1938:
exodus. Thus, an increasing number of
Maronite peasants became tenants of the mostly Druze landlords of Mount Lebanon. The Shihabs became the paramount force in Mount Lebanon's social and political configuration as they were the supreme landlords of the area and the principal intermediaries between the local sheikhs and the Ottoman authorities. This arrangement was embraced by the Ottoman governors of Sidon, Tripoli and Damascus. In addition to Mount Lebanon, the Shihabs exercised influence and maintained alliances with the various local powers of the mountain's environs, such as with the Shia Muslim clans of Jabal Amil and the Beqaa Valley, the Maronite-dominated countryside of Tripoli, and the Ottoman administrators of the port cities of Sidon, Beirut and Tripoli.
1974:
in place of Emir Mansur by the governor of Sidon. However, soon after, emirs Mansur and Ahmad bribed the governor and regained the
Shihabi tax farm. Relations between the brothers soured as each sought paramountcy. Emir Ahmad rallied the support of the Yazbaki Druze, and was able to briefly oust Emir Mansur from the Shihabi headquarters in Deir al-Qamar. Emir Mansur, meanwhile, relied on the Jumblatti faction and the governor of Sidon, who mobilized his troops in Beirut in support of Emir Mansur. With this support, Emir Mansur retook Deir al-Qamar and Emir Ahmad fled. Sheikh Ali Jumblatt and Sheikh Yazbak Imad managed to reconcile emirs Ahmad and Mansur, with the former relinquishing his claim on the emirate and was permitted to reside in Deir al-Qamar.
2071:). However, al-Jazzar soon began acting independently after organizing the fortifications of Beirut, and Emir Yusuf appealed to Sheikh Zahir through Emir Mansur's liaising to request Russian bombardment of Beirut and oust al-Jazzar. Sheikh Zahir and the Russians acceded to Emir Yusuf's request after a large bribe was paid to them. After a four-month siege, al-Jazzar withdrew from Beirut in 1772, and Emir Yusuf penalized his Yazbaki allies, sheikhs Abd al-Salam Imad and Husayn Talhuq to compensate for the bribe he paid to the Russians. The following year, Emir Yusuf's brother, Emir Sayyid-Ahmad, took control of
2088:
farm. Moreover, al-Jazzar took advantage and manipulated divisions among the Shihab emirs in order to break up the
Shihabi emirate into weaker entities that he could more easily exploit for revenue. In 1778 he agreed to sell the Chouf tax farm to Emir Yusuf's brothers, emirs Sayyid-Ahmad and Effendi after the latter two gained the support of the Jumblatt and Nakad clans (Emir Yusuf's ally Sheikh Ali Jumblatt died that year). Emir Yusuf, thereafter, based himself in Ghazir and mobilized the support of his Sunni Muslim allies, the Ra'ad and Mir'ibi clans from
1837:
official in the
Ottoman imperial government, the Ottoman authorities declined to confirm Bashir's authority over the tax farms of Mount Lebanon; Husayn Ma'n forsake his hereditary claim to the Ma'n emirate in favor of his career as the Ottoman ambassador to India. Instead, the Ottoman authorities appointed Husayn Ma'n's choice, Haydar Shihab, the son of Musa Shihab and Ahmad Ma'n's daughter. Haydar's appointment was confirmed by the governor of Sidon, and agreed upon by the Druze sheikhs, but because Haydar was still a minor, Bashir was kept on as regent.
1955:
Jumblatti-Yazbaki rivalry. In 1748, Emir Mulhim, under the orders of the governor of
Damascus, burned properties belonging to the Talhuq and Abd al-Malik clans as punishment for the Yazbaki harboring of a fugitive from Damascus Eyalet. Afterward, Emir Mulhim compensated the Talhuqs. In 1749, he succeeded in adding the tax farm of Beirut to his domain, after persuading Sidon's governor to transfer the tax farm. He accomplished this by having the Talhuq clan raid the city and demonstrate the ineffectiveness of its deputy governor.
2048:, who was bribed by the Ottomans. Their defeat by the Ottomans made Emir Mansur a liability to the Druze sheikhs vis-a-vis their relations with the Ottoman authorities, so they decided to depose him. Emir Yusuf cultivated ties with Uthman Pasha and his sons in Tripoli and Sidon, and with their backing, sought to challenge the autonomous power of sheikhs Zahir and Nasif. However, Emir Yusuf experienced a series of major setbacks in his cause in 1771. His ally, Uthman Pasha, was routed in the
1911:, Umar al-Zaydani's son, as the tax farmer of Safad, and directly appointed members of the Wa'il, Munkir and Sa'ab clans as tax farmers of Jabal Amil's subdistricts. The latter two clans thereafter joined the Wa'il's and their pro-Yamani faction. The situation worsened for Emir Haydar when he was ousted by the order of Bashir Pasha and replaced with his Choufi Druze enforcer-turned enemy, Mahmoud Abi Harmoush in 1709. Emir Haydar and his Qaysi allies then fled to the Keserwani village of
2010:, Karam and Dahir and Maronite and Sunni Muslim peasants who, since 1759, were all revolting against the Hamade clan. Emir Yusuf defeated the Hamade sheikhs and appropriated their tax farms. This not only empowered Emir Yusuf in his conflict with Emir Mansur, but it also initiated Shihabi patronage over the Maronite bishops and monks who had resented Khazen influence over church affairs and been patronized by the Hamade sheikhs, the Shihab clan's erstwhile allies.
119:
2092:. Al-Jazzar restored the Chouf to Emir Yusuf after he paid a large bribe, but his brothers again challenged him 1780. That time they mobilized the support of both the Jumblatti and Yazbaki factions, but their attempt to kill Sa'ad al-Khuri failed, and Effendi was killed. In addition, Emir Yusuf paid al-Jazzar to loan him troops, bribed the Yazbaki faction to defect from his Sayyid-Ahmad's forces and once again secured control of the Shihabi emirate.
1856:, who paid the Ottoman government via the Shihabs. A branch of the Shihab family continued to control Wadi al-Taym, while the Shihabs in Mount Lebanon made Deir al-Qamar their headquarters. The Shihab emir was also formally at the military service of the Ottoman authorities and was required to mobilize forces upon request. The Shihabs' new status made them the preeminent social, fiscal, military, judicial and political power in Mount Lebanon.
