263: 247:Crispus Attucks 151:Criminal status 112:(grave unknown) 93: 85: 84: 75: 71: 62: 56: 53: 42: 36: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6888: 6886: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6792: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6758: 6750: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6712: 6706: 6700: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6675: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6581: 6579:Douglass Place 6576: 6570: 6565: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6490:The North Star 6485: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6467: 6459: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6436: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6373:Harriet Tubman 6370: 6365: 6363:Storer College 6360: 6353: 6349:Santa Fe Trail 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6189:Tragic Prelude 6185: 6178: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6139: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5957:George Sennott 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5937:Richard Parker 5934: 5932:James M. Mason 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5897:Samuel Chilton 5894: 5892:James Buchanan 5889: 5884: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5787:Albert Hazlett 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5737: 5731: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5673: 5672:External links 5670: 5669: 5668: 5655: 5642: 5636: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5582:newspapers.com 5545: 5540:newspapers.com 5500: 5495:newspapers.com 5458: 5453:newspapers.com 5421: 5402:(2): 249–262. 5384: 5377: 5351: 5346:newspapers.com 5310: 5305:newspapers.com 5283:Public Opinion 5269: 5264:newspapers.com 5227: 5222:newspapers.com 5200:Public Opinion 5186: 5138: 5110:newspapers.com 5069: 5041:newspapers.com 4996: 4977: 4972:newspapers.com 4936: 4929: 4909: 4897: 4892:newspapers.com 4861: 4856:newspapers.com 4825: 4785: 4750: 4726: 4705: 4700:newspapers.com 4662: 4624: 4602: 4597:newspapers.com 4566: 4561:newspapers.com 4523: 4518:newspapers.com 4499: 4494:newspapers.com 4463: 4431:"By telegraph" 4422: 4415: 4382: 4363: 4331: 4326:newspapers.com 4290: 4283: 4261: 4245: 4240:newspapers.com 4218:Public Opinion 4204: 4199:newspapers.com 4179: 4168:(4): 591–610. 4147: 4128: 4121: 4099: 4070: 4041: 4017: 3993: 3973: 3961: 3936: 3911: 3893: 3888:newspapers.com 3857: 3828: 3823:newspapers.com 3798: 3793:newspapers.com 3756: 3724: 3719:newspapers.com 3700: 3695:newspapers.com 3676: 3671:newspapers.com 3639: 3624:Daily Dispatch 3610: 3555: 3512: 3507:newspapers.com 3483: 3478:newspapers.com 3446: 3441:newspapers.com 3417: 3412:newspapers.com 3388: 3383:newspapers.com 3351: 3346:newspapers.com 3327: 3322:newspapers.com 3283: 3257: 3252:newspapers.com 3216: 3211:newspapers.com 3187: 3182:newspapers.com 3158: 3147:Daily Dispatch 3133: 3098:newspapers.com 3067: 3063:Macmillan Inc. 3047: 3018: 2989: 2984:newspapers.com 2948: 2935: 2922: 2896: 2883: 2856: 2849: 2826: 2821:newspapers.com 2793: 2774: 2769:newspapers.com 2740: 2735:newspapers.com 2712: 2699: 2694:newspapers.com 2672: 2630: 2597: 2563: 2526: 2521:newspapers.com 2487: 2458: 2405: 2356: 2351:newspapers.com 2326: 2319: 2244: 2239:newspapers.com 2208: 2164: 2139: 2106: 2101:newspapers.com 2062: 2057:Storer College 2034: 2029:newspapers.com 2001: 1972: 1959:10.2307/274499 1953:(4): 359–361. 1931: 1905: 1876: 1843: 1838:newspapers.com 1807: 1802:newspapers.com 1779: 1744: 1720: 1715:newspapers.com 1696: 1668: 1663:newspapers.com 1637: 1602: 1597:newspapers.com 1574: 1547: 1518: 1509:|journal= 1481:Lee, Robert E. 1467: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1390: 1379: 1367: 1360: 1349: 1346: 1335:Rupert Murdoch 1315:Chris Columbus 1296:Kevin Willmott 1289: 1282:He Who Endures 1279: 1276:David Anderson 1269: 1262: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1201: 1172: 1169: 1128: 1125: 1048:George Sennott 1013:Albert Hazlett 1000: 997: 968: 965: 957:Antietam Creek 948:slave catchers 929: 926: 905:staging ground 849: 846: 834:Albert Hazlett 707: 704: 671:fugitive slave 659: 656: 654: 651: 571: 568: 567: 566: 563: 548: 545: 