33:
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327:, geologists Jayanta K. Pati and Puniti Pati write that "...the proposed Shiva structure in the Arabian Sea to the southwest of the Indian subcontinent (Chatterjee et al. 2006) have also been suggested to be of possible impact origin. However, Chatterjee et al. (2006) do not provide any substantial evidence for the existence of a crater structure and certainly not for the existence of an impact structure at Shiva."
40:
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Geophysicist Steve Gulick stated in the same year, "There's a bunch of problems to say the least. There is no evidence that presenting of it actually being a crater", and described the oval shape of the structure as unlikely for an impact crater. In the chapter "Impact
Cratering from an Indian Perspective", from the 2013 book
286:
have led to the hypothesis that multiple impacts caused the massive extinction event at the end of the
Cretaceous period. Chatterjee is confident that Shiva was one of many impacts, stating that "the K-T extinction was definitely a multiple-impact scenario." Other theories have argued that since the
263:
Unlike typical known extraterrestrial impact structures, Shiva is teardrop shaped, roughly 600 km Ă— 400 km (370 mi Ă— 250 mi). It is also unusually rectangular. Chatterjee argues that the low angle of an impact combined with boundary fault lines and unstable rock led to
322:
stated in 2007, "We have worked extensively throughout India and investigated a number of the localities where Sankar
Chatterjee claims to have evidence of a large impact he calls Shiva crater... Unfortunately, we have found no evidence to support his claims. Sorry to say, this is all nonsense."
228:, the formation is approximately 600 kilometres (370 miles) long by 400 km (250 mi) wide. If its status as an impact crater is ever confirmed, the Shiva crater would be the largest known impact crater on Earth. It is estimated that this proposed crater would have been made by an
317:
and a specialist on impact craters, described the claims in 2004 as "a figment of imagination", stating that the claims were "inconsistent not only with the regional geology and geophysics, but also with anything we know about impact cratering." American geologist
468:
Renne, Paul R.; Deino, Alan L.; Hilgen, Frederik J.; Kuiper, Klaudia F.; Mark, Darren F.; Mitchell, William S.; Morgan, Leah E.; Mundil, Roland; Smit, Jan (7 February 2013). "Time Scales of
Critical Events Around the Cretaceous–Paleogene Boundary".
814:
by
Chatterjee, Sankar; Guven, Necip; Yoshinobu, Aaaron; and Donofrio, Richard; Paper No. 60-8, 2003 Seattle Annual Meeting of Geological Society of America (November 2–5, 2003).
255:. It has been hypothesized that either the crater or the Deccan Traps associated with the area is the reason for the high level of oil and natural gas reserves in the region.
931:
605:
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Agrawal, P., Pandey, O. (November 2000). "Thermal regime, hydrocarbon maturation and geodynamic events along the western margin of India since late
Cretaceous".
529:
Comparative
Planetology, Geological Education, History of Geology: Proceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress, Beijing, China, 4–14 August 1996
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at the
University of California at Berkeley suggests that the Chicxulub crater is in fact within the time frame of when the mass extinction occurred.
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Chatterjee argues that the Shiva crater was formed around 65 million years ago, about the same time as a number of other impact craters and the
992:
805:
The Shiva Crater: Implications for Deccan
Volcanism, India-seychelles Rifting, Dinosaur Extinction, and Petroleum Entrapment at the Kt Boundary
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than the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, Shiva's impact was enough to cause the mass extinction by itself. An article published in
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Texas Tech
Paleontologist Finds Evidence That Meteorite Strike Near Bombay May Have Wiped Out Dinosaurs.
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208:. Other scholars have questioned the claims, finding that there is no evidence of an impact structure.
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767:, Society of Earth Scientists Series, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 213–229,
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Shiva Structure: a possible KT boundary impact crater on the western shelf of India.
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Shiva Structure: A Possible KT Boundary Impact Crater on the Western Shelf of India
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204:. Chatterjee and colleagues have claimed that this could have contributed to the
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At the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction, India was located over the
224:/ K-Pg boundary). Although the site has shifted since its formation because of
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represent a 500-kilometre (310 mi) impact crater, that formed around the
759:
Pati, Jayanta K.; Pati, Puniti (2013), Sinha, Rajiv; Ravindra, Rasik (eds.),
145:
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The proposed Shiva crater and other possible impact craters along with the
653:"Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary"
229:
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1379:
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this unusual formation. The age of the structure is inferred from the
525:"'Multiple impacts at the KT boundary and the death of the dinosaurs"
193:
115:
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The “Shiva Hypothesis”: Impacts, mass extinctions, and the galaxy.
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287:
Chicxulub impact is believed by some researchers to have occurred
233:
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189:
165:
556:
Chatterjee, S., N. Guven, A. Yoshinobu, and R. Donofrio. (2006)
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Museum of Texas Tech University Special Publications. 50, 39pp.
641:
Texas Tech Today, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas.
820:
by Leslie Mullen for Astrobiology Magazine (Nov. 2004).
824:
The Complete Catalog of the Earth's Impact structures
309:
The claims of an impact crater have been criticised.
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236:approximately 40 km (25 mi) in diameter.
192:Depression on the Indian continental shelf west of
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243:of the Indian Ocean. Hot material rising from the
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247:flooded portions of India with a vast amount of
765:Earth System Processes and Disaster Management
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550:
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325:Earth System Processes and Disaster Management
47:Location of the proposed crater offshore India
925:
849:
761:"Impact Cratering from an Indian Perspective"
736:"New Dino-destroying Theory Fuels Hot Debate"
8:
604:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
422:List of possible impact structures on Earth
932:
918:
910:
856:
842:
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622:Earth, Moon, and Planets. 72(1–3):441–460.