48:
1813:
2056:. Druze casualties during the battle amounted to some 1,500 killed, a loss similar to that suffered by the Yamani coalition at Ain Dara. Furthermore, the forces of sheikhs Zahir and Nasif captured the town of Sidon after Sheikh Ali Jumblatt withdrew. Emir Yusuf's forces were again routed when they attempt oust sheikhs Zahir and Nasif, who had key backing from the
1612:
2107:
1934:, the Yamani forces were routed, the Alam al-Din sheikhs were slain, Abi Harmoush was captured and the Ottoman governors withdrew their forces from Mount Lebanon. Emir Haydar's victory consolidated Shihab political power and the Yamani Druze were eliminated as a rival force; they were forced to leave Mount Lebanon for the Hauran.
1872:), and delivered him and his partisans to the governor of Sidon, who requested Bashir's assistance in the matter. As a result, Bashir was officially endowed with responsibility for the "safekeeping of Sidon Province" between the region of Safad to Keserwan. At the turn of the 18th century, the new governor of Sidon,
2186:. The Shihabs bear the title of "emir". Descendants of Bashir II live in Turkey and are known as the Paksoy family due to Turkish restrictions on non-Turkish surnames. Today, a group of them are Sunni, and others are Maronite Catholics, though they have common family roots. The 11th-century citadel in Hasbaya,
1836:
and chose Bashir Shihab I to succeed Ahmad as emir of
Mountain Lebanon. Bashir was related to the Ma'ns through his mother, who was the sister of Ahmad Ma'n and the wife of Bashir's father, Husayn Shihab. Due to the influence of Husayn Ma'n, the youngest of Fakhr ad-Din's sons, who was a high-ranking
1752:
to hand over the Shihab emirs, but Emir Ahmad rejected the demand and instead fled to the
Keserwan, losing his tax farms in Mount Lebanon in the process. The peasantry of the abandoned regions suffered at the hands of Ottoman troops pursuing the Shihab and Ma'n leaders. The Shihabs fled further north
2161:
In 1840, four of the principal
European powers (Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia), opposing the pro-Egyptian policy of the French, signed the London Treaty with the Sublime Porte (the Ottoman ruler) on July 15, 1840. According to the terms of this treaty, Muhammad Ali was asked to leave Syria;
2087:
headquarters, and soon after, was appointed governor of Sidon. Among al-Jazzar's principal goals was to centralize authority in Sidon Eyalet and assert control over the
Shihabi emirate in Mount Lebanon. To that end, he succeeded in ousting Emir Yusuf from Beirut and removing it from the Shihabi tax
1973:
and Ahmad, who were backed by the Druze sheikhs. Emir Mulhim retired in Beirut, but he and his son Qasim attempted to wrest back control of the emirate using his relationship with an imperial official. They were unsuccessful and Emir Mulhim died in 1759. The following year, Emir Qasim was appointed
1937:
Emir Haydar confirmed his Qaysi allies as the tax farmers of Mount
Lebanon's tax districts. His victory in Ain Dara also contributed to the rise of the Maronite population in the area, as the newcomers from Tripoli's hinterland replaced the Yamani Druze and Druze numbers decreased due to the Yamani
1844:
and Keserwan areas of Mount Lebanon. However, the tax farm was not owned by the Shihabi emir and was subject to annual renewal by the Ottoman authorities, who made the ultimate decision to confirm the existing holder or assign the tax farm to another holder, often another Shihab emir or a member of
1681:
conquered the Mamluk Levant in 1516 and an Ottoman government record from August 1574 directs the governor of Damascus to confiscate the rifle stockpiles of Qasim Shihab, identified by the Shihab family histories as Qasim ibn Mulhim ibn Mansur, a great-grandson of the above-mentioned Yunus ibn Ali.
1700:
moved against Ahmad in Wadi al-Taym in 1612, Fakhr al-Din's forces repulsed them. When, in the following year, Hafiz Ahmed Pasha launched an imperial-backed campaign against Fakhr al-Din, Ahmad, his brother Ali and many other local allies of the Ma'ns joined the Ottoman forces. He held the fort of
1845:
the rival Alam al-Din clan. The Qaysi Druze were motivated to appoint the Shihabs because the Wadi al-Taym-based Shihabs were not involved in the intertribal machinations of the Chouf, their military strength, and their marital ties to the Ma'ns. Other clans, including the Druze Jumblatts and the
1946:
Emir Haydar died in 1732 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Mulhim. One of Emir Mulhim's early actions was a punitive expedition against the Wa'il clan of Jabal Amil. The Wa'il kinsmen had painted their horses' tails green in celebration of Emir Haydar's death (Emir Haydar's relations with the
1954:
Beginning in the 1740s, a new factionalism developed among the Druze clans. One faction was led by the Jumblatt clan and was known as the Jumblatti faction, while the Imad, Talhuq and Abd al-Malik clans formed the Imad-led Yazbak faction. Thus Qaysi-Yamani politics had been replaced with the
1769:. Consequently, Emir Ahmad Ma'n regained control of the Mount Lebanon tax farms. The Shihabs further solidified their alliance with the Ma'ns when, in 1674, Musa Shihab married the daughter of Emir Ahmad Ma'n. In 1680, Emir Ahmad mediated a conflict between the Shihabs and the Shia Muslim
1930:. The Yaman received backing from the governors of Damascus and Sidon, but before the governors' forces joined the Yaman to launch a pincer attack against the Qaysi camp at Ras al-Matn, Emir Haydar launched a preemptive assault against Ain Dara. In the ensuing
2005:
to Emir Yusuf in 1764. With the latter two tax farms, Emir Yusuf formed a power base in Tripoli's hinterland. Under al-Khuri's guidance and with Druze allies from Chouf, Emir Yusuf led a campaign against the Hamade sheikhs in support of the Maronite clans of
1498:
died without male progeny in 1697, the chiefs of the Druze in Mount Lebanon appointed the Shihab emir, Bashir, whose mother belonged to the Ma'n, as his successor. Bashir was succeeded by another Shihab emir with a Ma'nid mother, Haydar, after his death.
2162:
when he rejected this request, Ottoman and British troops landed on the Lebanese coast on September 10, 1840. Faced with this combined force, Muhammad Ali retreated, and on October 14, 1840, Bashir II surrendered to the British and went into exile.
