115:, but had accompanied his friends to a gas station that was not far from the 16th Street Baptist Church. Several white men drove by, yelling racial slurs, waving Confederate flags, and throwing bottles. Some witnesses later said Robinson was with a group of boys who threw rocks at a car draped with a Confederate flag. A police car then arrived on the scene. Birmingham police officer Jack Parker was in the back seat, pointing a shotgun out the window. Parker later gave two differing accounts of the event, as he both claimed to have fired a
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Two grand juries refused to indict Parker, claiming that there were no reliable witness accounts. Not long after the shooting, he signed a newspaper advertisement advocating against integrating the police department of
Birmingham. He resigned 10 years after the shooting. Parker died in 1977,
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during April and early May. Two hundred worshipers were expected in the church that day and after the bomb detonated in the late morning, three 14-year-old girls and an 11-year-old girl were found killed, with twenty-two wounded. The incident prompted civil unrest that was further provoked by the
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Ware had been riding on the handlebars of his brother's bicycle when he was shot twice with a revolver by Larry Joe Sims, a white 16-year-old who supported the segregationist movement. Earlier that day, Sims had joined a fellow teenager, Michael Lee Farley, at the headquarters for the
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Johnny
Robinson was born in 1947. He had a difficult upbringing in Birmingham, as the city had seen 50 racially driven bombings between 1945 and 1963. He was the oldest of three children and attended the
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Parker was white, as were all
Birmingham Police officers at that time. He had joined the police force in 1951 and was 48 years old when he shot Robinson. At the time he was also the head of a
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The officer who shot
Robinson was a head of a lodge of a fraternal order of police. He had put his signature to an ad in the newspaper arguing against integration in the police.
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58:. A few years prior to his death, Robinson's father was murdered by a neighbor, leaving his mother alone to raise her children in a city fraught with racial violence.
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45:. A Birmingham police officer, Jack Parker, who was riding in the back seat of a police car, shot and killed Robinson. Parker was never indicted for the killing.
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decades before the FBI re-opened
Robinson's case in 2007 in light of the Department of Justice's Cold Case Initiative.
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Nelson Smith remarked that their people would be hard to restrain when they were still under active threat of bombings.
92:. Aside from civil unrest, there is no confirmed connection between these two teenagers and the victims of the bombing.
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Dividing Lines: Municipal
Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma
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Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma
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shooting deaths of two black children that day: 16-year-old Johnny
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teenager who, at age 16, was shot and killed by a police officer in the unrest following the
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But for
Birmingham: The Local and National Movements in the Civil Rights Struggle
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and set out to cruise the neighborhood together. Sims was later charged with
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African
Americans shot dead by law enforcement officers in the United States
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408:"Johnnie Robinson - Notice to Close File | CRT | Department of Justice"
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member placed a bomb with a timing device under the side steps of the
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After a week of funerals related to the bombing, co-founder of the
328:"New Bomb Blast Hits Birmingham". The Miami News. 1963-09-25.
369:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 346–47.
163:. the University of North carolina Press. pp. 320–321.
342:. University of Alabama Press, 2002. p. 346.
230:"Johnny's Death: The Untold Tragedy In Birmingham"
202:"Johnny's Death: The Untold Tragedy In Birmingham"
479:African-American history in Birmingham, Alabama
393:(Clayborne Carson ed.). 1990. p. 212.
83:, which had served as the headquarters for the
75:Early on Sunday morning, September 15, 1963, a
281:Unsolved Civil Rights Murder Cases, 1934–1970
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255:"The Birmingham Children's Crusade of 1963"
136:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
27:1963 police shooting in Birmingham, Alabama
529:September 1963 events in the United States
111:Robinson was about to join his sister for
119:and that the gun went off accidentally.
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519:Police brutality in the United States
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524:Race and crime in the United States
494:Events of the civil rights movement
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39:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
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278:Newton, Michael (2016-01-08).
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98:National States' Rights Party
85:Birmingham Children's Crusade
514:History of racism in Alabama
504:Deaths by firearm in Alabama
391:The Student Voice. 1960-1965
509:Deaths by person in Alabama
363:Thornton, J. Mills (2002).
18:Shooting of Johnny Robinson
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433:"Timothy Hughes newspaper"
338:Thornton, J (2002-09-25).
106:second-degree manslaughter
81:16th Street Baptist Church
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284:. McFarland. p. 50.
124:Fraternal Order of Police
228:Johnson, Carrie (2010).
33:(1947–1963) was a young
159:Eskew, Glenn T (1997).
56:Alberta Shields School
104:but was convicted of
437:Rare and Early News
102:first-degree murder
43:Birmingham, Alabama
499:Crimes in Alabama
306:"Johnny Robinson"
175:"Johnny Robinson"
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442:13 February
239:27 February
90:Virgil Ware
458:Categories
418:2017-02-27
349:081731170X
315:2017-04-18
264:2017-04-18
211:2018-09-16
184:2018-09-16
146:References
69:See also:
49:Background
179:Biography
130:Aftermath
234:NPR.org
206:NPR.org
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444:2017
371:ISBN
344:ISBN
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