618:Rampino, M. R., and B. M. Haggerty (1996)
18:
818:Deep Impact - Shiva: Another K-T Impact?
460:
597:
865:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
278:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
218:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
7:
39:
16:Alleged impact crater west of India
709:Mullen, Leslie (7 November 2004).
251:, creating a plateau known as the
14:
1496:Possible impact craters on Earth
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1026:
351:
337:
313:, a Professor of Geology at the
38:
31:
734:Moskowitz, Clara (2009-10-18).
723:– via www.spacedaily.com.
651:Renne, Paul (8 February 2013).
428:Indian Ocean submerged features
417:List of impact craters on Earth
82:Claimed to be ~66 million years
1:
1506:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
1463:Lunar and Planetary Institute
1295:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
592:10.1016/S0264-3707(00)00002-8
222:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
202:Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
85:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
773:10.1007/978-3-642-28845-6_15
711:"Shiva: Another K-T Impact?"
1511:Geology of the Indian Ocean
1355:Planar deformation features
1527:
1458:Impact Field Studies Group
275:
268:which overlie part of it.
1501:Cretaceous impact craters
1024:
947:
941:Impact cratering on Earth
449:Rodrigues Triple Junction
272:Shiva and mass extinction
72:500 km (310 mi)
26:
1428:William Kenneth Hartmann
1094:Clearwater East and West
1042:Confirmed≥20 km diameter
184:and colleagues that the
1491:Impact craters of India
1345:Ordovician meteor event
680:10.1126/science.1230492
531:. VSP. pp. 31–54.
523:Chatterjee, S. (1997).
491:10.1126/science.1230492
366:Impact craters in India
56:Impact crater/structure
1448:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
1325:Late Heavy Bombardment
631:Davis, J. W. (2006)
572:Journal of Geodynamics
444:Southwest Indian Ridge
439:Southeast Indian Ridge
259:Geology and morphology
1469:Traces of Catastrophe
1453:Earth Impact Database
1401:Ralph Belknap Baldwin
715:Astrobiology Magazine
206:K-Pg extinction event
434:Central Indian Ridge
411:Other related topics
315:University of Vienna
672:2013Sci...339..684R
584:2000JGeo...30..439P
483:2013Sci...339..684R
226:sea floor spreading
142: /
1365:Shock metamorphism
1270:Alvarez hypothesis
874:Alvarez hypothesis
810:2008-10-12 at the
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1418:Edward C. T. Chao
907:
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782:978-3-642-28845-6
538:978-90-6764-254-5
477:(6120): 684–687.
380:Buldhana district
311:Christian Koeberl
182:Sankar Chatterjee
171:
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146:18.667°N 70.233°E
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1406:Daniel Barringer
1315:Impact structure
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1054:Amelia Creek
957:Impact event
894:Shiva crater
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786:, retrieved
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743:. Retrieved
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175:Shiva crater
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22:Shiva crater
1234:Tookoonooka
1219:Steen River
1209:Siljan Ring
1139:Manicouagan
1124:Keurusselkä
386:Luna crater
186:Bombay High
149: /
124:Coordinates
1485:Categories
1375:Stishovite
1275:Australite
1254:Yarrabubba
1224:Strangways
1184:Presqu'île
1159:Montagnais
1129:Lappajärvi
1079:Charlevoix
1064:Beaverhead
1059:Araguainha
1013:By country
983:Antarctica
788:2022-01-16
745:2022-01-16
720:2022-01-16
455:References
402:tehsil of
392:of Gujarat
61:Confidence
1340:Moldavite
1335:Meteorite
1320:Impactite
1249:Woodleigh
1244:Vredefort
1204:Shoemaker
1164:Morokweng
1149:Mistastin
1089:Chicxulub
993:Australia
973:Worldwide
890:(primary)
872:Proposed
740:Space.com
305:Criticism
212:Arguments
1394:Research
1239:Tunnunik
1134:Logancha
1104:Haughton
1074:Carswell
1018:Possible
808:Archived
688:23393261
499:23393261
331:See also
297:2013 by
230:asteroid
112:Location
107:Location
69:Diameter
1385:Tektite
1380:Suevite
1285:Coesite
1280:Breccia
1229:Sudbury
1179:Popigai
1174:Obolon'
1154:Mjølnir
1119:Karakul
1109:Kamensk
1069:Boltysh
1049:Acraman
876:craters
696:6112274
668:Bibcode
660:Science
580:Bibcode
507:6112274
479:Bibcode
471:Science
400:Mangrol
294:Science
289:earlier
162:Country
137:70°14′E
134:18°40′N
99:Drilled
91:Exposed
64:Dubious
1263:Topics
1144:Manson
998:Europe
978:Africa
779:
694:
686:
535:
505:
497:
245:mantle
194:Mumbai
116:Mumbai
966:Lists
692:S2CID
656:(PDF)
503:S2CID
376:Lonar
234:comet
198:India
190:Surat
166:India
1114:Kara
777:ISBN
684:PMID
606:link
533:ISBN
495:PMID
249:lava
188:and
173:The
769:doi
676:doi
664:339
635:of
588:doi
487:doi
475:339
398:in
388:at
378:in
374:at
232:or
78:Age
1487::
775:,
763:,
738:.
713:.
690:.
682:.
674:.
662:.
658:.
602:}}
598:{{
586:.
576:30
574:.
547:^
527:.
515:^
501:.
493:.
485:.
473:.
196:,
102:No
94:No
933:e
926:t
919:v
857:e
850:t
843:v
771::
748:.
698:.
678::
670::
608:)
594:.
590::
582::
541:.
509:.
489::
481::
220:(
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