2067:, who was formerly in Emir Yusuf's service, as garrison commander of the city. Emir Yusuf, as tax farmer of Beirut, agreed to the appointment and declined a bounty on al-Jazzar by Abu al-Dhahab (al-Jazzar was wanted by the Mamluk strongmen of
1859:
In 1698, Bashir gave protection to the Hamade sheikhs when they were sought out by the authorities and successfully mediated between the two sides. He also captured the rebel Mushrif ibn Ali al-Saghir, sheikh of the Shia Muslim Wa'il clan of
1906:
Emir Haydar's coming to power brought about an immediate effort on the part of Sidon's governor, Bashir Pasha, a relative of Arlsan Mehmed Pasha, to roll back Shihab authority in the province. To that end, the governor directly appointed
2028:, where the Shihabi emirs, Druze sheikhs and religious leaders met and drew up a petition to the governors of Damascus and Sidon, confirming Emir Yusuf's ascendancy. Emir Mansur's resignation was precipitated by his alliance with Sheikh
1526:, but was deposed in 1840 when the Egyptians were driven out by an Ottoman-European alliance, leading soon after to the dissolution of the Shihab emirate. Despite losing territorial control, the family remains influential in modern
2075:
and robbed a group of Damascene merchants passing through the village. Emir Yusuf subsequently captured Qabb Ilyas from his brother, and was transferred the tax farm for the Beqaa Valley by the governor of Damascus,
1709:. Fakhr al-Din escaped to Europe and returned to Mount Lebanon in 1618, after which Ahmad sent his son Sulayman to welcome his return. By then the Ma'ns had been restored to their tax farms and the governorships of
1674:(d. 1520) as the governor of Wadi al-Taym in 1478. Ali's son Yunus was mentioned by the contemporary Damascene chroniclers al-Busrawi and Ibn al-Himsi as being involved in a rebellion in Damascus in the late 1490s.
1433:
3331:
1922:
In 1711, the Qaysi Druze clans mobilized to restore their predominance in Mount Lebanon, and invited Emir Haydar to return and lead their forces. Emir Haydar and the Abu'l Lama family mobilized at
1784:
In 1693, the Ottoman authorities launched a major military expedition, consisting of 18,500 troops, against Emir Ahmad when he declined a request to suppress the Hamade sheikhs after they raided
1915:, where they were given protection by the Maronite Hubaysh clan, while Mount Lebanon was overrun by a Yamani coalition led by the Alam al-Din clan. Emir Haydar fled further north to
3588:
2142:, and the death of Al-Jazzar in 1804 removed Bashir's principal opponent in the area. When Bashir II decided to break away from the Ottoman Empire, he allied himself with
1426:
3324:
1688:(limited-term tax farmer) of Wadi al-Taym and neighboring Arqoub in 1592–1600, 1602, 1606, 1610–1615, 1618–1621 and 1628–1630. Ahmad fought alongside the Ma'nid emir
2138:, the governor of Sidon, requested assistance from Bashir, who remained neutral, declining to assist either combatant. Unable to conquer Acre, Napoleon returned to
3593:
3275:
1717:. Fakhr al-Din reconciled Ahmad and Ali in 1619. Ahmad and his men fought in Fakhr al-Din's army against the governor of Damascus Mustafa Pasha in the decisive
1419:
3317:
1800:. The following year, Emir Ahmad and his Shihab allies mobilized their forces in Wadi al-Taym and conquered the Chouf, forcing Musa Alam al-Din to flee to
2154:. This siege lasted seven months, the city falling on May 27, 1832. The Egyptian army, with assistance from Bashir's troops, also attacked and conquered
2024:
In 1770, Emir Mansur resigned in favor of Emir Yusuf after being compelled to step down by the Druze sheikhs. The transition was held at the village of
1696:
in a revolt against the Ottomans in the Levant in 1606, which was stamped out the following year. When the forces of the Ottoman governor of Damascus
1666:
in 1280. After his death in 1284, his son Sa'd succeeded him as governor of Wadi al-Taym. The Shihabs continued to govern Wadi al-Taym throughout
2052:
by Sheikh Zahir's forces. Afterward, Emir Yusuf's large Druze force from Wadi al-Taym and Chouf was routed by Sheikh Nasif's Shia cavalrymen at
3573:
1989:, and the latter attempted to reconcile Emir Yusuf with his uncle. Emir Mansur declined Sheikh Ali's mediation. Sa'ad al-Khuri, Emir Yusuf's
1662:, and defeated the Crusaders in an engagement in 1244. Amir's son and successor, Qurqumaz, took refuge with the Ma'ns in the Chouf during a
3340:
1926:
and were joined by the Jumblatt, Talhuq, Imad, Nakad and Abd al-Malik clans, while the Yamani faction led by Abi Harmoush mobilized at
1840:
The transfer of the Ma'n emirate to the Shihabs made the family's chief the holder of a large tax farm that included the Chouf, Gharb,
3583:
3294:
3250:
3225:
3204:
3185:
3133:
1981:, had backed Emir Ahmad in his struggle and had his properties in Chouf confiscated by Emir Mansur. Emir Yusuf, who was raised as a
1721:
in 1623, which sealed Fakhr al-Din's growing power in Mount Lebanon. In 1629, Husayn Shihab of Rashaya married the daughter of Emir
2178:
Today, the Shihabs are still one of the most prominent families in Lebanon, and the third president of Lebanon after independence,
1646:. Munqidh was succeeded by his son Najm (d. 1224), who was in turn succeeded by his son Amir (d. 1260). The latter allied with the
1482:
region, purportedly as early as the 12th century. During early Ottoman rule, they maintained an alliance and marital ties with the
3563:
1997:, the governor of Damascus. The latter directed his son Mehmed Pasha al-Kurji, governor of Tripoli, to transfer the tax farms of
3286:
Murder, Mayhem, Pillage, and Plunder: The History of the Lebanon in the 18th and 19th Centuries by Mikhayil Mishaqa (1800-1873)
1638:
in an engagement there the following year. The same sources note that he was appointed governor of Wadi al-Taym in 1174 by the
385:
2182:, was a member of this family (descending from the line of Emir Hasan, Emir Bashir II's brother) as was former Prime Minister
1828:
When Emir Ahmad Ma'n died without a male heir in 1697, the sheikhs of the Qaysi Druze faction of Mount Lebanon, including the
1670:
rule (1260–1516), according to the family histories. Their chief, Ali ibn Ahmad, was mentioned by the local Druze chronicler
1663:
1065:
3177:
630:
1993:(manager), managed to persuade Sheikh Ali to withdraw his backing of Emir Mansur, while Emir Yusuf gained the support of
1506:
in 1711, consolidating their dominance of Mount Lebanon through the mid-19th century. The family's most prominent emir,
2049:
1888:
clans to the Qaysi faction. Bashir was poisoned and died in 1705. The 17th-century Maronite Patriarch and historian,
560:
2083:
In 1775, Sheikh Zahir was defeated and killed in an Ottoman campaign, and al-Jazzar was installed in Sheikh Zahir's
1571:, belonged. Mishaqa held the family's ancestor was a commander in the conquest, Harith, who fell in battle at the
3568:
1947:
Wa'il clan had been poor) and Emir Mulhim took it as a grave insult. In the ensuing campaign, the Wa'ili sheikh,
1788:, killing forty Ottoman soldiers, including the garrison commander, Ahmad Qalawun, a descendant of Mamluk sultan
1667:
1564:
1510:, centralized control in the region, destroying the feudal power of the mostly Druze lords and cultivating the
1309:
1951:, was captured, albeit briefly. Emir Mulhim had the support of Sidon's governor in his actions in Jabal Amil.