541: 540: 536: 532: 531: 528: 521: 518: 505: 499: 487: 437: 434: 432: 429: 424: 423: 420: 388: 387:Green's speech 385: 375: 372: 354: 351: 349: 346: 323: 320: 262: 259: 239:Silas X. Floyd 156: 155: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 126: 125:Known for 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 76: 68: 64: 63: 59:South Carolina 57: 48: 44: 43: 34: 26: 25: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6887: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6780: 6779:Shields Green 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6687:(second wife) 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6651:Denver statue 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6631:Douglass Park 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6547: 6546:Self-Made Men 6543: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6383:Denmark Vesey 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6311:Marching Song 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6246:Cloudsplitter 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6220: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5992:Henry A. Wise 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5952:James Redpath 5950: 5948: 5947:Richard Realf 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5927:Robert E. Lee 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Andrew Hunter 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5907:Israel Greene 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782:Shields Green 5780: 5778: 5777:Edwin Coppock 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5683:Shields Green 5679: 5671: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5606: 5600:|others= 5591: 5583: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5484: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5459: 5454: 5442: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5388: 5385: 5380: 5378:0-673-99017-6 5374: 5370: 5369:HarperCollins 5366: 5362: 5355: 5352: 5347: 5335: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5306: 5294: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5265: 5253: 5250:. p. 7. 5249: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5228: 5223: 5211: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5134: 5128:|others= 5119: 5111: 5099: 5095: 5092:. 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1551: 1548: 1544:. p. 42. 1543: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1502: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1327:Harrison Ford 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1182: 1181:Oberlin, Ohio 1177: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1162:Oberlin, Ohio 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1141: 1133: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1111:Edwin Coppock 1108: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1077:John Copeland 1074: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1029:Edwin Coppock 1021: 1014: 1010: 1009:John Copeland 1005: 999:Green's trial 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 974: 966: 964: 960: 958: 954: 949: 944: 940: 938: 933: 927: 925: 921: 918: 916: 912: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 847: 845: 842: 838: 835: 830: 827: 825: 819: 817: 807: 805: 800: 798: 797: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 771: 767: 763: 760: 757: 753: 749: 744: 741: 736: 732: 729: 725: 721: 719: 713: 703: 700: 695: 693: 689: 688:Highland Park 685: 679: 674: 672: 667: 665: 652: 650: 648: 642: 638: 636: 635: 628: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 598: 593: 587: 585: 581: 577: 564: 561: 557: 553: 552:Oberlin, Ohio 549: 546: 543: 542: 537: 534: 533: 529: 526: 522: 519: 516: 515: 510: 506: 503: 500: 497: 496: 491: 488: 485: 484: 483: 480: 478: 477:Governor Wise 474: 471: 470: 464: 460: 458: 454: 451: 447: 442: 435: 428: 421: 418: 417: 416: 412: 408: 404: 401: 396: 392: 384: 382: 373: 371: 367: 365: 359: 352: 347: 345: 342: 340: 335: 332: 330: 321: 319: 317: 311: 306: 301: 298: 293: 291: 287: 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Retrieved 5558: 5548: 5538:– via 5534:February 21, 5532:. Retrieved 5512: 5503: 5493:– via 