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866:
287:, with the Muʻa chiefs ultimately convincing Tōpui to give himself up rather than confront the government forces. The group of outlaws also surrendered, and over a dozen co-conspirators were arrested, imprisoned and charged with treason. On 31 January, ten of the leading conspirators, including Tōpui, were found guilty and sentenced to death, while four others who had turned
312:
the
Treasury Department and that Baker had used government funds to pay for groceries, alcohol and other personal expenses. Baker subsequently settled in Auckland where he "owned a large house in a select part of the town" and reportedly had "extensive investments". However, by the mid-1890s he was "reduced to comparative penury" by a nationwide economic depression.
33:
303:. Baker subsequently convinced Tupou to postpone the executions of the four remaining men, who were instead banished from Tonga. Tupou also ordered or sanctioned a number of punitive expeditions against individuals associated with the conspirators, with at least twenty villages being looted and a number of assaults carried out.
271:– and another man went to Baker's house intending to club him to death, but were distracted by the presence of a group of schoolchildren. A second attempt was made a week later on New Year's Eve, with the assailants lying in wait for Baker to attend a service at the king's chapel but ultimately aborting the attempt.
274:
On 12 January 1887, the four outlaws and Tōpui, the son of a Muʻa chief, arrived in Nukuʻalofa and hid along Beach Road near Baker's house. With no opportunity arising to ambush Baker, they stayed with Lavuso at Tupou
College before returning to Beach Road the following evening. Around 7:30 pm, Baker
315:
In
February 1897, Baker returned to Tonga and sought appointment as government medical officer. His application was refused following the interference of British officials. He made a further visit in October 1897, unsuccessfully applying for appointment as a Free Church minister, before returning to
311:
After his deportation, Baker visited the United States and attempted to lobby the
American government to intervene in Tonga on his behalf. However, his efforts were hindered by publication in November 1890 of a report by Basil Thomson into Tonga's finances, which showed a number of irregularities in
347:
Baker spent his final years in Haʻapai, dying of a heart attack on 16 November 1903. According to local tradition he was "found dead with the tongue protruding, by which the
Tongans knew that the devil had got him at the end". His grave and monument still stand as a tourist attraction in
234:
visited Tonga to inquire into the position and to endeavour to heal the breach between the two churches. He did not succeed, and his reports show that Baker was using his power to the disadvantage of those who were not adherents of the Free Church. In 1890,
294:
Baker reportedly intended for the ten death sentences to be commuted to life imprisonment, but was over-ruled by Tupou who ordered the immediate execution of six men without Baker's knowledge. The condemned men were taken in leg irons to the small islet of
279:, taking his son Shirley Jr. and daughter Beatrice. The assassins fired upon the buggy, hitting Shirley Jr. in the shoulder and Beatrice in the thigh, as well as wounding the horse. Beatrice also received a spinal injury after falling out of the buggy.
226:". Some of the natives, however, were loyal to their original church and much strong feeling was aroused, which resulted with an attempt to shoot Baker in 1887. He escaped unhurt, but his son and daughter were both wounded. Six Tongans were
319:
At a Free Church conference in Vavaʻu in August 1898, Baker unsuccessfully sought back-payment from the church of £100 per annum plus ten percent interest. He subsequently resigned his membership in the Free Church and inaugurated the
282:
King Tupou regarded the shooting as an act of rebellion and called on the chiefs of
Tongatapu to assemble armed forces for an expedition against the Muʻa conspirators. A group of Tupou's supporters ransacked Tōpui's village of
267:. This subsequently evolved into an assassination plot, with four outlaws being sheltered in Muʻa volunteering their services. The first attempt was made on Christmas Eve, when Lavuso – a Muʻa supporter and staff member of
316:
Tonga permanently in May 1898. He settled in Haʻapai where he had built a small house, living with his three unmarried daughters who opened a school. He supplemented the family income by dispensing medicines.
904:
981:
897:
380:, pp. 3 to 25. R. L. Stevenson, who called Baker "the defamed and much-accused man of Tonga" found him "highly interesting to speak to" (Vailima Letters, p. 41).
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1092:
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194:, as a stowaway. He subsequently worked on the goldfields as a farmhand, miner and apothecary's assistant. In 1855, Baker became a teacher at a Wesleyan school in
115:
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960:
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and his family briefly affiliated with Baker as a protest against the Free Church. However, Baker was soon publicly denounced by Tupou's successor
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affiliation. In
November 1898 he returned to Tongatapu and established a branch of his new church. The following year,
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996:
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45:
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for being 'prejudicial to the peace and good order of the
Western Pacific', claiming an authority over all
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as a missionary. He became head of the mission and was involved in the councils of King
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263:– hatched a plan to arrest Baker and deport him to Fiji, likely with the support of
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in 1879, and Baker founded an independent body under the title of the "
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for this crime, and many were deported to other islands. In 1888, the
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349:
219:
183:
111:
32:
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after it was discovered that he had no formal affiliation with the
207:
159:
131:
432:
Noel
Rutherford (1969). "Baker, Shirley Waldemar (1836 - 1903)".
186:, England, to Jane (née Woolmer) and George Baker. He arrived in
886:
726:
218:
in 1880. A disagreement arose with the
Wesleyan authorities at
206:
In 1860, Baker was ordained as a Wesleyan minister and went to
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543:
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324:("Queen Victoria's Church") in Haʻapai, which claimed an
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and enjoyed significant influence during the reign of
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visited Tonga and deported Baker at short notice to
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368:Baker's side of the case may be found in Mennell's
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105:
100:
84:
72:
62:
43:
23:
716:(Ph.D. thesis). Australian National University.