3578:
3458:
3242:
1580:
1055:
1761:
until 1663. Four years later, the Ma'ns and their Qaysi coalition defeated the Yamani coalition led by the
3558:
3416:
2147:
1643:
1160:
1105:
3512:
3167:
2143:
2077:
1994:
1873:
1729:(Ali's troops were loaned to him by the Ottoman governor of Damascus, who was opposed to Fakhr al-Din).
1515:
1150:
61:
39:
3110:
1748:
region in northern Mount Lebanon seeking Hamade protection. Koprulu Mehmed Pasha issued orders to Emir
2190:, is still a private property of the Shihabs, with many of the family's members still residing in it.
1876:, continued the good relationship with Bashir, who by then had appointed a fellow Sunni Muslim Qaysi,
3524:
1737:
1294:
1175:
2118:, who was comparable to Fakhr ad-Din II. His ability as a statesman was first tested in 1799, when
1710:
1568:
1384:
700:
395:
3197:
The View from Istanbul: Lebanon and the Druze Emirate in the Ottoman Chancery Documents, 1546–1711
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2127:
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2007:
1931:
1901:
1889:
1503:
1090:
855:
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600:
325:
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but publicly presented himself as a Sunni Muslim, gained protection from Sheikh Ali Jumblatt in
680:
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3392:
3368:
3362:
3290:
3246:
3236:
3221:
3215:
3200:
3181:
3129:
1927:
1777:, after the latter killed Faris Shihab in 1680 (Faris had recently displaced the Harfush from
1697:
1627:
1200:
1045:
650:
290:
280:
270:
155:
3284:
3123:
1502:
Under Haydar, the Shihabs crushed their main rivals for paramountcy amongst the Druze at the
3428:
3410:
3380:
3262:
New Documents on the History of Mount Lebanon and Arabistan in the 10th and 11th Centuries H
2505:
2460:
2429:
2398:
2367:
2115:
2101:
2041:
2036:, and Sheikh Nasif al-Nassar of Jabal Amil in their revolt against the Ottoman governors of
1354:
1350:
1339:
1320:
965:
945:
865:
660:
540:
465:
455:
405:
335:
235:
185:
118:
3482:
3452:
3422:
1982:
1948:
1877:
1754:
1718:
1689:
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1511:
1455:
1290:
1260:
1120:
1025:
1015:
925:
905:
795:
730:
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225:
175:
1817:
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1744:
Hamade clan of Keserwan. As Ottoman troops raided Wadi al-Taym, the Shihabs fled to the
1626:
The 19th-century family histories of the Shihabs by Haydar al-Shihabi and his associate
3518:
3494:
3446:
2057:
1892:, asserts Haydar, who had since reached adulthood, was responsible for Bashir's death.
1885:
1736:, which included Mount Lebanon and Wadi al-Taym, and under the command of Grand Vizier
1722:
1678:
1655:
1639:
1592:
1587:
region south of Damascus. In 1172, the Banu Shihab migrated from their home village of
1475:
1365:
1275:
1219:
995:
885:
815:
65:
3309:
2205:
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3476:
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3440:
2302:
2270:
2187:
2183:
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was then appointed. On January 13, 1842, the sultan deposed Bashir III and appointed
2131:
2045:
2037:
2029:
1970:
1964:
1908:
1869:
1861:
1841:
1797:
1749:
1659:
1523:
1495:
1471:
1245:
750:
610:
2170:
as governor of Mount Lebanon. This event marked the end of the rule of the Shihabs.
2350:
2319:
2151:
2135:
2123:
2084:
2068:
2064:
2019:
1978:
1774:
1770:
1733:
1714:
1693:
1631:
1620:
1600:
1596:
1556:
1519:
1479:
1470:) is an Arab family whose members served as the paramount tax farmers and emirs of
1249:
720:
475:
47:
3171:
2766:
2556:
1824:
shaded in red. The Shihabi emirs Bashir I and Haydar were successors of the Ma'ns
1725:. In 1650, the Ma'n and Shihab clans defeated a mercenary army of the Druze emir
2179:
2044:
of Egypt had occupied Damascus, but withdrew after Ali Bey's leading commander,
1923:
1793:
1762:
1741:
1726:
1611:
1109:
875:
785:
570:
425:
375:
1969:
Emir Mulhim became ill and was forced to resign in 1753 by his brothers, emirs
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3530:
3149:
2522:
2167:
2163:
2072:
1865:
1833:
1812:
1572:
1514:
clergy as an alternative power base in their emirate. In 1831, he allied with
1395:
1035:
1005:
835:
640:
205:
93:
2392:
Young sons of Yusuf. Real power held by their Maronite manager Jirji al-Baz.
3404:
3386:
1986:
1846:
1671:
1635:
1507:
1380:
1335:
1305:
1230:
1215:
620:
590:
435:
195:
135:
2106:
2063:
Uthman Pasha, seeking to prevent Beirut's fall to Sheikh Zahir, appointed
3470:
3434:
3374:
3199:. Oxford and New York: The Centre for Lebanese Studies and I. B. Tauris.