5487:. Retrieved 5471: 5461: 5451:– via 5447:February 21, 5445:. Retrieved 5433: 5424: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5367:. New York: 5364: 5354: 5344:– via 5340:February 21, 5338:. Retrieved 5322: 5313: 5303:– via 5299:February 21, 5297:. Retrieved 5281: 5272: 5262:– via 5258:February 21, 5256:. Retrieved 5240: 5230: 5220:– via 5216:February 21, 5214:. Retrieved 5198: 5189: 5150: 5141: 5108:– via 5104:February 13, 5102:. Retrieved 5082: 5072: 5039:– via 5035:February 13, 5033:. Retrieved 5024: 5009: 4999: 4980: 4970:– via 4966:February 17, 4964:. Retrieved 4948: 4939: 4919: 4912: 4900: 4890:– via 4884:. Retrieved 4873: 4864: 4854:– via 4848:. Retrieved 4837: 4828: 4818:– via 4813:. Retrieved 4799:The Agitator 4797: 4788: 4777:. Retrieved 4762: 4753: 4738: 4729: 4714: 4708: 4698:– via 4694:February 18, 4692:. Retrieved 4677: 4654:, retrieved 4640: 4619:the original 4612: 4605: 4595:– via 4589:. 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Retrieved 3460:National Era 3458: 3449: 3429: 3420: 3400: 3391: 3381:– via 3375:. Retrieved 3365:National Era 3363: 3354: 3339: 3330: 3320:– via 3314:. Retrieved 3298: 3266: 3260: 3250:– via 3244:. Retrieved 3228: 3225:"(Untitled)" 3219: 3199: 3196:"(Untitled)" 3190: 3170: 3167:"(Untitled)" 3161: 3145: 3136: 3082: 3061:. New York: 3057: 3050: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2982:– via 2976:. Retrieved 2960: 2951: 2943: 2938: 2930: 2925: 2913:. Retrieved 2899: 2891: 2886: 2872: 2839: 2829: 2809: 2783: 2777: 2757: 2724: 2715: 2707: 2702: 2687: 2661: 2620: 2575: 2566: 2556:– via 2550:. Retrieved 2539: 2529: 2519:– via 2513:. Retrieved 2502: 2470: 2461: 2436:. Retrieved 2422: 2396:. Retrieved 2387: 2383: 2376:Lubet, Steve 2339: 2329: 2306: 2237:– via 2231:. Retrieved 2220: 2211: 2199:. Retrieved 2180: 2157:– via 2152: 2142: 2124:. New York: 2121: 2099:– via 2093:. Retrieved 2077: 2047: 2037: 2020: 1994: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1918: 1908: 1894:Daily Worker 1892: 1879: 1865: 1836:– via 1830:. Retrieved 1821:Boston Globe 1819: 1816:"John Brown" 1810: 1791: 1782: 1771:. Retrieved 1767:the original 1760: 1747: 1736: 1723: 1708: 1699: 1680: 1671: 1652: 1630:– via 1625:. Retrieved 1614: 1605: 1586: 1583:"(Untitled)" 1577: 1565:. Retrieved 1561:the original 1550: 1540: 1484: 1456: 1397: 1382: 1373: 1370:Dayo Okeniyi 1363: 1356: 1355:miniseries, 1310: 1303: 1291: 1281: 1265: 1258: 1247: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1216: 1166: 1154:James Monroe 1142: 1138: 1119: 1116: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1026: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 970: 961: 945: 941: 934: 931: 922: 919: 908: 882: 875: 843: 839: 831: 828: 821: 815: 809: 802:Brown's son 801: 794: 792: 789: 785: 781: 776: 772: 769: 764: 761: 758: 755: 751: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 727: 723: 715: 710: 696: 690:. Green met 681: 676: 668: 661: 643: 640: 632: 630: 625: 613:James Monroe 606: 595: 588: 573: 524: 512: 493: 481: 475: 467: 465: 461: 456: 453: 443: 439: 431:Green's life 425: 413: 409: 405: 400:Chambersburg 397: 393: 390: 380: 377: 368: 360: 356: 343: 339:James Monroe 336: 333: 325: 312: 308: 303: 297:daguerrotype 294: 278: 275: 264: 242: 216: 193: 164: 160: 159: 78:Charles Town 72:(1859-12-16) 6805:1859 deaths 6300:Victor Hugo 6290:miniseries) 6104:(biography) 4886:January 21, 4656:January 26, 4234:January 27, 4012:H. L. Green 4010:. Buffalo: 3882:January 28, 3787:January 30, 3573:Salem, Ohio 3472:January 21, 3377:January 21, 3316:January 21, 3246:February 5, 2978:January 21, 2915:January 15, 2811:The Gazette 2552:February 7, 2515:January 21, 2398:February 2, 2095:January 22, 2021:The Gazette 1885:Adams, Mary 1832:January 27, 1654:Tyrone Star 1396:miniseries 1331:Paul Newman 1300:Mitch Brian 1273:storyteller 602:Salem, Ohio 436:Before 1857 210:as well as 200:county seat 54: 1836 6794:Categories 6711:(grandson) 6693:(daughter) 6482:Newspapers 6378:Nat Turner 6219:La Amistad 6102:John Brown 6074:Afterwards 5822:Secret Six 5740:John Brown 5435:Daily News 5176:|via= 4815:2021-03-31 4779:2021-02-18 4357:2021-03-19 3955:2021-02-01 3906:John Brown 3526:Cecil Whig 2876:. 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