898:
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644:. Longmans, Green, and Co. 1904. p. 163.
8:
435:Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 3
372:, published in 1892. An opposing view is in
638:"Obituary. The Rev. Shirley Baker of Tonga"
913:Protestant missions to the Pacific Islands
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891:
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559:
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471:. Vol. 3. Melbourne University Press.
299:, along with 50 soldiers, and executed by
31:
20:
1023:Bible translations into Oceanic languages
344:, the former Anglican bishop of Hawaii.
291:were pardoned or given light sentences.
125:16 November 1903 (aged 66–67)
1093:English emigrants to colonial Australia
421:
198:. He married Elizabeth Powell in 1859.
710:Shirley Baker and the Kingdom of Tonga
463:"Baker, Shirley Waldemar (1836–1903)"
427:
425:
275:went out for an evening drive in his
255:In late 1886, a group of chiefs from
7:
370:Dictionary of Australasian Biography
690:Shirley Baker and the King of Tonga
16:Prime Minister of Tonga (1839–1903)
669:Dictionary of Australian Biography
468:Australian Dictionary of Biography
392:'s accounts of pre-Christian Tonga
378:The Diversions of a Prime Minister
14:
1098:Australian Methodist missionaries
1083:Tongan people of British descent
944:
864:
154:(1836 – 16 November 1903) was a
1068:Methodist missionaries in Tonga
58:April 1881 – July 1890
966:List of missionaries to Hawaii
1:
1007:South Seas Evangelical Church
162:. He was the founder of the
692:. Oxford University Press.
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1073:19th-century Tongan people
987:Baptist Missionary Society
1031:
997:London Missionary Society
992:Church Missionary Society
942:
873:
862:
760:
707:Rutherford, Noel (1966).
688:Rutherford, Noel (1971).
664:"Baker, Shirley Waldemar"
461:Rutherford, Noel (1969).
145:
96:
51:
39:
30:
1078:Prime ministers of Tonga
754:Prime ministers of Tonga
642:Annual Register for 1903
237:Sir John Bates Thurston
46:Prime Minister of Tonga
399:, a Methodist minister
251:Assassination attempts
152:Shirley Waldemar Baker
25:Shirley Waldemar Baker
674:Angus & Robertson
364:Legacy and evaluation
1002:Mission to the World
224:Free Church of Tonga
164:Free Church of Tonga
1088:People from Haʻapai
1034:Christianity Portal
975:Missionary agencies
574:, pp. 146–148.
214:, who made him his
192:Victorian gold rush
190:in 1852 during the
1063:Tongan politicians
404:James Egan Moulton
182:Baker was born in
91:Siaosi U. Tukuʻaho
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936:Missions timeline
880:
879:
338:Church of England
232:Rev. George Brown
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442:. pp. 76–77
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247:in the Pacific.
245:British subjects
141:Elizabeth Powell
101:Personal details
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682:Further reading
660:Serle, Percival
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625:Rutherford 1971
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613:Rutherford 1971
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390:William Mariner
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334:George Tupou II
330:Siaosi Tukuʻaho
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289:King's evidence
277:horse and buggy
261:Siaosi Tukuʻaho
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170:, who made him
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410:George Tupou I
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216:prime minister
212:George Tupou I
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172:prime minister
168:George Tupou I
158:missionary in
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116:United Kingdom
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1016:Miscellaneous
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374:Basil Thomson
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342:Alfred Willis
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322:Siasi a Vikia
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269:Tupou College
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265:Basil Thomson
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954:Missionaries
926:Christianity
785:Tuʻipelehake
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689:
667:
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444:. Retrieved
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377:
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321:
318:
314:
310:
301:firing squad
293:
281:
273:
254:
205:
181:
151:
150:
86:Succeeded by
79:Tevita ʻUnga
53:
18:
1058:1903 deaths
1053:1836 births
851:Tuʻiʻonetoa
196:Castlemaine
74:Preceded by
1047:Categories
919:Background
835:Tuʻivakanō
825:ʻUlukālala
795:Tuʻivakano
790:Mateialona
699:0195503503
672:. Sydney:
653:References
446:31 January
397:Sioeli Nau
307:Later life
178:Early life
259:– led by
188:Melbourne
156:Methodist
54:In office
875:* acting
856:Sovaleni
815:Fatafehi
775:Tukuʻaho
662:(1949).
384:See also
326:Anglican
241:Auckland
228:executed
402:Rev Dr
358:Haʻapai
297:Malinoa
285:Holonga
128:Ha’apai
63:Monarch
840:Pōhiva
830:Sevele
696:
354:Lifuka
350:Pangai
220:Sydney
184:London
138:Spouse
112:London
800:Tungī
780:Tonga
770:Baker
765:ʻUnga
714:(PDF)
416:Notes
408:King
208:Tonga
202:Tonga
160:Tonga
132:Tonga
845:Sika
820:Vaea
694:ISBN
448:2008
395:Rev
257:Muʻa
122:Died
109:1836
106:Born
44:2nd
805:Ata
440:MUP
376:'s
352:on
1049::
666:.
640:.
591:^
540:^
489:^
465:.
438:.
424:^
360:.
356:,
174:.
130:,
114:,
906:e
899:t
892:v
847:*
746:e
739:t
732:v
702:.
676:.
450:.
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