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The Origins of the Druze People: With Extracts from their Sacred Writings
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365:
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215:
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2002:
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when Abi Harmoush's forces pursued him to Ghazir, which was plundered.
1792:. Emir Ahmad fled and had his tax farms confiscated and transferred to
1789:
1778:
1740:, launched an expedition targeting the Shihabs of Wadi al-Taym and the
1706:
1702:
1616:
1560:
1527:
1324:
1234:
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1139:
985:
975:
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165:
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Son of Musa Shihab of Hasbaya (d. 1693) and a daughter of Ahmad Ma'n.
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1998:
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1912:
1849:
1785:
1766:
1758:
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and later that year attacked his brother Ali in the latter's fort of
1588:
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1478:
rule (1517–1918). Before then, the family had been in control of the
1463:
1399:
1279:
1135:
145:
3125:
Fouad Chéhab (1902-1973). Une figure oubliée de l'histoire libanaise
2110:
Bashir Shihab II was the Emir of Mount Lebanon from 1789 until 1840.
3500:
2139:
2105:
2089:
1881:
1821:
1811:
1801:
1651:
1610:
1548:
1491:
1487:
1369:
1124:
1094:
2146:, the founder of modern Egypt, and assisted Muhammad Ali's son,
1544:
1264:
3313:
2236:
and a daughter of Ahmad Ma'n. Acted as regent for Emir Haydar.
1884:. He also secured the allegiance of the Shia Muslim Munkir and
2771:. Institute for Women Studies in the Arab World. p. 111.
3283:
Mishaqa, Mikhail (1988). Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (ed.).
3217:
The Druzes: A New Study of Their History, Faith, and Society
2454:
Members of the Rashaya-based branch of the Shihab family.
1530:, with some members having reached high political office.
2727:
2725:
2664:
2662:
1816:
Genealogical tree showing the marital ties between the
1820:
and Shihab dynasties, with the paramount emirs of the
1583:
in 634. At some later point, the tribe settled in the
2499:
Son of As'ad, who was a paternal grandson of Haydar.
1630:
claim that the clan's leader during its migration to
2114:
The most prominent among the Shihabi emirs was Emir
2313:Second reign, during which he ruled without Ahmad.
1781:), prompting an armed mobilization by the Shihabs.
99:
89:
79:
71:
57:
23:
2194:, who was born in Hasbaya, served the governor of
1804:. Emir Ahmad was restored his tax farms in 1695.
1494:emirs and tax farmers of Mount Lebanon. When the
2760:
2758:
2756:
1634:was Munqidh ibn Amr (d. 1193), who defeated the
1474:from the early 18th to mid-19th century, during
2533:Son of Qasim. Mount Lebanon Emirate abrogated.
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2834:
2832:
3325:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2768:The Sisters of Men: Lebanese Women in History
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
1563:tribe to which the leader of the 7th-century
1427:
8:
3128:(in French). Karthala Editions. p. 45.
3111:Library of Congress - The Shihabs, 1697-1842
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
28:
1796:, who also commandeered the Ma'n palace in
3589:Converts to Eastern Catholicism from Islam
3332:
3318:
3310:
3274:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3173:Provincial Leaderships in Syria, 1575-1650
2716:
2704:
2692:
2653:
2060:fleet, which bombarded Emir Yusuf's camp.
1551:. According to the 19th-century historian
1434:
1420:
108:
46:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
2550:
2548:
2731:
2680:
2668:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2544:
111:
3289:. State University of New York Press.
3267:
2378:Son of Umar, who was a son of Haydar.
1852:were subsidiary tax farmers, known as
20:
3594:Converts to Christianity from Druzism
16:Lebanese political family (1697–1842)
7:
2032:, the Zaydani strongman of northern
1543:The Banu Shihab were purportedly an
112:Historical Arab states and dynasties
2571:Mishaqa, ed. Thackston 1988, p. 23.
2126:, a well-fortified coastal city in
1732:In 1660, the Ottomans, created the
1615:The 12th-century Shihab Citadel in
1459:
29:
2130:, about forty kilometers south of
1880:, as the subsidiary tax farmer of
14:
2040:. Sheikh Zahir and the forces of
1977:Another son of Emir Mulhim, Emir
1753:into Syria, taking up shelter at
3195:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim (2004).
533:Western dynasties and caliphates
117:
3214:Abu Izzeddin, Nejla M. (1993).
2847:Abu Izzeddin 1998, pp. 201–202.
1555:, they were descendants of the
2335:Emirs Sayyid-Ahmad and Effendi
1959:Power struggle for the emirate
1:
3574:Political families of Lebanon
3178:American University of Beirut
2414:Emirs Husayn and Sa'ad ad-Din
2383:Emirs Husayn and Sa'ad ad-Din
3238:Lebanon: A History, 600-2011
2765:Khairallah, Shereen (1996).
3260:Hourani, Alexander (2010).
3122:Malsagne, Stéphane (2011).
253:Arab empires and caliphates
3610:
2838:Abu Izzeddin 1998, p. 202.
2587:Abu Izzeddin 1998, p. 201.
2555:Hitti, Philipp K. (1928).
2099:
2017:
1962:
1899:
1682:Qasim's son Ahmad was the
1547:tribe originally from the
52:Flag of the Shihab dynasty
3584:Ottoman period in Lebanon
3352:
3036:Abu Izzeddin, pp 203–204.
2888:Harris 2012, pp. 114–115.
2781:Harris 2012, pp. 109–110.
1765:outside the port town of
1607:Governors of Wadi al-Taym
1599:, a plain at the foot of
1522:during his occupation of
45:
38:
3235:Harris, William (2012).
3150:"Bachir 2 Shihab Chehab"
2232:Son of Husayn Shihab of
1565:Muslim conquest of Syria
561:Umayyad state of Córdoba
3564:Lebanese noble families
3407:(970–11th/12th century)
3243:Oxford University Press
3168:Abu-Husayn, Abdul-Rahim
2561:. AMS Press. p. 7.
1450:(alternatively spelled
24:Shihab (Chehab) dynasty
2476:Emirs Hasan and Salman
2445:Emirs Hasan and Salman
2264:Eldest son of Haydar.
2198:, Syria in 1936-1939.
2150:, in another siege of
2111:
1825:
1692:and the Kurdish rebel
1623:
40:Emirs of Mount Lebanon
3001:Abu Izzeddin, p. 203.
