267:, as well as an impostor, Nicholas Zap(p)in(n)a, producing a confused narrative that has had a long-lasting misleading effect on modern historiography. This was the result of combining probable local traditions with imperfectly understood and synchronized evidence from Greek and Italian sources. Generally speaking, these narratives imagined Shishman as his father's successor, who sought refuge in Dubrovnik, where he either died and was impersonated by the impostor Nicholas Zap(p)in(n)a or assumed that name; the real or impersonated prince entered
172:
227:, north of the border between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire. Following the renewal of negotiations, Ivan Alexander gave up his demands and renewed the peace agreements. Shishman's subsequent fate remains unknown. It is possible that Shishman is the "emperor Shishman" (
207:
instructed John
Kantakouzenos to respond. He stated that it was not appropriate for the emperor to surrender refugees to their enemies, and that unless John Alexander gave up his demands and maintained the peace, the Byzantines would bring Shishman by ship up the
191:. Hearing of this, Ivan Alexander sent envoys to Constantinople, demanding that the Byzantine government extradite Shishman, whom he described as "his greatest enemy," citing existing treaty obligations and threatening war. The regent and future emperor
363:
Božilov 1985: 143; Andreev et al. 2012: 708-709; Schwennicke 1984: 172 has
Shishman join John Kantakouzenos in his escape from Constantinople in 1342, but this description of events is not quite accurate and he does not indicate his
335:
Božilov 1985: 142; Božilov and
Gjuzelev 2006: 589; Mladjov 2011: 604; Andreev et al. 2012: 708; Nikolov-Zikov 2021: 174; Fine 1987: 293 mistakenly identifies the Bulgarian arrival as Shishman's older brother Ivan
235:. If that is so, and if the Patriarch was born in 1360, this might imply that Shishman remained in the Byzantine Empire and survived at least until that date. Alternatively, the "emperor Shishman" would be
275:, and was finally murdered while attempting to assert himself in Bulgaria with Turkish help in 1372 or 1373. None of these events correspond with the known facts of Shishman's life.
215:
While the
Bulgarian envoys returned to John Alexander with a month's term to continue negotiations, John Kantakouzenos prepared for military action and dispatched his Turkish ally
424:
Fine, John Van
Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press.
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481:
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144:
emperor of
Bulgaria (1330–1331). Ana and Ivan Stephen, presumably alongside her other sons including Shishman, were installed at the capital
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101:
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with his fleet to the mouth of the Danube. John
Alexander likewise prepared for war, but encamped with his army in the neighborhood of
199:, to discuss the matter. The discussion failed to yield a consensus, and the Patriarch suggested that Shishman should seek refuge in
345:
Božilov 1985: 142-143; Božilov and
Gjuzelev 2006: 589-590; Mladjov 2011: 604; Andreev et al. 2012: 708; Nikolov-Zikov 2021: 175.
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to Vidin and cause a civil war in
Bulgaria, or John Kantakouzenos himself would invade Bulgaria by land with Shishman in tow.
129:
252:
476:
471:
155:(1331–1371), the son of Michael Asen III's sister, to the throne. Ana and Ivan Stephen fled first to Serbia and then to
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55:
466:
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239:, although he would seem to have been too young to father Patriarch Joseph II if current assumptions are correct.
124:, came to the Bulgarian throne in 1323. He quickly divorced Shishman's mother Ana to marry the Byzantine princess
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236:
141:
159:. For unknown reasons, Shishman was not with them, but fled to the "Scythians," presumably meaning the Mongol
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203:. At a subsequent meeting of the senate, the Bulgarian envoys behaved insolently, and the empress
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137:
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45:
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Nikolov-Zikov 2021: 337-341 argues that Joseph II could have been the son of Ivan
Shishman.
132:, in 1324. Ana and her sons were removed from court until Michael Asen III's death at the
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145:
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service, involved himself in the struggles between the Neapolitans and Albanians over
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of Serbia, came to terms with the Bulgarian nobles, and made her eldest surviving son
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Opposition to the new regime led to a palace coup in March 1331, which brought
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Božilov 1985: 142; Božilov and Gjuzelev 2006: 589; Andreev et al. 2012: 708.
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Božilov 1985: 143; Božilov and Gjuzelev 2006: 590; Nikolov-Zikov 2021: 175.
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responded by convening a meeting of the senate, under the presidency of
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40:
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209:
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Shishman's father Michael Asen III, already semi-autonomous ruler of
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Mladjov, Ian, "The Bulgarian Prince and would-be Emperor Lodovico,"
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Božilov 1985: 459-462; Mladjov 2011: 613; Andreev et al. 2012: 709.
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121:
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263:, conflated Shishman with his brothers Ivan Stephen and
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419:Istorija na srednovekovna Bǎlgarija VII-XIV vek
112:. The place and date of his birth are unknown.
128:, the widow of the earlier Bulgarian emperor
8:
96:of Bulgaria (1323–1330) and his first wife,
15:
308:Fine 1987: 272; Andreev et al. 2012: 708.
163:, where he remained for another decade.
283:
233:Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople
108:. He was named after his grandfather
7:
417:Božilov, Ivan, and Vasil Gjuzelev,
405:Koj koj e v srednovekovna Bălgarija
136:in 1330. The victor, Ana's brother
412:Familijata na Asenevci (1186–1460)
187:in June 1341, Shishman arrived at
14:
243:Conflation and fictional epilogue
231:) whose bastard son would become
102:Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia
175:A miniature of Ivan Alexander.
148:in August or September 1330.
1:
482:14th-century Bulgarian people
179:Following the death of the
94:Michael Asen III "Shishman"
56:Michael Asen III "Shishman"
503:
197:Patriarch John XIV Kalekas
185:Andronikos III Palaiologos
403:Andreev, Jordan, et al.,
237:Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria
81:
138:Stefan Uroš III Dečanski
88:) was a son of Emperor (
451:Europäische Stammtafeln
407:, 3rd ed., Sofia, 2012.
167:In the Byzantine Empire
442:Nikolov-Zikov, Petăr,
391:Mladjov 2011: 605-608.
299:Mladjov 2011: 613-614.
176:
449:Schwennicke, Detlev,
251:historians including
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126:Theodora Palaiologina
437:Bulgaria Mеdiaevalis
106:Elizabeth of Hungary
477:14th-century deaths
472:14th-century births
100:, daughter of King
439:2 (2011), 603–618.
290:Božilov 1985: 142.
229:basileus Sousmanos
193:John Kantakouzenos
177:
134:battle of Velbazhd
130:Theodore Svetoslav
467:Bulgarian princes
453:, Band II (1984).
430:978-0-472-08260-5
110:Shishman of Vidin
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487:Shishman dynasty
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153:Ivan Alexander
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261:Giunio Resti
257:Mauro Orbini
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201:Hagia Sophia
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161:Golden Horde
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142:Ivan Stephen
119:
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73:
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461:Categories
279:References
269:Neapolitan
116:Early life
35:after 1341
181:Byzantine
157:Dubrovnik
78:Bulgarian
364:sources.
336:Stephen.
265:Lodovico
183:emperor
74:Shishman
46:Shishman
19:Shishman
398:Sources
273:Durazzo
249:Ragusan
146:Tărnovo
27:unknown
428:
259:, and
225:Sliven
210:Danube
86:Šišman
82:Шишман
62:Mother
52:Father
221:Aydın
122:Vidin
41:House
426:ISBN
217:Umur
90:tsar
32:Died
24:Born
219:of
104:by
98:Ana
463::
255:,
92:)
84:,
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432:.
76:(
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