2136:Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar
2109:
2078:Muhammad Pasha al-Azm
2065:Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar
1995:Uthman Pasha al-Kurji
1874:Arslan Mataraci Pasha
1815:
1614:
1151:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1066:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
62:Mount Lebanon Emirate
3537:Hashemites of Jordan
3076:Harris, pp. 122–123.
2908:Harris 2012, p. 115.
2879:Harris 2012, p. 117.
2826:Harris 2012, p. 113.
2808:Harris 2012, p. 111.
2799:Harris 2012, p. 110.
2750:Harris 2012, p. 109.
2596:Winter 2010, p. 128.
2134:. Both Napoleon and
1738:Koprulu Mehmed Pasha
3491:(16th–19th century)
3485:(15th–19th century)
3437:(11th–12th century)
3389:(10th–11th century)
2683:, pp. 971–972.
2632:, pp. 969–970.
2420:Maronite Christians
2389:Maronite Christians
2050:Battle of Lake Hula
1808:Regency of Bashir I
1642:ruler of Damascus,
1603:(Jabal al-Sheikh).
1569:Khalid ibn al-Walid
128:Ancient Arab states
3531:Hashemites of Iraq
2513:Maronite Christian
2468:Maronite Christian
2437:Maronite Christian
2406:Maronite Christian
2375:Maronite Christian
2358:Maronite Christian
2327:Maronite Christian
2192:Mustafa al-Shihabi
2158:on June 14, 1832.
2144:Muhammad Ali Pasha
2112:
2096:Reign of Bashir II
1932:Battle of Ain Dara
1902:Battle of Ain Dara
1890:Istifan al-Duwayhi
1832:clan, convened in
1826:
1763:Alam al-Din family
1654:clan based in the
1624:
1581:siege of that city
1579:during the Muslim
1504:Battle of Ain Dara
1490:-based, paramount
1193:Current monarchies
856:Sharifate of Mecca
326:Emirate of Tbilisi
316:Emirate of Armenia
166:Kingdom of Osroene
3546:
3545:
3341:Islamic dynasties
2537:
2536:
2164:Bashir Shihab III
1983:Maronite Catholic
1698:Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
1628:Tannus al-Shidyaq
1444:
1443:
1409:
1408:
1184:
1183:
1176:Tippu Tip's State
1074:
1073:
1046:Emirate of Beihan
778:Arabian Peninsula
769:
768:
524:
523:
308:Eastern dynasties
299:
298:
244:
243:
156:Nabataean Kingdom
146:Kingdom of Lihyan
107:
106:
3601:
3569:Lebanese princes
3334:
3327:
3320:
3311:
3300:
3279:
3273:
3265:
3256:
3231:
3210:
3191:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3119:
3113:
3108:
3095:
3092:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3002:
2999:
2984:
2981:
2946:
2943:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2909:
2906:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2868:
2865:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2827:
2824:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2751:
2748:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2344:Sons of Mulhim.
2282:Sons of Haydar.
2206:
2116:Bashir Shihab II
2102:Bashir Shihab II
2042:Ali Bey al-Kabir
1794:Musa Alam al-Din
1496:last Ma'nid emir
1461:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1197:
1196:
1161:Nabahani dynasty
1106:Nabahani dynasty
1091:Makhzumi dynasty
1087:
1086:
782:
781:
537:
536:
336:Emirate of Crete
312:
311:
257:
256:
236:Kingdom of Kinda
186:Kingdom of Hatra
136:Kingdom of Qedar
132:
131:
121:
109:
50:
33:
32:
31:
21:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3600:
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3598:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
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3338:
3308:
3303:
3297:
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3266:
3259:
3253:
3234:
3228:
3213:
3207:
3194:
3188:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3098:
3094:Harris, p. 123.
3093:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:Harris, p. 122.
3066:
3049:
3045:Harris, p. 121.
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:Harris, p. 120.
3026:
3005:
3000:
2987:
2983:Harris, p. 119.
2982:
2949:
2945:Harris, p. 118.
2944:
2937:
2933:Harris, p. 117.
2932:
2928:
2924:Harris, p. 116.
2923:
2912:
2907:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2867:Harris, p. 114.
2866:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2754:
2749:
2738:
2730:
2723:
2717:Abu-Husayn 1985
2715:
2711:
2705:Abu-Husayn 1985
2703:
2699:
2693:Abu-Husayn 1985
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2660:
2654:Abu-Husayn 2004
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2542:
2330:Son of Mulhim.
2296:Son of Mulhim.
2204:
2176:
2104:
2098:
2022:
2016:
1967:
1961:
1949:Nasif al-Nassar
1944:
1942:Reign of Mulhim
1904:
1898:
1896:Reign of Haydar
1878:Umar al-Zaydani
1810:
1727:Ali Alam al-Din
1719:Battle of Anjar
1690:Fakhr al-Din II
1664:Mongol invasion
1609:
1553:Mikhail Mishaqa
1541:
1536:
1440:
1411:
1410:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1121:Mahdali dynasty
1084:
1076:
1075:
1016:Muscat and Oman
786:Imamate of Oman
779:
771:
770:
534:
526:
525:
309:
301:
300:
254:
246:
245:
176:Emesene Dynasty
129:
84:
53:
34:
27:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3579:Arab dynasties
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3539:(1921–present)
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3307:
3306:External links
3304:
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2734:, p. 972.
2721:
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2673:
2671:, p. 971.
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2646:
2644:, p. 970.
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2100:Main article:
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2014:Reign of Yusuf
2012:
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1940:
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1679:Ottoman Empire
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3560:
3559:Shihab family
3557:
3556:
3554:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3296:9780887067129
3292:
3288:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3252:9780195181111
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3227:9789004097056
3223:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3206:1-86064-856-8
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3187:9780815660729
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3135:9782811133689
3131:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2719:, p. 93.
2718:
2713:
2710:
2707:, p. 88.
2706:
2701:
2698:
2695:, p. 25.
2694:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2656:, p. 24.
2655:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2516:Fifth reign.
2515:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:Sunni Muslims
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:Sunni Muslims
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:Third reign.
2439:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:Sunni Muslims
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2223:Emir Bashir I
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2202:List of Emirs
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:South Lebanon
2185:
2184:Khaled Chehab
2181:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:Ibrahim Pasha
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2069:Ottoman Egypt
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:Abu al-Dhahab
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:Zahir al-Umar
2027:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:Mansur Shihab
1958:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:Zahir al-Umar
1903:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1870:South Lebanon
1867:
1863:
1862:Bilad Bishara
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:Deir al-Qamar
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:Mount Lebanon
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:Mount Lebanon
1469:
1468:al-Shihābiyūn
1465:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:Umm al-Quwain
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
993:
989:
987:
984:
983:
979:
977:
974:
973:
969:
967:
964:
963:
959:
957:
954:
953:
949:
947:
944:
943:
939:
937:
934:
933:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
917:
914:
913:
909:
907:
904:
903:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
877:
874:
873:
869:
867:
864:
863:
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
847:
844:
843:
839:
837:
834:
833:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
797:
794:
793:
789:
787:
784:
783:
775:
774:
764:
762:
759:
758:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
742:
739:
738:
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
702:
699:
698:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
682:
679:
678:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
652:
649:
648:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
632:
629:
628:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
612:
611:Muslim Sicily
609:
608:
604:
602:
599:
598:
594:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
530:
529:
519:
517:
514:
513:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
487:
484:
483:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
467:
464:
463:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
424:
423:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
407:
404:
403:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
377:
374:
373:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
347:
344:
343:
339:
337:
334:
333:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
317:
314:
313:
305:
304:
294:
292:
289:
288:
284:
282:
279:
278:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
262:
259:
258:
250:
249:
240:450 AD–550 AD
239:
237:
234:
233:
229:
227:
224:
223:
219:
217:
214:
213:
209:
207:
204:
203:
199:
197:
194:
193:
189:
187:
184:
183:
180:64 BC–300s AD
179:
177:
174:
173:
170:132 BC–244 AD
169:
167:
164:
163:
160:400 BC–106 AD
159:
157:
154:
153:
150:600 BC–100 BC
149:
147:
144:
143:
140:800 BC–300 BC
139:
137:
134:
133:
125:
124:
120:
116:
115:
110:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
49:
44:
41:
37:
22:
19:
3506:
3497:(1560s–1690)
3285:
3261:
3237:
3216:
3196:
3172:
3160:Bibliography
3144:
3124:
3117:
3072:
3041:
3032:
2929:
2884:
2843:
2804:
2777:
2767:
2732:Hourani 2010
2712:
2700:
2688:
2681:Hourani 2010
2676:
2669:Hourani 2010
2649:
2642:Hourani 2010
2637:
2630:Hourani 2010
2625:
2618:Hourani 2010
2613:
2606:Hourani 2010
2601:
2592:
2567:
2557:
2496:Sunni Muslim
2310:Sunni Muslim
2261:Sunni Muslim
2247:Sunni Muslim
2229:Sunni Muslim
2177:
2160:
2113:
2082:
2062:
2023:
2020:Yusuf Shihab
1990:
1976:
1968:
1953:
1945:
1936:
1921:
1905:
1858:
1853:
1839:
1827:
1783:
1775:Beqaa Valley
1771:Harfush clan
1734:Sidon Eyalet
1731:
1711:Sidon-Beirut
1694:Ali Janbulad
1683:
1676:
1632:Wadi al-Taym
1625:
1621:Wadi al-Taym
1601:Mount Hermon
1597:Wadi al-Taym
1595:westward to
1593:Jabal Hauran
1559:clan of the
1557:Banu Makhzum
1542:
1516:Muhammad Ali
1501:
1484:Ma'n dynasty
1480:Wadi al-Taym
1467:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1405:1921–present
1390:1900–present
1375:1868–present
1360:1833–present
1345:1810–present
1330:1783–present
1315:1775–present
1300:1761–present
1285:1752–present
1270:1749–present
1255:1744–present
1250:Saudi Arabia
1240:1727–present
1225:1727–present
1210:1631–present
515:
220:300s–500s AD
18:
3533:(1921–1958)
3527:(1805–1952)
3521:(1726–1834)
3515:(1704–1831)
3509:(1697–1842)
3503:(1649–1850)
3479:(1382–1517)
3473:(1376–1843)
3467:(1250–1382)
3461:(1234–1262)
3455:(1171–1341)
3449:(1127–1250)
3443:(1104–1154)
3431:(1024–1080)
2255:Emir Mulhim
2241:Emir Haydar
2180:Fuad Chehab
1924:Ras al-Matn
1742:Shia Muslim
1723:Mulhim Ma'n
1648:Ma'n family
1110:Pate Island
1083:East Africa
876:Sulaymanids
816:Ukhaidhirds
601:Sulaymanids
571:Muhallabids
476:Munqidhites
376:Shirvanshah
230:300s–602 AD
200:196–1100 AD
190:100s–241 AD
90:Final ruler
3553:Categories
3425:(990–1096)
3419:(990–1085)
3413:(990–1081)
3395:(909–1171)
3383:(890–1004)
3371:(750–1258)
3176:. Beirut:
2540:References
2523:Bashir III
2490:Emir Abbas
2287:Emir Qasim
2168:Omar Pasha
2073:Qabb Ilyas
1963:See also:
1900:See also:
1866:Jabal Amil
1854:muqata'jis
1834:Semqaniyeh
1755:Jabal A'la
1750:Ahmad Ma'n
1658:region of
1644:Nur al-Din
1573:Bab Sharqi
1396:Hashemites
1351:Al Maktoum
1321:Al Khalifa
1006:Upper Yafa
996:Ya'arubids
836:Qarmatians
721:Sumadihids
210:220–638 AD
206:Ghassanids
100:Deposition
94:Bashir III
3459:Lu'lu'ids
3429:Mirdasids
3417:Marwanids
3411:Numayrids
3405:Jarrahids
3401:(935–969)
3399:Ikhsidids
3387:Hadhabani
3381:Hamdanids
3377:(868–905)
3365:(661–750)
3359:(632–661)
3357:Rashiduns
3270:cite book
3264:. Beirut.
3220:. Brill.
2527:1840–1842
2510:1822–1840
2506:Bashir II
2493:1821–1822
2465:1820–1821
2461:Bashir II
2448:1819–1820
2434:1800–1819
2430:Bashir II
2417:1799–1800
2403:1795–1799
2399:Bashir II
2386:1794–1795
2372:1789–1794
2368:Bashir II
2355:1778–1789
2324:1770–1778
2307:1760–1770
2276:1753–1760
2273:and Ahmad
2258:1732–1753
2244:1705–1732
2226:1697–1705
2128:Palestine
2122:besieged
2034:Palestine
1987:Moukhtara
1757:south of
1672:Ibn Sibat
1636:Crusaders
1508:Bashir II
1460:الشهابيون
1381:Al Sharqi
1336:Al Nuaimi
1306:Al Mualla
1295:Abu Dhabi
1291:Al Nahyan
1231:Al Qasimi
1216:Al Qasimi
1180:1860–1887
1170:1858–1895
1155:1856–1964
1145:1746–1828
1130:1277–1495
1115:1203–1894
1070:1926–1970
1060:1906–1934
1050:1903–1967
1040:1858–1967
1036:Qu'aitids
1030:1836–1921
1026:Rashidids
1020:1820–1970
1010:1800–1967
1000:1624–1742
990:1597–1872
980:1463–1521
970:1454–1526
960:1395–1967
956:Kathirids
950:1305–1487
946:Jarwanids
940:1253–1320
930:1229–1454
920:1159–1174
910:1154–1624
906:Nabhanids
900:1083–1174
890:1076–1253
880:1063–1174
870:1047–1138
866:Sulayhids
765:1837–1969
761:Senussids
755:1554–1659
745:1230–1492
735:1049–1078
725:1041–1091
715:1039–1110
705:1031–1091
701:Jawharids
695:1027–1063
691:Muzaynids
685:1026–1057
681:Hammudids
675:1023–1062
671:Yahsubids
665:1023–1091
655:1020–1086
645:1013–1039
635:1012–1051
625:1004–1412
591:Aghlabids
520:1697–1842
510:1517–1865
500:1480–1677
490:1517–1697
480:1025–1157
470:1024–1080
466:Mirdasids
456:Numayrids
436:Jarrahids
426:Mazyadids
406:Hamdanids
396:Hashimids
356:Habbarids
346:Dulafids
196:Tanukhids
30:الشهابيون
3525:Alawiyya
3471:Bahdinan
3453:Ayyubids
3435:Artuqids
3423:Uqaylids
3393:Fatimids
3375:Tulunids
3369:Abbasids
3363:Umayyads
3170:(1985).
2215:Religion
2156:Damascus
2120:Napoleon
2054:Nabatieh
1991:mudabbir
1928:Ain Dara
1868:(modern
1847:Maronite
1830:Jumblatt
1746:Keserwan
1685:multazim
1577:Damascus
1575:gate of
1512:Maronite
1385:Fujairah
1366:Al Thani
1276:Al Sabah
1165:Wituland
1100:896–1279
1056:Idrisids
986:Qasimids
966:Tahirids
936:Usfurids
926:Rasulids
896:Zurayids
860:968–1925
846:Wajihids
840:899–1077
830:897–1962
820:865–1066
806:Yufirids
800:819–1138
796:Ziyadids
790:751–1970
731:Tahirids
661:Abbadids
641:Tujibids
615:831–1091
581:Idrisids
565:756–1031
545:710–1019
541:Salihids
506:Harfushs
496:Turabays
460:990–1081
450:990–1096
446:Uqaylids
440:970–1107
430:961–1150
420:955–1071
416:Rawadids
410:890–1004
400:869–1075
380:861–1538
366:Kaysites
360:854–1011
330:736–1122
295:909–1171
291:Fatimids
285:750–1258
281:Abbasids
271:Umayyads
261:Rashidun
226:Lakhmids
216:Salihids
85:Haydar I
83:Bashir I
3519:Jalilis
3513:Mamluks
3507:Shihabs
3483:Harfush
3447:Zengids
3345:Mashriq
2234:Rashaya
2058:Russian
2003:Batroun
1850:Khazens
1790:Qalawun
1779:Baalbek
1773:of the
1707:Rashaya
1703:Hasbaya
1617:Hasbaya
1561:Quraysh
1539:Origins
1534:History
1528:Lebanon
1476:Ottoman
1325:Bahrain
1261:Al Said
1246:Al Saud
1235:Sharjah
1205:Morocco
1201:'Alawis
1140:Mombasa
976:Jabrids
916:Mahdids
886:Uyunids
850:926–965
826:Rassids
810:847–997
751:Saadids
741:Nasrids
651:Amirids
631:Bakrids
621:Kanzids
605:814–922
595:800–909
585:788–974
575:771–793
555:745-757
516:Shihabs
486:Ma'nids
390:864–928
386:Alavids
370:860–964
350:840–897
340:824–961
320:654–884
275:661–750
265:632–661
80:Founder
72:Founded
58:Country
3495:Ridwan
3441:Burids
3347:region
3293:
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3203:
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2303:Mansur
2271:Mansur
2269:Emirs
2218:Notes
2196:Aleppo
2174:Legacy
2026:Barouk
2008:Dahdah
1999:Byblos
1971:Mansur
1917:Hermel
1913:Ghazir
1786:Byblos
1767:Beirut
1759:Aleppo
1668:Mamluk
1640:Zengid
1589:Shahba
1585:Hauran
1486:, the
1464:ALA-LC
1456:Arabic
1452:Chehab
1400:Jordan
1280:Kuwait
711:Hudids
3501:Baban
3489:Soran
3477:Burji
3465:Bahri
2521:Emir
2504:Emir
2459:Emir
2428:Emir
2397:Emir
2366:Emir
2351:Yusuf
2349:Emir
2320:Yusuf
2318:Emir
2301:Emir
2212:Reign
2140:Egypt
2090:Akkar
2038:Syria
1979:Yusuf
1882:Safad
1822:Druze
1802:Sidon
1715:Safad
1656:Chouf
1652:Druze
1549:Hejaz
1524:Syria
1520:Egypt
1492:Druze
1488:Chouf
1370:Qatar
1355:Dubai
1340:Ajman
1125:Kilwa
1095:Shewa
3291:ISBN
3276:link
3247:ISBN
3222:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3182:ISBN
3130:ISBN
2479:1821
2338:1778
2290:1760
2209:Name
2152:Acre
2132:Tyre
2124:Acre
2085:Acre
2001:and
1886:Sa'b
1842:Matn
1818:Ma'n
1713:and
1677:The
1650:, a
1545:Arab
1446:The
1265:Oman
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